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The article outlines the intricate process of applying nutrition evidence to personalized care, emphasizing the importance of sound evidence-based dietary advice in maintaining health and managing diseases. It also discusses the challenges faced in integrating research findings into individualized nutrition interventions, including navigating conflicting information sources and tailoring treatments to diverse health and social situations.

Pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) is rising rapidly in many industrialized and affluent areas in the Asia‐Pacific region. Current available guidelines, mainly from Europe and North America, may not be completely applicable to clinicians caring for children with PIBD in this region due to differences in disease characteristics and regional resources constraints. This position paper is an initiative from the Asian Pan‐Pacific Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (APPSPGHAN) with the aim of providing an up‐to‐date, evidence‐based approach to PIBD in the Asia‐Pacific region, taking into consideration the unique disease characteristics and financial resources available in this region. A group of pediatric gastroenterologists with special interest in PIBD performed an extensive literature search covering epidemiology, disease characteristics and natural history, management, and monitoring. Gastrointestinal infections, including tuberculosis, need to be excluded before diagnosing IBD. In some populations in Asia, the Nudix Hydrolase 15 (NUD15) gene is a better predictor of leukopenia induced by azathioprine than thiopurine‐S‐methyltransferase (TPMT). The main considerations in the use of biologics in the Asia‐Pacific region are high cost, ease of access, and potential infectious risk, especially tuberculosis. This position paper provides a useful guide to clinicians in the medical management of children with PIBD in the Asia‐Pacific region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented which discusses the Academy of Nutrition Sciences' second Position Paper on the regulation of nutrition and health claims around the world, with a specific focus on Europe. It discusses the regulations for the European Union and Great Britain and emphasizes the learning's gained through the implementation of the European Food Safety Authority's evidence-based process for assessment of proposed claims.

BACKGROUND: Since the inception of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System in 1991, all surveys have been conducted in schools, using paper and pencil instruments (PAPI). For the 2019 YRBSS, sites were offered the opportunity to conduct their surveys using electronic data collection. This study aimed to determine whether differences in select metrics existed between students who completed the survey electronically versus using PAPI. METHODS: Thirty risk behaviors were examined in this study. Data completeness, response rates and bivariate comparisons of risk behavior prevalence between administration modes were examined. RESULTS: Twenty‐nine of 30 questions examined had more complete responses among students using electronic surveys. Small differences were found for student and school response rates between modes. Twenty‐five of 30 adolescent risk behaviors showed no mode effect. CONCLUSIONS: Seven of 44 states and DC participated electronically. Because survey data were more complete; school and student response rates were consistent; and minor differences existed in risk behaviors between modes, the acceptability of collecting data electronically was demonstrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial metabolism of specific dietary components, such as fiber, contributes to the sophisticated inter‐kingdom dialogue in the gut that maintains a stable environment with important beneficial physiological, metabolic, and immunological effects on the host. Historical changes in fiber intake may be contributing to the increase of allergic and hypersensitivity disorders as fiber‐derived metabolites are evolutionarily hardwired into the molecular circuitry governing immune cell decision‐making processes. In this review, we highlight the importance of fiber as a dietary ingredient, its effects on the microbiome, its effects on immune regulation, the importance of appropriate timing of intervention to target any potential window of opportunity, and potential mechanisms for dietary fibers in the prevention and management of allergic diseases. In addition, we review the human studies examining fiber or prebiotic interventions on asthma and respiratory outcomes, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and overall risk of atopic disorders. While exposures, interventions, and outcomes were too heterogeneous for meta‐analysis, there is significant potential for using fiber in targeted manipulations of the gut microbiome and its metabolic functions in promoting immune health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document titled "Nutrition and Metabolism Research Oral Paper Session Abstracts" provides summaries of several research studies related to parenteral and enteral nutrition therapy. One study examines the associations between the composition of home parenteral nutrition and sleep patterns, suggesting that optimizing nutrition may promote better sleep for adult consumers. Another study evaluates the effectiveness of an antimicrobial wipe called SQ53 in preventing catheter-related bloodstream infections in patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. A third study explores the differences in infection rates between different types of central venous catheters used in home parenteral nutrition. Overall, these studies highlight the importance of nutrition and hygiene in improving outcomes for individuals receiving parenteral and enteral nutrition therapy. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Food anaphylaxis is commonly elicited by unintentional ingestion of foods containing the allergen above the tolerance threshold level of the individual. While labeling the 14 main allergens used as ingredients in food products is mandatory in the EU, there is no legal definition of declaring potential contaminants. Precautionary allergen labeling such as "may contain traces of" is often used. However, this is unsatisfactory for consumers as they get no information if the contamination is below their personal threshold. In discussions with the food industry and technologists, it was suggested to use a voluntary declaration indicating that all declared contaminants are below a threshold of 0.5 mg protein per 100 g of food. This concentration is known to be below the threshold of most patients, and it can be technically guaranteed in most food production. However, it was also important to assess that in case of accidental ingestion of contaminants below this threshold by highly allergic patients, no fatal anaphylactic reaction could occur. Therefore, we performed a systematic review to assess whether a fatal reaction to 5mg of protein or less has been reported, assuming that a maximum portion size of 1kg of a processed food exceeds any meal and thus gives a sufficient safety margin. Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched until 24 January 2021 for provocation studies and case reports in which one of the 14 major food allergens was reported to elicit fatal or life‐threatening anaphylactic reactions and assessed if these occurred below the ingestion of 5mg of protein. A Delphi process was performed to obtain an expert consensus on the results. Results: In the 210 studies included, in our search, no reports of fatal anaphylactic reactions reported below 5 mg protein ingested were identified. However, in provocation studies and case reports, severe reactions below 5 mg were reported for the following allergens: eggs, fish, lupin, milk, nuts, peanuts, soy, and sesame seeds. Conclusion: Based on the literature studied for this review, it can be stated that cross‐contamination of the 14 major food allergens below 0.5 mg/100 g is likely not to endanger most food allergic patients when a standard portion of food is consumed. We propose to use the statement "this product contains the named allergens in the list of ingredients, it may contain traces of other contaminations (to be named, e.g. nut) at concentrations less than 0.5 mg per 100 g of this product" for a voluntary declaration on processed food packages. This level of avoidance of cross‐contaminations can be achieved technically for most processed foods, and the statement would be a clear and helpful message to the consumers. However, it is clearly acknowledged that a voluntary declaration is only a first step to a legally binding solution. For this, further research on threshold levels is encouraged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological aspects of rehabilitation nutrition affect physical, cognitive, and social rehabilitation nutrition. When depression is recognized, not only pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, but also non‐pharmacological therapies such as exercise, nutrition, psychosocial, and other interventions can be expected to improve depression. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and intervention without overlooking depression is important. Psychological aspects of preventive rehabilitation nutrition is also important because depression can be partially prevented by appropriate exercise and nutritional management. Even in the absence of psychological negatives, increasing more psychological positives from a positive psychology perspective can be useful for both patients and healthcare professionals. Positive rehabilitation nutrition interventions can increase more psychological positives, such as well‐being, through cognitive‐behavioral therapy and mindfulness on their own, as well as through interventions on environmental factors. Consequently, physical, cognitive, and social positives are also expected to be enhanced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parenteral and enteral nutrition support are key components of care for various medical and physiological conditions in infants, children, and adults. Nutrition support practices have advanced over time, driven by the goals of safe and sufficient delivery of needed nutrients and improved patient outcomes. These advances have been, and continue to be, dependent on research and development studies. Such studies address aspects of enteral and parenteral nutrition support: formulations, delivery devices, health outcomes, cost‐effectiveness, and related metabolism. The studies are supported by public funding from the government and by private funding from foundations and from the nutrition support industry. To build public trust in nutrition support research findings, it is important to underscore ethical research conduct and reporting of results for all studies, including those with industry sponsors. In 2019, American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition's (ASPEN's) Board of Directors established a task force to ensure integrity in nutrition support research that is done as collaborative partnerships between the public (government and individuals) and private groups (foundations, academia, and industry). In this ASPEN Position Paper, the Task Force presents principles of ethical research to guide administrators, researchers, and funders. The Task Force identifies ways to curtail bias and to minimize actual or perceived conflict of interests, as related to funding sources and research conduct. Notably, this paper includes a Position Statement to describe the Task Force's guidance on Public‐Private Partnerships for research and funding. This paper has been approved by the ASPEN Board of Directors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article provides information on topics of oral papers including oxidation of fish oil supplements, genotypes in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and measuring vitamin D.

The prevalence of allergic diseases such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis has increased dramatically during the last decades, which is associated with altered environmental exposures and lifestyle practices. The purpose of this review was to highlight the potential role for dietary fatty acids, in the prevention and management of these disorders. In addition to their nutritive value, fatty acids have important immunoregulatory effects. Fatty acid‐associated biological mechanisms, human epidemiology, and intervention studies are summarized in this review. The influence of genetics and the microbiome on fatty acid metabolism is also discussed. Despite critical gaps in our current knowledge, it is increasingly apparent that dietary intake of fatty acids may influence the development of inflammatory and tolerogenic immune responses. However, the lack of standardized formats (ie, food versus supplement) and standardized doses, and frequently a lack of prestudy serum fatty acid level assessments in clinical studies significantly limit our ability to compare allergy outcomes across studies and to provide clear recommendations at this time. Future studies must address these limitations and individualized medical approaches should consider the inclusion of specific dietary factors for the prevention and management of asthma, food allergy, and atopic dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Paper food and gastrointestinal ( GI) symptom journals are used to help irritable bowel syndrome ( IBS) patients determine potential trigger foods. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility, usability, and clinical utility of such journals as a data collection tool. A secondary aim was to explore a method for analyzing journal data to describe patterns of diet and symptoms. Methods Participants (N=17) were asked to log three sets of 3-day food and symptom journals over a 15-day period. Feasibility was evaluated by journal completion rates, symptom logging compliance, and logging fatigability. The feasibility, usability, and clinical utility of journaling were also assessed by a customized evaluation and exit interview. For each journal, regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between key meal nutrients and subsequent symptoms. Key Results Most participants were young (mean age 35±12) Caucasian (N=13) women (N=14). Journal completion rates were 100% for all participants with no logging fatigability. Over half perceived paper journaling of food and symptoms as feasible, usable, and clinically useful. Thirteen participants demonstrated a strong association with at least one symptom and meal nutrient. Patterns of associations differed among participants. Conclusions and Inferences Paper journaling of food and GI symptoms for 9 days over a 15-day period appeared to be a feasible and usable data collection tool for IBS patients. Over half perceived journaling as at least somewhat clinically useful. Findings from this study support the anecdote that food trigger(s) and associated symptom(s) vary for each individual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on the synthesising nutrition science into dietary guidelines for populations amidst the challenge of fake news summary of an Academy of Nutrition Sciences position paper. Topics include the media about a new approach to weight loss or a major discovery of a diet that will prevent diabetes, the social media in particular is awash with tales of foods, and the dietary treatments that are claimed to produce almost magical effects on health.

The most important nutrition goals in rehabilitation nutrition are improving function and quality of life, and they are useful to set body weight goals to further improve these aspects. In this paper, we clarified our position, as the Japanese Association of Rehabilitation Nutrition, on body weight goal setting. Body weight goals should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic/Relevant, and Timed). The standard amount of energy accumulation/deficit needed to gain/lose 1 kg body weight is 7500 kcal. In other words, if the nutrition goal is set at 1 kg body weight gain per month, daily energy accumulation can be calculated as approximately 250 kcal. It is necessary to reconcile the rehabilitation goal setting, the content, quantity, and quality of physical activity and exercise therapy, and the patient's general condition and intentions to set nutrition goals. Body weight goal setting is more variable than rehabilitation goal setting, and it is important to confirm the degree of achievement through rehabilitation nutrition monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts of concurrent session papers are presented including topics on Type 2 diabete, food saftey in hospital and interprofessional learning opportunities for dietetics students.

During 1993 progressive, severe shoot blight and canker disease in crowns of mature, merchantable red pines ( Pinus resinosa) in central Wisconsin was noted in plantations in which paper mill waste sludge previously had been applied. For eight treated plantations and six non-treated plantations, incidence of shoot blight attributed to the pathogenic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea (syn. Diplodia pinea) was quantified during 1993 or 1994. Foliage and soil samples also were collected for analyses. Sphaeropsis shoot blight was more frequent in treated plantations than in the non-treated stands (means of 81% of trees and 10.2% of shoots compared with 7% of trees and 0.1% of shoots, respectively). Consistent with other reports of damage caused by some diseases of conifers in situations of altered host nutrition, mean foliar N concentrations were higher in treated plantations (1.61%) than non-treated plantations (1.31%) (p < 0.001). Mean foliar Zn, Mn, Cu, and Al concentrations were lower in treated plantations than non-treated plantations, and mean soil P, Ca, and Mg concentrations were higher in treated plantations than non-treated plantations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This systematic review aimed to determine the level of existing research that investigates the intake, specifically macro and micronutrient intake, of patients undergoing opioid replacement therapy. Methods: A systematic review was conducted across PubMed, Embase, Cochrane and CINAHL databases using a pre‐determined protocol. Studies published between 2001 and 2022 assessing macronutrient or micronutrient intake in opioid replacement therapy patients were included. The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist was utilised for quality appraisal. Data from each of the included papers was synthesised in a narrative manner. Data extracted included all measurements of nutrition including macronutrient, and micronutrient intake and any bioanalysis results and methods utilised. Results: Seven papers (one cohort study and six cross‐sectional studies, n = 443) were included that investigated an aspect of nutritional intake in patients receiving opioid replacement therapy. The majority of included papers reported an assessment of both macro and micronutrient and resulting energy intake as determined by food consumption. The included papers described a picture of irregular nutritional intake in patients undergoing opioid replacement therapy. Conclusion: Minimal research into the nutritional intake of opioid replacement therapy patients exists. The existing research is suggestive of irregular nutritional intake from both macro and micronutrient consumption and indicates a need for further studies and increased attention on this vulnerable patient group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic reasoning is the thought process used to arrive at a diagnosis based on symptoms, examination findings, and laboratory values. Diagnosis is categorized as nonanalytic reasoning (intuition) and analytic reasoning (analysis). Rehabilitation nutrition involves the diagnosis of nutritional disorders, sarcopenia, and excess or deficient nutrient intake. There is usually only one correct answer for the presence or absence of these. On the other hand, there may be no single correct answer for the causes of anorexia, weight loss, or sarcopenia, and analytical reasoning is required. In this case, diagnostic reasoning involves hypotheses. Simply using nutritional supplements without performing diagnostic reasoning about these causes is like prescribing antipyretic analgesics to a patient with a headache without diagnosing the cause of the headache. To maximize function and quality of life in rehabilitation nutrition, it is necessary to suspect the common causes of anorexia, weight loss, and sarcopenia in all cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented to the article a new approach to weight loss or a major discovery of a diet that has prevented diabetes, heart diseases or even cancer. Topics include social media in particular has awash with tales of foods, supplements and dietary treatments; and the continuing high rates of obesity, the co-existence of poor micronutrient density and excess energy in dietary patterns.

Abstract 1. Colony survivorship and numbers of nest cells, pupae, and adult females were monitored throughout the nesting season for a cohort of 78 colonies of the paper wasp Polistes metricus Say. Thirty-nine colonies received a twice-weekly nourishment supplement of honey during pre-emergence and early emergence phases of the colony cycle; 39 colonies were unsupplemented controls. 2. Colony survivorship was unaffected by the supplemental nourishment. Loss of colonies to predation differed among three sites but was unaffected by supplementation. 3. Honey-supplemented colonies constructed more nest cells than did control colonies but this effect was not expressed until after supplementation had ceased. 4. Honey-supplemented colonies produced more pupae than did control colonies but the number of adult females at nests did not differ between supplemented and control colonies. Because honey-supplemented colonies had more offspring but fewer of them remained as workers at the nest, honey supplementation led to a lower frequency of workers and corresponding higher frequency of reproductives than in control colonies. 5. In a second year of study, colony survivorship and numbers of nest cells, pupae, and adult females were monitored from late pre-emergence until the end of the nesting season for a cohort of 32 colonies of Polistes metricus . In 16 colonies, trophallactic saliva was taken from final-instar larvae on nine dates in the late pre-emergence and early emergence periods; 16 colonies served as controls. 6. Saliva-diminished colonies had lower survivorship, fewer nest cells, fewer pupae, and fewer adult females at the nest than did control colonies. 7. These results show that variation in nourishment in the early to mid phases of the colony cycle can have significant effects on the subsequent colony demographics of Polistes metricus paper wasps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on nutrition and dietetics topics which include supporting mental health of dietetic students, exploration of learner autonomy in a pre-placement work-incorporated learning experience for dietetic students, and evaluation of a protected mealtimes programme in a general surgical ward.

With the increase in obesity prevalence among women of reproductive age globally, the risks of type 2 diabetes, gestational diabetes, pre-eclampsia, and other conditions are rising, with detrimental effects on maternal and newborn health. The period before pregnancy is increasingly recognized as crucial for addressing weight management and reducing malnutrition (both under- and overnutrition) in both parents to reduce the risk of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the mother as well as the passage of risk to her offspring. Healthcare practitioners, including obstetricians, gynecologists, midwives, and general practitioners, have an important role to play in supporting women in planning a pregnancy and achieving healthy nutrition and weight before pregnancy. In this position paper, the FIGO Pregnancy Obesity and Nutrition Initiative provides an overview of the evidence for preconception clinical guidelines to reduce the risk of NCDs in mothers and their offspring. It encourages healthcare practitioners to initiate a dialogue on women's health, nutrition, and weight management before conception. While acknowledging the fundamental importance of the wider social and environmental determinants of health, this paper focuses on a simple set of recommendations for clinical practice that can be used even in short consultations. The recommendations can be contextualized based on local cultural and dietary practices as part of a system-wide public health approach to influence the wider determinants as well as individual factors influencing preconception health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on nutritional topics which include the competition faced by the Accredited Practising Dietitians (APDs), challenges for public health nutrition and nutrition support strategies in dementia care.

Background: Micronutrients, an umbrella term used to collectively describe vitamins and trace elements, are essential components of nutrition. Those requiring alternative forms of nutrition support are dependent on the prescribed nutrition regimen for their micronutrient provision. The purpose of this paper is to assist clinicians to bridge the gap between the available guidelines' recommendations and their practical application in the provision of micronutrients via the parenteral route to adult patients.Methods: Based on the available evidenced-based literature and existing guidelines, a panel of multidisciplinary healthcare professionals with significant experience in the provision of parenteral nutrition (PN) and intravenous micronutrients developed this international consensus paper.Results: The paper addresses 14 clinically relevant questions regarding the importance and use of micronutrients in various clinical conditions. Practical orientation on how micronutrients should be prescribed, administered, and monitored is provided.Conclusion: Micronutrients are a critical component to nutrition provision and PN provided without them pose a considerable risk to nutrition status. Obstacles to their daily provision-including voluntary omission, partial provision, and supply issues-must be overcome to allow safe and responsible nutrition practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents recent research on nutrition and human health. A study has found a direct influence of the immediate meal environment on eating habits. A study evaluating the 'family information pack' element of the "Change4life" program, a social marketing campaign launched in England in 2009. The results showed a lack of engagement of the segment with the target population. Another study suggests a link between remembered enjoyment of food, food choices and tendency to overeat.

Presents a paper which brought together a range of frameworks to categorize and differentiate the various nutrition service domains in Australia. Reason why defining and conceptualizing public health and community nutrition in an Australian context are important; Differences in conceptual frameworks.

Young children embark on a transitional nutritional journey, progressing from total reliance on caregivers to independence, autonomy and self-determination. Appropriate nutritional intake in young children is a diverse concept, incorporating suitable nutritional choices and feeding behaviours. Lessons learnt in childhood will have long-term effects on the individual and society overall. Since South African children are raised in a country where under- and over-nutrition exist simultaneously, a careful balance should be achieved in any national public health message. The South African paediatric food-based dietary guidelines for children younger than 7 years strive to facilitate the education of carers of young children in the adoption of healthy eating practices. The guidelines address issues regarding variety in the diet that has been shown to improve both micro- and macronutrient intakes. Specific reference is made to starchy foods, vegetables, fruit and water along with protein sources, which should be consumed regularly. Milk, has been emphasised in these guidelines because of the poor calcium intake in South African children. The only guideline that limits intake is the sweet treats or drinks message, because of public health concerns such as obesity and dental caries. Other messages pertaining to eating habits take cognisance of the child's physiological limitations in gastric capacity and suggest small regular meals. Clean, safe drinking water is the beverage of choice. Non-food-based guidelines are also included, which recognize the importance of active play, for developmental and health purposes, as well as regular clinic attendance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Forewords • Timeline • Introduction • Section 1: The interaction between diet and public health ○ 1.1: Changing patterns of mortality in the UK ○ 1.2: Changing patterns of disease and links with diet • Section 2: The role of government ○ 2.1: Overview of government departments related to food and nutrition ○ 2.2: Recommendations for healthy diets ○ 2.3: Nutrition-related health policies • Section 3: Trends in dietary patterns and nutrient intake ○ 3.1: Measuring dietary patterns and nutrient intake ○ 3.2: Dietary patterns ○ 3.3: Nutrient intake • Section 4: Factors influencing food access and availability ○ 4.1: Government policies ○ 4.2: Advances and innovations of the food industry ○ 4.3: Consumer-led changes • Conclusions • Acknowledgements • References Throughout the 20th century, average life expectancy has been increasing. This is primarily a result of a change in disease patterns, as infectious diseases have declined, and chronic diseases have become the nation's main killers... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since first large-scale attempts to culture sturgeon from the larval stage were carried out in the former U.S.S.R. at the end of the nineteenth century, rearing technology has advanced considerably during the last 20 years and noticeable improvements in incubation and larval rearing techniques have been implemented in normal hatchery procedures. Siberian sturgeon eggs are incubated in MacDonald jars at 13–14° C to prevent fungal infections. Mass hatching takes place 7 days after fertilization and hatching rate can be predicted as a function of the percentage of eggs fertilized. Survival at the end of the endogenous feeding stage is correlated with hatching rate. Egg size has no direct implications for larval growth and survival of Siberian sturgeon. Experimental studies have demonstrated that behavioural observations are useful criteria to assess the quality of larvae and to synchronize the physiological state of fish with the appropriate rearing procedures. Special attention should be given to the transition to exogenous feeding, where cannibalism, difficulties in adaptation to a new diet, overfeeding and resulting bacterial infections dramatically reduces survival to the fingerling stage. Although a commercial artificial diet specifically formulated for larvae of Siberian sturgeon and other acipenserids is still lacking, commercial non-purified rainbow trout diets and starter marine fish diets are currently used and their results are reasonably acceptable in terms of larval growth and survival. Further research must be focused on the determination of egg quality indicators in order to provide the producer with the tools to estimate the viability and performance of the progeny. Copyright 2002 The Fisheries Society of the British Isles. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The author presents comments on an article on a simulation model on sustainable and healthy diets for decision makers in 2021. Topics discussed include meat and dairy alternatives and the possible extension of the model boundary and understanding of transition policies, the expected tripling of insect market volume in Europe by 2023, and the environmental impacts of fertilizers and declining groundwater levels. Also noted is a suggested bipartisan approach on the food and health system.

The escalating burden of lifestyle‐related diseases stands as a critical global public health challenge, contributing substantially to the prevalence of chronic conditions and a large portion of premature mortality. Despite this, concise evidence‐based lifestyle interventions targeting physical inactivity, nutrition, alcohol and smoking continue to be underutilised. Although good evidence exists for addressing the four lifestyle‐related risk factors independently, rarely do these present in isolation. Evidence is lacking regarding how to integrate interventions targeting multiple risk factors. Consequently, this paper aims to provide an overview of the evidence for delivering multiple interventions in primary healthcare settings. Different lifestyle factors are inter‐related, with decisions around ordering of the delivery of multiple lifestyle interventions an important consideration. There is evidence supporting the effectiveness of addressing some lifestyle factors simultaneously (e.g., physical activity and nutrition), although smoking cessation may be delivered best in a sequential approach. While the World Health Organisation highlights four key lifestyle factors (nutrition, physical activity, alcohol and smoking), incorporating additional elements such as sleep, mental well‐being and social connectedness offers a holistic framework for promoting well‐being. Despite the presentation of multiple behaviour risk factors being commonplace in healthcare settings, the evidence (outlined in the paper) for how best to deliver interventions to address this is limited, with further research and subsequent clinical guidance required. In order to address the barriers to delivering lifestyle interventions in primary care, innovation will be required. The use of non‐medical personnel, social prescribers and health coaches has the potential to alleviate time constraints, whilst mounting evidence exists for group consultations for addressing lifestyle‐related non‐communicable diseases (NCDs). If the challenges to implementation can be addressed, and if healthcare systems can adapt for the promotion of healthy lifestyles, the impact of NCDs can be mitigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts related to human nutrition and dietetics. They include "A new method of energy prescription to improve weight loss," by G. Frost and colleagues, "Nutrition knowledge, attitudes and fat intake: application of the theory of reasoned action," by R. Shepherd and G. Towler and "The format for the national food guide: performance and preference studies," by P. Hunt and colleagues.

An editorial is presented how to write a paper for publication. Topics include planning of the successful publication, writing the abstract being the first section of the paper, and writing the methods section needs to convey a variety of information to reader, in order to meet their needs for assessing the quality of the study.

The article provides information on topics of plenary papers including alternative facts related to nutrition, precision medicine, and food insecurity.

The article presents the discussion on significant increase in the submission and publication of research papers in nutrition and dietetics which was associated with the COVID‐19 pandemic. Topics include recruited to participate in a study which utilised an online food frequency questionnaire to look at nutrient intake and to self‐report for having diagnosis of type‐2 diabetes; and food frequency questionnaires having low validity while assessing intakes of micronutrients and trace elements.

Indirect assessment of tree-based farming system/diet linkages Sixteen studies describe engagement in one or more tree-based farming systems as explanatory variable(s) without explicitly addressing the role of trees within the farming system in relation to dietary quality. The relative benefits for income and diet quality, however, depend on the type of tree-based farming system in place: (a) home gardens/trees on farms, (b) shifting cultivation systems, (c) timber/plantation tree crops or (d) forest-edge farming. There appears to be a significant association between presence/absence of home gardens/trees on farm and study outcome ( 2 = 10.38, p = 0.003), but we hypothesize that this is due to the large number of papers that include home garden/trees on farm relative to other tree-based farming systems gl Figure 4 illustrates the tree-based farming system/diet associations grouped by explanatory pathway and the type of tree-based farming system included. Therefore, to make meaningful comparisons between papers, the literature is divided into three groups for analysis: (a) direct assessment of tree-based farming system/diet linkages: papers that explicitly examine the relationship between tree-based farming systems and a dietary quality indicator, where practicing a form of tree-based farming is at least one of the predictor variables; (b) indirect assessment of tree-based farming/diet linkages: papers that include tree-based farming systems in the description of the predictor variable(s), but their role and/or influence on dietary quality is not the focus of the study; and (c) no explicit assessment of tree-based farming/diet linkages: papers in which dietary quality is measured for a population that engages in some forms of tree-based farming system as per the study area description, but the farming systems are not included as predictor variable(s) (Table S3). [Extracted from the article]

The article presents abstracts on medical topics which include iron content of plant-based foods, childhood obesity noted by U.S. parenting and family magazines, and the association between intake of sugar-sweetened soft drinks and asthma.

The article offers summaries of recently published reports on nutrition and human health. A study by M.N. Laska and colleagues, showed that teenagers (EAT-I) involved in food preparation were engaged in same behavior as older teenagers (EAT-II). A study by A.D. Dangour and colleagues, revealed that long chain n-3 fatty acids played vital role in delaying cognitive decline. A study by P. Scarborough analyzed the health effects of consumption of meat and dairy products.

The article offers a perspective on the impact of Covid-19 pandemic on publishing in nutrition and dietetics. The author discusses the importance of originality of research papers and their value in terms of formulating critical knowledge and evidence base. Factors influencing editor behavior and decision for accepting research for publication include novelty and timeliness of manuscripts, originality of findings, ethics and integrity, methodological quality and quality of abstracts and title.

Background: An estimated two billion people do not have sufficient access to nutritious food, and nearly half are dependent on small‐scale and subsistence farming. Projections show that the global population is not on track to reach the Sustainable Development Goals. With this in mind, development actors are increasingly seeking to better integrate rural farmers into agricultural markets. This synthesis of the literature can help to inform policy decisions to improve outcomes for smallholder farmers in low‐ and middle‐income countries, and to enable the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals. This work is the most comprehensive and up‐to‐date review synthesizing evidence from 262 interventions. Objectives: The purpose of this systematic review is to appraise and synthesize evidence of the effects of five types of interventions facilitating farmers' access to output markets in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We examine how these effects vary across contexts and subgroups. We also identify evidence on program costs and evidence gaps in the literature. Search Methods: The search of included studies was based on nine major databases/search engines and 25 institutional websites, using a set of English search terms. We also conducted forward and backward citation tracking of literature, published a public call for papers, and contacted key experts. Selection Criteria: We included studies on the effects of five types of output market access interventions, focusing on participants residing in low‐ and middle‐income countries: (1) Farm‐to‐market transport infrastructure interventions; (2) Access to output market information interventions; (3) New marketplaces or alternative marketing opportunities interventions; (4) Contract farming interventions; (5) Improved storage infrastructure and technologies interventions. We included published and unpublished studies from 2000 onwards, with experimental and quasi‐experimental study designs focusing on relevant outcomes. Data Collection and Analysis: We screened 52,366 studies, identifying a total of 439 papers representing 289 unique studies on the effects of 262 interventions in 53 countries. Data extraction and risk of bias assessments were completed by two independent reviewers. Main Results: All five types of output market access interventions resulted in small‐to‐moderate positive effects on almost all measures of market participation, agricultural production, and welfare outcomes. These improvements occurred through a reduction in transaction costs, adoption of improved practices, greater farm investment, access to higher prices for farmers, greater volume sold, and increased farm income. Effects vary by intervention type. However, the body of evidence is comprised of a large share of included studies with a high risk of bias. Few studies have information on the cost of interventions, and there are gaps in the available evidence. Authors' Conclusions: Output market access interventions are effective in reducing transaction costs and addressing market failures, thereby leading to higher income levels. Evidence of effects on food security and nutrition is sparse and has not provided conclusive findings. We also found that multi‐component interventions are not necessarily more effective than single component interventions. The specific needs and dynamics of each context should inform the choice of the intervention and approach. Investments in additional research with low risk of selection bias and confounding effects will improve the evidence base, especially for outcomes that constitute gaps in the literature. For example, the effects on quality of agricultural products and group participation are under‐researched, and we did not find any included studies focusing on North Africa or the Middle East. Collecting and reporting information on interventions' cost‐effectiveness will help decision‐makers to prioritize limited resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstracts of plenary papers are presented including "New Dietetic Competency Standards and Their Impact On The Profession" by Claire Palermo, "Cardiovascular Health Future Directions and Opportunities" by Dr. Karen J. Murphy and "Research Translation and Primary Care" by Margaret Allman-Farinelli.

Inadequate nutrition can lead to increased morbidity and mortality for mechanically ventilated children in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Enteral feeding can either be delivered by gravity bolus (intermittent) feeding or continuously via a pump and in UK PICUs variable practice exists. This evidence‐based review therefore aimed to examine the evidence surrounding the two feeding methods for ventilated children, to determine whether one provides better enteral nutrition. Four papers were included, three randomized controlled trials and a systematic review, which provide conflicting evidence. There is some suggestion that bolus feeding may be superior in medical children on PICU to achieve their energy and protein goals faster, however, the clinical significance of the results is questionable and further research is needed to identify whether one method of feeding can impact on patient outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An editorial is presented on benefits of open science recognised as being enormous for society. Topics include opening up raw research data in the form of data in repositories or even electronic notebooks making scientific fraud harder for perpetrating by increasing possibilities for independent scrutiny; and promoting best practice in the assessment of researchers and scholarly research.

Early childhood is the period when inequality originates and the intergenerational transmission of poverty and inequality begins. It is therefore important to understand what drives inequality in early childhood health and nutrition in order to provide children with equal chances for healthy growth. In Jordan, there are substantial socioeconomic disparities in children's health and nutrition; children from wealthy households grow normally while other children falter. This paper examines the determinants and mediators of health disparities in children's height and weight in Jordan, including parental health knowledge, food quantity and quality, health conditions, the health environment, and prenatal development. While this paper demonstrates that the health environment and food quantity and quality contribute to inequality in child health, these effects explain only a small share of disparities. A large share of inequality in children's health is determined prenatally, and nutrition policies need to prioritize this period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People with intellectual disability have diverse needs and experience higher rates of diet‐related chronic disease such as type 2 diabetes compared to people without disability. However, they are infrequently included in development and implementation of interventions to address diet‐related chronic disease. The present study describes the process to plan, develop and refine the Food and Lifestyle Information Program (FLIP) culinary nutrition intervention for adults with mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disability. Methods: The project was initiated by a disability service provider and was guided by the Cook‐Ed™ model and inclusive research principles. Initially the disability service provider and academic research team members co‐designed pre‐program consultation and pilot studies, and draft program resources. Pre‐program consultation explored paid disability support worker (n = 10) perceptions of cooking and food skills, nutrition priorities and optimal program format, which guided further program drafting. Program resources and pilot study design were further developed and refined with co‐researchers with lived experience of intellectual disability who attended a pre‐pilot and then pilot study sessions as remunerated co‐facilitators. Results: Key characteristics of the FLIP intervention arising from pre‐program consultation included providing cooking task instruction in small steps, enabling participant choice in program activities, promoting an inclusive and social atmosphere, and providing paper‐based resources. Conclusions: FLIP intervention co‐design was enabled through ongoing input from the disability service provider and people with lived experience of intellectual disability. Evaluation of FLIP feasibility, acceptability and preliminary effectiveness to improve diet‐related health is underway. Highlights: An academic research team, disability service provider and people with lived experience of intellectual disability co‐designed a culinary nutrition intervention for adults with mild‐to‐moderate intellectual disabilityKey considerations for culinary nutrition programs for people with intellectual disability include providing small group practical instruction, paper‐based Easy Read recipes, providing choice and creating a social and inclusive atmosphere [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores how using mobile money services affects food security and nutritional status of households in Tanzania. This study uses data obtained from three waves of the Tanzanian National Panel Surveys and the instrumental variable (IV) approach. The evidence from this paper shows that using mobile money services resulted in household's enhanced nutritional and food security status. Households' receipt of remittances is the main pathway in which using mobile money services influences the food security and nutritional outcomes among households in Tanzania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]