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The article discusses the book "Papers of the Institute of Jewish Studies London," edited by J.G. Weiss that has a claim to the attention of the serious student of Judaism. It provides a slavery study as a source for social history, that is of special interest to the reader of a sociological journal. It argues that the slavery legislation in the Mishnah and Talmud is not just the product of rabbinic speculation as to what Jewish law would have been had this institution still been in existence in Israel. On the contrary, slavery was still very much in existence and, consequently, the laws relating to it reflect something of the life and values of the period in which they were formulated. It suggests that the pre-Maccabaean period was one in which fellow- Hebrews provided the main source of slaves. Enslavement at home was preferable to slavery abroad and that "the low prices paid for slaves from Palestine as compared with the prices in Egypt prove that the supply cannot have been scanty." During the Maccabaean period gentile slaves were so plentiful that "it is possible that matters reached such a pass that Jews anxious to sell themselves into slavery could not find Jewish purchasers."

Presents the proceedings of the fourth Israeli Weed Science Conference in Rehovot, Israel, December 18-29, 1970. Topic discused by M. Horowitz, president of the Israeli Weed Science Society; Review of the environmental factors controlling the germination of weed seeds presented at the conference; Other papers presented.

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An attempt has been made in this paper to provide new evidence concerning the length of the horizon, which is an important feature in the permanent income hypothesis. The results strongly support Friedman's assertion that the horizon is about three years long. This conclusion is based on empirical findings which suggest that the marginal propensity to consume out of permanent or current income is several times higher than the propensity to consume out of windfall receipts. The findings are based on four saving surveys and one expenditure survey conducted in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an unstable economy, expectations of changes in price level and rate of exchange play a significant role in motivating the economic behavior of both households and firms. Several econometric studies attempted to predict future expectations on the basis of past observations. Such studies, however, are crucially dependent on the assumptions (1) that there has been a relationship between past performance and expectations, and (2) that the nature of this relationship is known. Another method for the estimation of expectations is the one which derives these expectations on the basis of the price structure of future markets. However, an examination of specific commodities traded on future markets does not provide meaningful estimates, since their future prices reflect, among other things, expected changes in relative prices. This problem can be circumvented by referring to future interest rates which can be derived from the market price structure of financial assets. This paper sets out the theoretical relationship between yields on unlinked and linked bonds, showing that it reflects market expectations of future rates of change in price level and exchange rate. A model is then used to show theoretically that it is possible to derive estimations of market expectations regarding such future rates of change by comparing the yields of unlinked bonds with the yields of bonds linked to the price level and the foreign exchange rate respectively, provided these bonds are identical in all other respects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on a social research dealing with the changing institutional setting and social problems of the Israeli education. This paper has two aspects. One, its major one, will be an analysis of the development of educational system in the Jewish community in Palestine and later in the State of Israel, of changes in its organizations, social functions and problems. These changes will be related to broader social changes and development which have taken place in the social structure of this country. While these developments and problems have of necessity been specific to this country yet in some ways the general trends of their development can be compared to some parallel ones in other countries. Researchers shall attempt, at the end of the paper, briefly to draw some broader comparative indication. The focus of the concrete analysis will be the way in which the three major social spheres which constitute the "social arena" of education, family and youth culture and their interrelationships developed in the different periods of the development of the Yishuv.

The sociological analysis of factions has been developing rapidly in sociological research. According to the definition, a faction is stipulated to be an ephemeral group which emerges in order to operate in the interest of a specific aim or conflict. The criteria of recruitment of members to the different factions in the community are based on upon personal aspirations which are involved in the acute cause of rivalry or conflict and not upon any pre-existing connection among its members such as kinship ties, religious affiliations, common caste membership etc. By this definition, it follows that when a faction develops into a more stable group based on some permanent criteria of membership, it is no longer a faction. The paper discusses the phenomenon of factions in communities of immigrants. It presents findings of a research project in Israel which tried to reconstruct and analyze the history and conditions under which factions first emerged and then disappeared in some newly created communities of immigrants in the course of ten years. It attempts to develop further analysis about the conditions under which factions may arise, some possible variations they may display in their composition and structure and most importantly, the function that they possibly perform in the process of adjustment of immigrants to the new social, political and economic conditions.

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Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents an inquiry into the consumption patterns of a commune. The unit studied is the Israeli kibbutz, which integrates a cooperative enterprise and an egalitarian commune--a "communal household"--comprised of 100-200 families or more. In spite of its unusual size the kibbutz resembles the conventional single-family household as it acts as one indivisible unit in determining the level of its consumption expenditures and outlining the composition of the bill of goods and services to be allocated, mostly in kind, among that household's members. In this paper an attempt is made to take advantage of the "continuous" nature of the communal household in the pursuit of a test of time series and cross-sectional estimates of the consumption-income relationship. The article focuses on the formulation of a proposition concerning the consumption-income relationship. It also considers alternative ways to estimate the consumption-income coefficients. The replacement of the regular annual cross section by a cross section of averages is intended to reduce the effect of an error in the income variable. A somewhat more sophisticated approach would be to resort to instrumental variables in the estimation of the annual cross-section equation.

This article evaluates financial reports in terms of accuracy in predicting tbe final annual outcome. Efficient methods of data processing enable the firm to prepare one or two pro-forma financial reports during the year. One of the most important objectives in preparing these reports is the forecasting value which they contain. In order to measure the predictive content of various financial reports concepts taken from information theory were used. Empirical comparisons are made of data drawn from a sample of kibbutz settlements in Israel. Information theory for the evaluation of two accounting reports applied in this paper are the budget and an interim financial report. The forecasting accuracy of the report measures the performance of these teams.

In Israel's case, explicit population dispersal policies have been embedded in national plans since the founding of the state in 1948. The aim of such policies was to increase the flow of population away from israel's coastal belt, disperse settlements throughout the country for development and defense purposes, and provide for the integration of new immigrants. Israel's New Towns Program, a massive effort at population dispersal, was evolved in response to these needs, it is our hope that there are lessons to be gleaned from this large-scale experiment at population redistribution which will aid in population policies elsewhere. In Section II which follows, we shall briefly discuss the program and review its success. One of the conclusions that emerges from the discussion is that the future development of the new towns will hinge on attracting internal migrants. The remainder of the paper is devoted to uncovering the determinants of attraction for such towns (Sections IIIA-IIIC) and to indicating possible policy mixes for encouraging internal in-migration (Section IIID). Conclusions about the new town as a population redistribution tool are briefly summarized in Section IV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to demonstrate the growth of class stratification in the collective agriculturaI settlements of Israel. Among the factors discussed are: (1) the place of the collective in the national stratification; (2) the reestablishment of the subordinate role of women; (3) the abandonment of complete democratization of management and leadership; (4) the growth of job specialization; (5) the problem of hired labor and the "exploitation" of auxiliary groups; (6) the development of an age hierarchy; (7) the growth of individualism; and (8) the crystallization of intimate social groups. It is concluded that, although stratification is taking place, the class system developing is still a wide-open one. The attempt of the leadership to combat some of the negative aspects of stratification while maintaining a flexibility in adjusting to changing social conditions is promising. The success of such an adjustment may indicate the lower limits of stratification necessary in a changing society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the effect of competition by the adult Zygophyllum dumosum boiss. on the seedlings of Artemisia herba-alba asso located in the Negev Desert in Israel. This study focuses on plant competition in desert communities producing a detailed account on the role of plants. The occurrence of competition in selected species of desert plants are emphasized in this paper. It was conducted in the Negev Desert of Israel where transition zones between Saharo-Sindian and Irano-Turanian phytogeographical territories exist.

This paper reports findings an patterns of variation in the persuasive appeals which clients of a classically bureaucratic organization used to influence officials to grant their requests. Persuasive appeals were chosen as the focus of the study on the hunch that they would be projective of clients' orientations to bureaucracy. Data were collected in a content-analyst of letters to the head office of the Israel Customs authorities. Appeals to impersonal norms were seen as indexing a universalistic orientation to the Customs, while appeals to the altruism of Customs officials indicated a particularistic orientation. The effects on choke of appeals of both sociocultural characteristics of clients and of situational constraints were investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of second generation "exogamy" in the Kibbutzim in Israel. It combines and coordinates an elucidation of social system functions with a developmental-motivational interpretation. Examination of this case study provides a crucial test of theories of mate selection. In addition it enables us to go beyond the specific problem of mate selection and deal with the more general theoretical problem of the relations between functional and causal analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the dominant sources of recruitment for the nursing profession in Israel. The relatively high status position of the nursing profession among the non-academic women's occupations in Israel has served to attract girls from lower-class origins, especially immigrant girls to whom alternative avenues of mobility may be less available. A second problem concerns the differential perception of the nursing rote by different types of potential recruits. We identify two dominant role components of the professional nurse: the "affective" role component and the "scientific-technical" role component. Among immigrant girls who are attracted to nursing, those from lower-class origins tend to emphasize the "affective" role component, while those from upper-class origins are more likely to place an emphasis on the "scientific-technical" aspects of the profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses some aspects of Israeli society which have been conducive to the development of strained ethnic relations and manifestations of prejudice. Despite certain cohesive features such as a common religious and ethnic background and a high level of ideological commitment and collective solidarity, there has been increasing evidence of a reduction in this solidarity. Emerging divisive elements in the social structure are described and are partially attributed to the heightened solidarity and visibility of specific ethnic groups of immigrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a multi-level explanation of the "kibbutz crisis." Due to widespread structural differentiation in Israel since 1948 the kibbutzim, as a group of concrete collectivities, have been "specialized" relative to the adaptive problem and are now primarily units of the economy. Pressures are placed on the kibbutzim to subordinate communal moral-integrative norms to rational criteria and production effectiveness. The diverse repercussions of this dilemma are described and analyzed in kibbutz Mayeem Kareem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some recent typologies of religious groups have taken as their basis the religious group's response to the world, implying that there exists a pattern of association between this response and the organization, which expresses it. This paper presents some of the findings from research into a group, British Israelism, is neither sect nor cult as these are usually defined; it asserts its own teachings neither as autonomous nor yet as necessary for salvation. It is tolerated, but not respected; anxious for recognition as divine truth and yet aware of its slight prospects of attaining it. To the outsider, British Israelism is a sect but this is a designation, which it has tried to resist; and, sociologically, it is not a sect. This ambiguous position has had important consequences for its organizational structure, its authority structure, its membership, and its ecclesiology. The modern British Israel movement has a short history, having begun in the final quarter of the nineteenth century. It has never had a very large following estimates of a worldwide membership of two million are usually considered high. British Israelites believe that the Anglo-Saxons are the descendants of the lost ten tribes of Israel; from this belief they have drawn a number of conclusions concerning the supremacy of the white race; the Divinely-appointed leadership role of the Anglo-Saxon nations; and the extent to which Protestant beliefs should enter into political and economic thinking.

This paper introduces two special issues of the Review devoted to income distribution theory and its empirical implementation. Most of the papers that will appear in these two issues were prepared for a special session on income distribution held during the Eleventh General Conference of the International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, held at Nathanya, Israel, in August 1969. The present issue contains theoretical papers; the following one will present more empirical work. This introductory paper is intended to indicate the relationships among the papers that follow, and to suggest possible future directions for work in this area. In the latter connection, the author discusses the use of microanalytic models applied to microdata sets dealing with individuals and households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyse patterns of communication in several immigrant communities in Israel, to permit the proposal of certain hypotheses on the relations between the patterns of communication and social structure of a society. It is hoped in this way to make some contribution to the comparative study of communication, a field in which interest has recently been increasing rapidly. Israel seems to be a particularly suitable site for a comparative study of communication, because there many types of immigrant communities live in close proximity which are under the influence and impact of similar conditions of absorption. This study can profit from the analysis of each individual community, of the communities' responses to various conditions of absorption, and of the various waves of communication to which they are exposed. This analysis is based on the study of four different communities, three of which are rural or semi-rural, one of Yemenites, one of Algerians, Tunisians and Moroccans, and the third of Yugoslavs.

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociologia Ruralis is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using an ecological perspective, one aspect of the relationship of social distance and physical distance is analyzed in the three largest cities in Israel. The principal aim of the paper is to examine ethnic (country of origin) residential segregation as an indicator of social patterning within the society. Despite the different demographic, topographical and functional characteristics of the three cities, fairly similar patterns of ethnic segregation are found using the technique of Smallest Space Analysis (SSA-I) to analyze index of dissimilarity matrices. Patterns of ethnic segregation are then related to the SES of sub-quarters to determine the nature of the internal structure of the cities. It is suggested that ethnicity is an important variable in the process of social stratification in urban Israel, at least insofar as ecological relationships are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the patterns of social life of youth in the social structure of Israel. A large part of adolescents in Israel participate in patterns of behaviour and social organizations specific to them. The predominance of groups of age-mates in immigration countries has been for long noticed and analysed by some American sociologists and this tendency can be even more strongly discerned in Israel. Moreover, this paper will discuss a proposition that the emergence of youth culture is closely related to the prevalence of the second type of social division of labour. The traditional oriental family may be seen as an example of the first type of division of labour. Almost the whole social organization has been organized on the basis of patriarchal families. The families were the units of occupational specialization. The cooperative-settlement and the moshava are less pure and extreme examples of a division of labour based on the family. In fact there is some degree of discrepancy between some important social roles and the familial roles. The second type of social division of labour is most clearly discernible in the urban sector, in which the family does not function either as a full economic or cultural and political unit. In the communal settlements (Kibbutzim) the clearest correlation between the unfamilial division of labour and a very intensive and formalized youth culture is discernible.

This paper considers the allocation of national technological resources to different sectors of the economy. The impact of economic investments in technology is related to national, industry, and company growth. In some sectors of the economy investments in research and development (R and D) are well below the saturation level, where increasing the investment level and fraction of scientific and engineering manpower devoted to R and D may be expected to yield increased economic growth. A comparison is made of the sources and consumers of R and D funds in the U. S. and Israel, particularly as related to size of firms. Conclusions are obtained in the form of magnitude and allocation of R and D investments and utilization of scientific and engineering manpower for industrial R and D in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I have examined cross-section evidence on differential fertility in Israel, focusing on the relation between education and fertility. The interpretation of this relation as reflecting the relation between education and the cost of women's time and the relation between cost of time and the "price" of children is helpful in understanding some of the phenomena; what is left unexplained is the large decline in fertility at the bottom of the education ladder.
This sharp decline may be dominated by informational and cultural differences concerning family planning, of the sort suggested by sociologists (see, e.g., the evidence presented by Bachi and Matras [1962], Matras and Auerbach [1962], and Peled [1969]). Several pieces of evidence are consistent with a view that most of the cross-section and time-series variation in fertility reflects differential movement to a low level of fertility where the long-term optima do not vary much. (Thus, see the very flat curve relating fertility to education among couples of European origin married in Israel.)
Even if such a view were to be accepted, the need for explaining the mechanisms of transition remains. The possibilities of the simple cost-of-time hypothesis are far from exhausted in this paper: a more explicit treatment of the cost of time (see Gronau's paper in this Supplement), a more satisfactory treatment of husbands' lifetime or permanent income, and a fertility variable that takes timing and survival into account are some of the more immediate needs. What seems to be quite important is a simultaneous examination of several aspects of behavior.
In the specific Israeli context, I regard as the main challenge the understanding of the differentials between those born in Europe-America, Asia-Africa, and Israel and the linking of the cross section to the changes over time. The unexplained differences between these groups are partly a result of measurement problems of the economic variables. Better u... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is an analysis of the impact of radical and rapid social change on patterns of family organization and on the relationship between the family and the community. The study deals with three of the types of family found in Israel (a) the family in collective settlements (Kibbutzim); (b) the family in co-operative settlements (Moshavim) settled by immigrants from Islamic countries; and (c) the family among European refugees in urban centers. It focuses the analysis on these cases because they represent three analytically distinct modes of interaction between the family and the community. In the Kibbutzim the community reigns supreme and the family is subordinated to it. The traditional family in the Moshavim is kinship centered, the elementary family is subordinated to wider kinship groupings which mediate between it and the community. The isolated refugee family in urban centers is cut off from kin and estranged from the community.

The article discusses the unicameral legislature of Jerusalem, Israel called the Knesset. It highlights election of the Knesset members, their composition based on diverse social criteria and their proceedings. The 120 members of the Knesset are elected on the basis of a rigid proportional representation system, with the entire country serving as a single constituency. The ballot paper does not contain any names of candidates, but merely the letter or letters by which a given list has been officially designated and any inscription added by the voter to this ballot suffices to invalidate it. Two general trends have been noticed in the Knesset, the reduction in size of the splinter-groups and the unequal momentum of the shifts as between various parties. The religious parties seem to have the most steadfast hold on their followers. The composition of the Knesset members is characterized by diverse social criteria including age, origin, education, sex and occupational structure. The Knesset meets for eight months during the year, three days a week. The members of the Knesset are customarily bound much more by party discipline than is the case with most Western countries. Women members often take a united stand in speech and vote when it comes to the status of women and children. Diversity of attitude is often encountered and tolerated within parties in the Knesset.

When do people see a doctor? At one extreme, blatant pathology and extreme pain will, with few exceptions, bring one to a doctor in those societies where doctors are available (with the possible exception of mental illness). At the other extreme, a small portion of the visits are accounted for by a preventive health orientation, where no symptoms have been perceived. But, as Zola points out (1966, 1968), "we find that the vast bulk [of a physician's load] is concerned with quite minor disorders." There is, on the other hand, he notes, a great body of data which show that there is much illness, defined as such both clinically and subjectively, which is not brought to the attention of the physician. What Zola is saying, then, is that the potential for entry into patienthood is extraordinarily widespread and continuous. One can be ill, clinically speaking, without going to the doctor; or one can go to the doctor, either without any particular change in one's clinical condition or even without any particular justification from the point of view of the physician. If variations among individuals, social subgroups, or societies in visiting rates cannot be explained, within limits, by variations in clinically-determinable morbidity, what are the factors that can predict such variations? It is the purpose of this paper to present a model which, though derived from the case of Israel, should be applicable to other societies as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on recent events and updates in Israel. The Yonina Talmon Fund and The Hebrew University announce that the 1973 Yonina Talmon Prize has been awarded to Dr. Caroline Ifeka-Moller of the University of Birmingham for her paper "Social Structural Factors in Conversion to Christianity: A Critique of the Intellectualist Theory with Special Reference to Nigeria, 1921-1966". Bar Ilan University conferred 86o degrees, certificates, and diplomas last June; 375 were in the Social Sciences, 187 in Jewish Studies and Humanities, and 140 in Natural Sciences. Last August the Israeli Cabinet unanimously approved the establishment of an open university. Israel's National Center for Technological and Scientific Information of the National Council for Research and Development of the Prime Minister's Office has published data concerning scientific research projects in Israel. The University of the Negev in Beer Sheva is to have a new library to be named after the late Zalman Aranni, who was Minister of Education for several years. The library now has 125,000 volumes, but there will be space for 500,000 in an area of 11,000 square meters.

The article presents the misinterpretation of political elites in Israel. It deals with Israel's political elite up to the elections to the Eighth Knesset in December 1973 following the Yom Kippur War. Several tables are presented showing the Regional origins of the Jews in Israel, the regional origins of the members of the Knesset, regional origins of the Cabinet Ministers during the Seven Knessets. It also examines the representatives of Israel's political elite with respect to age, country of origin, residence, and sex. It attempts to analyze the dynamic aspect of representation and to account for the liability of a political system to tolerate a degree of misinterpretation.

The article reports on a case study of efforts to revise a monocentric language policy in Israel. In accord with the mainstream of Zionist ideology, which antedates the State by almost half a century, Hebrew is the national and official language of the country. Other languages, especially Yiddish, are widely spoken in the country, particularly by adults, most particularly by adults who have immigrated from Eastern Europe. Indeed, at this time, after a quarter century of statehood, Hebrew is the mother tongue of only roughly 40 % of the Jewish population and the primary spoken language of only three quarters of that same population. The general topic of this paper is the extent to which a purportedly monolingual-monocultural polity such as Israel can be influenced to move toward greater contextualized acceptance of at least some other languages and cultures, at a time when its basic language Policy-making stage has passed. Israel in general and, more specifically, Yiddish in Israel would seem to afford a Particularly advantageous context for exploring the abovementioned general question.

This paper attempts to deal with the concept of commitment to a society in the context of a commitment-alienation continuum. Two aspects of commitment were measured: cohesion or affective commitment and control or ideological commitment. Data were collects in a society intentionally structured to solve the problem of attention: a kibbutz in Israel, Measures of the two dimensions of commitment were related to overall satisfaction and a series of ten variables (involving social roles, values and interpersonal relations) which were posited to be significant in the lives of kibbutz members. The main findings were: 1. The degree of commitment to the society is positively related to the degree of overall social need satisfaction. 2. The degree of commitment tends to be higher the more the individual is satisfied in those areas of life which are important to him. 3. Persons occupying roles considered important in the society tend to be more committed to the society than persons occupying less important roles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to estimate genuine scale effects in retail trade from a cross section of retail stores in Israel. This is done by estimating a simple production function for several retail branches and employing the faithful old direct Cobb-Douglas structure with value added as output and labor and capital inputs. And indeed despite the well-known peculiarities of the retail industry, a cross section estimation produces ‘normal’ production-function estimates with reasonable input elasticities. The estimates also identify marked increasing returns-to-scale parameters, higher in food and lower in branches less affected by consumer participation and geographical dispersion. These increasing returns may explain a good part of the increase in sales per unit of inputs observed in time series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the demographic implications of alternative peace settlements between Israel and her Arab neighbors. Two sets of demographic issues axe discussed: (1) variations in the types of territorial and implied population adjustments that may result from a peace settlement and (2) variations in demographic dynamics of Jewish and Arab populations over the next 30 years. Models based on a range of territorial and population alternatives (from minimum to maximum) illustrate the tradeoffs between territory and proportion Jewish and between population growth and the retention of a Jewish majority in Israel. Although there are many complicated issues involved in reaching a peace agreement in the Middle East, the analysis presented here reveals clearly that demographic issues are part of the context within which decisions have to be made and evaluation of trends undertaken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers social factors conditioning recruitment of nurses in Israel. Occupational recruitment of women to sex-linked occupations is a problem involving at least two major complexes of social factors: those associated with occupational recruitment in general, that is, for members of both sexes; those associated with female social roles in the society and the structural relationship between such roles and the occupational system. The major theoretical complexes are viewed as crucial to choosing nursing as an occupation in Israel. These are, first, an essentially affective-nurturant component in the young recruit's personality, and second, a seeking after social status which, when viewed against the background of the Israeli occupational system, will be seen to place nursing in a relatively favorable position in the occupational status hierarchy, particularly for girls from lower class families of orientation. This paper has demonstrated the importance of two variables in conditioning an interest in nursing among high school girls in Israel.

The fight for survival plus the desire to actualize a cherished social ideal have combined in Israel to create the collective settlements known as the "Kibbutzim." Each Kibbutz is a largely autonomous unit, in which every member is an owner of the Kibbutz and, in a sense, the Kibbutz owns every member. The work, the profits and the property of these settlements are communally shared. Policy is collectively determined. And, to a very large extent, the children are collectively reared. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the effects of this collective child rearing, not on the child--for much has been said about this--but on the parents and their marriage, and to compare some aspects of child rearing in the Kibbutz with current trends in American child rearing. Bearing and rearing children does serve many positive functions in the growth toward maturity on the part of the parents. For the mother, at least, it may gratify a profound biologically rooted need. For both parents, child rearing may satisfy desires to create, to guide and to shape a new individual. Parents ready for the developmental task of parenthood can gain from it an expanded capacity for giving, sacrificing, protecting and loving.

The article presents information on ideological factors in Jewish fertility differentials. Although numerous studies in the United States have pointed to the importance of religious differentials in fertility, there has been little or no attempt to study Jewish fertility in depth. Furthermore, the relationship between the, religion of the Jews and fertility has received only a superficial treatment, theoretically as well as empirically. This paper will be concerned with examining the ideologies concerning fertility of the various religious divisions within the Jewish group and analysing unique data that may shed light on the relevance of ideological factors to Jewish fertility differentials. say one boy and one girl. Modern scholars draw the conclusion that this represented an historical change from the Biblical period to allow contraception after two children were born. In a direct legal context, birth-control is mentioned only once in the Talmud. When matters of health of the child or of the mother are concerned, Rabbi Meir permits the use of a sponge to prevent conception. Even though rabbinic leaders did not see the use of contraceptives as immoral when matters of health were concerned, there remained an emphatic rejection of birth-control for economic or other reasons.

The article presents information on Jews in Morocco. Although Jews are still to be found in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco, this paper is a reconstruction derived from the memories and continuing behavior of immigrants to Israel soon after their arrival. Most of the fieldwork on which it is based was carried out in an Israeli village called Ometz. Informants who were systematically questioned included immigrants who arrived in Israel knowing Hebrew, those who had learned enough during their first year there to be able to respond to questions, Israeli instructors who lived in Ometz with the immigrants, and Israeli emissaries and urban Moroccan immigrants who had visited the Atlas Mountains. Many of these villages, according to the testimony of Israeli and urban Moroccan emissaries who visited the Atlas Mountains, are situated at an altitude that can attain over 2,000 metres, and such villages may be accessible only by mule or by foot. They may be built against mountain slopes or on the tops of cliffs, and the emissaries described some villages as being partly hewn out of the mountainsides.

The article focuses on the jewry of Tunisia during the last twenty years. Up to the eve of the War, the Jews of Tunisia lived peacefully among their Muslim, French, Italian, and Maltese neighbours. They had emancipated themselves with astonishing speed. They were able to take the highest places in the secondary schools and colleges. They were capable of fighting for their rights with great determination. It took the War to make the outside world realize that Tunisian Jewry existed a war which, of course, brought new problems for these Jews to face. From this point on world Jewish organizations were to make a great impact on them and their elite was to break the last chains of its spiritual ghetto. Other events, such as the creation of the State of Israel and the granting of independence to Tunisia were also to have their repercussions. In this paper the author shall try to review the different stages of development through which this "historyless Jewry" has passed. The story is one of upheaval and abrupt change. May 1943 saw the end of the Nazi grip on Tunisia and the opening of a new era for its Jews. Reacting to the Anglo-American landings in Algeria in November 1942, the Germans at once occupied Tunisia only to be driven out by the Allied forces in May of the following year. The Nazi occupation of Tunisia thus lasted six months.

This paper presents an analysis of the cooperative agricultural settlement systems in Israel and the United Arab Republic of Egypt in order to establish significant similarities and differences. Cooperative agriculture in Israel has been extremely important in the development of the national economy and dominates the agricultural sector. Agrarian reform in Egypt provided the foundation for cooperative agriculture and its important developments. In Egypt, according to the preliminary reports of the 1960 census, there were almost 400 cooperative settlements, with a combined population of almost 200,000 persons. In Israel, in 1960, there were 347 cooperative settlements and a combined population of close to 120,000 persons. In both countries the tendency has been toward an increase in the number of cooperative settlements and in the number of persons living in them. As more Egyptian land is redistributed, there is continuous formation of new settlements of the cooperative type. The new lands which will become available through irrigation schemes of the High Aswan Dam Project will obviously encourage further growth and development of the cooperative settlement system. Growth in the Israeli system has been greatly influenced by continuous immigration. The regional planning schemes call for the inclusion of new cooperative settlements, denoting an optimistic outlook with regard to cooperative settlements in Israel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Unlike most countries in the Middle East, Israel suffers from shortage of water sources. It is the purpose of this paper to describe briefly the water economy in the country and the measures taken to develop, control and administer the available sources with a view of securing steady supply of water to meet the needs of increasing and rapidly developing economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with some social psychological reasons for dropping of high school in Israel. In our matched sample of drop-outs and continuing students, the drop-out was more likely to aspire to a better than his father held, to be vague about his future career, and to doubt his chance of living up to his own plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on fertility of polygamous marriages. The author and his team have attempted to study fertility differentials between wives of monogamous and polygamous husbands within a homogeneous group which is known not to practice any kind of family planning. The population concerned are the Beduin of the Negeb, Southern Israel, who were enumerated in 1946 and among whom certain further enquiries were undertaken. Polygamy is not very frequent among these Beduin, over 90% of the marriages being monogamous. The study covered only 240 polygamous families who form the basic material of the present paper. The reasons and motivations for polygamy among the Beduin ate not well documented: the advantages seem too obvious to any Beduin. An exceptionally strong desire for more variegated sexual contacts might be one of the incentives in some individual cases, but a hypothesis involving a similar desire for more frequent intercourse has never advanced in their case. In view of the well known submissiveness of the Beduin woman in all social relations and in family affairs in particular, recourse to such an outlet would hardly be considered necessary.

Families in which one of the parents is absent have so far been studied under different categories (prisoners, divorced) or different names ("incomplete," or "one-parent"). This has hampered the study of the effects of this widely spread phenomenon. A study of sailor families in Israel has been hampered by the tack of a conceptual framework which would have made it possible to apply findings from studies of different kinds of parent-absent families in the service of this particular group. A mapping sentence is presented which distinguishes between six facets concerning the nature of the absence (precipitating cause, the absent parent, the duration of absence, the frequency of absence, the amounts of contact, the kinds of contact) and two facets which relate to its effects (the family unit, its members, the areas of their lives). On the basis of these concepts comparative studies can be conducted and findings generalized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article evaluates a practical examination for bachelor of science in computer science (BSCS) students in Israel. Results of the second generation of the practical examination for BSCS students have been reported. Generally these results are similar to those obtained in 1969. A scoring grid, to improve measurement of achievement, was designed and employed. More insight into the performance of students and an additional measure of reliability were obtained through the use of this grid. Moreover, A considerable impact of the practical examination on instruction has been detected.

This paper focuses on the major problems of wage policy in Israel, attempting to integrate industrial relations and labour economics in describing and analyzing those problems. Israel affords an illuminating case-study of wage policy in a developing nation.
The wage fixing process has changed substantially over time. During the period 1920-39 wages were determined at local (plant) level, there was an absence of government intervention and substantial competition in both the labour and product markets.[2] In contrast, since World War II the fixing of wages has become increasingly centralized. This process is reflected in industry-wide collective agreements on wage rates and national cost of living allowances and in national wage freezes. National guidelines for uniform wage increases based on productivity movements were instituted in the late 1950s but never fully implemented and recently a decision has been taken to return to industry wide,. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on economic conditions in Israel. The purpose is to present some of the major features of the country's economic development and note some of their implications for the future. The first relevant statistic is the proportion of domestic capital formation to national product. This proportion has remained at a very high level since 1950. The ratio for the gross figures, those more readily available, averaged around 26 per cent over the eight year period, a very high rate from what we know of the experience of other nations. But if the rate of capital formation has been high, so too has the rate of population growth, and by international standards Israel has been even more exceptional with regard to the latter than the former. While the educational level of native-born Israelis itself is fairly high by international standards, it is clear that if pre-1948 Israel had had to rely on the output of her domestic educational system alone, the standard of accomplishment would have been much less.