Governmental Jewish Policies in Early Nineteenth Century Germany and Russia: A Comparison.

The article offers a comparison on the 19th century governmental policies involving the Jewish in Germany and Russia. The German government integrated the Jews as German Jews into their community as individuals but the formation of a Jewish corporate entity was abolished. They created reforms on the Jews by direct governmental intervention in their lives. The Russian government through the leadership of Catherine the Great strived to incorporate the Jews into the Russian society by changing the official terminology from Jew to Hebrew, incorporation of the Jews into legal estates and attempted to change the Jews into farmers.