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Who should own a federal judge's papers? This question has rarely been asked. Instead, it has generally been accepted that the Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court and other federal judges own their working papers, which include papers created by judges relating to their official duties, such as internal draft opinions, confidential vote sheets, and case-related correspondence. This longstanding tradition of private ownership has led to tremendous inconsistency. For example, Justice Thurgood Marshall's papers were released just two years after he left the bench, revealing behind-the-scenes details about major cases involving issues such as abortion and flag burning. In contrast, Justice David Souter's papers will remain closed until the fiftieth anniversary of his retirement, and substantial portions of Justice Byron White's papers, including files relating to the landmark case of Miranda v. Arizona, were shredded. In addition, many collections of lower federal court judges' papers have been scattered in the hands of judges' families. Notably, this private ownership model has persisted despite the fact that our country's treatment of presidential records shifted from private to public ownership through the Presidential Records Act of 1978. Furthermore, private ownership of judicial papers has endured even though it has proven ill-equipped to balance the many competing interests at stake, ranging from calls for governmental accountability and transparency on the one hand, to the judiciary's independence, collegiality, confidentiality, and integrity on the other. This Article is the first to give significant attention to the question of who should own federal judges' working papers and what should happen to the papers once a judge leaves the bench. Upon the thirty-fifth anniversary of the enactment of the Presidential Records Act, this Article argues that judges' working papers should be treated as governmental property--just as presidential papers are. Although there are important differences between the roles of president and judge, none of the differences suggest that judicial papers should be treated as a species of private property. Rather than counseling in favor of private ownership, the unique position of federal judges, including the judiciary's independence in our constitutional design, suggests the advisability of crafting rules that speak to reasonable access to and disposition of judicial papers. Ultimately, this Article--giving renewed attention to a long-forgotten 1977 governmental study commissioned by Congress-- argues that Congress should declare judicial papers public property and should empower the judiciary to promulgate rules implementing the shift to public ownership. These would include, for example, rules governing the timing of public release of judicial papers. By involving the judiciary in implementing the shift to public ownership, Congress would enhance the likelihood of judicial cooperation, mitigate separation of powers concerns, and enable the judiciary to safeguard judicial independence, collegiality, confidentiality, and integrity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the history of paper specifications of the U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO) in 1895-1980. It says that the Printing Act of 1895 has provided GPO the power to set and employ quality standards to obtain paper from the marketplace. It mentions that the Paper Specification of GPO specified paper composition as well as the initial acidity from at least 1950s onward. It adds that the specification offer enough data, which can be used to compare the paper selection of GPO.

The article focuses on paper money and the original interpretation of the coinage clause of the U.S. Constitution It demonstrates that the holding of legal tender cases was consistent with the original understanding of the clause. It relates the story of monetary innovations in the country. It also explains how the paper money question was addressed during the framing and ratification of the constitution.

The article discusses digital evidence and the history pf private "papers" as special objects of search and seizure in America as of January 2013, focusing on the impact of technology on evidence law in the U.S., as well as information on general warrants and state search and seizure provisions prior to the establishment of the U.S. Constitution (USC). The Fourth Amendment to the USC is addressed, along with probable cause and the U.S. Supreme Court case Boyd v. United States. American common law and constitutional protections in the U.S. are examined.

The article offers information about analysis of the White Paper regarding problems of the U.S. laws and policy on international antiquities trade. Topics discussed include role of the grey literature in helping the U.S. Congress in dealing with the interests of museums, reforms made in the U.S. laws and policies for regulating the trade and role of this policy in managing the U.S. cultural life with commerce. It also discusses role of the U.S. Department of Justice in law enforcement.

The article discusses a reexamination of the application of the third-party doctrine to conveyed papers and records as of January 2014, focusing on the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the case United States v. Jones which deals with trespass, search and seizure laws, and a reasonable expectation of privacy. According to the article, the third-party doctrine states that individuals lose their Fourth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution protection for information knowingly revealed to third parties.

Introduction: Fresno, California, is home to more than 30,000 Hmong. The purpose of this research was to explore the utilization of Hmong shamans 40 years after the first Hmong immigrants arrived in the United States. Hmong shamanism is examined to identify and analyze changes to shamans' practices or patients. Methods: Using grounded theory, semistructured interviews were conducted with a convenience sample of 20 shamans in their homes. Transcribed data were qualitatively analyzed. Results: Shamans continue to train and practice in this community; utilization by older patients persists while young adult patients have become the fastest-growing group of users. Healing rituals have changed in response to the legalities of animal sacrifice in urban areas and the time demands of work schedules. Discussion: Nurses' awareness that the availability of biomedicine does not preclude the continuing or recurring utilization of traditional healers can facilitate understanding of culturally defined health care needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In all health system sectors, electronic health information (EHI) is created, used, released, and reused. We examined states' efforts to address EHI uses in law to provide an understanding of the EHI legal environment. Methods: Attorney researchers used WestlawNext to search for EHI-related statutes and regulations of the US states, US territories, and the District of Columbia in effect as of January 2014. The researchers independently catalogued provisions by the EHI use described in the law. Researchers resolved discrepancies through peer review meetings and recorded the consensus codes for each law. Results: This study identified 2364 EHI-related laws representing 49 EHI uses in 54 jurisdictions. A total of 18 EHI uses were regulated by ≥10 jurisdictions. More than 750 laws addressed 2 or more EHI uses. Jurisdictions varied by the number of EHI laws in effect, with a mean of 44 laws. Texas had the most EHI laws (n = 145). Hawaii and South Carolina had the fewest (n = 14 each). Conclusions: The EHI legal landscape is complex. The large quantity and diversity of laws complicate legal analysis, likely delay implementation of public health solutions, and might be detrimental to the development of emerging health information technology. Research is needed to understand the effect of EHI-related laws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discusses the relationship between state-issued currency and the ratification of the United States Constitution. Significance of paper money on the economic policies of the colonial legislatures; Role of the constitution on the regulation of money; Importance of state paper money on the money supply of the colonies in the 1700s.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND The Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 ( HHKA) required schools to make changes to meals provided to children. Rural school districts have limited resources, with increased obesity rates and local food insecurity. In this study we sought to understand the perceptions of rural food service directors and the barriers to implementing the changes. METHODS Food service directors from rural school districts were invited to complete a semistructured telephone interview and online survey. A total of 51 respondents completed both, 6 completed only the online survey, and 16 completed only the telephone interview. Qualitative interview data were analyzed through open thematic coding; descriptive statistics were calculated for the quantitative data. RESULTS Food service directors mostly perceived the changes as negative, challenging, and burdensome. They believed that the changes resulted from concern about childhood obesity, which they did not view as a problem for their students. Diverse challenges were reported related to cost, preparation, and student preference. CONCLUSIONS Food service directors in isolated, rural areas need support to enhance understanding of HHKA requirements, build professional networks to learn from one another, and communicate with students, families, and other stakeholders. Future efforts should focus on changing perceptions and supporting directors in order to make implementation a success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aesthetics medicine, a controversial branch of clinical medicine known for its high degree of commercialization, faces numerous conflicts, particularly in some developing countries. The global aesthetics medicine industry requires enhancements of its legal and supervision framework and risk management systems. Aims: This paper aimed to provide a comprehensive visual analysis of academic achievements related to regulatory and legal issues in the field of aesthetic medicine and to identify its development trends and research hotspots. Methods: The Web of Science Core Collection was employed to retrieve relevant studies, resulting in a total of 602 research articles after selection. Utilizing bibliometric methods and CiteSpace, this study analyzed the primary countries, institutions, authors, journals, hotspots, frontiers, and trends in this domain. Results: The findings indicated rapid increases in the number of published papers. The United States emerged as the leading contributor with 131 research papers and the highest intermediate centrality. Eleven keyword clusters were identified, with "adolescence" and "office‐based surgery" being the most recent topics. We also analyzed the trends and frontiers of legal research in medical aesthetics. Conclusion: The importance of informed consent has been increasingly emphasized, and research in the field of medical aesthetics has been gradually expanding beyond individual cosmetic procedures. The management system has become more comprehensive, moreover, guidelines and medical laws have been continually published, with research shifting toward a holistic perspective that encompasses patients, medical aesthetic providers, and regulatory authorities in the study of medical aesthetics regulation and legislation. This paper also proposes some innovative directions for future research and applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on legality of metadata collection in the U.S. under the U.S PATRIOT Act. Topics include the legal justification for the investigation of Americans' private telephone records, the data collection program implemented by the U.S. National Security Administration under U.S. President Barack Obama, and if such practices are a violation of privacy.

The article focuses on copyright issues and the legal basis of scholarly publishers on copyright claims. It explores the Copyright Act, explains the copyright ownership of works created by university faculty members and cites cases resolved by the U.S. Supreme Court including the case of Community for Creative Non-Violence (CCNV) non-profit organization and the case of Martha Graham Center of Contemporary Dance Inc. and Martha Graham School of Contemporary Dance Inc. It cites the application of the Copyright Act to faculty-created works analyzing policies such as those that are selectively disclaiming copyrights and those purporting transfer of copyrights. It also notes university copyright implications and recommends the exercise of university rights on public access to scholarly works.

The article focuses on the implications on the deportations of long-time U.S. residents to El Salvador and the radical trips that Swedish transnational adoptees must make in order to reestablish their identities with their ancestries. However, such trips have been the source of destabilization for these individuals causing deviance from the original course of action and embracing emigration or adoption. The connection with the culture for which these individuals are embedded have also been lost.

The author reflects on the importance in peer-reviews for scientific papers. He argues that peer reviews are important but fallible filters, which attempt to exclude material which is trivial and has flawed methodology or unjustified conclusions. He also cites several limitations of peer reviews including the ability to miss certain errors, limited peer review of correspondence, and that reviewers judge only what they can see.

The article discusses the legal aspects of bankruptcy wage priorities and unpaid wage claims in America as of 2015, and it mentions the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, as well as justice and the author's support for the adoption of an insurance-based model to help protect the legal rights of employees, employers, and unsecured creditors in America. Bankruptcy-related costs are examined, along with legal remedies and the problems associated with employees' efforts to collect unpaid wages from employers.

The article focuses on the laws made for the regulation of bitcoins and virtual currencies. Topics discussed include role of the U.S. Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) in regulating money as legal tenders, laws made for limiting the virtual currencies as legal tenders and the role of bitcoin mining in the generation of electronic virtual currencies. It further discusses role of bitcoins and electronic money systems in the payments of online business.

As required by the Dodd-Frank Act, the Federal Reserve Board, the Securities and Exchange Commission and other federal regulators are moving forward with plans to require risk retention in most securitizations and are likely to approve final risk retention rules in early 2014. Although in developing the rules the regulators have endeavored to take into account the unique features of different securitization markets, the retention rules that those regulators have proposed for asset-backed commercial paper (ABCP) conduits fail to recognize the substantial differences that exist between ABCP programs and other securitization structures. The proposed rules would impose operating restrictions and disclosure obligations on ABCP conduits and their sponsors that could have a significant adverse impact on the ABCP market. In particular, those rules would require conduit sponsors to retain horizontal or vertical credit risk in their conduits or to comply with a narrow safe harbor that would (among other issues) limit the categories of assets that the conduits could finance. This article describes the risk retention rules that the regulators have proposed for ABCP conduits and discusses the compliance options available to conduit sponsors and the practical difficulties that each option would create. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Families in the United States are rapidly changing, and the normative familial model of two married, monogamous, heterosexual parents with children no longer reflects the majority of U.S. families. Nonetheless, state incentive-based policies and discriminatory family laws continue to enforce heteronormative monogamy. Recent changes to the U.S. legal landscape have produced limited formal recognition and protections for same-sex couples and LGBTQ parents, and even these narrow rights are withheld from other diverse familial configurations including families with polyamorous parents. This article uses the concept of sexual citizenship to frame the analysis of U.S. family courts' normative construction of family, identifying striking parallels between family courts' historical and contemporary prejudicial treatment of LGBTQ parents and the institution's similar delegitimization and denigration of polyamorous parents today. This paper reviews polyamorous parents' efforts towards achieving legal and societal legitimatization, finding significant parallels with legal strategies LGBTQ parents utilized to seek legal recognition and protection prior to federal recognition of same-sex marriage. This paper highlights the inadequacies of such a formal sexual citizenship approach, finding that a limited strategy of accumulating specific sexual rights fails to address non-monogamy's more radical cultural presence as well as the (non-legal) informal aspects of belonging needed to improve the livability of polyamorous parents' and their children's lives. This paper concludes with recommendations for improving the treatment of non-traditional families including LGBTQ, polyamorous, and other blended families, both within and outside the legal institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that the U.S. Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) has asked federal agencies to make U.S.-funded research papers free and available online within 12 months after the results appear in a journal. Topics include the factors contributing to the OSTP's decision, the reaction to the policy by such groups as the Association of American Publishers, and its similarity to the U.S. Fair Access to Science and Technology Research Act (FASTR).

Objective: Abstract: "Kosher" is a word used to illustrate the food laws of Jewish people. It's a traditional Jewish law for food. For Jews, it's more than food consumption with safety. It's regarding religious beliefs and traditions. Jews follow proper guidelines of Kosher and give the compulsion to food to be reckoned Kosher. The English word "Kosher" is derived from the Hebrew root "Kasher", which means to be pure, proper, or suitable for consumption. Kashrut is a charter that renders the foundation for kosher dietetic rule and is established inside 'Torah' which is a Jewish sacred book. Kosher dietetic rules are including all and produce a strict structure of rules and regulations which gives a sketch of foods allowed or prohibited. It also determines how foods allowed should be made, refined, and fixed before eating. The paper illustrates kosher law and food among American-Jewish people and their determination towards their religious beliefs in American land, which is not their motherland, with analysis from Philip Roth's novel Indignation. This paper also ascertains Jewish culture into the outlook of American culture which ends with a cultural clash referring to historical consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Public pay-for-performance (P4P) programs tie hospital payments to predetermined sets of quality measures and are intended to encourage or discourage certain outcomes. To the extent that financial penalties from these programs induce some response by hospitals, such penalties may translate into higher negotiated payments from commercial insurance payers. In this paper, we employ data on commercial insurance payments from a large, multi-payer database to study the extent to which penalties levied under the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program (HRRP) and the Hospital Value-Based Purchasing (HVBP) program, two major P4P components of the Affordable Care Act, caused changes in private hospital payments. We find that the bulk of any penalties resulting from HRRP and HVBP are borne by private insurance patients in the form of higher private insurance payments. Specifically, we show that HRRP and HVBP financial penalties led to increases in private payments of 1.9 percent, with effects concentrated among circulatory system procedures. These penalties were also associated with a 3.1 percent reduction in Medicare discharges. Our estimates are larger for hospitals with higher shares of privately insured patients, which suggests the importance of hospital bargaining power in facilitating higher commercial insurance payments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This literature review covers the research and practice related to the integration of land use planning and water management in the United States (U.S.). Research articles are the primary source of information for this review, but reports published by consultancies, public utilities, municipalities, and advisory groups are also included. This review presents strategies to better integrate the two professions. We describe each strategy and provide examples that have been published in the literature. Strategies are divided into legal strategies which would require either federal, state, or local governments to pass new legislation, and strategies that could be implemented in the absence of new laws. This review is intended to be a resource for researchers, students, and practitioners seeking to advance the quality and effectiveness of land use planning and water management in the U.S. Research Impact Statement: This paper presents a comprehensive review of the strategies to integrate land use planning and water management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marshallese mobility long precedes the deep disruptions of nuclear history, contemporary climate-induced migration debates, and the ongoing socio-economic, legal, and geopolitical discourses about the freely associated relationship between the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) and the United States (U.S.). Nonetheless, understanding the well-being of the Marshallese people today requires an acknowledgment of the multiple factors that have drawn at least one-third of the RMI's citizens to live in the U.S. over the last half century, as well as a firm grasp of how they live, work, and advocate for their communities in this diaspora. This article makes the argument that migration with dignity will always require attention to the ongoingness of history, migration, and lives. Beyond this, we argue that ongoingness is more than a vague, conceptual notion we might use to describe – or even dismiss – complex histories and present-day uncertainty about addressing migration-related issues. Rather, we present a series of qualitative studies, conducted over more than five years, to indicate how the ongoingness of migration can be made tangible for studying, understanding, and potentially expanding migration – and life – with dignity. This paper discusses three aspects of ongoingness that impact the well-being of the Marshallese who live in the U.S.: their ongoing relationship with their home environment, their ongoing relationship with the law, and their ongoing relationship with notions and practices of responsibility and repair. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A key challenge for artificial intelligence in the legal field is to determine from the text of a party's litigation brief whether, and why, it will succeed or fail. This paper shows a proof-of-concept test case from the United States: predicting outcomes of post-grant inter partes review (IPR) proceedings for invalidating patents. The objectives are to compare decision-tree and deep learning methods, validate interpretability methods, and demonstrate outcome prediction based on party briefs. Specifically, this study compares and validates two distinct approaches: (1) representing documents with term frequency inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), training XGBoost gradient-boosted decision-tree models, and using SHAP for interpretation. (2) Deep learning of document text in context, using convolutional neural networks (CNN) with attention, and comparing LIME and attention visualization for interpretability. The methods are validated on the task of automatically determining case outcomes from unstructured written decision opinions, and then used to predict trial institution or denial based on the patent owner's preliminary response brief. The results show how interpretable deep learning architecture classifies successful/unsuccessful response briefs on temporally separated training and test sets. More accurate prediction remains challenging, likely due to the fact-specific, technical nature of patent cases and changes in applicable law and jurisprudence over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Bayh-Dole Act of 1980 enabled American universities to engage in technology transfer. Thirty years of research has investigated the legislation's effectiveness and derivative university practices, such as the establishment of technology transfer offices. Unfortunately, the technology transfer literature has focused primarily on patenting as the primary transfer vehicle for protecting intellectual property in universities, overlooking other forms of IP ownership, such as copyrights. Legal scholarship shows, however, that universities are increasingly using copyrights to protect their intellectual property and that the number of university-held copyrights exceeds patents. This paper examines the use of copyrights to protect and transfer university IP. It does so by reviewing underlying legal and policy concepts associated with copyrights and offers contemporary examples of copyright issues within universities. The paper therefore provides a foundation for future research on the role of copyrights in technology transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory categorization can be a matter of life and death to firms, as it sets legal limitations on the production and sales of their product. In this paper we set out to uncover this critical process, for which there is only anecdotal information in extant literature, by asking how regulatory categories are determined through the strategies and interaction of firms, regulators, and other category audiences. We use extensive archival data to examine how U.S. dietary supplement makers first moved from the drug to the food category in 1976, and, when faced with resistance from the Food and Drug Administration, created an entirely new category in 1994, which then fueled their explosive market growth. Our findings show that regulatory categorization is a contest between firms and the regulator, where firms try to disrupt unfavorable regulation by overpowering the regulator through hard power imposed by other state actors, which is achieved through pressure from another category audience—consumers—who are themselves won over through soft power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]