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Eucalyptus is one of the major species used for pulp and paper industry. As industries develop, the need for Eucalyptus supply increases. However, there are challenges plantation companies must specifically determining eucalyptus market price potential risks in eucalyptus plantation and how eucalyptus plantation impacts the surrounding environment.. Stakeholders on eucalyptus supply chain have risks which have to be mitigated. The eucalyptus seedling and developer and the supplier hold crucial role in providing good quality eucalyptus raw material for pulp and paper production plants. This research is conducted to explore on ways to mitigate each stakeholders risk, challenges plantation companies face in fulfilling eucalyptus raw material for pulp and paper production plants. There are four stakeholders in eucalyptus supply chain: eucalyptus seedling developer and seller, supplier, distribution centre and pulp and paper production plants. Some of the major risk stakeholders are facing in eucalyptus supply chain are: early cut of eucalyptus trees, farmers’ lack of understanding on growing eucalyptus properly, small stem size, fluctuating eucalyptus wood price and low stock quantity. Some of the minor risk stakeholders are facing: earthquake, over fertilization, overwatering, cold climate, and plant setting. There are four methods used to determine eucalyptus pricing: cost-based pricing, customer-based pricing, competition-based pricing, and statutory pricing. Eucalyptus consume high amount of water which can cause dry areas around eucalyptus plantation area and low groundwater reservoir.

Nowadays, demand of the pulp and paper production increases quickly. That increasing demand has led to demanding of eucalyptus plantation. That is why eucalyptus plantation has rapidly expanded and became the most planted tree species across the world over the last century. Not only because its unique characteristics, increasing of eucalyptus plantation also happened because its growing gives a socio-economic benefits, industrial benefits, and environmental impacts. However, increasing demand of eucalyptus certainly make availability of eucalyptus being determined, known as limited supply chain. Due to the increasing demand and limited supply chain, the eucalyptus wood supply should managed, by integrated the supply chain well. In this research study, the supply chain of eucalyptus wood for pulp and paper industry was diagnosed and divided into three degree, there are direct supply chain, extended supply chain, and ultimate supply chain. Four main stakeholders in this chain identified consisted of the eucalyptus seedling developers and sellers, the suppliers, the distribution centers, and the pulp and paper production plants.

This experiment initially explored the clean production process of nanocellulose fibrils (NFC) using commercial softwood pulp as raw materials, and selected appropriate biological enzyme pretreatment to prepare NFC1 with a higher concentration. Compared with NFC2 obtained by TEMPO oxidation method, it is found that the diameter of NFC1 obtained by enzymatic pretreatment method (10-30nm) is similar to that of NFC2 (20-30nm). But the length of NFC1 (1-4μm) is much longer than the length of NFC2 (400-600nm). In addition, the influence of two kinds of NFC on the physical strength of paper is also explored. Experimental results show that: NFC1 is better than NFC2 in enhancing the physical strength of paper. And when cationic starch and NFC act synergistically, the enhancement effect is obviously better than using NFC alone or cationic starch alone. When the addition amount of NFC1 is (1.5±0.5)%, the tensile index, burst index, and tear index of the resulting paper increase by (43±3)%, (55±1)%, (37±2), respectively %. When the amount of NFC2 added is (1.5±0.5)%, the paper tensile index is (29±2)%. When the amount of NFC2 added is about (3±1)%, the paper’s bursting index and tearing index growth rate are (29±1)% and (33±1)% respectively.

Methane yield is one of the important factors that indicate the anaerobic digestion (AD) process efficiency. The AD is an available treatment of recycled pulp and paper sludge (RPPS) and recycled pulp and paper wastewater (RPPW). This process protects the environment and produces methane, which is considered as renewable energy. In this study, the anaerobic treatment of the RPPW and RPPS were studied using 1L completely stirred tank reactor (CSTR) at laboratory scale with mesophilic conditions. However, a kinetic study was carried out using four models in order to compare and adjust the experimental results. The experimental results show that the RPPW and RPPS methane productions were between 691 and 945 mL/g based on volatile solid (VS), and the corresponding digestion time was about 26 days for the both experiment. The corresponding digestion time could be understood through the methane production kinetic models by digestion experiments within a short time. Different kinetics models were tested including Richards, Logistic, modified Gompertz and Cone models. The obtained results show the modified Gompertz model as the suitable model since it gives the lowest deviation from experimental results. Therefore, the proposed model could be used to accurately predict behavior of AD processes.

Pulp and paper sludge contains cellulose which has a possitive potential as compost material. This study aims to examine responses of jabon (Anthocephalus cadamba) seedlings planted in Ultisol and peat media with addition of pulp and paper sludge compost. Before composting, the sludge was air drained to reduce water content from 80.92% to around 60-70%. Bio decomposers consist of a combination of P. citrinum and P. oxalicum with a density of 107 ml/spores were inoculated to the sludge and incubated for six months. Compost of sludge was added to grow media (ultisol and peat) with doses equal with 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14 and 16 (ton/ha). Control treatment consists of fertile soil as a negative control, and Ultisol and peat soil with chicken manure compost addition as a positive control. Seedlings height and diameter measurement were held for six months. Both in ultisol and peat media, the addition of chicken manure compost was better in raising seedlings height and diameter. However, the sludge compost addition in peat media was better in raising the seedlings biomass than those added with the chicken manure compost.

Most papers are made from virgin wood-based pulp of hardwood sources but recently, softwood have received enormous attention as alternative to hard wood because the hardwood takes a significant number of years to mature enough for use in the pulp and paper industry unlike softwood which are majorly annual plants. The annual crop in focus in this work is the yellow open-pollinated variety of corn which generates tons of waste at harvest. A novel attempt is made to ascertain the viability of corn sheaths as raw material for the pulp and paper industry by carrying out a comprehensive analysis on the pulp and paper made from the pulp. The sheaths were dried, shred and cut into pieces suitable for the digester and the pulps obtained were analysed for physico-chemical properties. Hand sheets were also made using the generated pulp and its physico-mechanical properties were analysed. Results obtained were compared with pulp from corn husks from other parts of the country, three Nigerian fibre sources – silk cotton, bagasse and rice straw and other foreign non-wood sources and found to be of competitive properties. Pulp properties of Lignin content, ash content, cellulose, hot and cold water solubility of the fibres were 13.72 ± 1.21%, 1.27 ± 0.23%, 53.26 ± 1.11%, 15.20 ± 2.11 and 6.14 ± 2.43 respectively while the mechanical properties of paper from the pulp were Bursting strength (282.163 KPa m2/g), Tear strength (146.119), Tensile strength (257.6N/m) and Tensile Index (3.9Nm/g). It was found that in all properties, the corn sheath was better than the rice straw fibers but not as good as the silk cotton and bagasse fibers. However, the corn sheath has been identified, as a viable raw material for the pulp and paper industry in Nigeria.

Paper is the final product resulted from compression of fiber suspension of cellulose pulp, which is derived from wood or non-woody material. In this study, paper was made from mixture of pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse pulp (P:S, 100:0%, 80:20%, 60:40%, 40:60%, 20:80%, and 0:100%) at varying cooking liquor or NaOH concentration (1.5% and 3%) using semi-mechanical soda pulping method. Pulp characterisation (kappa number, tensile and tearing strength) was further carried out to ensure a stable pulp and paper quality. Results showed that the highest tensile strength of 6,709 kN was obtained at pineapple leaves and sugarcane bagasse pulp composition of 100:0% and NaOH 3%, whereas the highest tearing strength (1730,13 mN) was observed at the P:S of 40:60% with similar concentration of NaOH. The lowest kappa number (6,182) was also obtained at P:S of 0:100% and 3% NaOH. The pulp characterisation values have fullfil SNI No. 6519:2016 quality standard for plastic laminated paper.

Utilization of agro-based fibre for paper making has been the subject of interest in order to expand the usage of renewable resources as well as reduced the dependence on wood pulp. As one of the major countries in palm oil production, some of the waste from the oil palm plantation like the oil palm fronds, empty fruit bunches, and its leaf is a potential source of non-wood industry which can be used as raw material in the paper industry manufacture. This study was done to examine the potential of palm leaves to be used as a raw material of non-wood resources in the papermaking industry. In this study, sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pulping and process was employed to investigate the effectiveness of lignin removal for good fibre production. The concentration of the pulping agent was fixed at 7% at treatment of 1-7 hours to investigate the best condition for defibrillation of the cellulose fibre. Based on this study, it was found that the soda pulping produces fibre that can be molded into paper sheet without any binding agent. The morphology of the fibre observed under Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) shows that, soda pulping fiber consist of individual micro fibrils that are well separated. Both tensile strength and tear index gives highest value at 1.93 kg/cm2 and 37 Nm2/kg respectively at 7 hours treatment time. his reflects that lignin removal effectively occurred in soda pulping. Tensile strength found to increases with treatment time and both tensile strength and tear index of the paper falls within the value comparable to commerical non-wood paper. The paper produced has rough surface and has the potential to be develop for craft paper.

Malaysia has high rates of accelerating faster on depleting activities compared any other tropical countries in the world. This problem also affects the economic losses of some countries that face deforestation. To overcome this, Napier grass from non-wood was chosen between new methods by xylanase enzyme treatment for pulp production. This study going through the morphological characterization, pulpability at kappa number and the characteristic for biochemical pulping process. These conclude that biochemical had a high percentage of pulp yields; with a low screening rejects; good Kappa number by TAPPI method. Thus, xylanase enzyme has a potential to be sub-treatment for Malaysia’s pulp and papermaking industry to produce a good waste-wealth product in future.

The aim of this study was to assess the possibility of using wastes from pulp and paper industry as metal corrosion inhibitors. We studied protective properties of various systems, including the primers with rust modifiers developed on the basis of sulfite spent liquors and an upper coating layer of PF-115 enamel applied to a rusty surface. Using the gravimetric method and the method of polarization curves, we found that sulfite spent liquors inhibit steel corrosion in an acidic environment. We found that the P-2 rust modifier with an addition of lye + piperidine is the most effective inhibitor of steel rusting.

The pulp and paper sector currently plays important part in the world’s economy. In this paper, we present a review of pulping technologies to convert logs or wood chips and non-woody materials into pulp for use in papermaking which consist of mechanical, chemical and semi-mechanical. It also talks about the history of papermaking and various important factors involved in producing high quality pulp and paper such as H-factor (time and temperature), alkaline charge, liquor to wood ratio, and sulphidity. This paper also discusses about challenges facing by the pulp and paper industry or processes, namely high use of energy and chemicals, as well as generation of liquid and solid wastes of large quantities. This paper will be handier for those who are new to the field of pulping research for paper production.

This paper present product design and development of waste paper plastering mortars machine. This waste paper plastering mortar is manual machine system. The main element to make mortar is cement, sand, water and waste paper. These machines have two separate tanks, which is the first tank is to produce a pulp and second tank is to mix up the entire ingredient. The objectives of this research are to design a Waste paper plastering machine, to develop a functional prototype of Waste Paper Plastering Machine and also to test the machine by compare the best method by with machine and without machine to make plastering mortar. The testing has been done between preparation and procedure how to make plastering mortar with machine and without machine. This machine can be used in every household. This can save environment and reduce pollution.

As a new protein feedstuff, paper mulberry has the characteristics abundant nutrition, high protein content and good palatability, and has great development potential. In this paper, the feeding value of mulberry, the feeding method and the application in animal feeding are reviewed, which provides reference for the wide application of mulberry in animals breeding.

Tomato is a fruit that does not last long (perishable), so it is necessary to find another alternative to increase its economic value. One of those alternatives that can be done is by making a fermented product called nata de tomato. Nata de tomato contains microbial cellulose which is formed by the bacteria Acetobacter xylinum. This microbial cellulose has some advantages over the typical cellulose found in common plants. Thus, it potentially could be further developed in the papermaking. This research was conducted to study the effects of combining microbial cellulose pulp from nata de tomato with tomato powder on paper quality, such as water content, grammage and water absorbency. In this research, the tomato filtrate was used as a growth medium for Acetobacter xylinum to produce nata de tomato. Then, nata de tomato was shredded into pulp, while its waste was dried into tomato powder and used as additional material for the pulp. This research was designed using a single factor experiment with variation in the addition of tomato powder by 0, 1, 3 and 5 % (w/w). The effects of this variation observed using variance analysis and significant test using the LSD (Least Significant Difference) method.

Paper making requires raw materials with high cellulose and hemicellulose content. The alternative materials that can be used in the paper making are sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib. The paper production method used in this study is acetosolve which involves acetic acid as an organic solvent. The objectives of this research are to figure out the acetic acid concentration in delignification process and the ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib that produce pulp with the highest yield, cellulose and kappa number. In this research, there are some variables, the first is the levels of acetic acid concentration in delignification process, which are 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, the second is the ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib, which are 20:0, 18:2, 16:4, 14:6, 12:8, 10:10. The results show that the best pulping conditions are found to be 80% acetic acid concentration with 12:8 (w/w) ratio between sugarcane bagasse and banana midrib, and also 1:20 (w/v) ratio between raw material and solution of acetic acid at two hours cooking duration. The highest yield of pulp in acetosolve process was 63.1%, and its characteristics are 84.67% of cellulose and 10.44 kappa number.

Several essential oils have been evaluated as antibacterial agent in the production of natural paper from banana peel (Musa paradisiaca Linn.), namely cinnamon, clove, lime and lemon oil. The purpose of the research was to examine the antibacterial activity of the papers with additive of those several essential oils againt Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Paper preparation was successfully carried out by alkalization method, using 4% NaOH at a temperature of 100 °C for 1 h. The essential oils as antibacterial agent were added with concentration 2.5% to the pulp (1:40). The antibacterial activities were tested using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. All of the paper produced meet the standard of ISO 6519:2016 about Basic Paper for Laminated Plastic Wrapping Paper within the parameter of pH and water content. The result of the research showed that all of the paper with essential oils additive has antibacterial activity againt S. aureus, but only paper with cinnamon oil additive that have antibacterial activity againts E. coli. The use of cinnamon oil gave the largest inhibition zone diameter both on S. aureus and E. coli. Paper with cinnamon oil additive had inhibition zone diameter 18 mm on S. aureus (strong category) and 9 mm on E. coli (medium category).

The quality assessment of activated sludge of biological treatment facilities of pulp and paper mill depending on the type of load is given. Considered three cases of the load on the activated sludge and given their characteristics in the sedimentary and hydrological indicators under conditions of variable load. Depending on the type of load, there is a satisfactory operation of activated sludge, or its swelling caused by the bacteria Zooglea ramigera or filamentous forms of microorganisms.

Issues related to the performance and processing remain a challenge when managing materials from renewable and natural resources. This study aims to show the potential of biopolymer film composite from cassava starch and carboxymethylcellulose to replace the synthetic coating and the area of studies are its barrier, mechanical and chemical properties. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis identified that only film containing CMC could act as antimicrobial agent carrier. The biopolymer film coated on the kraft paper with the presence of 30% v/v glycerol and 10% w/w CMC had the highest tensile strength, at 15 MPa. The film-coated paper also exhibited a hydrophobic surface with reduction of the contact angle from 104.95° to 96.33° for 120 seconds. Meanwhile, addition of turmeric oil into developed BF 3 showed insignificant changes in tensile strength but reduced the contact angle to less than 90°. Thus, the formulated coating materials can be used as an alternative green technology for paper coating used in food industry and can be classified as a form of active packaging.

High-permeability paper has a wide range of applications in air filtration media, packaging materials, sound insulation or insulation materials. However, there are still some limitations in the current method for preparing high-thickness and high-permeability paper. In this paper, NaOH/thiourea is used to gently treat wood pulp fibers to improve the bulk of paper. The effects of low temperature treatment time on the surface morphology and physical properties of the paper were investigated. The results showed that, with the increase of mild pretreatment time, the length of fiber decreased slowly, the content of fine fiber was less, and the fiber became swollen and bent and kinky. The effect of thiourea dosage on fiber was further investigated when the treatment time was 20 min. The results showed that when the treatment condition was NaOH of 8 wt% and thiourea of 8 wt%, the length was shorten by 14.51%, the fine fiber content was reduced by 60.62%, and the surface etching phenomenon was aggravated compared with the untreated fiber. The SEM and AFM analysis showed that the fiber surface was obviously folded and the roughness increased by 158%. At the same time, the bulk of paper increased by 39.53% and the average pore diameter of the paper increased from 28.79 μm to 49.62 μm, the air permeability increased by 105.38%. FT-IR indicated no new changes in the chemical structure after treatment. XRD indicated that the fiber crystallinity after treatment decreased by 2.17%.

Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) is a method of measuring the usage effectiveness of the equipment. This method is known as an application of a Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) program. The ability to clearly identify the source of problem and it causal factors is the main advantage of this method since the improvement effort becomes focused. Pulp and Paper Industries is one of the manufacturing companies that produce dissolving pulp products (rayon fibre). Based on data from the fibre line department, for the period of January - July 2016, the production process of rayon fibre often experienced constraints due to the high downtime and losses in the pulp machine. This is caused of using production process equipment that had not operate optimally. It is important to find out the source of the problem and its causal factors before the company makes any improvement effort. This study aims to identify equipment losses and measure the achievement of OEE values in the pulp machine. The measurement result shows that the average of the effectiveness of pulp machine for the period of January - July 2016 was 74.01% and based on Japan Institute of Plant Maintenance (JIPM) the value has not reached the standard that is > 85%, however, there is still possibility for improvement. One of the loss factors that give the most significant effect on the overall equipment effectiveness of the pulp machine is the reducing speed, where it comprises 27.6% of the loss. One way to minimize the loss is by maintaining the actual speed of operation and maintaining wear on each pulp machine roll.

Spruce is sensitive to atmospheric pollution and can serve as a bioindicator of environmental quality. Dendrochronological studies revealed no significant changes in the radial growth of spruce in the zone of influence of the Arkhangelsk PPM. Correlation coefficients between the total annual emissions of the Arkhangelsk PPM into the atmosphere and the values of the radial annual growth of individual trees during the period from 2001 to 2016 did not prove the connection between them, both when comparing these parameters in the year of the event and with the delay for the year.

In chemical pulping process, lignin is targeted to be dissolved and eliminated as much as possible in order to obtain better fiber separation. A primary study was carried out to investigate the effect of sodium hydroxide pretreatment prior to bamboo chemical pulping. The selected bamboo species was Gigantochloa scortechinii which is a well-known bamboo in Malaysia. The bamboo chips were soaked in 2 % sodium hydroxide solution for 6 hours at 60 °C. These treated chips were cooked at 14 % and 18 % of alkali active via kraft pulping process. The unbleached pulp was obtained and made into paper. The pulp and paper were tested according to pulp yield, pulp freeness, paper optical, paper physical and paper mechanical properties. The results exhibited that by using treated bamboo chips, the value of pulp yield, freeness and paper brightness increasing. Slight decrement was observed for mechanical paper properties such as tensile, tear and burst strength. Chemical pretreatment prior to pulping process was investigated to offer significant effects to the pulp and paper properties of bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii. Hence, mild kraft pulping can be carried out to produce bamboo unbleached pulps. In addition, dependency on bleaching sequences can also be declined.

Papers are one of the most used materials in food packaging industries. Additives need to be added in order to improve and prolong sensory properties of food. This is to maintain the food quality level before reaching to the end users. A preliminary study has been conducted to produce antimicrobial paper by blending the pulps of Citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) with oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). The papermaking was done according to TAPPI Standard Method. Morphological observation using Scanning Electron Microscope was carried out for all samples while physical, optical and mechanical paper properties were also determined. A simple antimicrobial test was also done by using 3 types of fungus namely as Aspergillus brasiliensis ATCC 16404, Gram positive Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella choleraesuis (subtype enterica). The morphological observation showed the difference between EFB paper and paper made of blended pulps. Citronella was found to affect the physical, optical and mechanical paper properties as expected. To be specific, the paper opacity was improved while the mechanical properties especially tensile and tear indices were dropped tremendously. However, the presence of Citronella in the paper sheet seems to have good potential as an antimicrobial agent as shown by the antimicrobial test

Theincreasing of demand of pulp and paper products, will following with the growing the pulp and paper industryand generate significant mill waste. The total waste reached 1/3 of the amount raw materials used and ash boiler is the waste with the largest percentage of 52%. For that it takes effort to manage the existing waste. The boiler ash contained the chemical elements, it can be utilized such as fertilizer, because it also contains transition metals in form of heavy metal such as Cadmium (Cd), Cobalt (Co), Chrome (Cr), Cupprum (Cu), Ferrum (Fe), Nickel (Ni), and Zinc (Zn), the use of boiler ash must follow the threshold specified by the Government. Several studies have been undertaken to reduce and extract heavy metals from ash and sand of the boiler by using carbon dioxide as its ligand. Eelectrochemical method was used to remove and recovery of heavy metals from the incenerator. This study focused on removal of heavy metals using Lauryl Amine as collector and three solvents namely Dichloromethane, Ethanol and n-Hexane. The treatmentswas able to extract the heavy metal and generally reduce the heavy metal content of ash boiler pulp and paper mill waste. The combination treatment used toreduce the heavy metal content of 5 gram Lauryl Amine collector in Dichloromethane solvent for 4 hours process time.

The large quantities of waste sludge produced by the pulp and paper industry present significant environmental challenges. In order to minimize the amounts of waste, the pulp sludge should be utilized for productive applications. In order to find feasible solutions, the sludge need to be characterized. In this study, the potential of using acid pretreatment and ashing method to determine the chemical compositions of the sludge is investigated. This study shows that acid pretreatment could be used to dissolve and determine the composition of CaCO3 in the pulp sludge. CaCO3 removal also facilitates the measurement of fiber and ash (clay) contents by using the ashing method. The optimum acid concentration used to completely dissolve CaCO3 was determined using a titration method. Using this method, the measurement of the chemical composition of the sludge sample revealed that it consisted primarily of CaCO3 (55% w/w), clay (25%, w/w), and fibers (18%, w/w). Based on these chemical compositions, potential utilization for the sludge could be determined.

This paper introduces a new type of moisturizing paper, which makes the material have a stronger moisturizing effect than ordinary transfer paper through the water-based double-layer coating process. At the same time, the paper has a stronger degradation capacity than plastic film paper, more in line with environmental protection requirements. Through the paper printing machine adaptability verification, the paper has easier processing and stronger printing performance. The development and application of this moistening material is a major innovation in the field of moistening packaging materials research.

Good combination of pulping variables is required to obtain the quality pulp and paper characteristics. Thus, in this preliminary work, naturally dried durian rind were pulped under Soda-Anthraquinone (Soda-AQ) pulping process with 18% to 22% alkali charge, 0% to 0.1% Anthraquinone (AQ) charge, 90 minutes to 150 minutes of cooking time and 150°C to 170°C to investigate the effect of pulping variables on the characteristics of the pulp and paper. Pulping condition with 0% of AQ charge was also conducted for comparison. Results indicated that the best screen yield percentage, reject yield percentage, freeness, drainage time, tear index, number of folds and optical properties were shown by the pulp produced with combination of the highest active alkali (22%), AQ charge (0.1%), cooking time (150 minutes) and cooking temperature (170°C) except apparent density, tensile index and burst index. This preliminary result shows that the optimum quality of durian rind pulp as a potential papermaking raw material pulp could be produced by selecting the good combination of pulping variables which influences the pulp and paper characteristics.

In this review paper we have done a detailed study on the different types of material that we can use for the manufacturing of alloy wheels in order to meet the need of the market. During this project we studied the fatigue analysis of aluminium, magnesium, and titanium alloy wheels on the basis of their deformation under load, maximum shear stress of materials, and equivalent stress of the materials. Also we studied the different methods of production of alloy wheels.

This project aimed to recycle pineapple (Ananas comosus) leaf agro-waste and wastepaper into new paper using simple processing routes that involve pulping, mixing, sieving, compaction and drying. Subsequently, physical and mechanical properties, as well as the morphology of the pineapple leaf fiber (PALF)-based paper were investigated accordingly. Two different samples were prepared whereby the first sample is pineapple leaf fiber mixed with wastepaper, and another sample is pure pineapple leaf fiber paper. The samples were tested for tensile properties by using the universal testing machine, morphological analysis using scanning electron microscopy, and density measurement using a densitometer. It was found that the sample consist of pineapple leaf and wastepaper shows a higher tensile strength than the sample containing only PALF. Moreover, the density of paper with pineapple leaf fiber and wastepaper mix was higher than the paper with only pineapple leaf fiber. In the future, further modification of body formulation is necessary to further improve the properties of the pineapple leaf fiber-based paper.

Manufacture of Ordinary Portland cement needs large amount of earth resources and also releases enormous amount of green house gases during its production which adversely affect the environment. Therefore an alternative to cement usage in construction can make a huge impact on reducing environmental pollution. Paper making industries generally produces large amount of solid wastes. To reduce disposal and pollution problems emanating from these industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. Therefore in order to resolve the disadvantages of both these sides, an attempt is made to use these paper industrial wastes known as hypo sludge as replacement of cement for a concrete. Hence it avoids environmental pollution due to usage of cement and also solves the problem of mass disposal of these wastes. This hypo sludge behaves like cement because of its silica, lime and magnesium components. These components improve the setting of the concrete and also provide necessary strength for the concrete. Keeping this in view, investigations were done to produce low cost concrete by blending various ratios of cement with sludge. The project deals with experimental investigations on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement of cement by 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% hypo sludge and finding out the strength of blended materials. The percentage of cost saved due to replacement is also found out. This project definitely has a major impact on environmental production reduction.

All of 404 top papers for Agricultural Engineering were analyzed from 2009 to 2019, which included 396 highly cited papers and 13 hot papers. All papers were written in English, from 56 countries/territories. The 7 core journals were Bioresource Technology, Industrial Crops and Products, Biomass Bioenergy, Transactions of the ASABE, Biosystems Engineering, Aquacultural Engineering, International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Top 3 countries and regions were Peoples R China, USA, India. The research were separated 6 clusters.

Wastewater treatment using various existing technologies, including advanced oxidation processes, adsorption, and membrane separation for various pollutants removal from industrial and municipal wastewater streams, is an essential aspect of reaching environmental sustainability to keep human well-being and healthy economic growth. However, some challenging elements along with the wastewater treatment process affect pollutant removal efficiency and other resources. This condition will lead to various uncertainty in the wastewater treatment system related to the fluctuations in the quality of treated water and wastewater, operation costs, and environmental risk. Artificial intelligence can then be such a reliable solution to predict and minimize those complications and optimize the process and parameters implemented in the wastewater treatment system.

The Joint 19th IHPC (International Heat Pipe Conference) and the 13th IHPS (International Heat Pipe Symposium) was held at the University of Pisa, June 10th-14th, 2018. The joint conference focuses on topics related to heat pipes, thermosyphons and other two-phase thermal devices. The conference is the most important and attended scientific and networking event in the field of two-phase heat transfer devices worldwide. The 1st International Heat Pipe Symposium was held at Tokyo, Japan, in 1985, and it has been held in staggered years from the IHPC until 2016, when the first joint event has been organized in Jeju Island, South Korea. The conference held at Pisa, has been the second joint event of this important conference and welcomed a large number of scientists and technologists from all over the world.

The publication is an important stage in a study. However, the publication stage in an accredited journal must go through a peer-reviewed process and sometimes requires a fee. The preprint server is a media archive for the distribution and distribution of articles that are available free of charge, enabling rapid distribution and use. Currently, there are many preprint servers available which are also recognized by peer-reviewed journals such as Arvix, Academia, Researchgate, OSF and in Indonesia itself there are INA-Rxiv servers. This article aims to explain the use of the preprint server as a publication media for scientific work among academics. The research method used is survey research on all academics in Indonesia. The results of the study showed that 42% of academics did not recognize the preprint server, 58% did not understand the function of the preprint server as a media publication that was fast, extensive, minimal in cost, accessible to the whole world and had DOI. They think the articles that have been published in the preprint can no longer be proposed to be published to an accredited journal. Ignorance causes its user to be very minimal, with only 24% of all academics filling out the questionnaire. The majority prefer to look directly for accredited journals without considering the time and cost required until the article is published.

The pulp and paper industry has polluted a large amount of water, and it has the traits of high concentration and wide coverage, which can be said to be one of the most serious polluting sectors in China. With the rapid development of the paper industry, the treatment of its wastewater has also attracted the attention of many departments. The treatment of industrial wastes from the paper industry has always been concerned by researchers, and it has many treatment methods which has its own advantages and disadvantages. This paper discusses different common methods and combination techniques and their application in treatment of industrial wastes from the paper industry.

Traditional paper-making technology is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. The paper is make by hand and it is found in many areas of Guangdong. Guangdong hand-made paper is mostly used as gods paper, which has special requirements for quality. In order to study Guangdong paper-making technology furtherly, and provide scientific reference for its development, we combed around the factors of materials, tools and processes through experiments, summarized and checked the historical data, then analyzed thirteen processes, such as chopping bamboo, crushing bamboo, beating pulp, papermaking, loosing paper, drying paper and so on. These processes contain rich creative wisdom and are valuable historical heritage. Guangdong hand-made paper technology coexists harmoniously with local environment, and has handed over part of the process to machinery, but its industry scale is small and its economic benefits are not high. It will face the situation of no successor and technical fault. We need to develop Guangdong hand-made paper from the perspective of culture and tourism.

Rice Straw is one of the most important materials that has been used for pulp and paper production due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. However, the pulping and papermaking characteristics of the mixture of rice straw and used paper have rarely been investigated. In this experiment, delignified rice straw was mixed with used paper in order to make recycle papers with acceptable properties. Soda pulping process was carried out to remove out of lignin. The delignification was designed to measure the effects in terms of sodium hydroxide concentration and temperature, on the cellulose and lignin content of rice straw, and its tensile strength and water absorption. The mass ratio of used paper and rice straw was varied and its physical properties was observed and compared to paper from natural rice straw. The delignification was conducted using NaOH concentrations (4-10% w/w) and temperatures (60-90°C) for 1 hour. The ratio of rice straw to used paper was varied (1:1-1:9). An optimum condition was obtained from rice straw delignification at NaOH concentration of 8% and temperature of 90°C. The results of the optimum condition obtained the highest amount of cellulose content and tensile strength while having the lowest amount of lignin content and water absorption.

The investigation was aimed to increase the energy efficiency of ventilation systems for the pulp and paper industry with an excess of heat in the technological process. The economic and thermal effect is achieved through the use of heat recovery systems based on the principle of phase transition and heat pipe. The study concluded that it will also help to solve environmental problems of piper industry.

A group of Arupians formed a collaboration with Hong Kong-based NGO in contributing to the less privileged East Asia community at Pula Village, Philippines. There is an urgent need for a safe space during the severe typhoons throughout the year. The village currently do not have access to clean water and proper sanitation facilities. The Hub of Hope is birthed in response to those needs. Apart from meeting the basic physiological needs by providing a shelter, safe drinking water and proper sanitation facilities to improve hyenine and cleanliness, the Hub is the village’s central space for social happenings. Hosting activities such as weddings, schooling and medical treatment. It is an incubator promoting health, well-being and self-actualisation, contributing to SDG Goal 3 and 6. Humancentric approach to research and design was taken to best suit the local culture, ways of life and demographic. With site survey on geological and existing housing conditions; interviews with villagers; analysis and research on local construction methodology and locally sourced building materials. The Hub adopt a modular design using local materials and maximising the use of local skills and traditional crafts. Passive designs were adopted, using CFD analysis to maximise natural ventilation performance, shading and fenestration to optimise solar heat gain and daylighting performance. Off-grid renewable energy system is also integrated into the Hub for resilience purposes. As the design can be easily replicated by the villagers, the Hub opens the opportunity for villagers to use the same method in building for themselves resilient homes against adverse weather of the region. Creating a self-sustainable solution for the community in line with SDG Goal 11. Eventually, the Hub can serve solely as a community centre. This Hub of Hope is a catalyse, opening opportunities to improve the quality of life and inspiring hope for the community.

Utilization of ginger pulp waste from herbal medicine and instant drinks industry in Indonesia currently used for fertilizer and fuel, whereas the ginger pulp still contains high oleoresin. Active paper packaging were developed incorporated with ginger pulp oleoresin (0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% w/w). Physical (thickness, tensile strength, and folding endurance, moisture content), sensory characteristics and antimicrobial activity of the active paper were evaluated. Selected active paper then were chemically characterized (functional groups). The additional of ginger pulp oleoresin levels are reduced tensile strength, folding endurance and sensory characteristic (color, texture and overall) and increased antimicrobial activity. Due to physical, sensory characteristic and antimicrobial activity, active paper with 2% ginger pulp oleoresin incorporation was selected. Characteristics of selected paper were 9.93% of water content; 0.81 mm of thickness; 0.54 N / mm of tensile strength; 0.30 of folding endurance; 8.43 mm inhibits the growth of Pseudomonas fluorescence and 27.86 mm inhibits the growth of Aspergillus niger (antimicrobial activity) and neutral preference response for sensory properties. For chemical characteristic, selected paper had OH functional group of ginger in 3422.83 cm-1 of wave number and indicated contain red ginger active compounds.

Sulfonated carbon-based catalysts derived from rubber tree leaves, and pulp and paper mill waste were synthesized and characterized. Three types of catalyst synthesized were sulfonated rubber tree leaves (S-RTL), pyrolysed sludge char (P-SC) and sulfonated sludge char (S-SC). Sulfonated rubber tree leaves (S-RTL) and sulfonated sludge char (S-SC) were prepared through pyrolysis followed by functionalization via sulfonation process whereas, P- SC was only pyrolyzed without sulfonation. The characterization results indicated sulfonic acids, hydroxyl, and carboxyl moieties were detected in S-RTL and S-SC, but no sulfonic acid was detected in P-SC. Total acidity test showed S-RTL had the highest value followed by S-SC and P-SC. The thermal stability of S-RTL and S-SC were up to 230oC as the loss was associated with the decomposition of sulfonic acid group, whereas, P-SC showed higher stability than the S-RTL and S-SC. Morphology analysis showed that S-RTL consisted of an amorphous carbon structure, and a crystalline structure for P-SC and S-SC. Furthermore, traces of metal components were also detected on all of the catalysts. The catalyst catalytic activity was tested through esterification of oleic acid with methanol. The results showed that the reaction using S-RTL catalyst produced the highest conversion (99.9%) followed by P-SC (88.4%) and lastly S-SC (82.7%). The synthesized catalysts showed high potential to be used in biodiesel production.

The preparation and properties of paper coating based bilayer of starch and shellac composites has been investigated in the present report. The bilayer coating were prepared by coating the surface of the paper using starch as first layer then shellac was coated on the surface of the starch layer. Composition of the bilayer composites of starch/shellac was 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50; 60:40; 70:30; 80:20; % w/w. The Payne Cup Analysis showed that the water vapour barrier properties of starch/shellac increased with the increased of shellac concentration, and very significant improvement was achieved when shellac concentration was above 50 wt%. The grease resistance of the sample was better than that of conventional paper coating. The Diffuse Reflectance UV showed that the transparency of the samples did not change by the presence of the bilayer composites. XRD indicatedd that the stability of shellac was improved by the presence of starch.

In the present study, the water vapour and grease resistance properties of paper coating based starch – bentonite clay has been investigated. The clay concentration was 0%, 10%, 15%, 23%, 30%, 40% dan 50% w/w. The composites were prepared by solution casting and coated on the surface of the paper, and analysed using Payne cup method (water vapour transmitter rate-WVTR), grease resistance test and X-Ray diffraction (XRD). The WVTR results showed that the addition of clay improved water vapour barrier properties and the most optimal improvement was obtained at clay concentration in the range of 10 - 23 wt %. However, the opposite trend was observed for grease resistance properties which showed that the grease resistance decreased with increasing clay concentration. XRD results showed that starch entered clay gallery and formed intercalated bilayer structure both at clay concentration of 10 and 23 wt % wt. The clay/starch composite (23 wt%) was more ordered and higher amount of starch chains entered gallery than than those of clay/starch (10 wt%) supporting better water barrier properties at high clay concentration.

Building material in a building occupies more than 90% physically. In accordance with the provisions and regulations in many countries construction of buildings requires certification as 'green' as green building regulations. One of the ways to obey the rule is through the use of ecological building materials. Waste paper wall panels - tapioca "Perva" can be one of the viable alternative. Waste paper when strived as raw material exists in the realm of 'recycle' ecological. Paper and tapioca are organic materials containing organic elemental cellulose 'non toxic' building material. Procurement of paper waste raw materials can be done by collecting used paper. The formation of 2 (two) basic materials into new materials can be produced by simple technology easily done by people or 'self-help' technology. The weakness due to the use of materials with high levels of vulnerability requires the collaboration of additional raw materials to complement each other and form a favorable positive force. Composity with other ingredients can be done by excluding the ecological value if it is not found, natural ingredients with the desired criteria provided minimal and with a low non-ecological percentage value. Research of wall building materials Paper Waste - Tapioca has been done since the embodiment determines the aggregate composition, forms the demensi of certain materials, and makes the walls in a conventional way. Testing was conducted on several aspects related to the feasibility of building wall materials. Research continued on increasing the value of the shape as a composite panel. Experimental laboratory tested in architectural aspect, material feasibility aspect, its application in building and also feasibility aspects of wall construction. The research performed aggregate percentage test, the way of printing, the feasibility of wall construction to the adhesive aspect of coating material or surface protector and adhesive media. Arrangement as a wall with a certain extent used the system of persuasion at a certain dimension. The lateral load testing of wall construction resulted in effectiveness of the area of paper wall - tapioca.

After analysis of calorimetric tests results of the cement mixtures with PSw prepared at different temperatures and SEM, XRD, physical-mechanical properties results of cement stone hardened for 7 and 28 days, it is determined that PSw can be utilized/used for the preparation of cement mixtures by adding up to 5%. Depending on the environmental working conditions, the preparation of PSw can be selected. To slow down cement hydration processes, it is useful to use only dried PSw, which slows down the hydration of the cement due to the high content of cellulose contained in PSw. To accelerate cement hydration, it is expedient to use PSw which is burned at 700°C. Dried PSw performs an extended induction hydration period and significantly delays the second heat release time. After the addition of 5% dried PSw, the phase III effect time compared to the control sample is 1.8 h, and after 10% addition, it is extended to 4.4 h. After the addition of 5% burnt PSw, the phase III effect time compared to the control sample is hastened to 1.9 h, after inserting 10% – to 2.4 h. The use of PSw saves the environment, reduces the amount of cement in the mixture and improves the properties of cement materials. Using 5% PSw burned at 700°C instead of cement increases the compressive strength of the specimens, and the density as well as ultrasound pulse velocity values are slightly changed compared to the control sample. It is determined that burnt PSw significantly changes mineral composition and structure. It is found that the microstructure of samples without PSw and samples with dried 5% PSw is similar, crystals formed are visible. With a higher (10%) amount of dried PSw, the microstructure of the cement stone differs significantly from the control samples. Larger voids with plenty of etringite are also visible, as well as higher levels of calcite. The microstructure of specimens with burnt PSw is significantly denser. XRD studies show that with a higher amount of PSw burned at 75°C, the main peak intensities of crystallohydrates ettringite and portlandite are lower, while the peak intensities of calcite are higher compared to samples without PSw. By increasing the amount of dried PSw in mixtures and reducing the amount of cement, the peak intensities corresponding to CSH and CASH are lower compared to those of the control samples. Using burnt PSw also reduces the peak intensities of ettringite, portlandite, CSH and belite, but significantly increases peak intensities of calcite and CASH.