Search

A conference paper about the history of marketing in Latin America is presented. The author gives a brief account of race and nationality distribution in the region, followed by the effects of the World War I on the area. According to the author, Latin America faces difficulties in industrializing due to its inability to import the necessary machinery.

This article presents abstracts of several papers published in the February 1965 issue of the journal Bulletin of Economics and Statistics. In the paper Notes on Public Investment Criteria in the United Kingdom, P. D. Henderson discussed the problem of devising a reasonable set of criteria for appraising public investment projects in Great Britain. While in the article The Absorption of Manpower by the Urban and Rural sectors of Brazil, Raouf Kahil examined the available data concerning urban and rural populations in Brazil and argues that the basis of a valid judgment of the job opportunities offered by the urban and rural sectors were cannot be seen.

The present paper attempts to construct such a bridge. We take as our case in point Brazilian development over the past 2 decades—and in particular the period of rapid industrialization up to 1962—but the results may have greater generality. The present paper attempts to construct such a bridge. We take as our case in point Brazilian development over the past 2 decades—and in particular the period of rapid industrialization up to 1962—but the results may have greater generality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines rural elementary education in Brazil in the light of historical phenomena and recent socioeconomic development. Contemporary rural society is described from the point of view of its social structure and the way in which rural educational problems emerge from this context. The paper concludes with a statement and evaluation of attempts on the part of the federal government to solve problems of elementary education in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a study of the behaviour of the aggregate savings coefficient in the course of Brazilian development. Brazil is especially useful for such a case-study. Unlike most less-developed countries, many of the economic and social changes and the policy measures which have been suggested on a priori grounds as conducive to raising marginal savings rates have in fact taken place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the news and announcements published in the May 1, 1959 issue of "International Social Science Journal." The Fourth World Political Science Congress held in Rome, Italy, in September 1958, was in every way a success, It was attended by more than 300 political scientists from some thirty European, Asian and American countries, most of the best experts in subjects dealt with took part in these discussions, over 70 working papers were submitted. A meeting was convened by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organizations to examine the social, moral and cultural implication of the scientific and technological developments that were the occasion for the United Nations sessions.

Responds to various comments concerning the author's article about inflation and stagnation in Brazil from 1963 to 1966. Brazil's experience to more traditional macroeconomics variables; Paper critics' allusion to structural imbalance, lack of demand, and an unequal distribution of income.

Specimens of Stenostomum, which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anatirostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on data from 142 farm operators in a small farm setting in southern Brazil. The study centers on an index of prestige standards which differentiates between an orientation to ownership and consumption of goods and services, and an orientation to giving of time, resources, and energy. Analysis indicates that prestige orientation based on giving inhibits the seeking of information about new ideas and this, in turn, results in nonadoption of modern farm practices. The implication is that the ends of industrial society must be accepted before means to those ends will be accepted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a general view and evaluation of rural research in Brazil. The beginnings of rural research and the main orientations during its early development are reviewed. Three fields are then analyzed more thoroughly: community studies, regional investigations, and problem oriented research. Although relatively few in number, the community studies have nevertheless served to illustrate the most varied types of social structure in Brazil. General regional surveys are numerous and are concerned principally with cultural and ecological aspects of society; most of Brazil's varied regions have been studied in this fashion. Problem-oriented research, on the other hand, is fairly recent and as yet unsystematic. The main problem areas that have been emphasized are: immigration and assimilation, internal migrations, messianic movements, and more recently, class relations and land tenure problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses music therapy in Brazil. The first music therapy center was in Rio de Janeiro and then in Porto Alegre and therapist consist of musician or a teacher of music education. In 1970, the teaching of music therapy started in Brazil and First Brazilian Symposium took place in Porto Alegre. Brazilians felt confident about applying music therapy but they faced difficulties in scientific control and evaluation and needed training for better results.

The article presents a study and experience obtained during a two-year sojourn in an academic environment in Brazil as of July 1962. The study of the role of the accountant in other countries is in keeping with the development of world commerce and the necessity of recognizing the earth as one ever-narrowing commercial community. This paper is offered as a contribution towards the development of that understanding. Each observer, however, forms his opinion based on the limits of his experience, his background, and his special prejudices. This is especially true when observing a foreign scene. Thus opinions differ from visitors' opinions seldom have much substance; long-time residents' opinions often reflect a subtle shift in their original "national" perspectives. The implications for international public accounting are likewise rather dear. Those persons pushing for immediate or near immediate amalgamation of every nation's public accounting societies and the introduction of American standards must realize that the maturation process must first get at least a good hold. This process will be aided in direct proportion to the participation of foreign accountants in both the educational and professional fabric of every country. The process basically consists of the introduction of the broad ideas of business administration into the academic fabric of the country. The concept of financial information as useful for something other than formulations of historical, backward-looking, taxpaying records must precede the development of a strong accounting profession.

The paper is a brief report of a study of the way of life followed by the caipiras who inhabit the Paraitinga Valley in the eastern part of the state of Sāo Paulo, Brazil. It is limited largely to considerations of the population and its characteristics; health, diet, housing and related aspects of the level and standard of living; labor contracts and work techniques; religious beliefs and practices; social participation; and the rights enjoyed by these humble folk who are similar in so many ways to the bulk of the rural inhabitants of other sections of the Brazilian nation. Most of the description and analysis is based upon a long period of personal observation and study by the Brazilian co-author of the report. For almost two decades the author has been in intimate contact with families in the region studied, making detailed observations and records of various aspects of social organization and social participation. Caipira is a term widely used in Sāo Paulo to designate the humble rural folk who inhabit the less advanced sections of the state. It usually has a depreciative connotation.

The article discusses the research paper "Improving science instruction in an American school in Brazil," presented at the Biology Seminar at State University College at Brockport, New York on March 22, 1966. The author points out that 10 schools have been established in Brazil catering to American students and offering a complete curriculum in the English language, from 1921-1961. He outlines his functions as elementary and high school science coordinator at the Escola Americana do Rio de Janeiro. A chart is presented that shows the number of graduates of class of 1965 at the Escola Amaricana who will be attending institutions of higher leaning, as of May 1965.

This paper is a comparative study of three Pentecostal sects, two in Chile and one in Brazil. Opposing the traditional class system in which they rank low, the Pentecostal sects seek to shape their own structure after an egalitarian model in which all criteria of conventional ranking as practiced by the wider society are rejected. In reality, however, compromise with authoritarian principles seems rather common. Comparison of the three cases shows that the closer a sect comes to the egalitarian model the more its leaders feel the need to validate their authority by seeking supernatural sanctions for their decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses itself to some linkages between macro-social structure (industrialization, social class), social psychological variables (husband-wile decision making), psychological variables (attitudes), and fertility. A total of 726 currently mated women with proven fertility in five Brazilian communities were interviewed to determine various attitudes, their work experience, their participation in family decisions, their fertility ideals, and actual fertility. The five communities were selected along a rural-urban-industrialization continuum to include a village, two non-industrial cities, and two industrial cities (one of which was São Paulo). Family size in the industrial cities was small in all social strata, while in the non-industrial cities family size was large in the lower strata and declined in the upper strata. Further analysis revealed that smaller family size is associated with generally higher levels of status among women-higher educational levels, greater social contacts and more skilled employment, and equality in family decision making. Our analysis supports the hypotheses that industrialization influences fertility through shifts in the social status of women, both in their work and at home. New education and work opportunities facilitate the emergence of modern conceptions of the role of women in society and egalitarian decision making in the family. These attitudes and patterns of husband-wife interaction are related to smaller family size ideals and lower fertility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the stagnation of Brazilian exports of products other than coffee during the postwar period. Export stagnation led to a pattern of autarkic development. The combination of growing domestic demand and income-inelastic supply of imports put pressure on the real exchange rate. As the external value of the cruzeiro depreciated more rapidly than the internal inflation, relative prices moved to favor domestic producers for many new products, leading to the establishment of many new industries producing only for the internal market, and very rapid growth based on import substitution. This process was self-sustaining, as import substitution coupled with export stagnation in one period lowered the equilibrium exchange rate for imports, and stimulated further import substitution in the next. Because of the increasing inelasticity of domestic production with respect to downward movements of the exchange rate, however, import substitution became a progressively more expensive way both of saving foreign exchange and of generating growth.

A number of studies on the private rate of return from investment in education are, by now, available. It is evident that if the private rate of return is to have realistic meaning, it must be measured net of taxes. Moreover, it is not merely the direct (income) taxes that are relevant here. Different education levels may also cause some changes in family expenditure patterns and costs of work performance. Accordingly, the indirect (outlay) taxes also become relevant. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the distribution of tax burden among Brazilian families classified according to education levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]