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Two new Weibull probability plotting papers are presented. Their use is explained, and they are compared with other Weibull papers...

It is hoped, in conclusion, that the practical experience with the tube digester proves: 1. There is not waiting time required for extraction, and it is sufficient to heat pulp to the temperature proper to the bauxite. 2. The sojourn time can be reduced to 150 sec to this end. 3. The tube digester, in many respects, has a better duration function than the autoclave series with corresponding consequences for the transmutation. 4. The desilication is complete. 5. The quartz does not appear to be more attacked than in autoclaves. 6. The settling behavior of the red mud is often much better than low temperature red mud.

The flow and structure of international news are obviously important factors in shaping the picture of the world in our minds. Therefore, the scientific study of the flow and structure of international news is also important. In 1965, Galtung & Holmboe Ruge published a theory of international news which has proved seminal. Several papers have used it as a starting-point for discussions and further investigations (Smith 1969; Cheesmann 1970; Rosengren 1970; Sande 1971). It has also been anthologized (Tunstall 1970). In the present paper, the flow and structure of international news in general and the Galtung-Ruge theory in particular will be discussed from a methodological, an empirical and a theoretical perspective. Let us start with the methodology.

This paper is an attempt at an interdisciplinary analysis of some of the problems relating to financial activities, decisionmaking, and social structure among elite Latin American kin and business groups. It represents a cooperative effort by two economists and an anthropologist that results, we believe, in a view of these problems that is of significance to both disciplines.As Kaplan (1965) has pointed out, the great difficulty in developing true interdisciplinary research arises in translating the concepts and theories of one field into those of the other, or in developing a new common conceptual framework. What this paper does, very briefly, is to take the basic Tobin-Markowitz model, which is an attempt to describe the decision-making process of an investor putting together a portfolio in a risky world, and modify it to allow for the difficulty of obtaining accurate information about the economic environment in Latin America.

Our earlier paper ‘The money supply, economic management and the gilt-edged market’ (J.I.A.96, 1) introduced the money supply as being ‘of importance to investment, in general because of possible changes in the economic management in the United Kingdom, and in particular because of the possible implications for the gilt-edged market’. To a large extent these changes have come about; the Authorities are now placing greater emphasis than in 1969 on controlling the money supply and support for the gilt-edged market was withdrawn when the Bank of England published Competition and Credit Control in May 1971.2. The present paper is more fundamental for investment. The introduction to the earlier paper referred to our main research project into the uses of the financial statistics which were first published in 1962 as a result of the Radcliffe Committee Report. Changes in the management of the economy and the gilt-edged market were side issues, however important; the present paper describes some of the interim conclusions of the main project which is still continuing.

The paper analyzes conflict formations now prevailing in contemporary international society. The study begins with the assertion that the development of capitalism and anticapitalist move ments in international politics has led to the globalization of international politics and to the emergence of an international society. This society is here conceived as an antagonistic totality made up particularly of the following conflict formations: intercapitalist, West-East, North-South, inter-socialist, inner-Third World, and formations of structural violence where in ternational and national conflict formations intersect.The paper includes a short discussion on some fundamental principles of peace and social justice in international society. It concludes with some preliminary remarks on the foundation of a structural theory of international society. The author stresses that a further analysis of inter national society will have to look closely into the production relations and the exchange relations emerging from them on a world scale. The theorem of unequal and combined development is given particular importance. The author con tends that on this basis, causes and regularities of conflict formation dynamics can be better understood than by the highly abstract approaches of the last ten to fifteen years, particularly those of the conventional systems analysis.

GASP IV is a FORTRAN-based simulation language which provides the framework for modeling systems involving both continuous and discrete phenomena. A general ization of the definition of "event" allows for time to be advanced in a next-event fashion while permit ting a step-wise evaluation of system state variables described by difference or differential equations. Subprograms are included in GASP IV to handle the details of state and event control (including state- variable integration when necessary), information storage and retrieval, collection and analysis of data on system performance, and generation of reports and plots. In this paper, the GASP IV philosophy and modeling approach are described. Descriptions of the subpro grams included in GASP IV and the required user- written subprograms are given. The types of applica tions that have utilized GASP IV are listed. A com panion paper (beginning on p. 71) presents a detailed example of the use of GASP IV for simulating a continuous reaction process involving discrete startups and shutdowns.

On October 7, 1961 a conference devoted to the Applications of Game Theory to Negotiation was held at Princeton University under the auspices of the Institute for Defense Analyses and with the support of the Carnegie Corporation. In addition to open discussion1 of the problems of formulating a mathematical model of negotiation, the meeting considered summaries of three papers prepared by Fred C. Ikle, John C. Harsanyi, and Dean G. Pruitt. Revised versions of these papers are included in this special issue of the Journal of Conflict Resolution. It is the main purpose of this editorial note to explain the context in which they arose. As such, it also provides the issue editor with a forum in which he

Investment conditions have changed widely and rapidly in the post-war era; and since the publication of Mr Lewis G. Whyte's textbook, Principles of Finance and Investment, there has been a spate of papers on investment theory, each of them either covering a small part of the subject or setting forth a particular view.The aims of this paper are:I. To suggest a balanced and consistent approach to investment principles as they affect funds of actuarial interest.II. To discuss the application of these principles to particular types of funds.III. To discuss the characteristics of the securities that are available in present-day conditions to implement investment policy.These aims may sound comprehensive, but within the limitations of a paper it is only possible to touch on them briefly.

In these four pages, this paper can be neither a complete introduction nor a complete survey of the role of computer graphics in simulation. However, these examples drawn from the experience of the Naval Post graduate School computer laboratory will illustrate a wide class of applications which may suggest uses in other fields. The interested reader should refer to the January 1971 issue of SIMULATION (which was devoted entirely to computer graphics applications in simulation) and to the supplementary reading list at the end of this paper.

This paper is primarily concerned with investment by life offices and pension funds in British Government stocks with lives of more than 5 years, although there are important implications for all classes of investors. Investing in British Government stocks over the post-war period has become a highly technical process. The advent of the electronic computer has opened up an entirely new field of statistical data thus making some of the old methods obsolete. The paper illustrates some of the new techniques developed by the author and his colleagues. Other actuaries have also been developing new approaches and it is hoped that they will contribute to a lively and constructive discussion.

1 This research was supported in whole by the United States Air Force under Contract No. AF 49(638)-317 monitored by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research of the Air Research and Development Command. as s ported in whole by the It is to be noted that in G-type games a2 dominates a, and p2 dominates pi, and, hence, the outcome (a2, /82) may appear to be the rational joint choice. On the other hand, the outcome (al, /i) has a larger joint payoff than any other; further, since x1 > X4, the outcome (ai, /1) has a larger individual payoff than that associated with (a2, P/2). We regard (ac, P/) as the collaborative strategy, since only in this way may subjects maximize their return. Whether or not one may reasonably expect pairs of subjects to collaborate with one another is an open question. However, in an iterated version of such a game there are strong intuitive grounds for expecting the emergence of a collaborative strategy, especially when the number of trials becomes large.4 The specific game employed in the paper mentioned above is given by xl = 3, x2 = 0, xa = 5, and x4 = 1. Actually, three versions of this game, G1, G2, and G3, were used. The results reported in this paper have to do with three additional G-type games and with four non-G-type games. The non-Gtype games have the same general payoff

Although this paper deals with the application of mathematical formulae to mortality data, it is not concerned with ‘graduation’ if that word is held to imply the fitting of a particular curve to a particular experience with the object of satisfying statistical tests. Nor is the paper concerned with the development of any philosophical theory of mortality. The experiments which it describes were undertaken in the hope of finding a standard type of curve which would give a good over-all representation of adult mortality in general. If such a curve could be found, an examination of the variations in its parameters might contribute something to an understanding, not of the nature of mortality itself, but of the differences—more particularly the secular differences—between one mortality experience and another.

The paper is aimed at describing systematic trends in the violence between political groups. The report is in two parts. Part one describes the formulation of an empirical test for the existence of (1) a short (15-30 year) term and (2) a long (80-120 year) term periodic fluctuation in the historical occurrence of war. The research described in part one is based, largely, on empirical (versus theoretical) generalizations. That is, not much concern is given to the 'why' of such patterns. The second part of the paper speculates about several possible reasons for these patterns. (Author)

The question of the effect of duplicate policies on the variance of the number of deaths in a mortality experience based on policies (not lives) has been discussed in two recent papers (Seal [1947] and Beard and Perks [1949]). The second of these papers shows that this variance depends on the sampling process envisaged and gives formulae for the variance under four such processes. It is the purpose of this paper to consider some practical aspects of the treatment of duplicates in a mortality experience.

C h a r l e s Wagley has included the U.S. South in his definition of "Plantation America," a region which extends".. .from about midway up the coast of Brazil into the Guianas, along the Caribbean coast throughout the Caribbean itself and into the United States."lThroughout this geographic expanse, the technological and organizational characteristics of plantations have decisively influenced the pattern of change and development which was experienced. Seen in this way, the American South, because of the dominant presence of plantation agriculture, differed significantly from other regions of the country in the years covered by this study. Specifically, our focus in this paper is to examine the relationship between the structure of the plantation economy of the South and that region's failure to keep pace with the economic development experienced in the nation as a whole in the period between the Civil War and World War I. To do so, the paper is divided into two parts: in the first, we define what we mean by a plantation economy, and chronicle how it was that plantations reestablished themselves in the aftermath of slave emancipation, and in the second, we argue analytically that there are grounds to believe that the pace of economic development in plantation economies will he relatively slow and we offer some empirical data relevant to our hypothesis.

This paper examines the nature of the U.S. Military Assistance Program (MAP) to Latin America and the historical development of the Military Assistance Program in the hemisphere. It further analyzes this program with regard to the two major criticisms levelled at it:(1)that Military Assistance Programs have perpetuated “militarism” in the form of military coups and strong-man military regimes; and(2)that Military Assistance Programs have encouraged large military forces where they are not needed.Changes in U.S. policy toward Latin America are noted as they affect MAP—i.e., the shift in U.S. policy from one of fostering hemispheric defense to one of promoting internal security and economic development. Finally, an assessment of the impact of this change in U.S. military assistance policy forms the conclusion of this paper.

Little space in the Journal has been devoted in the past specifically to graduation tests, and nowhere have the tests generally applied been concisely set out and fully discussed. The only papers during the last forty years on the subject have been by Seal and Daw; both these papers were submitted and discussed during the war years, with the result that many actuaries were unable to be present and state their views; indeed, many of us did not even know of them until the numbers of the Journal in question were published, and an opportunity to study them did not arise until after the war.

Handwriting Recognition Technology has been improving much under the purview of pattern recognition and image processing since a few decades. This paper focuses on the comprehensive survey on on-line handwriting recognition system along with the real application by taking Nepali natural handwriting (a real example of one of the cursive handwritings). The survey mainly includes pre-processing, feature vector and similarity measures in between the non-linear 2D sequences of coordinates, and their effective applications. A very highlighting topic "Dynamic Time Warping Algorithm'' (DTW) is introduced, which has been popular in determining the distance between two non-linear sequences ranging from handwriting to speech recognition. Besides these contemporary research issues/areas, stroke number and order free Nepalese natural handwritten recognition system is presented in the second step. Writing one's own style brings unevenness in writing units, which is the most difficult part to classify. Writing units reveal number, shape, size, order of stroke, and speed in writing. Variation in the number of strokes, their order, shapes and sizes, tilting angles and similarities among characters from one another are the important factors, which are to be considered in classification for Nepali. This paper utilizes structural properties of those alphanumeric characters, which have variable writing units. It uses a string of pen tip's positions and tangent angles of every consecutive point as a feature vector sequence of a stroke. We constructed a prototype recognizer that uses the DTW algorithm to align handwritten strokes with stored strokes' templates and determine their similarity. Separate system is trained for original and preprocessed writing samples and achieved recognition rates of 85.87% and 88.59% respectively. This introduces novel real time handwriting recognition on Nepalese alphanumeric characters, which are independent of number of strokes, as well as their order. Key Words: Handwriting Recognition System; Pre-processing; Feature Vector; Dynamic Time Warping; Agglomerating Hierarchical Clustering; Nepali. DOI: 10.3126/kuset.v5i1.2845 Kathmandu University Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol.5, No.1, January 2009, pp 31-55

This paper describes the application of a new interferometric method by holography to photoelasticity. Interferometric photoelasticity is a well established and elegant method; however, its use is still not commonplace in laboratories engaged in stress-optics. In the past few years, there has been a rapid growth in holographic activities. The stress-optic method described in this paper shows an alternate (holographic) method for determining both isochromatic and isopachic interference families, thus enabling a relatively easy and quick solution to plane-elasticity problems. It is also shown how the two material constants which are required can be determined simultaneously with a single calibration test.

An important part of the work of an actuary consists in making and testing graduations of mortality statistics. Much space has been devoted in the Journal to methods of graduation, but for many years, apart from the recent paper by H. L. Seal (J.I.A. Vol. lxxi, p. 5), little attention seems to have been paid to the testing of graduations. Although statistical methods are usually employed in making the tests, consideration has not often been given to ascertaining whether mortality statistics fulfil the conditions necessary for the tests to be strictly applicable. It is the purpose of this paper to set out some investigations into this question. Such matters may be thought to be of only theoretical interest, since, in practice, the tests work satisfactorily as a general rule; but actuaries should not employ their tools in a mechanical fashion without realizing fully their limitations and implications, and the question therefore takes on a practical as well as a theoretical aspect. It is hoped that this paper will show how far the tests of a graduation are satisfactory in theory and practice and indicate where modifications are required.

Since the publication of the four-part article on multivariate methods [1, 2, 3 and 4], this author has received many requests to prepare a paper at the same level on regression. This paper will briefly review the estimating and testing procedures commo..

This paper stems from a suggestion that it would be worth while to bring to the notice of the profession the progress which has been made and the statistical problems that have arisen in the study of epidemiology in its wider sense, viz. the study, not merely of the spread of communicable disease as was formerly implied by this term, but of the natural history of disease; its prevalence, causation, symptomology and prognosis. It would, however, require a series of papers to cover so wide a field and would demand medical as well as statistical competence. It therefore seemed advisable to use the more restrictive title chosen in order to emphasize the fact that, in the main, consideration is devoted to statistical rather than to clinical aspects.

The purpose of this paper is to provide an opportunity for discussion within our profession of ‘the use of an actuarial approach and actuarial evidence’ in the assessment of damages arising out of personal injury and fatal accident litigation. The need for such a paper was intimated in the pages of our Journal by William Phillips in his Review of Principles of the Law of Damages by Professor Harry Street. Since the publication of what Phillips described as ‘from the actuarial point of view…the most important legal textbook which has been published in the last 50 years’ the employment of actuaries in this field has been widely discussed within the legal profession. The most important recent development has been the inclusion of personal injury litigation as Item VI of the first programme of the Law Commission set up by the Law Commission Act, 1965. The words quoted in the first sentence above are taken from the list of ‘Questions for Examination’ under (b) of Item VI, ‘Assessment of Damages’. The current examination being conducted by the Law Commission makes this a particularly appropriate time for a sessional meeting on this subject. The writer has had the advantage of a sight of a preliminary Working Paper prepared by the Law Commission and will be quoting certain extracts from that paper below. It must however be stressed that the Working Paper is a preliminary one which attempts to do no more than canvass views: it in no way sets out the conclusions of the Law Commission on the matters discussed.

Drawing largely on the Pentagon Study and other documentary evidence, the paper tries to trace the evolution in the post World War II period of the US imperial drive to the shores of Asia, and especially the historical record of the US Indo china involvement. Stress is laid on motivation and the driving forces behind the US engagement, particularly the political, strategical and economic interests. The paper analyzes the political strategy of the Nixon Administration and points to the continuity of US Pacific policies during the last five Admini strations. There has been only discontinuity in strategies, various Administrations trying to tackle the difficulties encountered from different angles and with different political and military instru ments. Doubt is expressed if the Nixon strategy- which in fact means a return to traditional great power diplomacy in the spirit of the XIX century - could produce a lasting peace. A lasting resolu tion of the Indochina conflict would require the fulfilment of two basic conditions: (1) to relieve tension in the inner circle of conflict by satis fying the social and national aspirations of the Indochinese peoples, i.e. stopping outside inter vention and allowing the national movements freely to shape the fate of the Indochinese nations; and (2) to eliminate conflict in the outer circle by making the area free of great power rivalry, especially in the military field, i.e. neutralization of the region. Some concluding remarks are offered con cerning the nature and dynamics of the US Indo china involvement. Pure profit motives could hardly account for this ruinous undertaking. Among the determinants for this drive are new elements of a world power balance, new attributes usurped by the executive bureaucracy, and new domestic and world domination patterns. Atten tion is drawn to the realively autonomous role of the superstructure. There is a need for further studies of the fabric, structure, and dynamics of these new phenomena in order effectively to con front them.

Mr Elphinstone, in his recent paper to the Faculty of Actuaries, has reawakened interest in the method of graduation devised by Sir Edmund T. Whittaker some 32 years ago. Except for Professor A. C. Aitken who, in a paper( in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh and a note in the Transactions of the Faculty of Actuaries, gave a brilliant alternative solution of the equations on which Whittaker's method depends, English and Scottish writers have paid little attention to the method. Robert Henderson's paper published in 1924 stimulated American actuaries, and their investigations have continued up to the present time. The book by Kingsland Camp (reviewed J.I.A. lxxvii, 327) gives numerous practical developments of Robert Henderson's work. Students should not overlook a most valuable paper by Charles A. Spoerl which deals comprehensively with almost every aspect of the subject.

Globalization is a phenomenon of the postmodern era which accommodates the shrinking of the world into a small functional community. As a result of this, geographical distance and socio-cultural divergence are no longer constraints to aggregating the entire human race into one global family. The term is used to describe transnational relationships, engagements, cooperation and the sharing of human, material and ideological resources across regions. Discourse on the subject has become so relevant across previously unrelated fields that their definitions have now converged on a consensus theoretical concept understood as “universal homogeneity.” The primary material, Helon Habila’s novel, Measuring Time is studied in the context of globalization and hybridity of cultures. The paper asserts that no human community should be isolated from the dynamic engagements of the wider society. This paper avers that globalization should not be advanced as an imposition of foreign cultural values; rather it should be seen as a practice that reflects mutually beneficial contact amongst people of divergent cultures. In the current dispensation, the cultural consumption and uncritical assimilation of Western values by African colonized people do not reflect the underlying objective of Globalization. This paper projected the need for a revision of the concept and to promote a symbiosis of unions where ideological, material and human capital flow across cultures in such a manner that all the actors in the ‘shrinking’ borderless world are mutual beneficiaries.Key words: Globalisation, African, Culture, Hybridity, Post-Colonialism

The development of sickness insurance of the type dealt with in this paper has been a long process, commencing in a tentative fashion, probably a century ago, in Europe. In 1900, E. Hamza, at that time actuary of a Russian insurance company, contributed to the Third International Congress a paper of interesting historical significance which is clearly based on long experience in Germany. In his paper he developed an approach fundamentally different from the traditional British approach. British methods—which can be described with complete adequacy at this stage as a continuation of Friendly Society actuarial technique—have stood the test of time for at least 150 years and it is the purpose of this paper to analyse the two lines of development; to pose the question of their efficacy in the future; and to outline alternative methods depending on modern mathematical techniques.

Conventional probability plotting paper can be readily augmented to permit graphical determination of quantiles for order statistics. An example of such paper is given for the normal family of distributions. The use of order statistic quantiles in testi..

VER A DECADE HAS PASSED since Richard Wollheim (1962) presented "a paradox in the theory of democracy." In that paper, Wollheim himself tried to sketch a solution to the paradox, and there subsequently have appeared at least four other such attempts. While the literature that has grown up around this problem has certainly not been totally unproductive, a good deal of further clarification is needed. It is something of an embarrassment to modern political philosophy that no approach has yet been published which both makes plain what is truly paradoxical about Wollheim's paradox and solves the paradox in a correct and complete manner. In this paper, I set myself the immodest task of doing just that. Moreover, this solution will also provide a way out of the controversy between actand rule-utilitarians. In the first part, 1 will present Wollheim's paradox and comment on his solution. In the second part, I will summarize and criticize the solutions of the other writers on this subject. And in the third part, I will give my own solutions to the paradox of democracy.

A set of hypotheses on the structure of foreign news, which had been presented by Johan Galtung and Mari Holmboe Ruge, is tested empirically by comparing New York Times' coverage of Sino-Indian relations in 1962 with the 'actual' relations of the two countries as reflected in their official correspondence, published by the Indian government in a series of White Papers. Four of the six hypotheses tested are confirmed. It is found that international relations, according to the newspaper, is comprised as predicted of a series of simple, discrete. and dramatic events, whose nature is such as to tend to confirm our expectations of what will happen. On the other hand, predictions that the newspaper would over-select events which are rare or unexpected, and overemphasize events which are more negative in their consequences, were not confirmed. Since the New York Times is generally considered one of the world's most complete and factual newspapers, these findings probably apply with even greater force to most other news papers in the world. Therefore, in reporting international news, newspapers should place more emphasis on background material, on complex and ambiguous events, and on dissonant events. Although Galtung and Ruge had only hypothesized, rather than demonstrated, the existence of the twelve factors influencing news selection discussed in their paper, this study seems to confirm that most, it not all, of the factors do exist and do exert a distorting effect on the news selection process.

1 The original version of this paper was written at the Cowles Foundation for Research in Economics at Yale University, under Contract Nonr-358 (01), NR 047-006 of the Cowles Foundation with the Office of Naval Research. It was distributed as Cowles Foundation Discussion Paper No. 46. A revised version of this paper was presented at the Princeton Conference on Game Theory and Negotiations in October, 1961. The paper has benefited from comments by the other participants of the Conference. 2 But of course there are exceptions. For a model dealing with the case where the players do not know one another's utility functions, see (Luce and Adams, 1956). know (and know they do not know) each other's utility functions. I shall also indicate some interesting problems our analysis raises for empirical research.

This paper is mainly concerned with the division of a trust fund between the beneficiaries, when an actuary is asked for a solution which, in his opinion, is fair to all parties concerned. It may be that the beneficiaries are all sui juris and form a closed class, in which case they approach the actuary as umpire, and adopt a passive role, at least until they have considered the implications of his recommendations. Alternatively, the actuary's report may be required to assist the Court to approve a scheme involving beneficiaries, e.g. infants, whom it is the Court's object to protect. In that case the actuary's role—as discussed later in the paper—is rather different, but it may still be necessary for him to state what in his judgment would be an impartial solution.

Leadership has long been a topic of considerable interest in the social sciences. Nearly every aspect of leadership has been the subject of some degree of study. The present paper is concerned with some of the situational factors which determine the form of leadership which will arise and be accepted in a group. Two basic questions will be considered: 1. Under what conditions will there be pressure toward centralized authoritarian leadership? 2. Under what conditions is a more participative democratic form of leadership likely to arise? While this is certainly not a new topic, this paper attempts to develop a somewhat more systematic approach than has ordinarily been undertaken toward this subject. I feel that the "model" developed in this paper provides a framework or structure for further experimentation and theoretical development that has perhaps previously been lacking. My initial interest in making such a study was stimulated by observations made last summer in Indonesia and Burma of a strong desire, particularly among certain high government officials, for centralized control. I observed this same trend beginning to develop in Malaya. Recent releases from Ghana suggest that this situation is not confined to Asia. Particularly in Indonesia, which is the situation most familiar to me, there was an eadership has long been a topic of conoriginal attempt at developing a free society and a free enterprise economy. In each of the countries mentioned there was no revo

The following four papers were presented during the February 1968 AIME Annual Meeting, at a symposium sponsored by the Pyrometallurgy Committee of the Extractive Metallurgy Division of The Metallurgical Society. The single theme of the symposium was copper converters—their history, modern construction and operation, and process by-products. Additional papers from this symposium will be published in the September issue.

Proper use of soil and water resources in major stream source areas is vital both for the short- term advantage of the local economy and for the long- term advantage of the whole community. This paper is a case study of official conservation policies and their impact on the partly deforested and densely settled stream-source area of the Uluguru mountains of Tanzania. Conservation policy in this area has been marked by radical shifts of emphasis and direction. These are described and analysed. Such a review of past ex- periences, together with newly-available technical data presented in papers which follow, forms a basis for comment concerning the future conservation measures in this area.

This paper (1) explains the variables and methods used to calculate the MIRV threat to the fixed-site land-based ICBM forces of the United States and the Soviet Union; (2) attempts to reconstruct the calculations presented in the 1969 ABM debate by Albert Wohlstetter, George Rathjens, and John S. Foster about the number of Minutemen which could be expected to survive an attack by forces of various sizes and characteristics; and (3) applies these methods, together with some plausible assumptions about classified variables, to two other security issues: the import of the SALT limitation on the size of the Soviet SS-9 force and the character of the threat to the Soviet fixed-site ICBM force posed by the American MIRV program.

As Mexican President Luis Echeverria Alvarez strode to the dedication stand, confetti and rose petals filled the air; and upon raising the Mexican flag at the base of a 135-foot-high statue located in the middle of the Baja California desert, more than 5,000 peopled cheered, “Viva Mexico, viva la carretera” (the highway). The occasion of the recent dedication and praise was the completion of the first paved highway that effectively links northern and southern sections of Baja California. To North Americans who have been numbed by the dizzying pace of superhighway construction, this single, rather narrow, twolane highway may seem of scarce consequence. But for the inhabitants of the Baja California peninsula, one of the most desolate areas of land on this earth, the 1,061-mile highway heralds a new era. This paper intends to explore some of the economic and political consequences likely to evolve from the road's existence. More specifically, it examines the basic objectives Mexican officials bring to the highway, and posits the likelihood of the fulfillment of these objectives.

Among different forms of 'nonviolent direct action', an extensive taxonomy for which has been provided by Gene Sharp (1959), Gandhian satyagraha occupies a unique place. This is due to both historical and substantive reasons. A factor analysis of the ingredients of different forms of nonviolent direct action (Chatterjee and Bhattacharjee 1971) shows that satygraha has high loading on Factor III which the authors identify as 'something like active principled striving toward total transformation' of the individual, group, community, or state. Satyagraha has second highest loading on Factor I, identified as 'some sort of absolutist stand toward moral-ethical commitment to nonviolence'. This emphasis on total transformation, on dynamism, and on unswerving commitment to nonviolence may have contributed to some of its success in historical reckoning. First Gandhi and then Martin Luther King have demonstrated the value of nonviolent satyagraha as an effective weapon for correcting untenable positions, when obtaining redress through constitutional means is slow, difficult, or beset with hurdles. In recent times social scientists have started taking an interest in analyzing the processes underlying satyagraha. Some members of the 'strategic community' who utilize approaches from game theory, decision theory, and general systems theory in elucidating complex social processes have also tried to apply such methods for a deeper understanding of the satyagraha process. The present paper, while reviewing some of these attempts to analyze the strategic aspects of satyagraha, seeks to show that more sophisticated effort is required for finding the most appropriate game model for Gandhian satyagraha. Some of the observations will be supported with empirical evidence, collected by the author, on a series of three satyagrahas resorted to by a group of encroachers in a government grazing reserve in Angarkata in north-eastern Assam. A brief account of the three Angarkata satyagrahas is given in the Appendix. For a fuller account, the reader may refer to a report by Chatterjee and Sudarshan Kumari (1969); a short journalistic rendering has been published by Chatterjee (1970).

In the growing body of literature on the Cuban Revolution, the subject of Soviet attitudes and policy toward Cuba has been neglected. While this neglect holds true for the entire period since 1956, it is particularly evident in the period between Castro's landing in Cuba in December 1956 and the signing of the Soviet-Cuban economic agreements of February 1960.The few works which touch upon this period describe the Soviet Union as having no interest in Cuba during Castro's struggle against Batista and as merely reacting to Cuban events and initiatives thereafter. In contrast to this view, the present paper will argue that the Soviet Union was actively concerned with Cuban affairs from 1956 to 1960. It was, at least partially, in response to Soviet policy that Castro began the negotiations with the Soviet Union that resulted in the economic agreements of February 1960.

Urban growth has been one of the most striking characteristics of twentieth-century Latin American history and the focus of considerable scholarly interest (Morse, 1971, 1965). For the most part the main academic concentration has been on the social and economic aspects of this phenomenon. Political considerations have been confined to speculations on the potential radicalism of slum dwellers or the spontaneous self-governing institutions of new communities. Little attention has been paid to the role of municipal politics and government in national life.With these considerations in mind, the purpose of this paper is to trace the development of politics and the governmental process in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina between 1918 and 1930. This discussion will focus on a period when electoral reform opened up city politics for the first time to a large sector of the electorate and allowed, also for the first time, participation in municipal government of parties representing new social and economic groups.

There have been many sales of insurance companies in recent years, but there is nothing in the literature of the Institute which deals with valuation for this purpose. It is hoped that this paper and the discussion on it will fill this gap.

Iterative techniques for function optimization have been considered extensivezy for use in all-digital computation. Relatively little has been done to take advantage of the much higher integration speed of hybrid computation systems. This paper demonstrates application of one simple procedure in a hybrid envi ronment and compares the results to those obtained by an efficient digital procedure. Even though a much more efficient procedure was used on the digital, time-saving factors between 8 and 2 were obtained via the simpler hybrid implementation. Since the dollar cost of the hybrid is much less than that of the digital, the hybrid has a large advantage per solution.

As Latin American nations begin to marshal their rapidly growing human and material resources, they frequently encounter organizational infrastructures which are incapable of supporting the rapid process of modernization. Yet, these inadequate infrastructures seem to persist over time, leaving behind unrecoverable losses. Attempts to understand the problems of modernization must not only consider questions of social and economic development, but also questions reflecting on the development of organizational and administrative processes.The central theme of this paper is the argument that the organizational and administrative mechanisms of societal and institutional governance have never quite broken loose from the historic legacy of Spanish colonialism and that the needs of modernizing nations are basically being served by administrative dinosaurs. Other writers have addressed themselves to the theme regarding the influence of colonial institutions on modern life, but the tendency has been to select general administrative practices and trace them across many nations in various periods of time.

This paper reevaluates certain aspects of Dahrendorf's conflict theory in relation to social mobility. Specifically, the relationship between the degree of openness or closedness of the mobility opportunity structure of society and the degree of intergroup antagonism is examined. A game simulation is initiated whereby the researcher is able to create simulated situations of varying mobility opportunity and observe, by means of pre- and posttest questionnaires, the relative antagonism between groups within the situation and the participants' latent antagonism outside the simulated situation. The findings provide support for Dahrendorf's hypothesis, but also indicate that further dynamics are involved in the structure of mobility systems.

This paper is intended to clarify some questions that are essential to the black struggle for liberation. Its major aim is to suggest a more effective framework for the analysis of the historical and contemporary situation of black people in the United States. We have seen how the concept we are calling internal colonialism fits what we know to be the concrete historical experiences of black people and the relationship of these experiences to Third World underdevelopment and European (including Euro-American) development66. In discussing the newly emerging theory of internal colonialism we start from the assumption that theoretical knowledge, if it is to be useful, must reflect what is real in the world more deeply and thoroughly. It is therefore necessary for us to press beyond the point where the colonial analogy only looks and feels good to the essence of what really ails us in black communities across the United States. Ultimately, it is only when we meet with success in our continuing struggle to alter our present reality of oppression that we will really know if the theory of internal colonialism or any other knowledge was/is correct and of any merit. Since we dare not wait until then, it is to the important task of using what insights our analysis has already yielded and raising our struggle against oppression and exploitation to a higher level to which we should all turn.

The discovery and characterization of a vibration response in a black lipid bilayer membrane is the topic of this paper. An electrical vibration response is obtained when the membrane is under voltage clamp and a weaker, but significant, response is obtained under current clamp. The effect arises from an induced variation in the membrane capacitance. It is further shown that the capacitance variation arises from a change in the membrane area as the membrane undergoes drumhead vibration. Possible physiological significance in mechanoreception is discussed.

In this paper, the effect of the method of control on the transfer function of two-phase servomotors is investigated. The methods of control considered are the amplitude, time-phase, frequency, voltage-frequency, pulse-width and space-phase control. Torque equations are derived for different methods. The motor gain and time-constant are determined from the torque-speed and speed-signal characteristics. The servomotor torque, speed, time-constant and gain — and their dependence on the signal magnitude — are compared for the different methods of control. It is shown that for the same value of the signal, the motor time-constant may vary between 2·2 msec and 45 msec and the gain may be increased six times if the method of control is changed.