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For many centuries, paper is the main material for recording cultural achievements all over the world. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is an essential analytical tool for the structural analysis of paper and pulp chemistry. This review article introduced recent technical and scientific reports in terms of IR spectroscopy in the paper science and application, where interest had increased during the last couple decades (2000–2022). Five parts were described according to the application of IR spectroscopy: the analysis of cellulose and its derivatives, estimation the date of documents, identification the origins of fiber or paper, specification the chemical and physical properties of paper, and characterization the new materials of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluates the impact of sales promotions that are featured in store flyers distributed by prominent retailers and their capacity to attract consumers to their establishments. A distinctive conceptual framework is introduced that scrutinizes the influence of ethically-minded consumer behavior, digital citizenship/literacy, and a retailer's orientation toward environmental sustainability and explicit ecological concerns. A quasi-experimental design was used to formulate four distinct scenarios from a possible set of eight, stemming from the combinations of three variables: 2 Retailer Positioning (green vs. without explicit ecological claims) × 2 Flyer Mediums (paper vs. digital) × 2 Discount Levels (5% discount vs. 30% discount). Through an online survey, a sample of 269 responses was garnered to gauge consumer reactions to these store flyers, evaluating their attitudes and receptiveness. The findings suggest that attitudes toward paper flyers were more favorable when presented by non-green retailers compared to their green counterparts. This can be attributed to a perceived inconsistency between a green brand positioning and the use of paper flyers. Furthermore, the propensity to transition to digital flyers was notably stronger for green retailers compared to non-green retailers, but this inclination was most pronounced when higher discounts were offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Xuan paper is one of the most famous handmade papers in China and is an important paper for conservation. However, the evenness of Xuan paper has not yet received much attention. In this study, the distribution of the in-plane grammage and mechanical properties of Xuan paper are measured. It is found that the distribution of the in-plane grammage and mechanical properties of Xuan paper is uneven. In the handmade direction, the grammage and mechanical properties of Xuan paper are overall largest in the lower area, followed by the upper and middle areas. The sheet forming process of Xuan paper has an important effect on the distribution of in-plane grammage, mechanical properties, and fiber orientation of Xuan paper. The folded state has a negative effect on the mechanical properties of the folded area of Xuan paper. This study will help raise awareness of the unevenness in physical properties of Xuan paper, which is important in both conservation and research applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry stands out as an example of a technology based on a renewable resource, cellulose. The sludge, however, poses major environmental and public health problems. To effectively manage the sludge wastes, it is critical to fully evaluate its composition, possible environmental impacts, and the total amount of exploitable renewable resources. The study established the pH of the sludge to be 7.32 ± 0.98, an electrical conductivity (1.84 mS/cm), nitrogen concentration (2.65 ± 0.21%), and total organic matter (41.23 ± 3.11%). The cellulosic content was established to be 74.07 ± 2.71% which contributes to 53.07 ± 1.23% water holding capacity (WHC). The most abundant elements were C and O, followed by Cl, Si, Al, and Mg, with lower concentrations of S, Si, K, and iron. The polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs) levels ranged from 0.29 to 322.56 ng.g-1 with 1-methyl pyrene posting the highest concentration (322.56 ng.g-1. XRD peaks at 17.10°, 23.86°, 30.14°, and 36.57°, which imply the existence of CaCO3. SEM indicated that the sludge was majorly comprised of fibers materials with average particle sizes of 280 micrometers. TGA/DTG analysis showed that the sludge had the greatest cellulose and hemicellulose (64.7 wt. %). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry has significant sustainability implications and necessarily requires a careful consideration of direct and lower-tier suppliers for effective sustainable supply chain management. This paper utilized an extensive literature review and semi-structured interviews of experts in the Chinese pulp and paper industry to unearth the factors that highly influence multi-tier supply chain sustainability. A Technological-Organizational-Environmental (TOE) and Human-Organizational-Technological (HOT-fit) based theoretical framework was employed to classify the identified factors. Then, an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) based methodology was applied to determine the relative importance of the factors. A comparison analysis of the relative importance of the factors as determined by the experts in the focal companies, Tier-1 suppliers and Tier-2 suppliers of the Chinese pulp and paper industry is presented. The results show that institutional and technological factors are most critical to actualizing multi-tier supply chain sustainability. Thus, the study outcomes present relevant theoretical and practical implications for the managers and practitioners in the pulp and paper industry on how to facilitate multi-tier supply chain sustainability for increased competitiveness. Furthermore, this study provides guidelines for other industries as well and sets the stage for subsequent theorization and exploration of multi-tier supply chain sustainability for expected performance gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose was isolated from recycled pulp and paper sludge and used to synthesize cellulose nanocrystals. Response surface methodology and Box-Behnken design model were used to predict, improve, and optimize the cellulose isolation process. The optimal conditions were a reaction temperature of 87.5 °C, 180 min with 4% sodium hydroxide. SEM and TEM results revealed that the isolated cellulose had long rod-like structures of different dimensions than CNCs with short rod-like structures. The crystallinity index from XRD significantly increased from 41.33%, 63.7%, and 75.6% for Kimberly mill pulp sludge (KMRPPS), chemically purified cellulose and cellulose nanocrystals, respectively. The TGA/DTG analysis showed that the isolated cellulosic materials possessed higher thermal stability. FTIR analysis suggested that the chemical structures of cellulose and CNCs were modified by chemical treatment. The cellulose surface was highly hydrophilic compared to the CNCs based on the high water holding capacity of 65.31 ± 0.98% and 83.14 ± 1.22%, respectively. The synthesized cellulosic materials portrayed excellent properties for high-end industrial applications like biomedical engineering, advanced materials, nanotechnology, sustainable packaging, personal care products, environmental remediation, additive manufacturing, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the early Cold War, it was difficult for American intelligence to penetrate the Iron Curtain but a potential solution soon arose: émigré intelligence groups such as the Magyar Harcosok Bajtársi Közössége (MHBK) or 'Association of Hungarian Veterans'. This group, however, turned out to be an intelligence 'paper mill'. Attempts at trans-Atlantic cooperation with the MHBK and similar groups failed as they lost most of their good sources and were penetrated by communist security services. By the mid-1950s, US intelligence cut these groups off, took over their good sources, and established a source registry to prevent recurrence of the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thiophene sulfide is difficult to be removed by hydrodesulfurization. In this study, ZnCl2-waste paper fiber activated carbon was used as adsorbent to remove thiophene sulfide from simulated oil by hydrothermal modification. Under the optimum condition of ammonia modification, the adsorption capacity of modified adsorbent to BT is 14.8 mg S/g, 2.98 times that of unmodified. BET, FTIR and Boehm analysis showed that the mesopore volume of ammonia modified adsorbent increased by 96.62% and the mesopore ratio increased from 12.58% to 43.40%, which was conducive to improving the adsorption rate. After modification, the basic groups on the surface of the adsorbent increased by 44.3 times, and –NH3+, –OH and –NH2 enhanced the electron attraction and hydrogen bonding force between the adsorbent and BT molecule. Adsorption isotherms, adsorption kinetics and adsorption thermodynamics show that the adsorption process is spontaneous, entropic and exothermic. The pseudo-second-order kinetic rate constant increases with the increase of adsorption temperature, indicating that the increase of temperature is beneficial to accelerate the adsorption rate. The adsorption desulfurization process follows the mechanism of single and multilayer adsorption mixing. The results of this study can help to reveal more clearly that biobased activated carbon can be modified to adsorb thiophene sulfide. Ammonia modified adsorbents enhance the adsorption capacity for benzothiophene [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current strategy, a highly sensitive and fast one-step colorimetric assay for trace determination of Cu2+ in water is presented. The planned assay was based upon the use of varnish polish-modified filter paper printed with 2-[5-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfophenyl)-3-phenyl-1-formazyl] benzoic acid monosodium salt, commercially named zincon. Under optimal conditions, the designed assay readily recognised the formation of blue–purple-coloured Cu–ZI chelate in less than 10 min. The proposed probe was able to detect Cu2+ in the concentration range from 0.04 to 10 μg/mL (6.34 × 10−1 to 1.59 × 103µM), with low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.01 μg/mL (1.59 × 10−1 µM). The LOD was 10-fold lower than the allowable level for Cu2+ in drinking water set by WHO legislation. The assay was applied for Cu2+determination in water with acceptable recoveries (89.6–102.1%) and precision (<3%). Therefore, the proposed sensing assay might be considered as a potential rapid and low-cost candidate for total determination and speciation of Cu2+in water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The book "ChatGPT and healthcare: Unlocking the potential of patient empowerment" by Harvey Castro MD, MBA explores the application of ChatGPT, an AI language model developed by OpenAI, in the healthcare industry. The book discusses the benefits of ChatGPT for patients, such as generating concise summaries of medical histories and providing professional abstracts of research papers. It also highlights the importance of cautious utilization of ChatGPT due to potential risks and limitations, including non-intuitive responses and sensitivity to data alterations. The author emphasizes the need for enhanced medical and healthcare literacy to maximize the utility of ChatGPT. The book also addresses legal and ethical issues surrounding ChatGPT usage in healthcare, including privacy concerns and the need for clinical validation. Overall, the book presents ChatGPT as a tool that has the potential to transform healthcare services and improve patient experiences, but also acknowledges the challenges and limitations associated with its use. [Extracted from the article]

Nano-ZnO has the characteristics of photocatalytic performance and excellent transparency and conductivity. Because of its many excellent properties, it also occupies a very important position in the types of semiconductor materials. Nano-ZnO film preparation technology has been researched and developed and applied in many fields, but there are few applied researches on the protection of paper artworks. The main content of this article is the study of the application and enhancement effect of nano-ZnO film preparation technology on the protection of paper cultural relics. In this paper, the sol-gel process is selected in the common film preparation process, and the configured sol is dipped and lifted. By comparing the paper covered with nano ZnO film and the paper not covered with nano ZnO film in the anti-aging performance test, anti-ultraviolet aging performance test, aging appearance change and the experimental results of the mechanical performance test of the application effect of different papers, the results are investigated. The application and enhancement effect of nano-ZnO film preparation technology in the protection of paper art works. Experimental studies have shown that under the same aging time, the mechanical properties of rice paper covered with nano-Zno film are higher than those of blank rice paper without nano-Zno film. The transverse tensile strength of the paper is increased by 5.88 m/N, an increase of 98%. The vertical tensile strength increased by 3.93 m/N, an increase of about 87%, the vertical folding resistance increased by 16 times, the horizontal folding resistance increased by 15 times, and the vertical tearing strength increased by 4.15 m/N, an increase of about 125%, and the transverse tearing degree is enhanced by 2.21 m/N, which is about 64%. The two kinds of rice paper were subjected to warm-heat aging, and the final results showed that the mechanical properties of the two kinds of rice papers showed a decreasing trend, but the mechanical properties of the rice paper covered by the nano-Zno film decreased at a slower rate, and the final mechanical properties were also lower than that of untreated rice paper. Blank rice paper covered with film is better. The experimental results of ultraviolet light on paper aging show that the nano-Zno film covering the paper will delay the paper aging, and the appearance of the nano-Zno film after ultraviolet light does not change significantly. Under the mechanical performance test of nano Zno film on different types of paper application, the tensile strength, folding resistance and tearing degree of the three papers participating in the experiment have been improved, which shows that the nano Zno film has the advantage of strengthening paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article introduces a flexible and easy-to-implement open-ended scientific inquiry activity called the Paper Towels Challenge. After experimentally determining which of three unbranded paper towels is the most absorbent, students discuss their results and methods. The teacher facilitates the discussion of epistemological issues. This activity can be used regardless of the participants' age or country to promote science understanding, NGSS science and engineering practices, and twenty-first century skills, such as critical thinking and communication. The many uses, benefits, and possible adaptations of the activity are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Washi is paper made by hand from the bark of native Japanese shrubs. Washi is a common medium used for printmaking and paper crafts. Artists who have studied nagashi-zuki, a sheet-forming method unique to washi, often import Japanese fibers because alternatives with similar properties have not been identified. We propose Dirca L. (leatherwood), a shrub endemic to North America, as a source of fibers with properties similar to those plants traditionally used to make washi. The thinness and strength of the leatherwood paper allows it to withstand repeated bending, folding and creasing better than paper made from species of Wikstroemia (Japanese fiber), suggesting an alternative for use with various printmaking techniques and paper arts and crafts that involve folding, such as origami. We engaged printmakers and origami artists in creating original pieces using our leatherwood paper and evaluated how the paper responds to various printmaking techniques and complex folding. We identified Dirca mexicana as a source of fibers with similar properties to species of Wikstroemia used to make gampi washi. Handmade D. mexicana bark paper was successfully used as a paper medium for intaglio, lithography, relief, digital, and screenprinting printmaking techniques, as well as, complex folding origami sculptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron-impregnated filter paper (Fe-Pi) was evaluated as phosphorus (P) extractant in four soils of Ogun state, southwest Nigeria in a screenhouse experiment. The experiments lasted for 8 weeks. Soil P contents were extracted at 0, 4, and 8 weeks after the incorporation of amendments (cattle manure, poultry manure, and wood ash) using Fe-Pi, Bray-1, Bray-2, Mehlich-1, Hunter, and Olsen extractant. Agronomic variables were taken fortnightly from grown maize plants and later harvested at 8 weeks, residual effects of the treatments were also evaluated. Maize dry matter weight (DMW) and P uptake were also measured. Results indicated that a linear relationship existed among the extractants with significant coefficient at p ≤.001. Fe-Pi established a strong relationship with the conventional extractants in the following order: Bray-1 (R2 = 0.99) > Bray-2 (R2 = 0.98) > Hunter (R2 = 0.96) > Mehlich-1 (R2 = 0.86) > Olsen (R2 = 0.82). Fe-Pi had a significant relationship with P uptake and DMW. Phosphorus uptakes under the animal manure amendments were statistically higher than uptake in control and woodash amended soils. Therefore, the study concluded that Fe-Pi was a good predictor of plant available P and had significant relationship with Bray-1, thus it could be considered for the estimation of soil available P in soils of southwest Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Predatory publishing is the unethical and dishonest behavior of publishers who take advantage of researchers by charging them too much money and not providing good editing and peer-review services. Scholars, publishers and policymakers are seeking solutions to combat predatory publishing, which has become a major academic problem. This research paper provides a bibliometric analysis of the citation patterns and trends in the predatory publishing literature. The study analyzed the 100 top-cited papers on predatory publishing and provided insight into the types of documents, journals, authors, and countries that contributed to this field. The average citation per paper in the top 100 selected publications was 53.67. Open-access publications received a significantly higher average citation per paper than subscription-based papers. "Article" was the major type of document published, followed by "Notes," "Reviews" and "Editorials." Nature and Learned Publishing were the journals that contained the highest number of top-cited articles. J. Beall and D. Moher authored the highest number of papers, while A. Grudniewicz had the highest average citation per paper. USA and Canada were the top countries in these top-cited publications. This study will be beneficial to the all the stakeholders who may be interested in this area of research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between environmental regulation and firm productivity has been widely debated but inconsistencies in findings across different studies. Using detailed firm-level micro-data from 2000 to 2007, this paper employs difference-in-difference combined with matching based on entropy balancing method to explore the effect of environmental regulation on firm total factor productivity (TFP) in pulp and paper industry in China. Our main findings are as following: Firstly, stricter environmental regulation, as represented by the Wastewater Discharge Standards for Pulp and Paper Industry in Shandong province, increases firm TFP significantly. Moreover, the coefficients of interest are robust to multiple robustness checks. Secondly, dynamic effects estimates reveal that when faced with this phase-in environmental regulation, firms take the foreseeably increasing strictness into account from the very beginning and prefer to take one-step adjustment to reach full compliance. Thirdly, potential mechanism analysis finds that the positive effect mainly comes from the improvement of resource allocation efficiency within firms. Fourthly, the heterogeneity test indicates that the effect of environmental regulation on firm TFP is heterogeneous across firms with different sizes, ages, ownerships, capital intensity, and export status. Finally, this paper provides convincing and insightful evidence that environmental regulation has the potential to achieve the dual goals of environmental sustainability and economic growth and is thus of broader significance for understanding the enforcement of environmental regulation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article engages with discard studies scholarship to interrogate findings from a study that set out to deliberately follow wastepaper in an early childhood setting. The study, which used participatory methods positioning teachers and children as research partners, began with purposeful noticing and attunement to paper's movements and materiality. This attentiveness defamiliarized paper and the ways in which it is known and experienced. It led to questions about the wider systems in which paper is entangled. In this article, thinking with discard studies provokes us to consider the relational systems that involve paper in early learning settings and leads us to question the reduce-reuse-recycle maxim which allows some systems to flourish by diverting attention away from them. The article concludes by suggesting that if we are to discard well, we must become aware of systems that are maintained by taken-for-granted waste practices such as reducing, reusing, and recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenced by the academic work of Stephen A. Resnick and Richard D. Wolff, the author and his close collaborator Richard McIntyre have spent four decades closely reading and contributing research to adjacent radical literatures on the empirical history of workers and capitalism. In this response to Richard McIntyre's review of Shredding Paper, the author reveals how his own research into the story of Maine's paper mills has developed since the 1980s, drawing out the class implications of the details embedded in a history that stretches back to the origins of Maine's paper industry. Hillard highlights the efficacy of reading capitalist histories of focusing on subsumed classes, i.e., a "volumes 2 and 3 [of Capital] approach," alongside the much more common "volume 1" methodology common to most radical political economy and labor history. For better and worse, this story has culminated in two generations of rural Mainers rejecting the sensibilities of neoliberal capitalism. This local class formation and particular consciousness of class contains many lessons for those who see capitalism problematically, but in the absence of an established U.S. Left, and given the cultural forces and propaganda acting upon them, this critical culture appears to have moved on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production planning and scheduling in the pulp and paper industry can be very challenging. In most cases, practitioners address the production planning process manually, which is time-consuming and sub-optimal. This study deals with production planning encountered in a pulp mill company involving different wood species, parallel heterogeneous lines, inventory limits, sequence-independent setup times and preventive maintenance. To tackle the problem, an efficient mixed-integer formulation is proposed that optimizes when, where and how much to produce of different wood species and schedules preventive maintenance to minimize the total setup times. Several computational experiments are conducted to solve a case study in a pulp mill company in Chile. The results show the capability of the model to support the decision-making process in the pulp and paper industry, providing an efficient tool for practitioners to solve the problem in a reasonable amount of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results from the natural aging process of copy paper using emission fluorescence spectra are presented in this article. For the study, copy paper examples subjected to aging from 0 to 25 years were selected as test samples. Copy paper shows a well-defined fluorescence spectrum due to the cellulosic compounds used in its manufacture. By analysing each sample's fluorescence bands, relative intensities and the band shifts in the paper's fluorescence spectra, results provide information about the condition of the cellulosic compounds from which we can estimate the paper's age. Results show that the relative intensity of fluorescence emission bands of the copy paper exponentially decay as it ages. As such, fluorescence spectroscopy stands out as a suitable technique for evaluating the deterioration suffered by, for example, art works on copy paper. The effect of incorporating wood extracts on the fluorescence properties of aged copy paper was also studied. Wood extracts soluble in ethanol and acetone appear to enhance the fluorescence emissions, raising the prospect of a novel preservation process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis has become crucial due to their presence in the environment, their persistence and potential health risks. These compounds are commonly used in food contact materials (FCM) as a coating to provide water and grease-repellent properties. One of the pathways for PFAS to enter the human body is either through direct consumption of contaminated food or indirectly through migration from FCM into food. The purpose of this study was to investigate where the initial contamination of paper FCM occurs. We analysed paper material consisting of fresh fibre and secondary materials, intended to produce food packaging for the presence of PFAS. The samples were extracted and analysed for 23 different PFAS substances using the targeted approach with LC tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). This analytical technique detects specific, easily ionisable PFAS with high sensitivity. However, one drawback of this approach is that it allows the identification of less than 1% of the PFAS known today. For this reason, we used combustion ion chromatography (CIC) to determine the content of extractable organic fluorine compounds (EOF) and compare it to the total fluorine content. The targeted analysis using LC-MS/MS measured an average sum concentration of PFAS of 0.17 ng g−1 sample. Our research shows that the primary PFAS contamination happens during the recycling process since all of the samples in which the targeted PFAS were measured belonged to the secondary material. The most frequently detected analytes were PFOA and PFOS, detected in 90% and 62% of the samples, respectively, followed by PFBS (in 29% of the samples). CIC showed that measured PFAS via LC-MS/MS amount to an average of 2.7 × 10−4% of total fluorine content, whereas the EOF was under the LOD in all of the measured samples. This result highlights the complexity of the accurate determination of PFAS compounds, displaying what kind of information the chosen methods provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La transición hacia el uso del papel para la enseñanza de la escritura en las escuelas elementales públicas en México no fue sencilla. Al finalizar el siglo XIX, se había cuestionado el uso de las pizarras por el riesgo que representaban para la salud, pues muchas veces los estudiantes borraban sus escritos con saliva y el material con el que estaban fabricadas no siempre guardaba las especificaciones necesarias, además el ruido al escribir era insoportable. En cambio, el papel, desde el punto de vista higiénico, pedagógico y estético, fue considerado un material superior frente a la dureza de la pizarra, el brillo de la superficie y la poca precisión que se obtenía en el trazo de las letras. Derivado de este planteamiento, se vislumbró seriamente la posibilidad de la adopción de papel en las escuelas oficiales. Sin embargo, este material era escaso y muy caro. Hacia el cambio de siglo, sólo dos fábricas de papel podían surtir a las escuelas y era necesario que abarataran el precio, que el sistema de distribución garantizara el abastecimiento y que el suministro fuera continuo. Este artículo analiza el inicio del proceso de reconversión de una tecnología para la enseñanza como era la pizarra por el papel. Analizo el gasto que significó y cómo esta modificación fue resultado de una multiplicidad de relaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas que se entrecruzaron para dar una nueva configuración del tiempo, el ruido y los valores establecidos en el salón de clases. The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have achieved a successful synthesis of a label-free, flexible, portable, and colour-indicating biosensor using cholesteric nanostructure liquid crystals (LCs), commonly referred to as cholesteric LCs (CLCs), on paper fibres. This innovative approach holds significant promise for rapid screening in precision medicine and other applications. We incorporated optically active nematic LCs in various configurations within CLCs, allowing them to rotate along different axes. When exposed to light, these LCs reflected light at specific wavelengths. By employing polarised optical microscopy and a charged couple device (CCD), we conducted titration experiments with bovine serum albumin (BSA) on the paper substrate and quantified protein concentrations based on the observed colour shifts. Utilising internal Python pixel analysis software, we evaluated the red, green, and blue colour components, which served as biomarkers for different BSA concentrations. Our results demonstrated a linear correlation between BSA concentration and colour variations. This CLC-based paper-substrate biosensor exhibits the potential to efficiently screen a large number of samples, thereby enhancing the diagnostic accuracy in clinical settings. Combining the colour-indicating and quantifiable attributes of CLCs with the affordability and portability of paper substrates, we have developed a versatile biosensor. Its ease of use, rapid response, and high sensitivity make it a promising tool for future disease detection endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the Southern African Association for Research in Mathematics, Science and Technology Education's (SAARMSTE's) role as a platform supporting research dissemination and connecting researchers in early grades mathematics (EGM) in the Southern African region. A review of the Long Papers in SAARMSTE over the last 20 years supports the finding of the other review papers in this Special Issue: that there has been substantial growth of attention to EGM since 2013. However, two distinctions are marked when looking at conference papers rather than journal papers. Firstly, there is a particularly large expansion of work in the last 5 years, with a broadening base of participation in this work. Second, looking across all the formats of conference presentations indicates SAARMSTE's role in supporting and building EGM as a key focus of research attention, and bringing together regional and international groups with interests in this area. Given that conference proceedings usually offer a broader picture of emerging interests than journal papers, we reflect on the range of foci of attention within EGM in the SAARMSTE Proceedings, and trends within this. These trends also help us to point to areas that are likely to be of key interest in the next decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Lead pollution may cause serious damage to environment safety and human health, especially to children's growth. In this work, by using double stranded DNA (dsDNA) as the recognition element, a simple and effective electrochemical DNA sensor has been developed on a full carbon-based substrate, reduced graphene oxide/carbon paper (rGO/CP), to accomplish the rapid, sensitive and selective determination of Pb2+. Carbon paper (CP) provides a suitable substrate for the sensor with high portability and low cost, while rGO is easily electrodeposited onto CP and serves as both the signal amplification element and the molecular bridge between DNA and CP. Because of its high specific surface area and unique conjugated giant π structure, rGO tightly binds with DNA through π-π stacking and hydrophobic interactions, thereby providing loading of high quantities of DNA. The specific coordination between DNA and Pb2+ further improves the sensitivity of the sensor. The results demonstrate that rapid electrochemical enrichment of Pb2+ is achieved using the constructed CP/rGO/DNA electrode with a linear relationship between the peak current and the concentration of Pb2+ from 1 pM to 100 pM and a detection limit of 1 pM. In addition, this approach shows good selectivity and satisfactory repeatability for river water analysis. A promising sensitive, low-cost, simply-fabricated, and portable full carbon-based electrochemical biosensing platform has been therefore provided for lead determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michael Hillard's Shredding Paper: The Rise and Fall of Maine's Mighty Paper Industry is both a labor history of the paper industry and a political economy of corporate governance and class struggle in the United States. As a labor historian, Hillard has compiled thousands of hours of interviews with paper-industry workers and managers. As a political economist, he persuasively argues that contests over the distribution of surplus from the 1960s forward and shifts in paper-industry ownership led to the strike wave that began in the '60s and spread to every paper mill in Maine by the late 1980s. Rapacious practices by out-of-state owners challenged workers' moral compass as much as their material existence. Responding, paper workers developed a folk political economy and even a folk Marxism, creating the foundation for challenging working-class support for regressive economics. This review provides context for Hillard's claim while partially challenging it in a different context, the United States steel industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gas chromatography – tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) using formic acid as a protective agent is reported for the determination of acrylic resin monomers in food contact packaging paper. The analytes were extracted by ethanol mixed with formic acid with 2-phenylethyl propionate as the internal standard. The extract was separated by a 6% cyanopropylbenzene-94% dimethylsiloxane ultra-inert chromatographic column and analyzed by GC-MS/MS in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. 13 acrylic resin monomers including acrylic acid, styrene, and acrylic ester were separated. The procedure was successfully applied for the analysis of real samples. The procedure provided a linear calibration range with detection limits from 0.16 to 0.46 mg kg−1. The mean recoveries were from 88.1% to 100.9% with relative standard deviations less than 5.4%. The residual acrylic resin monomers in packaging paper were primarily from printing base paper and varnish. Of the acrylic resin monomers, the monomers except for butyl acrylate and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate showed low migration rates. The method provides high sensitivity and good reproducibility with simple pretreatment, demonstrating application for monitoring acrylic resin monomers in food contact packaging paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study sought to appraise 7-year and 9-year-old Cedrela odorata for pulp and paper making. Sectioning and maceration processes were adopted. Data were subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS version 17.00. Cell characteristics for all ages and tree positions appeared similar but quantitatively, cells in 9-year-old generally exhibited some significant (p < .05) variations. Age and wood position generally had some significant influence on cell characteristics. Fibre lengths were generally short (<1.6 mm or 1600 µm) with variations in fibre morphology being significant axially than radially. In appraising the wood for paper production, derived fibre indices/values viz; Runkel ratio (ranging from 0.19 to 0.28), flexibility coefficient (ranging from 0.78 to 0.83), and slenderness ratio (ranging from 38.98 to 51.72) appeared to provide some positive indications. The species therefore, has potential for pulp and paper production, but further studies on its chemical consumption levels and other properties need to be ascertained towards a well-informed decision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aging behavior occurs in the storage process of paper archives, which accelerates the aging process of the paper. Therefore, it is important for paper archives management to explore the aging behavior of acidified paper (AP) and to delay or prevent its further aging. The aging behavior of the commonly used university archives paper with artificial acidification were studied by measuring pH value, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and whiteness. The results show that the pH value, conductivity, mechanical properties and whiteness of AP change significantly compared with the non-acidified raw paper (P). After dry-heat aging treatment, the pH value of AP decreased more obviously than P, which shows more obvious aging degradation and further acidification of AP. During the aging process of AP, the molecular and structural degradation are promoted by the presence of acidic substances, which increase the electrical conductivity of the system. The microstructures of the paper are changed by acidification and aging treatment, and more fiber fracture, etching and microscopic holes are found in the surface SEM images. The reductions of the tensile index and whiteness of AP are also more significant because of the degradation acceleration of the acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to provide insight into the history and acceptance of paper money within British North America by examining the state money issued by Lower Canada's civil government and the British Army during the War of 1812. Prior to the war, British North America was suffering from a specie shortage that was further exacerbated by the need for significant expenditure increases to provision the state with the resources it needed for its war effort. In response, colonial authorities issued the Army Bills, a paper money that was backed by acceptance in paying public debts and duties while also possessing qualities that adhered to metalist principles. To many observers surprise, the money successfully circulated and was accepted by Lower Canada's colonists, who beforehand had largely been perceived by colonial officials as distrusting of paper money. This research argues that the state's acceptance of Army Bills for discharging public debts, particularly merchant duties, ensured that the money would provide the colonial government with the fiscal flexibility it needed to conduct its war effort. This provision, in addition to measures like legal tender laws protecting its use in private transactions, also supported its successful circulation within the colonial economy during the war. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an important substrate of traditional Chinese cultural relics in museums, paper is the material with highly light sensitivity, which is susceptible to irreversible lighting damage. To provide high-quality viewing, it is vital to study the parameters of light sources in consideration of paper substrates' long-term conservation. As an important factor affecting both conservation and viewing, there are some issues concerning correlated color temperature (CCT) in the relevant standards, namely, the inconsistent recommended values. In this research, paper samples were subjected to accelerated irradiation experiments for 1440 h by 10 narrow-band lights in the visible range, and the infrared spectra were measured periodically. The calculated oxidation index was used to obtain the damage response function to different spectral wavelengths and exposures. Subsequently, using the method of exhaustion, 9477 spectra with a CCT range of 2650–4150 K that met the viewing requirements were screened, and lighting damage to paper substrates was calculated using this function. Based on that, the correlation between CCT and lighting damage to paper substrates and their standard deviations was obtained. Combining the previous research on recommended for CCT pigments, a preliminary recommended CCT of 3100–3200 K in selecting light sources for traditional Chinese paper relics was proposed. It is worth emphasizing that it is still necessary to use the spectral power distribution of light sources, as the underlying independent variable that leads to damage, to further calculate the lighting damage using the function mentioned above to achieve protective lighting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transforming Pulp and Paper (P&P) mills into Integrated Forest Biorefineries (IFBR) is a prominent solution to save Canadian P&P industry that has been facing decline of conventional paper demand. We propose a comprehensive decision model for the design of IFBR value chains by taking the uncertain demand of bioproducts into consideration. In particular, we propose a multi-stage stochastic programming model to obtain the optimal investment plan over a long-term planning horizon in the presence of various market trends. We also develop a Monte-Carlo simulation platform to validate the proposed model and to compare its performance with alternative decision models. The model is applied to a realistic case study inspired from P&P companies in Canada, where the value of incorporating the dynamic nature of uncertain demand has been estimated. Further, we elaborate on the value of considering flexibility in terms of adjusting the investment plan in response to changes in the demand. Our results indicate that the demand for bioproducts has a substantial impact on the profitability of the IFBR. We also demonstrated the significant value of explicitly incorporating the uncertainty in IFBR network design as well as adapting the investment plan to the changes in the demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conventional multi-cylinder drying of paper and board involves a mixture of conductive drying from steam-heated dryer cylinders and convective drying by the flow of heated air over the surface of the paper web in the pockets. Pocket ventilation is a critical component in assisting heat and mass transfer during the drying process but is the primary contributor toward removing evaporated water from the web. Air temperature, velocity, and humidity are critical parameters involved in the convective drying process. This paper covers an experimental study involving the design and development of a small lab-scale setup for convective drying of various grades of paper and board, monitoring multiple parameters like paper temperature, moisture content, air humidity, temperature, and velocity measured in situ as the drying proceeds with continuous and accurate sampling capabilities for all parameters in the sample and the system. Instantaneous drying rates, heat, and mass transfer coefficients were also deduced for every time step till the paper completely dried. Furthermore, the coefficients obtained were also reported in the form of dimensionless correlations, and the results were compared against traditional correlations used in the modeling of paper drying. This data will be useful in process development, modeling, design, and the paper drying process simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medication prescription procedures were reviewed at psychiatric residential treatment centers (RTC), and a quality improvement project was conducted in order to implement integrated electronic medical records (EMR) and computerized provider order entry (CPOE). To assess the impact of preexisting prescribing practices on RTCs, surveys were sent anonymously to current and past providers of regional and local RTCs. The surveys assessed the impact of the prescribing protocol on workflow, the frequency of medication errors, the impact such errors had on patient care, the overall provider satisfaction, and the discrepancies between electronic and paper charts. Current providers were then re-surveyed after implementing the integrated CPOE system in May 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic. The first round of provider survey results revealed that the majority of staff (n = 10, 70%) observed frequent medication errors and were largely dissatisfied with the current medication ordering and administration process (n = 10; 70%). Incident Response Improvement System (IRIS) reports revealed the most common medication errors were omissions, incorrect dosing, and incorrect medications administered. After the initiation and implementation of the CPOE, staff satisfaction increased with the process (n = 14; 50%) noting that medication errors were less frequent than before (n = 14; 50%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) can be modified to be used as a coating on food paper packaging. Previous research on PVA/CNF composites showed a low viscosity, which impacted their performance on the coating paper process. To overcome this problem, a thickening agent, such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), is needed. In this work, the effect of CMC on PVA/CMC/CNF nanocomposites was investigated by varying the concentrations of CMC with PVA/CMC and CNF ratio of 80:20 and 90:10. The nanocomposites were characterized by their physical and tensile properties which could affect their coating performance. Moreover, the coating process was conducted on paper and the performances of the coated paper were studied. The results showed that the increase in CMC concentration led to an increasing viscosity and good zeta potential, suggesting good dispersion. Moreover, the addition of CMC improved the tensile properties of PVA/CMC/CNF nanocomposites. However, SEM analysis of PVA/CMC-1:CNF (80:20) revealed the occurrence of agglomeration which might influence the performance of the coated paper. Interestingly, PVA/CMC-1:CNF (80:20) had an excellent water resistance, with the lowest Cobb60. Moreover, the addition of CMC 1 wt% increased WVTR, which remained lower than the blank sample. Meanwhile, PVA/CMC-2:CNF (80:20) demonstrated the best performance in the oil absorption and tearing resistance test. In summary, the addition of CMC can effectively improve the physical and tensile properties of the PVA/CMC/CNF, as well as the barrier properties and tear strength of the PVA/CMC/CNF coated paper. The results demonstrate the potency of this material as a coating for food packaging paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Predictive maintenance strategies are becoming increasingly more important with the increased needs for automation and digitalization within pulp and paper manufacturing sector. Hence, this study contributes to examine the most efficient pre-processing approaches for predicting sensory data trends based on Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) neural networks. To validate the model, the data from two paper pulp presses with several pre-processing methods are utilized for predicting the units' conditions. The results of validation criteria show that pre-processing data using a LOWESS in combination with the Elimination of discrepant data filter achieves more stable results, the prediction error decreases, and the predicted values are easier to interpret. The model can anticipate future values with MAPE, RMSE and MAE of 1.2, 0.27 and 0.30 respectively. The errors are below the significance level. Moreover, it is identified that the best hyperparameters found for each paper pulp press must be different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Journal of Critical Realism has issued a call for papers for a special issue on "critical realism and the self." The concept of the self is seen as crucial for social change and emancipatory theorizing. The special issue aims to explore various aspects of the self, including subjectivity, reflexivity, authenticity, personhood, and identity. Submissions can be theoretical or applied, and can engage with critical realism or critique it. The deadline for submissions is May 31, 2024, and the final papers are required by November 19, 2024. [Extracted from the article]

The aging process of paper will be accelerated by acidification behavior during the storage process of paper archives, and the mechanical properties of paper archives will be weakened. By deacidizing and strengthening, the further aging of the acidified archives paper can be delayed or prevented, and the mechanical properties can be improved, so that the service life of paper archives is prolonged. To delay even to prevent the aging process, deacidizing and strengthening technology is employed. Herein, the "hybrid" system was reported by combining nano-calcium carbonate as deacidification agent, modified hydroxypropyl cellulose as reinforcement agent and ethanol as dispersant. The artificially acidified paper was brushed with it, and the pH value, mechanical properties and whiteness were measured to study the effect of deacidification and reinforcement. The results showed that oleic acid was successfully grafted onto hydroxypropyl cellulose by N,N′-carbonyl diimidazole mediated method to obtain oleic acid grafted hydroxypropyl cellulose with good dispersion in ethanol. After treating acidified paper with "hybrid" system, the pH value and the tensile strength index increase, the whiteness is almost unchanged, that is, the use of "hybrid" system plays a good deacidifying strengthening effect. The acidified paper samples before and after treatment with "hybrid" system were subjected to dry-heat aging treatment. Compared with acidified paper, the pH value, tensile strength index and whiteness of acidified paper treated with "hybrid" system are effectively inhibited, that is, the use of "hybrid" system can effectively delay the aging and acidification process of paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigated the phycoremediation efficacy of two freshwater green microalgae Chlorella ellipsoidea and Desmodesmus opoliensis for treatment of water of Ellenga beel, a wetland located in the vicinity of Nagaon paper mill and into which effluents of the paper mill are drained-off. After inoculation of water samples with the two freshwater green microalgae, the culture medium were analyzed for various physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, phosphate, nitrate, potassium, chloride, phenol, cyanide, biological oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and heavy metals at every seven days interval for a period of 42 days. A reduction of phosphate (85%), sulfate (96%), nitrate (76%) and chloride (48%) was observed after 42 days of incubation in the tested beel water. The micro algal incubation also resulted in decrease of heavy metal such as Pb (54%), Zn (98%), Cr (59%), and Cu (61%). Comparison of Fourier transform infrared spectra of beel water samples (control) with those inoculated with the test micro algal species showed presence of binding sites for certain functional groups like phosphate, amide, carbohydrate and alkyl halides in inoculated samples. D. opoliensis exhibited higher phycoremediation efficiency than C. ellipsoidea in removal of pollutants from the beel water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses how paper artisans in Chosŏn Korea transformed the once government-controlled paper production into their own prosperous trade, by focusing on their techniques for recycling paper. They called the paper they made that was not in use 'resting paper', and referred to its reuse, which they facilitated, as a process of 'returning'. These recycling techniques were unique even among its East Asian neighbours and induced new rules about paper production, including the careful accounting of 'resting paper' by government officials. This essay thus helps illuminate two things thus far less noted in the Chosŏn transformation of production: First, the prominent role of techniques in Chosŏn's productive revolutions (not best characterized as either 'industrial' nor 'industrious') before the twentieth century; and second, the constant negotiations that these recycling artisans had made with the Chosŏn court and its officials. The essay uses the robust recycled paper products still remaining in museums, and new kinds of documents about 'resting paper' and its constant transformers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This white paper consists of evidence-based recommendations for conducting forensic interviews with children. The recommendations are jointly drafted by researchers in child interviewing active within the European Association of Psychology and Law and are focused on cases in which children are interviewed in forensic settings, in particular within investigations of child sexual and/or physical abuse. One particular purpose of the white paper is to assist the growing Barnahus movement in Europe to develop investigative practise that is science-based. The key recommendations entail the expertise required by interviewers, how interviews should be conducted and how interviewers should be trained. Interviewers are advised to use evidence-based interview protocols, engage in hypothesis-testing and record their interviews. The need to prepare the interview well and making efforts to familiarise the child with the interview situation and create rapport as well as acknowledging cultural factors and the possible need for interpretation is underscored, and a recommendation is made not to rely on dolls, body diagrams and the interpretation of drawings in the interviews. Online child interviewing is noted as showing promising results, but more research is warranted before conclusive recommendations can be made. Interviewers should receive specialised training and continuous feedback on their interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of the American Institute for Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A Japanese painting paper is sized with an aqueous solution of alum and animal glue followed by brushing with a mixture of pigments of various colours and aqueous animal glue solution. Subsequently, to mount the Japanese painting to a hanging scroll, the backside of the painting is lined with a first lining paper using wheat starch paste for mechanical support. To evaluate the permanence of the painting paper as a composite material in the hanging scroll, the deterioration behaviour of the unlined painting paper and the lined painting paper was compared considering the material dynamics. After moist heat accelerated ageing (80°C, 65% RH), in the sample immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution, cellulose was oxidised by Cu2+ to generate organic acids in the painting paper, and Cu2+ and organic acids migrated to the lining paper. Consequently, the discolouration and oxidation of the painting paper in the lined complex were relatively low compared with those of the unlined painting paper. The pH decrease in the painting paper was also small in the lined complex. Moreover, if the animal glue solution was coated on the painting paper, a buffer effect was shown to operate against the organic acids derived from the oxidation of Cu2+, thereby inhibiting the migration of Cu2+ into the lining paper. In conclusion, the presence of the lining paper inhibited the decrease in the physical strength and degree of polymerisation of the cellulose in the painting paper, thus contributing to its permanence in the lined hanging scroll. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aging and acidification behavior of paper archives affect their long-term preservation. Therefore, delaying or preventing aging and acidification has become an important topic in the field of paper archives management. the aging and acidification behavior of commercial archival paper were studied by measuring pH value, electrical conductivity, mechanical properties and whiteness in this work. The results show that the aging and acidification phenomena are obvious after dry-heat aging treatment. The molecular degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin and other components results in the decrease of pH value of the system, which decrease with the increase of the treatment temperature and time. The electrical conductivity of the system increases because of the molecular degradation and structural degradation, and with the increase of the treatment temperature and time, the electrical conductivity increases more significantly. After aging treatment, the paper appears etching and increasing microcosmic pores. With the occurrence of molecular degradation and structural degradation, the tensile index and whiteness of the paper decrease, and with the increase of the treatment temperature and time, the tensile index and whiteness decrease more significantly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a kind of synthetic aromatic polyamide, aramid fiber has many outstanding properties, such as high strength, high modulus, etc. The composited paper reinforced by aramid fiber is widely used in honeycombs and its strength is of great concerns. In this paper, a three-dimensional progressive failure phase field model is employed to investigate the failure mechanism of aramid honeycomb paper under microscopic length scale. A mesh mapping technique is used to handle the complex geometry of the material, and an explicit solving scheme is used to improve the solving efficiency. The theory is implemented into ABAQUS through the users' subroutine VUEL. The interfacial debounding and matrix cracking in the short fiber reinforced composite are captured successfully, and the complicated failure mechanism is explored from the modeling results. The present phase field modeling technique has provided a useful numerical tool for the strength prediction of aramid short fiber reinforced composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractMilk is a major dietary source of calcium; thus, accurate and precise quantification of calcium in milk and other dairy products is necessary for quality control. Conventional instrumental methods are sensitive and accurate but require expensive instrumentation, sample pretreatment, skilled personnel, and a long detection time. Herein, a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) was developed to quantify calcium ions (Ca2+) in milk using a smartphone as a detector. The method utilized a complexometric reaction between Ca2+ and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid with murexide as an indicator. The response was the average color intensity at the detection zones measured using the Color Picker application. The proposed µPAD exhibited a good linear detection range (1 to 10 mM), a low detection limit of 0.42 mM, and a short analysis time of 2 min. The determination of Ca2+ in milk samples using the proposed µPAD was consistent with a potentiometric method. The proposed µPAD demonstrates many advantages, including rapid detection, acceptable accuracy, low cost, low sample volume, and suitability for on-site quantification of Ca2+ in real samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The recovery rate of paper products is a key factor in measuring the recyscling potential and the sustainability of the paper industry. Accurately measuring the recovery rate of paper products holds important theoretical and practical value. This paper took the non-recycling part and time factor into account and built the Koyck model to estimate the recovery rate, storage loss rate and recovery cycle of paper products. The model results showed that the recovery rate of Chinese paper products in 2017 increased to 58.05%, which was 10% higher than the results of methods that did not contain the non-recycling part or the time factor. The model results also showed that the storage loss rate of Chinese paper products was much higher than that of developed countries while the recovery cycle was close to the level of developed countries. The distribution analysis showed that the storage loss rate and recovery cycle of Chinese paper products varied significantly over time, which may be the result of policies and the change of consumption structure. It is suggested that the Chinese government should take measures to reduce the storage loss rate of paper products and enhance their recycling ability to achieve sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers of Beck and Snider (this issue) grapple with the place of abortion in our psychoanalytic thought and practice, locating abortion within the larger cultural and political world. At the heart of much of the difficulty surrounding a thoughtful consideration of abortion is the accompanying dissociative pressure arising from the binaries of life and death, of maternal versus fetal well-being, and the confounding of socio-cultural and personal decision making. I offer an intergenerational lens juxtaposing the polarized present with the open and accessible abortion landscape of the late 1970s. In both eras, examples are discussed where the political and cultural zeitgeist exerts dissociative pressure on patient and therapist alike, leaving little room for psychoanalytic exploration. The role of both partners in any conception is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to profile the shoppers' propensity to reuse shopping bags and the type of shopping bags they reuse on the basis of demographics. The study used an observation method to record the consumers' shopping habits and a short questionnaire to record the participants' demographics. A binary regression analysis and a multinomial regression analysis were used to analyse data. The results indicated that the mature aged, women, and low income shoppers were more likely to practice reuse of plastic shopping bags than their respective counterparts. There were no statistically significant differences in the likelihood of young aged shoppers compared to mature aged shoppers and low income shoppers compared to high income shoppers using cotton bags than plastic bags. There were also no statistically significant differences in the likelihood of young aged shoppers compared to mature aged shoppers and male shoppers compared to female shoppers using paper bags than plastic bags. However, the results indicated a statically significant result in how males compared to females differed in their using of cotton bags than plastic bags and a statistically significant result in how low income shoppers compared to high income shoppers differed in their use of paper bags than plastic bags. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of coagulation and flocculation (C/F) process and economic analysis for the advanced primary treatment in order to obtain a semi-closed water circuit in the pulp mills in the cardboard recycling industry. Since the high water quality level is not required in the pulpers, the dosages in this research were determined without pH changes or adjustment to decrease the capital and operational expenditures. The results showed that FeCl3 with the concentration of 2000 mg/L gave the best quality when coagulants were used solely. Moreover, using alum with the concentration of 1500 mg/L provided acceptable quality for the effluent re-circulation and the removal/reduction percentages of 42, 82, 71 and 97 were achieved for chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity and colour, respectively. It was also found that the combination of coagulants did not improve the process performance significantly. The best combination was ferric chloride (500 mg/L) and alum (2000 mg/L) with the efficiency of 47% and 98% in terms of COD and colour removal/reduction, respectively, while the best couple in TSS removal was FeCl3 (500 mg/L) and CaCO3 (500 mg/L) with the efficiency of 88%. The chemicals coupled with cationic polyacrylamide (C-PAM) did not enhance the quality of pre-treated solutions when the settling time reduced up to 15 minutes. The cost analysis also showed that alum is the most cost-effective coagulant with the costs in the range of 0.06–0.12 $/kg removed TSS, 0.06 to 0.11 $/kg removed COD and 0.06–0.1 $/m3·reduced NTU whereas calcium carbonate is the economic coagulant regarding colour reduction with the cost of 0.003 $/m3·reduced unit and more than the reduction efficiency of 90%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the relevance of using physical situations to introduce the concept of angles at elementary school. We compare the effectiveness of two geometry teaching sequences. In the first one (physical sequence), the pupils learned the angle concept by experimenting on the playground (i.e. mesospace) and then modelling the situation. In the second one (paper-and-pencil sequence), the pupils worked solely in the space of a sheet of paper (i.e. microspace). In both sequences, pupils compared areas of space delineated by an angle between two directions. Pupils in two Grade 3 classes were exposed to one of the two teaching sequences. The unfolding of these sequences was videotaped and analyzed, and the pupils were tested individually, before and after teaching, to measure each sequence's effectiveness. Results showed that both sequences are effective to grasp the angle concept: Most pupils overcame the common erroneous conception of comparing angles' sides' lengths instead of angle openness. The comparison of areas of space delineated by an angle between two infinite directions, which is the two sequences' common core, seems to be the key factor underlying angle conceptualization. This paper ends with a discussion of these results' teaching implications and the merits of each sequence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a response to Amanda Kottler's paper on the concept of multiple self-states and the role of writing in understanding clinical moments. The author, Joye Weisel-Barth, discusses the symbolic presence of Isobel in Kottler's paper and how it represents a hidden self-state that brings about transformative experiences. Weisel-Barth also explores the use of fiction as a tool for self-discovery and emphasizes the importance of aesthetic engagement in uncovering hidden aspects of oneself. The article highlights the power of writing and imagination in gaining a deeper understanding of the self, and encourages readers to consider the broader implications of psychoanalysis in understanding the self and its connection to the surrounding environment. [Extracted from the article]

This study aims to explore how e-textbooks with emotional design affect students' emotion, cognitive load and learning achievement. There were 147 freshman students in total: the experimental group I, II and control group consisted of 49, 47 and 51 students, using e-textbooks with emotional design, without emotional design and traditional paper textbooks. The results reveal the following: Students' emotion after using e-textbooks with emotional design is more positive than those using e-textbooks without emotional design and paper textbooks. Students' cognitive load after using e-textbooks with emotional design is significantly lower than those using etextbooks without emotional design. Students' learning achievement after using two types of e-textbooks is better than after using paper textbooks. Comparing all types of textbooks altogether, emotion has a significantly positive correlation with learning achievement, and both emotion and learnng achievement are significantly and negatively correlated with cognitive load. For the three types of textbooks, the relationship between emotion and learning achievement all becomes not significantly correlated. For two types of e-textbooks, cognitive load and learning achievement become not significantly correlated, disturbed by the digitalization of textbooks. Instructors are suggested to firstly adopt e-textbooks with emotional design, those without emotional design secondly, and paper textbooks rank last. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A descriptive annotated bibliography is presented of recent selected publications dealing with the reported health benefits and risks of fish and seafood consumption; fish and seafood including farmed and wild-caught finfish, crustaceans, mollusks, and seaweeds. The bibliography is presented in four parts, namely (1) review papers dealing with both the health benefits and risks of fish and seafood consumption, (2) specific papers dealing with health benefits related to: antioxidants; bone health; brain and mental health; cancer prevention; diabetes prevention; elderly and senior adults; fermentation; heart health and hypertension; immune response and allergies; infant and child health; lipids, fatty acids and sterols; minerals and trace elements; obesity and overweight reduction; polysaccharides; pregnancy and gestational health; proteins, peptides and amino acids; and vitamins and bioactive compounds; (3) specific papers dealing with health risks related to: algal blooms and shellfish biotoxins; antibiotics use and residues; cancer risks; chemicals; chronic kidney disease; microbial quality and safety; microplastics; minerals and heavy metals; parasites and pathogens; pesticides and persistent organic pollutants; public perception and media; seafood allergy; and smoking risks; and (4) supporting papers dealing with consumption advisories and dietary guidelines; improved decontamination and processing methods; and fish, food and nutrient security. A total of 552 papers are presented together with their annotated summaries. On the basis of the papers presented in this review, it is believed that the higher nutritional value and health benefits derived from increased fish and seafood consumption far out-way the potential negative risks to human health, and as such fish and seafood represent a valuable and much healthier alternative than processed fast-foods and many terrestrial animal food products in the global fight against heart disease and related health ailments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The apps for drawing are present in our children's life. Nevertheless, little is known about the impact of mobile technology on the freehand drawing educational activity. There are few works which are contextualised within short periods of time, with teachers who are not theirs and, in some cases, outside the children's classroom. In this paper, we are focussed on the use of technology on freehand drawing activity. Thus, we have compared the graphics produced by 4- and 5-year-old children with paper&crayon in comparison with those with tablet-finger. Children made the drawings during a planned free-drawing activity, in their ordinary classrooms, with their teachers and during five sessions. Assessment of drawings has evidenced tablet feasibility for making graphics. Nevertheless, with the passing of time, quality of graphics (tablet-finger vs paper&crayons), are nearly matched, demonstrating the low impact level technology has on this activity. In addition, if drawings are analysed specifically according to ages, results have shown that both groups have to develop adaptation strategies of visual perceptual skills and fine motor skills for the touch screen in order to obtain the same quality in the drawings made on both support types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this note is to point out a problem related to stress-strength models in some published papers. This difficulty has occurred in the asymptotic variance of the maximum likelihood estimator of the stress-strength parameter. The asymptotic variance will be studied in general and then in the mentioned papers. Finally, the correct version of asymptotic variance is computed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical properties of fiber metal laminates (FML) are influenced by several various factors. Interface adhesion plays a particularly crucial role in interlaminar strength. Enhancing the interlaminar strength of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminate (CARALL) composites present a persistent challenge due to inherent weaknesses between metal and composite elements. Therefore, this study focuses on improving the interlaminar performance of CARALL composites by introducing cellulose paper interlayer at the metal/composite interface. The cellulose paper interlayer offers the advantage of being cost-effective and sustainable. Cellulose paper-interleaved CARALL composites were fabricated by vacuum bagging method and exhibited noteworthy improvements in mechanical properties. Comparative analysis with pristine samples revealed substantial enhancements, including a 15% increase in tensile strength, a remarkable 42% improvement in flexural strength, and a significant enhancement in mode-I fracture toughness by 65%. Furthermore, the cellulose paper interleaving played a crucial role in stabilizing fracture formation at the fiber-matrix interface, with mode II fracture toughness witnessing a 3% increase. Visual examination revealed the underlying toughening processes occurring in the interfacial area. This innovative approach of interleaving laminated composites with cellulose paper emerges as a sustainable and effective strategy, demonstrating the potential to fortify and toughen the interlaminar zones of CARALL composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe present paper is the second of three, constituting a whole project of translation and commentary composed of translated extracts from the “Catalogo n. 2 – Le madri di tutte noi,” published by the Milan Women’s Bookstore in 1982. The idea for the project was conceived by Silvia Niccolai and Angela Condello, who selected the extracts and provide the written commentaries on the original texts. The Yellow Catalogue, in which we find collective discussions, pages of personal diaries and, overall, the enterprise of a group of women debating over their literary symbolic mothers (who to read? And why?), is an interesting example of political use of literature. After forty decades from its publication, it still proposes inspiring and fresh suggestions for feminist political action and critique, while representing an interesting occasion for researching the philosophical roots of Feminism. The projects is composed like follows: Paper No1, In search of a feminine symbolic, by Angela Condello, already published on Law & Litterature and Paper No2, From Novels to the Figures, themes and strategies for a political practice. Paper No 2 is structured in two parts. Part One is the article here presented (Part One. “Interest in Reality.” For every woman’s autobiography) written by Silvia Niccolai; Part Two is the article Sexual difference: an occasion for being, coauthored by Angela Condello and Silvia Niccolai, which will be published in a forthcoming issue of this Journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high production of paper, followed by a more significant concern with environmental and economic issues, has led to greater relevance to paper recycling and its raw uses as composite filler. Composites of polypropylene with 10, 20, and 30 wt.% of recycled office waste paper were produced by injection molding and characterized by mechanical and thermal properties. All composites presented a slight reduction of 15°C in thermal stability compared to the polymeric matrix. Moreover, as the filler amount increased, the degree of crystallinity was reduced proportionally. The mechanical test showed similar tensile strength values among neat polymer andcomposites but also showed an increase in the composite's tensile modulus, related to the stiffness of the natural filler. The composite with a higher percentage of waste paper (30 wt.%) maintained equivalent properties as neatpolypropylene and other composites (10 and 20 wt.%). Thus, 30 wt.% composites proved to be an excellent material with less synthetic polymer percentage, keeping thermal and mechanical properties comparable to the neat PP. Furthermore, this composite does not need chemical treatment or additives harmful to the environment. It is suitable for future applications in various plastic products such as packaging and domestic utensils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to the large volume, the generated wastewater in paper and cardboard recycling industry contains various organic compounds and dyes. Treatment of these wastewaters is difficult due to the diversity of contaminants and the complexity of their chemical structure. This study aimed to investigate the efficiency of the coagulation and flocculation process by the new mixture of coagulants for wastewater treatment in one of the paper and cardboard recycling industries. To determine the efficiency of the coagulation and flocculation process in removing the parameters, including turbidity, colour, TSS, and COD, the Jar Test was used in laboratory conditions. By changing the variables, such as pH, coagulant type (PAC/MgCl2, PAC/Polymer, MgCl2/Polymer, MgCl2/PAC, PAC/MgCl2/Polymer), coagulant dose, and polymer dose, the optimal conditions were determined. Based on the results, the highest turbidity removal efficiency was achieved for the combination of coagulant and coagulant aid (PAC/MgCl2/Polymer) at pH 11. According to the experiments, the highest removal efficiency of turbidity, colour, COD and TSS were95.43%, 25.16%, 16.16%, and 83.33%, respectively. According to the obtained results, the coagulation and flocculation is a suitable method to remove turbidity and suspended solids in the paper and cardboard recycling industry wastewater. However, in order to remove more colour and COD, additional treatment is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depoliticization has emerged as a key concept in analyzing the changing political dynamics of capitalist democracies. Yet, the concept of public interest has been relatively absent in depoliticization literature. This article argues for a more systematic inclusion of public interest politics in scrutinizing de- and repoliticization. The argument is advanced through strategic-relational theory by interpreting public interest as (1) a terrain of political struggles, (2) a mode of doing politics and (3) a method of enquiry. These dynamics are examined in the empirical context of Finnish forest industry's political strategy in the Kaipola paper mill closure in August 2020. The forest conglomerate UPM-Kymmene politicized its paper mill shutdown by shifting the responsibility to the centre-left governmental coalition's purportedly business-hostile policies. However, analyzing the case through UPM strategies and the paper production crisis, the closure falls in line with the forest industry's long-term business strategy. The forest industry's and UPM's strategy is recognized as a forceful defense of a corporate polity where public interest is equated with the success of key economic actors. The article concludes with an argument for the politics of public interest as a vital research perspective for analyzing contradictions surrounding 'the economy'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of printed paper electronics in consumer goods is expected to experience a mass development in the next future. The ink used in these devices contains silver nanomaterials that may be released into the environment at the product end-of-life. We report here the first evaluation of the fate of silver during a pilot-scale recycling of printed paper electronics, made of paper printed with a cellulose nanofibrils-silver nanowire ink. We show that the released effluents are mainly free from silver, which is retained in the pulp conserved for recycling. We use atomic force microscopy experiments to show that this strong pulp-silver bond is due to the embedding of the silver nanowires in the pulp by coils of cellulose nanofibrils. We propose an estimate of the resulting adhesion stress of the nanowires to the ink, high enough to keep the silver inside the pulp during the recycling procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of subjects is often told analysing notions of knowledge in historical reforms, policies, curricula, and textbooks. In this article, we analyse student papers from 1968, focusing on their responses to the topic 'Social distinctions and prejudices in Denmark'. The students present a number of concepts and categories of social differences and prejudices, depict a contemporary problem, refer to theoretical or categorical frameworks, provide a historical account, state bold claims and/or present conceptual definitions. Then, by giving different examples from their everyday life and by establishing some form of line or structure in their writings, they form an argument or narrative. They do this by using—we assume—information from their textbooks, from what have been discussed in teaching, in the public debate, and in the students' homes. The student papers not only passively reflect but are part of the ongoing constitution of the subjects and subject matter, during a period of tremendous educational change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alarming global deforestation rate has great impacts on the output of the Pulp and paper Industry since wood is the principal papermaking fiber material. Although, generally, bamboo is an alternative cellulolytic fiber source, the species and culm age have great effects on its papermaking potential. Based on the methods by the International Association of Wood Anatomists (IAWA), this work assessed the characteristics of fibers from the axial culm sections of six-month plantation-grown Oxythenantera abyssinica and Beema bamboo (which was cloned from Bambusa balcoaa) for paper production. The lengths of the fibers ranged from 1.89 to 2.39 mm while the diameters were 0.025–0.031 mm. The fiber lumen diameter and wall thickness were 0.014–0.018 mm and 0.004–0.006 mm, respectively. Fibers from the species had their runkle ratios below 1, slenderness ratios above 70 and flexibility ratios above 50. These characteristics compare well with the recommendations for fibers often used for the production of packaging, writing and printing papers. Establishment of plantations of Beema bamboo and O. abyssinica is encouraged as they will serve as good raw material base for the paper industry within six months of planting. Additionally, their planting will contribute to meeting Sustainable Development Goals 1 and 13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three grades of pectin xanthates (PX1, PX2, and PX3) have been prepared by the reaction of pectin with carbon disulfide (CS2) in an alkaline medium using NaOH, via the xanthation process. The percentage yield of prepared pectin xanthates has been found to be 87.06%, 90.38%, and 93.80% for PX1, PX2, and PX3, respectively. Prepared pectin xanthates and raw pectin were utilized for heavy metals (Cu(II) and Ni(II)) and lignin enriched paper industry wastewater (LEPIW) treatment. The removal percentage of pectin, PX1, P X2, and PX3 for Cu removal at optimum condition (adsorbent dose: 5.14 g/L, pH: 5 for Cu and 7 for Ni, optimum temperature: 50°C and time: 80 min for Cu(II) and 100 min for Ni(II)) has been found as 85%, 92.33%, 93.5%, and 94.66% and 76.66%, 89.44%, 91.66%, and 93.33%, respectively, for Ni removal. The LEPIW treatment efficacy for pectin, PX1, PX2, and PX3 has been found to be 54%, 77%, 83%, and 86% for the initial COD: 2000 mg/L, pH: 7, optimum temperature: 40°C in 105 min operation time. Adsorption isotherm studies suggest that Langmuir isotherm is most appropriate which indicates adsorption follows chemisorption. The adsorption capacities of PX1, PX2, and PX3 are found as 309.59, 352.11, and 380.22 mg/g for Cu(II) and 299.40, 315.45, and 328.94 mg/g and for Ni(II), respectively, which is very high in comparison with many other recent literature studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the degradation behaviour of rolled hanging scrolls for future conservation treatments, we evaluated the degradation–position profiles of naturally aged hanging scrolls and their model samples, which were subjected to different storage conditions. For the sample immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution and rolled around a glass rod, accelerated ageing using the open method (80°C, 65% RH) revealed a tendency of lower pH and higher discolouration towards the central positions, where rolling caused the most tightness. However, no clear tendencies were observed for the concentration variations of organic acids. The degradation effects of the organic acids emitted from the paulownia wooden box were also examined using the sealed tube method by enclosing the rolled painting paper and acidic paper containing organic acids together in a glass tube. Large amounts of oxalic and formic acids were detected at the periphery and scant migration of the organic acids was observed towards the centre, thus indicating that the central positions of the painting paper were less susceptible to the influence of the organic acids emitted from the external environment. By contrast, glycolic acid diffused towards the centre. The analysis of two naturally aged hanging scrolls showed different degradation behaviours. One sample, stored open in the rolled state, showed severe discolouration with the naked eye at the outermost back surface of the scroll. This was possibly associated with the large amount of sulfate ions originating from the external atmosphere, which kept the pH lower and increased discolouration towards the peripheral positions of the painting paper. For the sample stored in a paulownia wooden box, discolouration was not observed with the naked eye at the outermost back surface of the scroll, although lower pH and higher discolouration were observed towards the central positions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Typical scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs obtained for cellulose nanofibrils (a), paper handsheets surface without CNF addition (b) and with 10% CNF (c) Cellulose nanofibrils used as reinforcement go through the fibrillation process in equipment that have discs with grooves on the surfaces against which the pulp is exposed to cyclical and sequential stresses. Preparation of paper handsheets (fiber/CNF) CNF were added directly to the cellulose pulp at 0, 2, 5, 8 and 10 wt% proportion before forming the paper handsheets. Box-plot for tensile index (a), tearing index (b), bursting index (c), stretch (d) and modulus of elasticity (e) in paper handsheets with the addition of different amounts of nanofibrils Figure 6 shows the variations of tensile (a), tearing (b), and bursting (c) indexes, and stretch (d) and modulus of elasticity (e) of cellulose paper handsheets due the addition of different CNF contents. Keywords: Composite fibers; kraft paper; mechanical properties; cellulose microfibrils (CMF); nanocellulose; papermaking; ; ; ; (CMF); ; EN Composite fibers kraft paper mechanical properties cellulose microfibrils (CMF) nanocellulose papermaking ZH (CMF) 7818 7833 16 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT Graph Introduction Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) or cellulose microfibrils (CMF) are known to present unique properties such as high strength and stiffness and to enable numerous applications such as reinforcement material in composites and paper (Osong, Norgren, and Engstrand [21]). [Extracted from the article]

The present study aims to highlight the features of Connected Papers, a visual tool that can help researchers find and explore academic papers in their literature search. The authors describe how Connected Papers allow to create a network of all the literature available related to a chosen paper. One can use Connected Papers to pull together related papers on a chosen topic and see prior and derivative works based on that topic. Using the Connected Papers tool authors attempt to visualize the key literature on the topic "Blockchain in libraries." To date, most Blockchain technology applications in libraries are still in the conceptual stage. However, sooner or later, the development and implementation of the technology are expected to facilitate the transformation of how libraries provide services and organize information. This study contributes to examining the research being done to explore the potential of Blockchain technology in libraries through mapping and visualization. The paper is original in terms of the Visual tool used "Connected Papers." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry converts roundwood and recycled fibre, collected from wastepaper into printing and writing papers, and other specialty grades of paper. The pulp and paper mills in Ontario have been facing extreme competitive pressures, which have affected their performance leading to several mill closures. The purpose of this study is to evaluate and compare the relative performance of three types of Ontario's pulp and paper mills (using all fibre, only roundwood fibre, and only recycled fibre). This study uses bootstrap data envelopment analysis in analyzing and comparing the operational efficiency of the Ontario's pulp and paper mills, with 224 sample data observations over a period of 17 years. The results indicate low levels of overall technical and managerial efficiencies in the pulp and paper mills using recycled fibre. The results of the study highlight that the pulp and paper industry needs to divert their attention to streamlining the manufacturing processes, reducing costs, improving raw material usage, and making capital investments in the new and improved technology, in order to improve the operational efficiency and competitiveness of the Ontario's pulp and paper mills. The pulp and paper mills using recycled fibre require huge capital investments, especially for installing the latest de-inking technology. The results of this study provide policy makers with detailed performance analysis so that future input resources can be reallocated to improve the performance of the pulp and paper mills in Ontario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Less than 65% of wastepaper can be recycled, and the remaining wastepaper may end up polluting groundwater and generating greenhouse gas emissions if disposed improperly by using traditional approaches. The concept of circular supply chain practices, which integrates circular thinking into supply chain practices that aim to reach zero waste by exploring novel business models and supply chain functions, has been proposed to address this issue. However, previous studies implementing this concept lacked appropriate methods for structuring an influential model to guide resource allocation, which caused difficulty in developing circular supply chain practices. Thus, a hybrid method is proposed to integrate factor analysis with fuzzy synthetic and decision-making and trial evaluation laboratory methods to enable visual analysis and boost understanding. The results reveal that awareness and engagement are the most influential factors in attempts to achieve zero waste, rather than the recycling, reuse and reduction practices emphasised by previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Some attorneys claim that to adequately cross examine neuropsychological experts, they require direct access to protected test information, rather than having test data analyzed by retained neuropsychological experts. The objective of this paper is to critically examine whether direct access to protected test materials by attorneys is indeed necessary, appropriate, and useful to the trier-of-fact. Method: Examples are provided of the types of nonscientific misinformation that occur when attorneys, who lack adequate training in testing, attempt to independently interpret neurocognitive/psychological test data. Results: Release of protected test information to attorneys introduces inaccurate information to the trier of fact, and jeopardizes future use of tests because non-psychologists are not ethically bound to protect test content. Conclusion: The public policy underlying the right of attorneys to seek possibly relevant documents should not outweigh the damage to tests and resultant misinformation that arise when protected test information is released directly to attorneys. The solution recommended by neuropsychological/psychological organizations and test publishers is to have protected psychological test information exchanged directly and only between clinical psychologist/neuropsychologist experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOpenAI’s ChatGPT is an advanced large language model AI that has caused both excitement and concern in academia. TurnItIn and similar software programs are widely used in higher education to detect potential plagiarism. However, the extent to which such software can identify papers produced by ChatGPT remains unclear. The current study partially addressed this question by submitting five versions of short essays about criminological topics generated from ChatGPT to the TurnItIn software. Overall, the results indicated that TurnItIn adequately detected that the essays were not original works (mean percent plagiarized score = 31%). The analyses further illustrated that ChatGPT wrote at an exceedingly high level (mean Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level = 15.1) atypical of essays in higher education. Consequently, it appears that detection of AI-generated writing may be easier than initially assumed although the technology is bound to improve. Accordingly, possible strategies for approaching AI in higher education are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An optimised method was established for the determination of four chloropropanols in paper straws, namely 1,3-dichloropropan-2-ol(1,3-DCP), 2,3-dichloropropan-1-ol (2,3-DCP), 3-monochloropropane-1,2-diol (3-MCPD) and 2-monochloropropane-1,3-diol (2-MCPD). After extraction with a food simulant, purification with matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD), and derivatisation using heptafluorobutyrylimidazole (HFBI), the chloropropanols were analysed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), and quantified with a deuterated internal standard. Under the optimised conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) was 0.200 µg/L for the four target compounds. The recoveries were in the range of 71.4% – 119.4% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.4% – 9.9%. The method fulfilled the requirements of the European regulations for the quantification of 3-MCPD and 1,3-DCP. Fifteen paperboard straws were tested using the proposed method. The results showed that 1,3-DCP and 3-MCPD exhibited the highest detection rate among the four chloropropanols tested (93.3%). the method can be used to detect chloropropanol contamination in paperboard products, and further to guide food manufacturers to reduce the levels of chloropropanols in paperboard food contact materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose filter paper (CFP) was modified with poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and/or poly(ethylene glycol)methacrylate (PEGMA), followed by Cu immobilization for 4-nitrophenol (4NP) reduction. Among these samples, Cu-immobilized CFP modified with PEGMA polymer (CFP@PEGMA-Cu) exhibited the highest Cu incorporation of 2.21%. Those having the copolymer (CFP@PAA-co-PEGMA-Cu) demonstrated the highest efficiency, completing 4NP reduction in 3 min with an impressive 99.45% conversion, a high-rate constant (k) of 27.5 × 10−3 s−1, and turnover frequency (TOF) of 18.36 h−1. Notably, the catalysts containing PAA maintained good reusability, preserving 97% conversion upon 9 cycles. These results suggest their promising applications in sustainable catalysis, offering the catalytic potential with simple preparation and low cost required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We need more theory specific to the sales discipline, and conceptual papers can play a vital role in its development. Conceptual papers can also provide ideas and perspectives that provide the impetus for new research streams in sales. This article calls for a stronger focus on conceptual papers that develop sales-specific theory and frameworks. To facilitate this endeavor, the article presents possible approaches to developing conceptual papers, key points to consider when doing so, and some exemplars that may inspire sales researchers and help them publish impactful conceptual work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have attracted much interest as an alternative energy conversion technology and as a system for recovering and treating wastewater. MFC is a powerful technique for generating energy from various sources, including natural organic matter and renewable biomass. It has several possible applications, including power generation for many small electronic devices, wastewater treatment, and biosensors. However, the restricted power output of MFCs is the most significant impediment to their widespread use and up-scaling in practical applications. The anode electrode is the most critical component of an MFC, where poor anode electrode performance leads to poor MFC efficiency. Therefore, efforts have been made to modify electrodes to improve their performance. While power density is an essential metric in determining MFC efficiency, other parameters such as Coulombic efficiency, current density, cell voltage, and the removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD) should also be considered to evaluate the performance of MFC. This study reviews the most recent electrode modification techniques through anode treatments with metal oxides, conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, and other chemical compounds as well as through cathode modifications. Different modified MFCs are compared in terms of their power density and the type of bacteria and membrane used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Natural Fibers is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the factors affecting the life expectancy of hanging scrolls is the storage environment. Our study focused on clarifying the degradation behaviour of painting paper, concentrating on the specific storage conditions that provide an airtight environment in a storage box and the stacked structure of the rolled paper rather than considering the materials of the wooden storage box or the gases generated from it. The degradation behaviour and rates for the sealed tube and moist heat ageing methods, excluding the additional effects of light and air pollutants, were compared. When the painting paper was immersed in a CuSO4・5H2O solution instead of a copper green pigment, the oxidation of the painting paper, attributed to Cu2+, proceeded faster with the sealed tube method than with the moist heat method. The co-occurring organic acids generated, namely glycolic and formic acids, which were secondary components, were detected in a higher amount in the first lining paper than the painting paper. This implies that the acids migrated from the painting paper into the lining paper. However, oxalic acid, which was the main component, did not significantly migrate and remained in the reaction system in the sealed tube without volatilising. This increased the hydrogen ion concentration in the painting paper and accelerated acid hydrolysis. Consequently, discolouration and a decrease in the degree of polymerisation and physical strength proceeded faster with the sealed tube method than with the moist heat method. Thus, although this result does not necessarily invalidate the storage system of a rolled hanging scroll in a box, the storage of a deteriorated hanging scroll in a closed system is expected to degrade the painting paper faster than it would in an open system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a kinetic model has been developed to predict the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency of Fenton process for the treatment of pulp and paper mill (P&P) wastewater. In order to investigate the effects of main parameters including Fe(II) dosage, H2O2 dosage, and pH, 45 experiments have been carried out at three levels for each parameter, and thus COD removal efficiency has been obtained. The Fenton process was simulated by using 10main reactions, and the model was solved numerically according to a specific algorithm. All the pollutants in the P&P wastewater were assumed to be a pseudo-material, andapparent kinetic constant (k**)was calculated using a developed iterative method. The results of the numerical model indicated that the proposed model had a great potential to predict COD removal efficiency for P&P wastewater by Fenton in comparison to the first and second-order kinetic models. Accordingly, R-squared (R2), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), and Mean Relative Error (MRE) of the numerical kinetic model were 0.93, 4.296 × 10−7, and 0.035, respectively, implying remarkable accuracy of the numerical model. Furthermore, at the optimum point of Fenton process,which was pH: 3,[H2O2]:0.015 Molar, and [Fe(II)]: 0.015 Molar, the COD removal efficiency of P&P wastewater reached 78%. As the basis of the numerical model was established according to mechanisms of Fenton process, the results demonstrated the great performance of the advanced kinetic model in the estimation of the COD removal efficiency, the behaviour of effective parameters such as pH, H2O2, and Fe(II) along with their effects on k**, and Fe(III) accumulation during Fenton process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the lipophilic component that affects the quality of pulp and paper products in wood of 10-year-old Anthocephalus cadamba (families 23, 11 and 6) and 5-year-old Anthocepalus macrophyllus (families 75, 85 and 2). The results showed that the main group of compounds that appeared frequently and were identified in the lipophilic fraction were fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, linoleic and stearic acids), fatty alcohols (eicosanol, heneicosanol and tetracosanol), sterols (β-sitosterol and campasterol), hydrocarbons (hexadecane, tricosene and cyclotetracosane), aldehydes, alongside minor amounts of triterpenoid. F11 and F2 can be promoted as raw materials for pulp and paper, while F6 and F75 are not recommended because of the high levels of lipids such as sterols, triterpenoids, hydrocarbons, fatty acids, and fatty alcohols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractThe peroxidase-like properties of a graphene oxide/platinum-cobalt nanocomposite and the rapid color development mechanism of 3,3′,5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) through the decomposition of ·OH from H2O2 were utilized to prepare a nonlabelled, simple, and sensitive paper-based colorimetric sensor. This sensor allows visualization of the results and instantaneous detection, enabling quantitative measurement of H2O2. The graphene oxide/platinum cobalt composite was synthesized using a two-step procedure. Its properties were investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). The composite was subsequently transferred onto a paper substrate to create the colorimetric sensor. The optimal catalytic conditions were a composite concentration of 201.17 µg/mL, a color development time of 3 min, a TMB concentration of 2 mmol·L−1, and a pH of 4. Using the optimal conditions, the paper-based colorimetric sensor has a linear range for H2O2 from 1.0 × 10−5 to 0.1 mol·L−1, with a limit of detection of 1.0 × 10−6 mol·L−1 which is comparable or better than comparable methods. This paper-based colorimetric sensor has potential applications for the rapid determination of hydrogen peroxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel approach for paper drying using airborne ultrasound technology is presented. A unique experimental setup is developed, and a systematic study is conducted using 23 factorial design of experiments and Analysis of Variance. Three controlling factors are considered in the experiments including the initial moisture content, basis weight and refining condition. The outcome of the experiments is compared to a previous work on direct-contact ultrasonic drying of paper. The results confirm that similar to direct-contact, for airborne ultrasonic drying, the basis weight/thickness of the sample is the most important factor in ultrasonic drying and it is followed by the effect of initial moisture content. Using linear regression model, a correlation for predicting the total time of ultrasonic drying is provided. Quality of the dried samples is evaluated, and the permeability measurements confirmed the effect of pore characteristics on ultrasonic drying. The analysis for energy consumption reveals that airborne ultrasonic drying is more efficient at higher moisture contents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This note is based on hitherto untapped visual resources (photographs, presentation albums, and scrapbook) on post-World War I Russian refugees in Istanbul that belong to the Anna Mitchell Papers, which were gifted to the Hoover Institution Library and Archives at Stanford University in 1967. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing awareness of the importance of bacterial-resistant surfaces has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic global problem. Therefore, the need for antibacterial surfaces has become urgent. The by-product bagasse papers (BPs) were modified with antimicrobial natural rosin, followed by the synthesised graphene oxide and silver nanoparticles (GO-Ag-NPs) through a spin coating approach. The modified samples exhibited a remarkable antibacterial activity towards E. coli (G−ve bacteria) and S. aureus (G+ve bacteria). The microstructure, as well as phase composition of the prepared composites, was identified using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and hydrophilicity which was metered by water contact angle (WCA). The obtained results demonstrated that the halos of inhibition were noticed for decorated TBP samples by GO-Ag-NPs with various diameters ranging from 20 to 25 mm. Consequently, packaging applications could be extra developed with these renewable nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The papers authored by the people who analyse, and discuss their own data, are known as primary literature. Finally, although it seems obvious, the authors of the review papers are specialists who can conduct objective and unbiased reviews and write convincing arguments within their area of specialty. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Neotropical Biodiversity is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article, protic ionic liquids (PILs) and deep eutectic solvent (DESs) were explored to enrich the cellulose content of a paper mill sludge (PMS) received from a sanitary paper manufacturing plant. Compositional, morphological, physico-chemical, and thermal decomposition features of PMS were monitored using XRF, SEM, FTIR, XRD, and TGA. Triethylammonium hydrogen sulfate (TEAHSO4), which functioned selectively for the elimination of mineralogical content and cellulose enrichment of PMS, enhanced the cellulose content of the material from 45% to 74% following the pretreatment at 150 °C. Though DESs such as choline chloride-urea behaved poorly toward demineralization relative to PILs, they preserved cellulose effectively in the structure and gave satisfactory saccharification yields that reached over 90%. In addition to integrating the sustainable benefits of PILs and DESs into the valorization of PMS for the first time in literature, this work highlighted the competency of PMS as a cellulose-rich feedstock for biorefinery applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-limited exposure of electrode-free optically rewritable electronic paper is essential for applications, but performance characteristics can be modest. In this study we investigate whether image writer mode can improve kinetics of the photosensitive layer order parameter, which is described by the rotational diffusion model. The model that we developed allows adjusting the transmittance spectra of polarisers. We have found that fairly uniform transmittance spectra of polarisers enable to obtain competitive contrast ratio of 8:1 within 10 s of exposure. In comparison with the long-time exposure, the reflectance coefficient reduces by 24%. Computer-simulated image is consistent with the experimental observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses a scoping review of position papers aimed at enhancing the quality of life of people with intellectual disabilities. It describes the approach taken to conducting the scoping review and the position papers identified, and goes on to explore a range of issues that became apparent when carrying out the review. The authors argue that the people whose lives are most centrally impacted by position papers—people with intellectual disabilities and their families—should be included in the production and review of those papers. The article concludes by recommending a co-ordinated approach to the production and storage of position papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study the life expectancy and difference in aging resistance properties of different modern repair bamboo papers, hydrothermal/dry-heat ageing experiments on repair bamboo paper samples were conducted. The mechanical strength (tensile strength and folding endurance) of different papers during the ageing process were analyzed. Furthermore, the chemical properties (degree of polymerization and pH) of the samples were tested to search for the immanent cause of paper ageing. The results indicated that the ageing resistance ability and durability of modern repair paper are strongly related to their production process, which corresponds with the initial properties of the paper. Mechanical pulp had a low degradation resistance, which was further exacerbated by the chemical bleaching process. In the long run, traditional handmade papers with solar bleaching processes will have longer-term stability and durability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated an under-researched source of measurement error in high-stakes examinations, namely mistakes in examination papers (e.g. multiple-choice questions containing more than one correct answer). Such mistakes (henceforth errors) are important, as they can undermine students’ performance in the examination, while also eroding public confidence in the examination system. In light of this, this study sought to understand what gives rise to such errors. To this end, it drew upon in-depth interviews with 36 assessment professionals with knowledge and experience of the examination paper construction process. Through illuminating the demands of the paper construction process and the characteristics of the people who are involved in it, this investigation identified a number of ‘active’ and ‘latent’ human failures that can lead to errors in examination papers. The article argues that, to minimise the risk of error in examination papers, efforts to ‘adapt’ people to the demands of the paper construction process should be carefully combined with efforts to adapt the paper construction process to people requirements. Apart from contributing new knowledge to the field, the study’s findings have also practical implications: examination providers can use them to optimise their paper construction processes to enhance the quality of their assessment instruments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]