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Purpose To assess the efficacy of petrolatum jelly for the prevention of diaper rash and to evaluate the relationship between the occurrence of diaper rash and certain treatments and type of nutrition. Design and Methods A randomized clinical trial was carried out with two parallel groups ( n = 213) at the neonatal care unit of Donostia University Hospital in San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa Province, Spain. Results There was a lower incidence of diaper rash in the experimental group with petrolatum jelly (17.1%) than the control group (22.2%), but the difference was not statistically significant ( p =.39). The use of antibiotics and oral 50% glucose as well as an increased number of stools are associated with a higher incidence of diaper rash, while breastfeeding and phototherapy are protective factors. Practice Implications Prevention is strengthened by a better understanding of the risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Shared decision making is an important component of patient-centred care and decision aids are tools designed to support patients' decision making and help patients with depression to make informed choices. Objective The study aim was to assess the effectiveness of a web-based decision aid for patients with unipolar depression. Design Randomized controlled trial. Setting and participants Adults diagnosed with a major depressive disorder and recruited in primary care centres were included and randomized to the decision aid (n=68) or usual care (n=79). Intervention Patients in the decision aid group reviewed the decision aid accompanied by a researcher. Outcome measures Knowledge about treatment options, decisional conflict, treatment intention and preference for participation in decision making. We also developed a pilot measure of concordance between patients' goals and concerns about treatment options and their treatment intention. Results Intervention significantly improved knowledge ( P<.001) and decisional conflict ( P<.001), and no differences were observed in treatment intention, preferences for participation, or concordance. One of the scales developed to measure goals and concerns showed validity issues. Conclusion The decision aid 'Decision making in depression' is effective improving knowledge of treatment options and reducing decisional conflict of patients with unipolar depression. More research is needed to establish a valid and reliable measure of concordance between patients' goals and concerns regarding pharmacological and psychological treatment, and the choice made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Varenicline is used in smoking cessation. The aims of the trial were to test for differences between standard 1- and 0.5-mg doses (both twice daily during 8 weeks) in (1) abstinence, (2) adherence and (3) side effects. Design Open-label randomized parallel-group controlled trial with 1-year follow-up. All those randomized were included in the final sample using an intention-to-treat (ITT) approach. Setting Stop-Smoking Clinic of the Virgen Macarena University Hospital in Seville, Spain. Participants The study comprised smokers ( n = 484), 59.5% of whom were men with a mean age of 50.67 years and a smoking history of 37.5 pack-years. Intervention and comparator Participants were randomized to 1 mg ( n = 245) versus 0.5 mg ( n = 239) and received behavioural support, which consisted of a baseline visit and six follow-ups during 1 year. Measurements The primary outcome was continuous self-reported abstinence during 1 year, with biochemical verification. The secondary outcomes were adherence and side effects. Also measured were baseline demographics, medical history and smoking characteristics. Findings Abstinence rates at 1 year were 46.5% with 1 mg versus 46.4% with 0.5 mg [odds ratio (OR) = 0.997; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.7-1.43; P = 1.0]; Bayes factor in favour of H0 = 238.507, Bayes factor against H0 = 0.004. Treatment adherence was similar in both regimens (OR = 1.16; 95% CI = 0.8-1.7; P = 0.44). Side effects were reported in 19.3% of cases with 1 mg versus 12.1% with 0.5 mg, although with no significant differences between regimens (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 0.94-3.18; P = 0.093). Conclusions There appears to be no difference in smoking cessation effectiveness between 1 mg and 0.5 mg varenicline, both administered twice daily for 8 weeks, with similar rates of abstinence (46.5% versus 46.4%), adherence and side effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To assess the efficacy of a 0.07% cetylpyridinium chloride ( CPC) mouth rinse in the control of plaque and gingival inflammation during a 6-month period. Material and Methods Adult subjects with moderate gingivitis were selected [≥40% bleeding on marginal probing ( BOMP)]. After retrieving microbiological samples and evaluating the clinical parameters (plaque, BOMP and stain indexes), a professional prophylaxis was performed and subjects were randomly assigned to the test ( CPC mouth rinse) or to the placebo group. Subjects were re-assessed after 3 and 6 months. Results A total of 67 patients (35 test, 32 placebo) were included in the analysis. At 6 months, intra-group significant plaque reductions were observed in the test group (0.691, p < 0.001), but not in the placebo (0.181, p = 0.653). At 6 months, the mean BOMP values were lower in the test group ( p = 0.052). Changes between baseline and 6 months were significantly higher in the test group both for plaque ( p = 0.002) and BOMP ( p = 0.037) when compared with the placebo. A microbiological impact was observed in the test group, especially for Prevotella intermedia. Conclusion The evaluated 0.07% CPC-based mouth rinse, used three times per day adjunctively to mechanical tooth cleaning, prevents plaque accumulation and gingival inflammation, as compared to the placebo, for at least 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Although multiple materials have been suggested for pulpotomized primary molars, there is no reliable evidence of the superiority of one particular type. Aim To compare the effectiveness of formocresol ( FC), mineral trioxide aggregate ( MTA), ferric sulphate, and sodium hypochlorite ( Na OCl) as pulp dressing agents in primary molars after 2 years. Design One hundred primary molars requiring pulp treatment were allocated randomly to the control ( FC) and experimental groups ( MTA, ferric sulphate, and Na OCl). Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Statistical analysis using Fischer's exact test was performed to determine the significant differences between groups. Results In the FC and MTA groups, 100% of the available teeth were clinically successful at all follow-up appointments. In the Na OCl group, one clinical failure was found at 18 months, and two clinical failures in the ferric sulphate group were noted at 12 and 24 months, but no significant differences were found among the groups ( P = 0.41). No significant differences in radiographic success were found among all the groups at 24 months of follow-up ( P = 0.303). Conclusions No statistically significant differences among the four materials were found at 24 months suggesting that Na OCl may be an appropriate substitute for FC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]