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This paper reports on a comparative study of temporary protection (TP) mechanisms in Australia and selected European jurisdictions. Specifically, it analyzes policy developments and trends in the use of TP mechanisms in Denmark, Germany, and Australia through a systematic examination of the evolution of "substitute protection" mechanisms; their implications for "effective protection" and their impacts on key stakeholders. The policy analyses are augmented by interviews and survey questionnaires with key NGO service providers in the three target jurisdictions. The paper argues that the traditional link between Refugee Convention protection and national territorial jurisdiction and responsibility is being undermined by extraterritorial processing and offshoring arrangements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers a comparison on the 19th century governmental policies involving the Jewish in Germany and Russia. The German government integrated the Jews as German Jews into their community as individuals but the formation of a Jewish corporate entity was abolished. They created reforms on the Jews by direct governmental intervention in their lives. The Russian government through the leadership of Catherine the Great strived to incorporate the Jews into the Russian society by changing the official terminology from Jew to Hebrew, incorporation of the Jews into legal estates and attempted to change the Jews into farmers.