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Presents abstracts of papers presented at the Association of American Geographers' 1942 meeting in New York City. "Rural-Urban Population Ratios," by Alford Archer; "Land Classification in the Matanuska Valley," by Meredith F. Burrill; "Siberian Resources for Soviet Warfare," by George B. Cressey; "Geographical distribution of human productivity," by Ellsworth Huntington. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on papers discussed at the round table meeting on "the teaching of elementary economics" on December 30, 1949, at New York. Since the movement toward a general course in the social sciences seems to one essential it would be useful at this stage to collate the experiences of the hundred institutions now engaged in offering such a course. Fortunately both the American Economic Association and the American Political Science Association are engaged in a survey of this field by questionnaire and interviews. It is already clear, however, that the general course can be expected to follow no set formula. Its content and emphasis will vary from college to college with the abilities, interests, and philosophies of the staff members, and with the financial resources of the institution. One do not consider such diversity unfortunate. It is fragmentation and compartmentalization which are making the teaching of the social sciences increasingly ineffective in the light of social integration today. The closest integration will continue to recognize the infinite diversity contained in the fundamental unity of society.

The article reports on conversion clause in the United States. American monetary history is full of strange happenings and queer events beginning with the resolution of Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1690 explaining the issue of the first paper money. It referred to "the sundry considerable debts" which had been contracted "for maintaining their Majesties" interests against hostile invasions of their French and Indian enemies," the actual fact being that the colony had sent an expedition against Quebec in the expectation that plunder would pay the costs thereof. It is true that the highest prices at which the five-twenty bonds sold on the New York market never exceeded 14 points above par in 1864 and 12 points above in 1865, whereas at the same time the premiums on gold were in the ranges 77-85 and 98-105, respectively. In the years following the war the gap between the premium on the bonds and on gold steadily narrowed. By late 1869 the gap had disappeared and from 1870 on the advantage clearly lay with the bonds, their market premium over par persistently exceeding the gold premium. Senator John Sherman pointed out on the floor of the Senate, March 6, 1876, that even the government's 5 per cent bonds had been "at par with gold for the past five years" while the greenbacks had been "from 6 to 22 per cent below gold."

Presents several queries on topics and issues related to art and literature. Search for the original source of a quotation on exchanging babies for a pound of tea; Symbolic meaning of the points in the crown of the Statue of Liberty; Information on the process of making cut and embossed paper scenes.

For many years, the accounting professionals in the U.S. have recognized the need for the preparation required by accountancy students in the field of auditing, and conceived the idea of the link between theory and practice as a business clinic where students might work among the records of actual transactions. In 1914, Robert H. Montgomery, a professor at the Columbia University, New York City obtained a number of sets of used account books which formed the basis for the course of study which has been given since 1915, termed as the Auditing Laboratory. From time to time since, additional records have been obtained until at the present time there are approximately 100 workable sets of books of greatly diversified activities. Questions and problems, to be solved only by an actual examination of the books and other records, provide the basis of the student's work. This gives him a practical working test under conditions which very closely correspond to those met in actual practice. All through the work done by the student, the preparation and care of his work papers are carefully watched and criticized; the preparation of audit programs and the proper filing of work papers in the permanent and current files for the different engagements are also stressed. The Auditing Laboratory contains labor saving devices, such as adding and other computing machines, slide rule, etc., etc., in the legitimate use of which the student is urged to become adept.

The article focuses on the seventy fourth annual meeting of the American Economic Association to be held in New York from 27 to 29, 1961. Executive Committee dinner meeting will be held on December 26, 1961 at 6:00 p.m. On December 27, 1961 there would be a seminar on systems of economic accounts and analysis for urban region. Edgar D. Hoover of Pittsburgh Regional Planning Association would be the chairperson of the seminar. Discussants would include — Meredith B. Givens of Institute of Public Administration and Frederick T. Moore of The Rand Corp. Seminar on rural poverty and national policy would be held at 2:30 P.M. on December 29, 1961. Professor William H. Nichols of Vanderblit University would be the chairperson for the seminar. Papers to be discussed in the seminar include — "Economic Security for Agricultural Labor," by Louis Levine, "Relation of the Low Income Farm Problem to Major National Economic Problems," by Leonard P. Hendrix. Discussants include — professor Leonard P. Adams of Cornell University and John G. McNeely of Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas.

The article presents comments of authors on the article "Evaluating the Adequacy of Airport Parking Lots," by F.V. Hurst which appear in the November 1955 issue of the periodical. This paper deals with a useful and interesting problem what number of parking spaces is required to cope adequately with the maximum inventory of parked cars? Here adequate and inventory are used as defined in the paper. The primary defect of this paper is the author's use of the methods of decision theory. The author associates a risk function with parking adequacy. He then indicates that, for the Port of New York Authority, yield per dollar invested can be maximized by having inadequate parking facilities.

Highlights a national convention on speech education to be held at the Hotel McAlpin in New York City in December 1925. Various sessions to be featured at the conference; Papers to be presented.

The research reported in this paper studied 240 rural youths in four central New York high schools. It investigated (1) the relationship between value orientations and the education and occupation choice-making process, and (2) the structural antecedents of those value orientations. Choice making was classified in two levels: aspirations and plans. An instrument was constructed which aimed at ranking individuals on a latent continuum for each of twelve values. The findings support the general hypothesis that in the education and occupation decision process there is a relationship between an individual's value orientations and the choice that an individual makes from among the alternatives available. The findings further suggest that the influence of values on choices decreases as freedom of opportunity is restricted by the bonds of social structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates the role of the Jews in New York City's mayoralty election of 1917 in order to validate the concept of a pacifist Jewish vote. There were four mayoral candidate in the 1971 election, incumbent Mayor John Purroy Mitchel, Judge John F. Hylan, William M. Bennett, and Morris Hillquit. Hillquit represented the radical and pacifist Jews and many non-radical and non-pacifist Jews opposed him. His defeat in the election reflects the fact that there is no such thing as a pacifist Jewish vote.

The article presents information on the thirty-eighth annual meeting of the American Sociological Association to be held on December 4 and 5, 1943 at Hotel McAlpin, New York City. Papers on social research to be presented at the meeting are: "A Controlled Analysis of the Relationship of Guided Participation in Extra-curricular Activities to the Scholastic Achievement and Social Adjustment of College Students," by Reuben Hill, University of South Dakota, "Techniques of Social Reform: An Analysis of the Dry Movement," by Alfred McClung Lee, Wayne University, and "Reliability of the Idea-Centered Question in Interview Schedules," by Morton B. King, Camp Shelby, Mississippi. Papers will be followed by open discussion. Papers on Sociometry to be presented at the meeting are: "What Level of Living Indexes Measure," by Margaret Jarman Hagood and Louis J. Ducoff, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and "Some Regional Variations in Levels and Standards of Living," by Edgar A. Schuler, U.S. Department of Agriculture.

This article takes a note of a few relevant events from the economic fields. It first corrects an error occurred in the June 1955 issue of "The American Economic Review," whereby the name of the nominee for president of the American Economic Association was mistaken as Edwin E. White for Professor Edwin E. Witte. The next note is a preliminary announcement of the program for the Sixty-Eight Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association to be held in New York City, on December 28-30, 1955. Nearly half of the sessions of the program for this year will be centered upon the economic growth of the United States, that is, on the problem of keeping the United States economy moving onward and upward. It further notices on the The first congress of the International Economic Association, to be held in Rome, Italy, from September 6-11, 1956. The next note is on International Committee for Social Sciences Documentation, which was created at the end of 1950 as a result of meetings of experts convened by UNESCO to coordinate and improve existing bibliographic instruments for the social sciences, and the creation of new instruments in this area.

Provides information on the papers presented at symposia held during the Association of American Geographers' 1942 meeting in New York City. Papers focusing on selected counties of the Southern United States; Papers on problems of post-war reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the twenty-sixth annual convention of the American Accounting Association that was held in New York from December 29 to 30, 1941. The first session started on December 29, 1941. The topic for the first session was related to accounting principles underlying corporate financial statements. Some of the papers discussed were — "The Cost Principles," by Walter A. Staub, "The Revenue and Income Principles," by James L. Dobr and "The Capital Principle," by Samuel J. Broad. The second session was held on the same day. Six years ago in this city at the twentieth annual meeting of the American Association of University Instructors in accounting the association was reconstituted as the American Accounting Association. At that time many felt that what was accomplished at that meeting was only a streamlining of name and only a few recognized the change as particularly significant. For some years prior to 1936 a small group of members were attempting to awaken the association to its opportunity to render a real service.

Examines the editorial skills and acumen of the New York-based journalist, William T. Porter, who successfully pioneered in a unique editorial field with his weekly sporting paper, the 'Spirit of the Times,' and published anthologies of American frontier humor and life. Porter's acknowledgement of the many contributors to the Sporting paper; Porter's connection with writer, artist and newspaper editor Thomas Bangs Thorpe; Porter's skill in selection and arrangement of material; Porter's editorial work in the anthologies.

The article focuses on seasonal variations in the New York money market. It was nearly a half-century ago that W. Stanley Jevons read before the Statistical Society of London his classic paper on the Frequent Autumnal Pressure in the Money Market, and the Action of the Bank of England. Since that time several others han made careful studies of the seasonal movements of the London money market. The subject of seasonal variations in American money markets, however, has been largely neglected by economists, although the fact that the U.S. is to such a large extent an agricultural country makes the subject one of great importance on this side of the Atlantic. The seasonal swings of the money market are quite varied in different parts of the country, and as limits of space prevent a consideration here of more than one city, one shall confine himself/herself largely to New York City, the country's principal money market. The best two criteria for seasonal fluctuations in the New York money market are probably call interest rates on the New York Stock Exchange, and percentages of reserves to deposits in New York associated banks.

Sociology at Barnard college, in the early 1920's, was a very insignificant appendage to the Economics Department, and William F. Ogburn served as chairman of the joint curriculum. The author took both economics and sociology with Ogburn, and was greatly influenced by his emphasis on the relationships between economic and social phenomena, his tendency to view the economic as independent and social phenomena as dependent variables, and his insistence on objectivity, verification, and measurement. The author's research orientation came from several disciplines, and his first two research papers, prepared under Ogburn's direction and published in collaboration with him in 1922, were interdisciplinary in the sense that the one, dealing with the incidence of simultaneous inventions, involved explorations into the history of science and into cultural anthropology. And the other combined the data and procedures of economics, sociology, and statistics to measure the relationships between business cycles and cycles in demographic phenomena and in indices of social disorganization.

The present article is concerned only with the connection between business cycles and frequency of divorces. The Bureau of Statistics of the city of Amsterdam has calculated the correlation between various economic indices and the marriage rate, for the years 1830-19 14. These data indicate an undeniable positive correlation between economic conditions and the frequency of marriages. This result cannot be interpreted as indicating that the tendency to matrimony in periods of prosperity is greater than in years of economic depression but rather that the possibilities of contracting a marriage are more favorable during a boom than during a depression. The effort in the present research paper is to trace a connection between business cycles and divorce similarly does not mean that the author considers economic conditions as the principal cause of divorce. In many cases, economic factors may have nothing to do with the inner cause of failure in marriage; in some, it merely predisposes towards failure; in others, it truly may be "the cause."

Editorial. Comments on the 1922 convention of the National Association of Teachers of Speech in New York City. Aims of the association.

This article presents information about events related to sociology and psychology to be held during June-December, 1960. The Sixty-eighth Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association will be held in Chicago during September 1-7, 1960. The American Sociological Association will convene for its fifty-fifth annual meeting at Statler-Hilton Hotel, New York City, during August 29-31, 1960. The Association for Education in Journalism will hold its 1960 convention at Pennsylvania State University during August 29-September 2, 1960. The program will include sessions on media analysis, for which papers have been solicited from researchers in various fields besides journalism. Further information may be obtained from the Program Chairman, Wayne A. Danielson, School of Journalism, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Syracuse University, New York, has announced that the third annual Maxwell Institute on American Overseas Operations would be held at Pinebrook Conference Center, Saranac Lake, New York, during August 14-27, 1960.

In recent years many public outcries and expressions of indignation have focused on the claim that the poor pay more for the goods and services they buy than do their wealthier neighbors. A number of empirical studies have been undertaken to examine the specific question of the relative cost of food to low- and high-income consumers. Federal agencies, local governments, civic groups ad hoc consumer groups, the news media, and academic researchers have pursued these studies. This paper analyzes a comprehensive survey of food prices conducted in New York City during the summer of 1967 by the New York City Council on Consumer Affairs. The regression results of this study suggest that commodity-by-commodity with few exceptions, the prices of food items on retail merchants' shelves do not rise with decreases in neighborhood income. The cost of food may, in fact, be greatest to the poor, but a complete investigation of this issue will require data and discussion that go beyond the level of relative shelf prices in stores serving areas with different incomes.

The article focuses on the response of social settlements to the Great Depression of 1930s. During the depression of the 1930s, only settlements in New York City and Chicago continued the reform activities of the Progressive Era. A social settlement, Chicago Commons, held the first hearing, and many people connected with settlement houses were also deeply involved in the Chicago Workers Committee on Unemployment. Outside New York City and Chicago, virtually no settlement took part in social action to improve economic conditions. The major professional social work organization in the 1930s was the American Association of Social Work. Some of the differences in cities that did and did not have a Community Chest were reflected in attitudes toward various New Deal measures. Until the Social Security Act was passed in August 1935, the New Deal had provided only temporary relief programs, formed in response to the drastic conditions of the depression. The Social Security Act marked a turning point.

The social and psychological concomitants of cancer are profound and extensive, and a treating physician inevitably needs to grapple with these allied issues. Present medical thinking also holds that it is inadequate to treat a 'disease.' Typically the physician's explanation for restricting his activity to the treatment of disease is that he does not have the time for more than this. It is tacitly assumed thereby that a doctor would have the skillfulness generally to help patients in the broader sense. The authors question this premise and propose that it is rather the other way around. The thinking expressed in this paper is mainly based upon experiences with breast cancer patients attending the tumor clinics of the Bronx Municipal Hospital Center, a New York City general hospital. The authors believe these patients to be representative of the general breast cancer patient population, but this is an inference based upon observation rather than statistical demonstration. Breast cancer patients include women with operable disease as well as patients with advanced inoperable or recurrent postoperative malignancy.

Discusses the Draft Riots of 1863 in New York City. Impact of President Abraham Lincoln's conscription bill on the people in New York; Appearance of names of the first draftees in the sunday paper; Arguments that disturbed the complacency related to the draftees.

This paper examines changes over time in the utilization of hard and soft drugs among working-class gang members in "Eastville," an urban community outside New York City. Three different gangs are compared with respect to several factors which influenced the eventual decline in the proportion of regular users of hard drugs in the more recent gangs. Among the most important of the factors explaining this decline in hard drug usage are: (1) an increasing visibility and knowledge of the "negative" effects of hard drug use; and (2) an increasingly repressive stance toward hard drug use by community agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of forty-eight stimulus patterns were painted and converted to sound by the pattern playback. At the Haskins Laboratories, New York, experiments concerned with resonant consonants have been carried out in which the approach was somewhat different from that employed in the experiments to be described in this paper. The basic pattern used in the Haskins experiments was probably designed to compensate for the absence of third format, since an addition of it to the Haskins pattern made alteration necessary to gain a satisfactory approximation to the speech sound desired.

This paper gives a set-covering-problem formulation for determining locations for two types of ladder trucks used by the New York City Fire Department. It shows that the formulation can accommodate several different realistic restrictions on the solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]