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One hundred fifty-nine male African adults from the Belgian Congo were given a paper-and-pencil perceptual task devised by A. Rey and consisting of drawing lines between randomly arranged black dots so as to isolate simple geometrical figures. A practice task, where the perceptual difficulty was reduced by printing in different colors the dots corresponding to the different figures, was always given first. Both tasks were given without time-limit. Scores were number of correct patterns on the black test, and time taken to complete each of the two tasks. Both time scores were combined by Hotelling's principal components method. Two independent variables were obtained, one of which (J) expresses the general tendency to be slow on both tasks and the other the tendency to be slower on the (difficult) black patterns than on the (easier) color ones. The relationship of these components to accuracy on the black patterns was determined. Africans were compared on both time components with Belgian Ss at the same accuracy level. (It was necessary to use children because European adults are too accurate en this test.) It appears that, for the same degree of accuracy, Africans are always slower on J, but no difference is apparent on B. It is concluded that, as far as these tasks are considered, the slowness of the Africans--defined by comparison with Europeans of the same level of accuracy--is not related to task difficulty. This finding is more easily explained by a general lack of interest in speed performance than by a slower operation of mental functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a research paper on the vegetation of Natal, with special reference to the Pietermaritzburg district in South Africa. It considers the influence of topography and physiography and the concepts of stable and unstable habitats together with growth forms in considering the factors influencing the plant formations. The article also describes the seven plant formations of natural vegetation under which the vegetation of the district was divided. A number of plates and a vegetation map illustrates the research paper.

The major aim of this paper is to condense and make more widely available some of the unpublished research findings in South African social science. This survey is by no means exhaustive, as it deliberately excludes a number of fields, such as purely demographic, anthropological, economic, historical, or theoretical studies. Works having a direct or indirect bearing on race relations constitute the main focus of the present paper, which thus compliments a recent survey of published South African literature. Due to the nature of South African society, social science research in that country is strongly problem-oriented. As a society in an acute state of tension and conflict, South Africa constitutes an ideal laboratory. At the same time, however, research suffers from a number of handicaps. The universities have very limited financial resources and what money is available is devoted to undergraduate teaching rather than research. Consequently the number of graduate students, many of whom are on the teaching stall, is small. Furthermore, the government, through its apartheid regulations, greatly hinders research, particularly South Africans. Recent years have witnessed an exodus of academic personnel, thereby causing a rapid deterioration in the quality of the English-speaking universities.

This paper considers empirically the relationship between noneconomic value commitments and the development of industrial entrepreneurship within a particular economically transitional society. The discussion below is based on research carried out among the Afrikaner population of the Republic of South Africa during 1968 and 1969. Our specific concern is with the role of Afrikaner nationalism in stimulating industrial entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the techniques used to secure the stability of race domination and to assess the probable consequences. If not, will the whites subordinate industrial development in the interests of apartheid or modify apartheid in the interests of economic expansion and thus set in motion unpredictable changes in race relations. Or will the whites persist in the policy of apartheid and economic expansion and in this way perhaps provoke a revolutionary challenge to the whole structure of race domination. Governments generally seek to control social change in such a way as to render their own power more secure. The techniques for control vary with the conditions in the society and the political philosophies of the rulers. Governments, in an attempt to further their own interests, may guide and initiate change, or they may emphasize the sanctity of tradition and resist all forms of social change. Either technique may fail in its objectives and set in motion unanticipated changes in the structure of power.

The article discusses various issues related to race relations in South Africa. In South Africa race relations obtrude in every field. They are the central issue in the country and contemporary studies in economics, politics, history, education, and religion all, of necessity, touch on them. Writers are preoccupied with the same theme and it forms the substance of most South African novels, plays, and biographies. Because the material is so abundant no attempt is made in this article to discuss it fully or even to provide an exhaustive bibliography, but attention is concentrated on some of the more notable contributions published during the past five years, and reference is made to a few earlier publications where this is necessary to explain later discussions. The great volume of material touching on race relations which has been published during the past five years in South Africa is a measure of one's pre-occupation with the issue. Most of it is concerned with the analysis of what existing relationships are, some of it is directed to the consideration of alternative policies.

This paper reports on an interview study of contraceptive practice among a representative sample of 1,022 white married women in Johannesburg, South Africa. It was found that most of the couples have used contraception at some time during their married life, the highest use being among fecund couples. A high proportion of couples used contraceptives before their first pregnancy, and a very small proportion of fecund women never use any form of contraception at all during their married lives.

Contrary to predictions of early political breakdown, the South African government seems to have successfully maintained itself and to have maintained internal stability in South Africa. The aim of this paper wilt be to relate this political stability to economic causes and to indicate the nature of these causes by qualitative models supported, where possible, with quantitative data. Models of this nature are, of course, never perfect. The models to be outlined here are no exception. Nevertheless they may be useful, in that they do seem to offer an adequate explanation to the observed situation, and where inadequacies remain, they could be modified to allow for them. Modification may be possible, because a deliberate effort has been made to keep the models simple; in the belief that although simple models may require more assumptions than those more complex, they are more useful, for they cause fewer difficulties in application and interpretation. The study is, in addition, as the title indicates, an application of economic argument to a political problem. The writer, although not without economic training, is not an economist but a political scientist. Treatment of the subject matter may, as a consequence, differ in method and terminology from that which would be employed by an economist. It is with the belief, however, that problems related to economic development and cultural change are, by their very nature, interdisciplinary, and that the economists' models may provide a fruitful basis for a common discourse among the social sciences that the present effort is undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information related to various sociological affairs. The journal "American Sociological Review," plans to publish a special issue on Small Groups Research, as the October, 1954 issue. Fred L. Strodtbeck has consented to act as editor for this number. Papers are solicited from all who are engaged in current research in this field. They may be sent to the Editorial Offices, 116-A Smith Hall, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. William O. Brown, formerly Chief of the Division of African Affairs in the U.S. Department, has been apointed Professor of Sociology in charge of the new African Studies Program. Prior to assuming his active duties in September, Brown spent several months in Europe and Africa surveying the resources for African studies. David R. Mace, Professor of Human Relations, has been invited by the Director of Social Affairs of the South African Government to visit the Union of South Africa in the spring of 1954. The main purpose of his visit will be to help build up the marriage guidance services throughout the Union.

The article discusses the economic effects of the gold discoveries upon South Africa from 1886-1910. South Africa's gold discoveries present a peculiarly happy situation for a study of the changes accompanying these new conditions. Into this simple economy there suddenly burst a vast predominant force, creating a new industry overnight whose product, gold, should exercise its powerful effects upon the whole world. At first glance, it might be supposed that South Africa merely offers on a somewhat larger scale the conditions so ably discussed by a leading economist in his papers concerning the Australian discoveries. Unlike Australia which was soon provided with a domestic refinery and mint, the product of the South African mines, raw bullion, went out of the country in the same manner as any other merchandise export, without reference to exchange rates or specie points. It is, thus, the movement of coined gold and refined gold bars, not crude gold bullion, which must be watched as indicating shifts in South Africa's international trade position.

The article presents a reply by the author regarding criticism of his article "The Afrikaners as an emergent minority." The author points out that the critics of his article fail to convince him that Afrikaners are geographically and culturally isolated. The author is annoyed when critics underestimate the offences of English-speakers over Afrikaners and the fact of their economic minority status. The author had nowhere offered an interpretation of apartheid theory in any terms. The critics have stated that many Afrikaners take an alternative view of Blood River as punishment of the Zulus. Such a view, if taken, is however not inconsistent with a belief in the existence of a military threat. The assertion that there has been a virulent English press throughout South Africa's history does not enhance their credibility. South Africa's history is far longer than the history of South Africa's press. The author had not said that the Voortrekkers are taken as a role-model or that Afrikaners overlook internal dissent.

The article reports that the fourth international conference of the International Academy of Oral Pathology is going to be held at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa on the 15th, 16th and 17th of July 1969. Individual sessions at the conference will be devoted to original work in the fields of salivary gland pathology, diseases of the oral region specific to Africa, and the epidemiology and prevention of oral diseases. Other sessions will be devoted to papers of a more general nature and it is hoped that a specialized course will be held on the third day.

On any map of South Africa, the African Reserves appear as a sprawling, horseshoe-shaped series of spidery ink splodges up the eastern part of the country, divided down the right hand half of the "shoe" by the Drakensberg escarpment. The Reserves are about 36 million acres in extent, or roughly 12 percent of South Africa's total surface area. Attention focused recently in journals and elsewhere on the Reserves has stressed political above economic factors. In particular, the granting of a small measure of autonomy to the transkei (the largest Reserve) has been highlighted. But even complete political autonomy (a very distant prospect) would be a fragile achievement unless fortified by the realization of economic potential. Economic development thus assumes an importance in the long run at least equal to political development. In this paper it is proposed, therefore (1) to describe the reasons for the relative economic backwardness of the Reserves (i.e. as compared with other parts of South Africa); (2) to briefly mention some proposals for development and actual government policy in the Reserves in recent times; and (3) to suggest how this policy needs to be changed. As a preface it is useful to summarize the political background to the present economic development program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fourier and spectral analysis of rainfall records at 163 South African stations over the period 1910-1969, and at thirty-nine stations from 1880–1969, shows that cyclical fluctuations with periods of about 18–20, 13–15, 10, 4.5, 3.5, 2.8, and 2.3 years account for much of the observed rainfall variance over the country. These fluctuations exhibit distinctive regional distributions that appear to have changed little over the last century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the political attitudes of multiracial South Africa. It explores how political attitudes evolved in the African society from apartheid to new elite. It also cites various categories used in considering the political influences such as the moderating influences that encourage the nonracial ideal, the radical influences that contribute to the political assertion of the African majority, and Pan-Africanism that helps to focus attention on the entire continent.

The article presents some facts on the ecology of Bifurcaria brassicaeformis, the only species of the Fucalis genus in South Africa, which forms extensive intertidal communities. B. brassicaeformis is an endemic species with a limited distribution range. It then briefly considers the complex current system off South African coasts and stresses that B. brassicaeformis is most typical of temperatures intermediate between those of the cold waters off the west coast and of the warm waters east of Cape Agulhas. In addition, the plant also occurs as a common rock-pool species especially in the lower half of the intertidal region. Other significant information related to the matter is also provided.

The article discusses the factors underlying change in the South African general election of 1970. The general election of 1970 represented the first occasion in approximately a quarter of a century in which the United Party was able to make significant gains at the expense of the governing National Party. The "swing" of 4.3 per cent to the United Party was a small but important one. It is conceivable that a large number of English voters who supported the Nationalists in 1966 and who returned to the United Party were influenced by the split within the National Party, although they may not have been aware of this reason when deciding to shift their allegiance. There seem to have been several influences bearing on the behaviour of young Afrikaners. Amongst these are some of the products and by-products of the "permissive society." Differences between the younger and older generations of Afrikaners have been evident over the past few years and have manifested themselves in such diverse activities as style of clothing, views on enjoyment, sexual mores and the meaning of religion. A re-orientation of political thinking might simply be an outgrowth of this influence.

This article presents data on the political situation in the Republic of South Africa and shows how both the situation and the policies have changed. An important aspect which needs to be mentioned here is that the political situation in South Africa regards the relations between Whites and non-Whites, as well as the historically based antipathy within the White sector of the population. All of these groups, therefore, have to be contrasted with their fellows having within the political boundaries of the Republic. The author also explains the terminology to be used. The early years of South African history gradually gave rise to a class system in which certain key phrases were used as basis for distinction. In time the Christian and his religion which had played such an important part in the early Cape were adapted to the present attitudes where the White man and his civilization are contrasted with the non-Whites and their way of life. During these years of transition a number of concepts appeared which characterized the policies and attitudes of various groups. Repeatedly policies of two sociologists were characterized as separation and segregation but no clear-cut definition on a long term basis was ever offered. Finally emerged the term of apartheid which describes the present policy in South Africa.

The article presents the author's insights on various studies from France, England, South Africa, and Australia regarding test validation. The author says that Denis McMahon's study on existing research needs in vocational guidance showed how validation is considered a root problem in such context. The author mentions that in the study of B. G. R. Moore and E. A. Peel, it was found that dental school's success can be predicted on the accuracy order represented by .60 correlation. The author adds that the report made by P. F. C. Castle and F. I. de la P. Garforth focused on supervisors' selection and training by the National Institute of Industrial Psychology of Great Britain.

Dr Biesheuvel is Director of the National Institute for Personnel Research, South African Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Johannesburg. In this paper, which contains the substance of a contribution to a symposium on ‘Individual Differences in Ability and their Implications for National Policy’ at the Fourteenth International Congress of Psychology, held in Montreal in June, 1954, he comments on problems, policies and recent practices in the Union of South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existing pattern of race relations in South Africa, characterized by authoritarian repression of nonwhites, provides an unstable social climate. This paper examines currently discussed alternatives and finds them wanting in terms of their practicality. A realistic appraisal of the global situation of South African society suggests that the equitable partition of South Africa into two viable autonomous states may be the optimal solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the National Conference on the Blind Pre-school Child, which being sponsored by the American Foundation for the Blind on March 13 to 15, 1947 at the Russell Sage Foundation hall in the U.S. It provides information on the number of participants attending the conference from various states and foreign countries including Canada, Brazil, and South Africa. The conference received research papers, which being arranged by Berthold Lowenfeld, director of education for the foundation.

Four white South African families (9 patients) with lipoid proteinosis were genealogically investigated. All 4 families could be traced to a brother and sister who came from Germany and settled in South Africa in the seventeenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Republic of South Africa offers the marketer a special challenge in its clear- cut stratification in multiple cultures, modulated by stronger cross-cultural currents than most outsiders perceive. Homogenization versus heterogenization as a deliberate strategy frequently becomes a critical choice. The white minority of the population enjoys a standard of living comparable to most West European countries. The vast majority is represented by Bantu, economically better off than Negroes elsewhere in Africa. Consumer-oriented marketing management holds a key to continued rapid improvement — and self-improvement — of Bantu life. Indeed, by effective action in this regard business may importantly contribute to the bridging of the gaps between the races, a likely condition of long-term survival of the Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American business firms, with a few notable exceptions, have done very little to improve the position of the three least favored groups of people in South Africa¿Indians, Coloreds, and Blacks. General Motors and Polaroid have improved wages and other benefits to their employees. Other American firms should reduce discriminatory practices to effectuate principles applied in the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the responses of Jews to two questions which formed part of a questionnaire on Jewish identification in Johannesburg, South Africa. It says that the questionnaire was administered to a stratified random sample of 283 Jews. The questions asked were: (a) in what ways, would you say, do Johannesburg Jews, in general, resemble one another and differ from non-Jews? (b) in what ways would you say that you resemble other Jews and differ from non-Jews? In conclusion, it says that there are three aspects of the South African condition which appear to be relevant to the understanding of the Jewish self-image.

In the present study a sample of white English speaking South African students was asked to detail their voting preferences prior to the 1970 general election and complete personality and attitude questionnaires in order that some indication be gained of the voting patterns obtaining in this minority group as well as the pattern of psycho-social attitudes pertaining to each voting group. The data indicates that there is little to choose between persons voting for either the United or Nationalist parties, in terms of general authoritarianism; the difference in voter choice being in prejudice held, with Progressives showing significantly less prejudice than the others. The young White voter seems to vote Nationalist out of some need for ideological commitment--he is relatively speaking consistent in his ethnocentrism and social distance whilst the United Party voter appears to support that party for non-ideological reasons, since there seems no consistent relationship between prejudice variables indicating a lack of ideological motivation, or at least consideration given to the relationship between attitudes held.

The article compares the teaching of reading in the three main sectors of the Cape Town population in South Africa. The three distinct groups of children are the European, the Colored and the Bantu. The European children speak two languages, Afrikaans and English. The Colored population has informal learning of the alternative language outside the classroom and little actual teaching of the second language. The method of teaching was structured with different reading groups and a systematic program of studying words and practicing phonic skills. The Bantu schools are involved with basic issues of literacy. The European teachers are worried by a declining interest in and standards of reading of their older pupils. The method of teaching used by the Colored teachers was much less complex.

The article focuses on the condition of coloreds and discusses the ethnology of South Africa. A theoretical analysis suggests that Coloreds feel both "relatively deprived" in comparison with whites and "relatively gratified" in comparison with Africans, that they believe they may eventually be accepted by whites, and that individually they have difficulty identifying with the broader Colored community; in short, seemingly ideal conditions for the emergence of a "Colored Bourgeoisie" rather than a "Colored Power" ideology. White South Africans often respond to foreign criticism of their racial policies with the retort that outsiders "don't really understand the situation." Accounts by historians or political scientists, for example, often give the impression that a violent upheaval on the part of South Africa's non-whites cannot be long in coming. Whether this mood will continue to grow at universities and elsewhere is a key to the political future of Colored South Africans, and perhaps the entire country.

The article discusses the occurrence of Salix humboldtiana in temperate South America at or near the latitude of Buenos Aires. It is cited that Lucien Hauman refers to the occurrence of the genus as a riparian shrub in the Monte, where the vegetation is xerophilous. It is mentioned that the occurence of this willow is as far south as the lower reaches of the River Chubut. It is said that the river is approximately 44 degrees of south latitude, 9 degrees farther south than Cape Agulhas in South Africa.

The article presents information on the events related to dermatology that are scheduled to be held in the year 1970. It is reported that the Fiftieth Anniversary Meeting of the British Association of Dermatology will be held in Sheffield from July 9th-11th, 1970, under the presidency of Ian Sneddon. Moreover, it is reported that the Dermatological Society of South Africa will be holding a Clinical Meeting at Johannesburg on October 29th-31st, 1970, under the Chairmanship of J.A.L. Leeming. Overseas visitors will be welcome.

The article focuses on various events organized to mark the 50th anniversary of the establishment of the National Botanic Gardens of South Africa and the Botanical Society of South Africa. It states that the year 1963 was designated as South Africa's Floral Year, and a Jubilee Council with H. B. Rycroft, Director of the Kirstenbosch Gardens, as Chairman and Colonel I. P. S. Terblanche as Jubilee Director planned a program extending through the year. It offers information on the exhibition "Kirstenbosch, Past and Present," and other exhibitions which featured South African botanical literature, botanical art, medicinal and toxic plants, and paleontology. It also offers information on a botanical tour of the Republic of South Africa organized in September and throughout October 1963.

This article tries to give a brief, realistic analysis of the controls operative in the Union of South Africa, a society characterized by fundamental changes of race and culture. The submission of the underlying non-white millions is a function primarily of the political monopoly by whites of the economic power, political authority, and social resources of the Union. White dominance has a solid economic foundation. Thus, while the rural non-European population is at least eight times that of the European, seven of every eight acres of land are owned by Europeans. The colored people in the country are generally landless laborers and in the city propertyless proletariat, while the white collar class is negligible. Income and wages reflect a gross racial differential. Associated with the economic subordination of the non-European group is their relative political impotence. Almost literally, South Africa is a captive state, whose machinery is used by whites to further their interests. South Africa may be regarded as a racial state, with a repressive policy in relation to its second class citizens of color.

Presents a series of abstracts on various topics of economics published in the March 1964 issue of the periodical 'The South African Journal of Economics,' vol. 32. Effects of a rehabilitation program in the Bantu areas in Eastern Cape, South Africa on agricultural practices and rural life of Bantu people; Study on the distribution of income for Bantu workers in South Africa.

Presents an overview of articles on economics published in the January 1964 issue of 'The South African Journal of Economics.' Compatibility between economic budgeting and non-coercive planning; Estimation of gross domestic product of Republic of South Africa.

The settlement of Natal in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by colonists from other parts of South Africa and from Europe resulted in a conflict of ideas. The country was seen as excellent pastoral land by the Cape Trekkers, who entered from the interior of South Africa, and as good arable land by the British, who entered by sea from Europe. The difference in assessment persisted throughout the colonial period, despite several unsuccessful attempts at agricultural settlement but growing awareness of the limitations of the environment enabled a partial compromise between the two schools of thought late in the period. The unsatisfactory land laws had a profound effect upon development in the nineteenth century, arid some aspects are sill! visible in the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agricultural-labor problem of the Union of South Africa is complicated by the competition between commercial agriculture and industry for labor, by racial and cultural heterogeneity, by the impact of an exchange economy upon a primitive tribal economy, by the unbalanced distribution of labor supply in relation to industry, and by the pressure of population on land. The effects of these disturbing factors are evidenced by social and economic instability, problems of health and nutrition, and low standards of living. Efforts to increase the efficiency of native agriculture arc being made, but funds available are woefully inadequate. The agricultural-labor problem cannot be solved without some modifications in the entire domestic economy of South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the changing theories and practices of apartheid in South Africa. It states that the government's policy of apartheid has developed based on relations between Bantu-speaking peoples and whites. The author also mentions that the participation of Bantu labor in the modern exchange economy took place on a migrant basis.

This article analyzes the replies to certain questions on ideal family size, family planning and the limitation of offspring and attitudes towards the use of contraceptives of white married women in a fertility study in a Johannesburg, South Africa. Replies to questions on the above topics are correlated with certain sociological variables such as home language, religion, educational status, family income and occupation. The application of these controls to the sample data revealed some interesting differences in outlook with regard to family size, family planning and the use of contraceptives.

During the 1957-58, the Social Research Unit of the University of the Witwatersrand undertook a study of "reproductive, facts, norms and attitudes among the various socio-economic groups of the white population in Johannesburg." This article presents the results of that part of the inquiry concerned with the incidence of sterility and fecundity among white marries women. It seeks to report how the nature and incidence of fecundity correlates with certain demographic and social variables such as age and duration of marriage, the use of contraception, fetal deaths, religion and occupational status.

This article presents a study of fertility in Alexandra Township, an urban African community situated about eight miles from the center of Johannesburg, South Africa and housing approximately 80,000 Bantu people. It is felt that there are very real advantages in surveying the region with regard to fertility patterns and infant mortality trends using the Entokozweni sample. In attempting to measure Bantu fertility in South Africa, the demographer is faced with very great difficulties. Birth registration among the Bantu is still the exception rather than the rule. Age-specific fertility rates, which relate the number of births to the number of women in each of the quinquennial age groups of the childbearing period, are also calculated for the survey sample.

Very little is known with regard to differential fertility in the Union of South Africa, even for the European population. This is due to the absence of vital statistics for the majority of the population, and the failure to record details regarding income, occupation, socio-economic status, literacy, religion, etc., at the registration of births for those ethnic groups with compulsory birth registration. At the censuses of 1921 and 1926 questions were included on the marital fertility of Europeans but, apart from other deficiencies in the data, the intervening period is too short for significant comparisons to be made. No comparable material is available for other ethnic groups. This article attempts to describe the most important territorial patterns in fertility among Europeans and non-Europeans in 1911 and 1936 respectively, and the changes, which took place between these two dates. Analyzing the effective fertility rates does this and net reproduction ratios or approximate net reproduction rates in magisterial districts, as well as the provinces, the rural and urban areas and the principal towns and cities at the two dates.

The article focuses on a study which investigates some aspects of the interaction of plants, rabbits and seabirds on nine islands in South Africa. One of the most important results of the study is the intense competition between plants and animals for the space available on the islands, particularly on breeding areas. Rabbits, which are very rare on the African mainland because of the abundance of predators, exert a profound influence on the island vegetation, while bush-nesting birds are linked with the start and end of the rabbit plagiosphere, but are excluded from the middle phases which are occupied by ground-nesting birds. Moreover, branch conformation of shrubs has an important bearing on selection of nest site by cormorants.

The article presents a study of mangrove swamps in Natal and Pondoland, South Africa. It shows that the southernmost of the mangrove swamps are more typically zoned than the northern and that the atypical zonation is due to the presence of sand which appears to restrict the growth of certain species, such as Bruguiera, Rhizophoram and Ceriops. It suggests that where mangroves develop into a typical mangrove swamp, they are accompanied by the same assemblage of animals, where in the animals, with a few exceptions, do not extend to the south of the southernmost mangrove swamps. It concludes that the mangrove fauna is in fact a fauna of very sheltered marine shores and not an estuarine one, not a fauna characteristic of regions with a salinity gradient, but of regions with avariable salinity.

The article presents a study on the ecology of a South African fen, Groenvlei. It relates that Groenvlei is a shallow coastal lake between Wilderness and Goukamma River on the south coast of South Africa where rainfall is evenly distributed and it is also described as calcareous due to the presence of sand dunes as well as eutrophic by nature. The study describes the trends in plant succession which include the primary succession leading to fen carr as well as the secondary succession due to human utilization of the fen. The study also identifies a slight tendency to isotropic conditions and the vegetation of sand intrusions, sandy fen margin and dunes surrounding the lake.

The article presents an ecological survey of plants and animals in the intertidal regions of the Zwartkops estuary near Port Elizabeth in South Africa. The Zwartkops river enters Algoa Bay some 10 kilometers north-east of Port Elizabeth. The estuary's associated water forms include large sand banks and mud flats, which has near proximity to industrial areas of Port Elizabeth. The article is divided into four parts: introduction, topography and description of the estuary, the physical and chemical features, and the zonation of plants. Discussions under the physical and chemical features include climate, salinity, temperature, substratum, turbidity and pollution. The zonation of plants is divided into three: upper and middle reaches, lowere reaches, and higher zones.

The article presents a study that examines the ecology of the intertidal plant and animal communities in Zwartkops Estuary in South Africa. These communities include the fauna of solid substrata and the fauna of sand and mud banks that is composed of the epifauna and the infauna. A discussion about the nutritional relationships of species, the biotic factors influencing animal and plant distribution, the commensalism relationship of some species, and the zonation of animals on mud flats and sand banks in the estuary is also provided.

The article presents a preliminary account of the aquatic and sub-aquatic vegetation and flora of the Witwatersrand. The area investigated extends from Florida, nine miles west of Johannesburg, to Brakpan, twenty-three miles east of the city. The sheets of water are classified into different kinds. Artificial dams are usually in connection with gold mines and of little botanical interest. Semi-natural lakes are made by the artificial damming up of natural streams. Finally, natural sheets of water which are pans or shallow depressions whose origin is in dispute and streams and their backwaters.

The author suggests several locations in South, Central and East Africa that he considers desirable for ecological surveys. The territories suggested for consideration include the Union of South Africa, Swaziland, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Southern and Northern Rhodesia, Nyassaland, Uganda, Tanganyika and Kenya. The objectives of the ecological surveys are outlined, including gaining information as to the nature, development and ecological interrelations of the more important biotic formations and the succession stages leading to these. The suggested procedure for the ecological survey is described.

The article presents an analysis of the features of plant communities on Table Mountain in South Africa. The analysis has found that the plant communities have large and varied population, and that individual plant species are in most cases not evenly distributed through the area of the community. Using the sample quadrat method, the authors were able to classify the species in accordance with Raunkiaer's life-form and leaf-size classes. It relates the findings of the examination of stages in succession.