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This paper attempts to characterize some of the knowledge that people have of their language's semantic structure, in order to determine what a computer has to know to perform the operations of searching for facts and answering questions. Necessarily, this sort of semantic analysis is done in connection with syntactic structure. The meaningful elements of English are divided into sets of words and sets of sentences. Their general properties are examined as well as the general relations between elements. The paper concludes with a discussion of the controversy between generative semanticists and interpretivists over syntactic and semantic structure. The work of logicians on artificial language is cited as being helpful in explanations of syntactic and semantic structure in natural languages. (AM)

Four speeches are presented, each of which deals with the use of conputers to organize and retrieve news stories. The first speech relates in detail the step-by-step process devised by the "Free Press" in Detroit to analyze, categorize, code, film, process, and retrieve news stories through the use of the electronic film retrieval system, Miracode, designed by Eastman Kodak. The second speech discusses the idea of a regional newspaper library which would employ the paper tape used to produce a newspaper to index by computer that day's news stories and to provide a computer-produced microfilm for mounting in member papers' retrieval devices. The third speech discusses the Automated News Clipping, Indexing and Retrieval System (ANCIRS) which uses a minicomputer to control a very high speed microfiche retrieval terminal so that any piece of morgue copy is available to the viewer in approximately four seconds on the Image Systems terminal. The fourth speech concerns the development of a new, automated computer-assisted system, ACCESS, now in use by the "Chicago Daily News" and "Chicago Sun-Times" Editorial Library. (KKC)

This paper states that there are two fundamental reasons for the comparative absence of computer use for parks and recreation at the present time. These are (1) lack of clear cut cost justification and (2) reluctance on the part of recreation professionals to accept their role as managers and, consequently, to utilize modern management tools. The paper attempts to describe the most effective use of the computer and telecommunication technologies for the leisure service provider. It seeks to make the part and recreation professional recognize that the ultimate effective use of the technology will be in the hands of those professionals who combine a basic understanding of their own profession with that of the technology itself. The paper contains a primer on computers for the recreation/park professional. A section on the primary applications of computer technology to recreation and parks is followed by examples of specific application to these areas. More detailed examples are appended. (Author/DDO)

This report describes a set of procedures for analyzing communication networks in large organizations. The procedures include the identification and evaluation of various kinds of networks, assessment of the organizational hierarchy, appraisal of various departments within the organization, and evaluation of individual communication behavior. The report begins by describing and illustrating the essential concepts of network analysis, thereby providing a vocabulary for talking about the process. In the second chapter several comparative techniques are described for evaluating the network, including overlaying the actual network on the organizational chart and comparing different networks. Several important network metrics, called communication structure variables, are identified, and their relationships to important aspects of organizational processes are suggested in the third chapter. Finally, information is provided to enable a reader to gain access to and utilize existing software for conducting a large-scale network analysis by computer. (Author/RB)

The paper descibes a compact and highly efficient disk file management system responsible for the management and allocation of space on moving head disk drives in a medium-scale time-sharing system. The disk file management system is a major component of the Experimental Time-Sharing System (ETSS) developed at the Learning Research and Development Center. ETSS has been successfully operating for nearly two years and is a multilanguage general-purpose time-sharing system based on Digital Equipment Coporation's PDP-15. (Author)

New technical specialties are emerging within the computer industry at a rate threatening the ability of educational institutions to train those who would understand and apply them. The industry's ability to undertake more ambitious projects and to thereby solve more complex problems is limited by an inadequate force of skilled manpower. Thus, it finds itself in the following position: (1) there exists a distressingly large number of poorly qualified people at all levels; (2) those who are now competent are becoming less so every day as technological developments continue; (3) long-term career prospects for data processing people in most user organizations are not sufficiently promising to attract the talented; (4) universities are turning out far too few computer-oriented problem-solvers; and (5) the industry is having a difficult time achieving professional maturity. The solution of these problems will require considerable effort. (Author/WCM)

The first of information science is in something of a jumble, because there is no universally accepted definition of the field, much less an agreement on what the core information is or what curriculum should be followed. Information science teachers must decide what kind of graduate they are trying to turn out in order to be competitive with business and computer science graduates. The job market for information science graduates is potentially larger than the current one composed of libraries and information marketing companies. In order to be competitive in this larger job market, information science curriculum should be strengthened so that library science graduates know information technology and how to use it on an equal basis with computer and business graduates. An attempt should be made to attract more business and science students into the field of information science. (KKC)

This report treats some of the technical difficulties encountered in lexicological studies that were undertaken in order to establish a basic vocabulary. Its purpose is to show that the computer can overcome some of these difficulties, and specifically that computer programming can serve to establish a vocabulary common to scientific and technical languages. The discussion of the advantages of computer programming centers on the following topics: (1) availability, including a description of the compilation and correction of data, indexing, and programming; and (2) general vocabulary that is scientifically oriented, including a description of the process of choosing and identifying words, and the choice and structure of dictionaries. (AMH)

This discussion of the use of computer programming in syntactic analysis covers three major points: (1) a review of basic notions in automatic grammars; (2) a description of the grammar used in a pilot project which analysed the linguistic content of methods of teaching foreign languages; and (3) proposals on the application of the same techniques to the study of scientific vocabulary. In the first section, automatic, or generative grammar, is defined as one formulated in such a way as to be applied mechanically in the construction of sentences. In this context the discussion deals with the process of analysis of existing sentences, structural description, formulation of rules, structural ambiguity, and the process for applying rules. The second section dealing with methodology covers the development of a system of analysis of texts with the help of a computer. Things to be considered in this context are lexical ambiguity, identification of rules, levels of syntactic analysis, formulation of rules, and paraphrasing of word groups, locutions, clauses, and sentences. The third section discusses techniques used in analysis of methods as these relate to the study of scientific language, with particular emphasis on the question of words and context. (AMH)

A study was made of the aims governments have with respect to computers and what methods they have at their disposal for achieving these aims. The Canadian experience provided an example. In general, throughout the world, governmental objectives with regard to computers come under three headings: (1) to use computers effectively in governmental operations, (2) to promote an indigenous computer industry, and (3) to direct and regulate computer growth. The methods available for promoting these objectives involve passing legislation and allocating money. In Canada, a redefinition of the powers and a desire to establish a distinctive "Canadian" approach has resulted in a conscious and intense study of information processing and related technologies. However, although it is not difficult to agree on general principles and goals, it is enormously difficult to translate these principles into programs which further national goals. In Canada, the federal government has adopted a decentralized approach of computer services, while at the provincial level, the trend is toward centralization. The general position in Canada is that computer services and software industries are to remain largely unregulated; the problem of whether to participate in a computer network remains unresolved. (WCM)

This publication includes the proceedings of the June 5-8, 1974 curriculum development workshop of the Cooperative Academic Planning (CAP) program. Emphasis is placed on curriculum change and improvement. Topics discussed include indicators for academic planning; competency-based education; research centers as a mechanism for strengthening academic programs; college reading and the content areas; innovative computer services for colleges; and the problems, prospects, and promises for black colleges offering multicultural education. Abstracts of documents by 20 of the 25 CAP participating colleges and universities are included. (MJM)

Geosystems are computerized techniques for matching information to places. They correlate demographic and socioeconomic information with locations on the surface of the earth. Using geosystems the college administrator can: (1) improve his overall planning, (2) define college service areas, (3) assist in site selection for new programs and facilities, and (4) develop grant proposals. A geosystem contains a geographic base file and a file containing the information to be mapped. In addition, a program for merging the two files is needed. When the computer is fed the base map, the pertinent information file, and the program, the desired map is automatically produced. Computers may eventually assist in the process of student counseling, i.e., students would receive periodic mailings of suggested changes in program, vocation, occupation, or even career. Such a counseling service could be extended to nonstudents as well as students, and the college would thus become a clearinghouse for community-wide job placement, provide essential vocational training and retraining, and guide citizens through the complex lattice of job opportunities. (DB)

A case study approach is used to document the on-line information system developed by the Office of Management Information and Computing at the University of Vermont. Stanford University's Project INFO On-Line Administration Information System, OASIS, was chosen as a model. The administrative system is one of two on campus, the other designed for academic use. Appendixes provide organization charts of the university and the Office of Management Information and Computing, a schematic diagram of the computer system, the current systems being used, the file structure, and examples of the use of the computer inquiry service, QUERY. (WH)

The introduction and diffusion of automatic computing facilities during the 1960's is reviewed; it is described as a time when research strategies in a broad variety of disciplines changed to take advantage of the newfound power provided by the computer. Several types of typical problems encountered by researchers who adopted the new technologies, together with the solutions adopted by the researchers, are described. It is shown how the local computing facility expanded to the centralized facility as a result of these problems; new types of needs and uses for computers continue to favor evolution and change. One result was the growth of large-scale computer networks. An alternative to established forms of networks--hierarchical computing systems--is suggested as providing better answers to more kinds of needs. The Minicomputer Interfacing Support System (MISS), developed at the University of Chicago, is briefly described as a prototype system allowing minicomputers to be used in a hierarchical system which would provide more powerful capabilities when they are needed. Finally, it is suggested that traditional attitudes of researchers toward computation facilities should be reevaluated, as new possibilities are being developed and made available. (WDR)

The computer center of the University of Iowa is the topic of this informal panel presentation. The present structure of the facility is described in terms of batch and remote terminal services. The job scheduling method used is shown to provide acceptable turn-around times, but usage is unexpectedly low, in spite of the low cost to student users. Plans for a large number of remote terminals are reviewed, and the allocation of terminals to departments within the university is described. Finally, a line drawing showing the interconnections between the main processor, the small minicomputers, and the remote terminals is provided. (WDR)

Students in two biostatistics courses at the Cornell Medical College and in a course in applications of computer science given in Cornell's School of Industrial Engineering were given access to an interactive package of computer programs enabling them to perform statistical analysis without the burden of hand computation. After a general discussion of the possible educational impact of the package, a brief report is given of its use in the above mentioned courses at Cornell. (Author)

The AAMP (administrative abilities matched to problems) system is simply one or more school administrator(s) designated by the school system's computer information system as having those abilities, preferences, and characteristics required to solve a particular system problem. An AAMP is formed on the basis of information provided concerning the characteristics of the problem in relation to the stored model of the school system and the stored information about each administrator. Once an AAMP is formed, the objective is to design a solution to the problem and to relate the solution to the existing school system. During the process of designing a solution, AAMP has available an information model of the school system as well as problem-related information from a variety of sources stored in or retrievable by the computer system. (Author)

The economic crisis of the mid-1970's is a symptom of a major social transition caused by the shift of the major industrial societies to postindustrial societies. The postindustrial society is one in which the dominant labor activity is information processing rather than industrial production. This shift has great significance for the resolution of social problems of society, particularly in the economic sector. The information based society is a more efficient user of energy and resources; furthermore the information industry itself is not an intensive user of energy and resources. This shift also requires the re-examination of key areas of economic policy problems such as productivity, natural resource constraints, information, international interdependence, and social issues (such as the distribution of information technology, privacy, property rights in information, and the use of leisure time). Computer telecommunication technology will impact a variety of applications areas of concern to governments: education, funds transfer, trade, consumer information, public administration, teleconferencing, and health services. In turn the structural change will require consideration of questions in relationship to research and policy analysis, economic infrastructure, research and development, network intercommunication, and right to access. (JY/SK)

The ninth annual EDUCOM conference developed its theme along four major lines: computing for research; computing for instruction; management information systems; and the allocation of computing resources. Papers in this volume address primarily the organizational and political considerations (Parts II, III, IV, and V), and technological/economic issues (Part VI) relevant to the utilization of computing and networking in higher education. (WCM)