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Recycled Paper Hub is a business unit mainly focus in processing recycled paper sorted from local collector who also act as supplier such as waste paper collected from traditional market, ex-packaging collected from home industry and household waste, etc. Recycled Paper Hub primary goal is to participate in the sustainable business by contributing to the economy of the surrounding community along with a commitment to maintaining a green environment. In order to achieve this goals, Recycled Paper Hub conduct business development strategy which include financial planning and projection. This study uses quantitative research methotds. Data collection technique used literature studies, interviews, and observations. Strategic planning was carried out until the long-term stage, according to the business strategy and lean business canvas model. Human capital planning was carried out with the stages of goals and objectives, corporate culture and values, organizational structure, human capital planning, and human capital cost projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors used time-series data from 1975 to 2020 on combustible renewables and waste production and recycling. References 1 Ben Yahya T., Jamal N.M., Sundarakani B., Omain S.Z. The Effects of Data Security and Perceived Benefits on Mobile Phone Recycling Behaviour and the Recycling Intention Mediation Role. This Special Issue aimed to collect high-quality papers (original research articles or comprehensive review papers) published during 2022 on the subject of waste recycling. Waste Management Analyses Efficient waste management systems are crucial in order to match the high recycling goals set by European Union by 2030. [Extracted from the article]

Pulp and paper companies are characterized by high‐energy consumption and high‐emission in production, placing a heavy burden on the environment. Exploring ways to improve their environmental performance is urgently needed. External coercive pressure from environmental law and internal proactive environmental strategy both enable companies to perform better, but little is known about the difference between them. To close this knowledge gap, our analysis is conducted on a case company in pulp and paper industry to compare the differential impacts of the New Environmental Protection Law of China and the proactive environmental strategy on its environmental performance. In addition, accurately evaluating the environmental performance of pulp and paper companies is essential while research on this topic is scant. Therefore, a novel environmental performance evaluation system for pulp and paper companies (EPESPP) is constructed, including not only internal but also external evaluation indexes based on news reports of various media measured by SNOWNLP sentiment analysis. According to the system, the environmental performance of the case company from 2010 to 2018 is evaluated by the entropy‐weight‐based catastrophe progression method (EWCPM). The results of our case study show that the implementation of a proactive environmental strategy is more conducive to comprehensively improving corporate environmental performance. In other words, the driving effect of the New Environmental Protection Law is not as strong as that of the proactive environmental strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Anbar University Journal of Economic & Administration Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article shows how companies can circumvent competition legislation by developing new informal ways of cooperation. We focus on the case of the Nordic pulp and paper industry which was particularly eager to set up cartels. Scholars analysing this sector can utilise exceptionally rich sources that reveal how industrialists reacted to the introduction and development of European competition policies. The article shows that companies defended their collusive practices by making them less transparent and more informal than before, a change that did not automatically lessen their effectiveness. Tougher competition policies also encouraged industrialists to create new giant companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review research paper delves into the pivotal domain of Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM), exploring the strategies employed by businesses to adopt and implement eco-friendly practices. As the global community grapples with the pressing challenges of climate change and environmental degradation, organizations are increasingly recognizing the imperative to integrate sustainability into their supply chain operations. The paper begins by providing a comprehensive overview of the conceptual framework underpinning GSCM, emphasizing its role in fostering environmental stewardship and corporate responsibility. Subsequently, it delves into a meticulous analysis of diverse strategies that enterprises employ to imbue their supply chains with environmentally conscious practices. These strategies encompass procurement of sustainable materials, eco-design, waste reduction, energy efficiency, and the adoption of green technologies. Furthermore, the review elucidates the multifaceted benefits accruing from the adoption of GSCM, ranging from cost savings and enhanced brand reputation to regulatory compliance and risk mitigation. The paper also navigates through the challenges faced by businesses in implementing green strategies, including initial investment costs, stakeholder alignment, and supply chain complexities. The synthesis of findings from various empirical studies and industry reports facilitates the identification of emerging trends and best practices in GSCM. Additionally, the paper offers insights into the role of technology, government policies, and collaboration among supply chain partners in advancing eco-friendly initiatives. This review paper contributes to the burgeoning discourse on sustainable business practices by providing a nuanced understanding of GSCM strategies. It serves as a valuable resource for academics, practitioners, and policymakers seeking to foster eco-friendly supply chain practices in the pursuit of a more sustainable and resilient global economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about the wholesale wallpaper trade in the United States. The author presents a brief overview of the history of the U.S. wallpaper trade and census records of the industry's earning in 1849. Statistical information related to earnings and growth in the wallpaper industry are presented. A discussion is presented about the differences between wallpaper wholesaling and the distribution of other commodities, specifically the difference in marketing strategies used by buyers and distributors of wallpaper. Various trade organizations related to the wallpaper industry are mentioned.

This document provides a summary of various research papers covering a wide range of topics. The papers explore subjects such as the properties of glass fiber reinforced polyamide 6, new materials for nuclear reactor fuel cladding, natural fiber composites for noise control, regenerative anti-lock braking systems for electric vehicles, vehicle sensing and localization technologies for autonomous driving, UAV communications, linear profile involute gears, digital marketing capabilities in Indonesian firms, factors influencing confidence in STEM practices among preservice teachers, tangible user interfaces for physical therapy in children, intelligent interfaces for personalized recommendations in tourism websites, paper-based glucose sensors for non-invasive glucose monitoring, top-priority industries in Russian regions, scalable processes for producing analytical grade sodium chloride, functionalization of cotton fabric using silver nanoparticles, catalytic cracking of palm fatty acid distillate for biofuel production, and kinetic models for enzymatic biodiesel production. These papers provide valuable insights into various scientific and technological advancements in their respective fields. [Extracted from the article]

The current applications of Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP), an aging consulting process, and its recognition as a meaningful strategic planning tool has led to a renaissance in its popularity and a resurgence in academic and practitioner literature. The goals of S&OP, balancing product production to sales forecasts, are pragmatic and logical. We chose to research the state of S&OP implementation within the US paper industry. We worked with representatives of the National Paper Trade Alliance to identify firms willing to participate in our S&OP study. We developed a structured interview guide that included questions related to the interviewee's experience, the firm's experience with strategic planning, and the state of their S&OP process. We utilized Grimson and Pyke's (2007) S&OP maturity model as the foundation for S&OP interview questions. We worked with six firms and one industry expert. We believe that our participating firms are not unique and that regardless of the S&OP sophistication level, improvement of the process will ultimately lead to greater profits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We believe the switch to a digital pathology (DP) workflow is imminent and it is essential to understand the economic implications of conversion. Many aspects of the adoption of DP will be disruptive and have a direct financial impact, both in short term costs, such as investment in equipment and personnel, and long term revenue potential, such as improved productivity and novel tests. The focus of this whitepaper is to educate pathologists, laboratorians and other stakeholders about the business and monetary considerations of converting to a digital pathology workflow. The components of a DP business plan will be thoroughly summarized, and guidance will be provided on how to build a case for adoption and implementation as well as a roadmap for transitioning from an analog to a digital pathology workflow in various laboratory settings. It is important to clarify that this publication is not intended to list prices although some financials will be mentioned as examples. The authors encourage readers who are evaluating conversion to a DP workflow to use this paper as a foundational guide for conducting a thorough and complete assessment while incorporating in current market pricing. Contributors to this paper analyzed peer-reviewed literature and data collected from various institutions, some of which are mentioned. Digital pathology will change the way we practice through facilitating patient access to expert pathology services and enabling image analysis tools and assays to aid in diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification and therapeutic selection. Together, they will result in the delivery of valuable information from which to make better decisions and improve the health of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to increase innovativeness of design process in pulp and paper industry is obvious. One of the methods is a systematic reuse of design experience accumulated in engineering companies. This article introduces a new method, case-based reasoning, which allows the designer to store, reuse and learn from the past experience. The various aspects of case-based reasoning application to design process in the pulp and paper industry projects are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study of competitive business strategies, hypercompetition has emerged as the result of business innovation, scarce competition, and industries' wars. The study of hypercompetition has attracted significant interest from both economists and managers however, few scholars have studied this topic from a project management approach. The aim of this study is to present an overview of how firms immersed in hypercompetition can adopt a Wartime Project Management approach to gain a competitive advantage. The paper will outline the various principles of Wartime Project Management dynamic. Finally, the paper aims to facilitate a broader understanding of this particular managerial approach that can advance the knowledge on hypercompetition-related projects and give suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the challenges that businesses face in today's uncertain and dynamic organizational environment. It emphasizes the importance of incorporating entrepreneurship into corporate strategies to increase adaptability and create value. The article covers various sources of value creation, such as pricing strategies, innovation, unique selling propositions, market coalitions, and sensing and seizing opportunities. It also discusses the role of business ecosystems and stakeholders in fostering entrepreneurship, the importance of managerial attitudes and characteristics, and the relationship between entrepreneurship and firm performance. The article provides insights from specific papers in the issue, including topics such as modifying entrepreneurial strategies during crises, rural entrepreneurship, unethical attitudes and entrepreneurial intentions, and the relationship between entrepreneurial agility and organizational performance in the IT sector. Overall, the article aims to contribute to the understanding of entrepreneurial and managerial success in vibrant environments. [Extracted from the article]

While business model research often reflects an assumption of unlimited flexibility in how firms can expand or renew their business, a company's freedom to innovate its business model can be restricted. Novikova (2020) investigates the business model transformation of a service provider on a sharing economy platform using a dynamic business model perspective. In particular, the paper shows how firms embedded in highly integrated supply chains can experience business model lock-in due to industry path dependency, thus showing that all companies do not have the same degree of freedom in terms of innovating their business model. [Extracted from the article]

This study aimed to analyze the association of environmental regulation with the adoption of both proactive and reactive eco-innovation strategies in the Brazilian pulp, paper, and paper product industry. Methodology was based on a quantitative approach, using a cross-sectional survey by means of a self-administered online questionnaire answered by 117 sector companies of all sizes and Brazilian regions. Data analysis consisted of inferential statistics with logistic regression analysis. The main results show that the organizations participating in this study consider environmental regulation as conducive of proactive, more than reactive, eco-innovation strategies, as opposed to previous literature. This result fits into the evolutionary perspective, which postulates that companies see environmental regulation as less a cost and more an opportunity, directing them to improve productivity and competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What does it take for a small company from a small country to survive in a global market? That's the guestion Renova needed to answer, and sometimes answers are found in unusual places—like the bathroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a detailed exploration of the Afrocentric epistemological perspective of sociocultural constructs that drive the influence of informal structures on corporate strategy and employees. The research focuses on the African context, which has a dearth of studies despite ample research exploring informal structures in Western and Asian socio-ecological contexts. To achieve this, the study employed a systematic literature review through the aid of NVivo 14 and ChatGPT, a language generation model. NVivo 14 provided the study with a tool to manage and analyze the data, and ChatGPT offered a dialogical string that created a clear path for critical analysis. The paper adopted a systematic literature review approach to investigate the origin of the concept of informal structures and their impact on corporate strategy in an Afrocentric context. The findings indicate that informal structures can have a positive influence by facilitating the flow of information, flexibility, and fulfilling social needs and shared values. However, the negative influence of informal structures, including resistance to corporate strategy, social fragmentation, conflict, and political discord, outweighs the positive influence. The study also reveals that there is limited research on the social-ecological context of Africa and its impact on corporate strategy. The paper addresses a contextual gap in the body of knowledge through its contribution that focuses specifically on the Afrocentric context. The research also sheds light on the need for more studies on the social-ecological context of Africa to gain a better understanding of its impact on corporate strategy. Overall, the paper provides a comprehensive and detailed exploration of the Afrocentric perspective of informal structures and their impact on corporate strategy and employees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an analysis and evaluation of a cross-section of current research in the policy area. The data used as representative of current policy research are the 51 papers submitted for possible presentation at the 1979 Business Policy and Planning Division Meeting in Atlanta, and the evaluations of these papers by blind reviewers. The areas covered by the papers are compared to the recommendations found in Schendel and Hofer (1979). The research methodologies used are also enumerated. The quality of the papers, as perceived by the blind reviewers, is presented by category--conceptual, empirical, and teaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework emerged as a guidepost for the transition to sustainable development. To achieve this transition, companies are encouraged to integrate these goals into their business strategies, processes and corporate reporting cycle. The purpose of this paper is to review and critique the corporate SDGs reporting literature, develop insights into the state of this research field and identify a future research agenda. Design/methodology/approach: Using a structured literature review (SLR) methodology, the paper reviews 65 empirical papers published in this field to identify how the current research is developing, offers a critique and identifies future research avenues to advance this field. Findings: Corporate SDGs reporting is developing as a research area of great importance. The findings reveal that current SDGs reporting literature lacks theorisation, overly focusses on publicly listed companies and succinctly describes organisations' engagement with the SDGs as superficial. Surprisingly, regions such as North America, the UK and other emerging economies have received less attention from scholars. Further, only a few authors have specialised in this field, and there currently exists low levels of international collaborations among authors as well as practitioners. Research limitations/implications: The paper provides a novel contribution to the emerging field of corporate SDGs reporting. The key theoretical implications from this study's SLR include the need for more interventionist research. Although there is an increasing number of accounting scholars developing research within this field, the prevailing research is concentrated on corporate SDGs engagement, drivers of SDGs reporting and scope of SDGs reporting. Furthermore, the scientific discourse remains largely under-theorised with positivist framings primarily focussed on the "what" questions. Thus, a modification to the current approaches and research methods is necessary to advance this field further. Practical implications: The study provides practitioners with valuable insights into the current state of corporate reporting on the SDGs. To achieve more substantive engagement and reporting, a deeper understanding of the factors that influence corporate behaviour and disclosure practices is necessary. In particular, the study identifies new opportunities for practitioners to enhance the value relevance of corporate SDGs reporting. Originality/value: The paper offers a comprehensive structured review of the empirical papers published on corporate SDGs reporting. It contributes to deepening this nascent research field by identifying five distinct areas where accounting and business scholars may focus to advance the field further and contribute to achieving the SDGs agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projective mapping has recently attracted a lot of attention and the main sensory data acquisition software packages have developed interfaces to collect projective mapping data. However, the comparison between paper- and computer-based projective mapping has never been reported. The objectives of this research were to (1) compare the consensus maps and panelists' performances for paper- and computer-based projective mapping and (2) analyze the panelists' strategies while performing either tasks. In the first part of the study, 32 panelists were asked to perform both paper- and computer-based projective mapping on eight beer samples. In a second part of the study, 10 panelists were asked to repeat the tasks while 'thinking aloud' their strategy. There was no significant difference in panelists' performance as assessed by the people performance index between the paper and computer tasks. The consensus maps obtained were similar with respect to sample groupings, RV coefficients and variation explained by the first two dimensions. Individual panelists adopted similar strategies on paper and computer, but strategies differed greatly between panelists. Practical Applications The results reported here will help panel leaders in making informed decisions with respect to support choice when designing projective mapping tests. Additionally, an insight into the diversity of panelists' mapping strategies is provided which may inform further research and discussion into the most appropriate instructions given to panelists and/or type of panel used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the importance of integrated transport and logistics systems for sustainable global trade. It highlights recent disruptions to global supply chains caused by events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and trade wars, which have led to the need for supply chain reconfiguration and increased resilience. The article also emphasizes the role of decarbonization and digitalization in shaping the functions and roles of international transportation and logistics. It presents three research papers that explore various challenges and opportunities in transport and logistics integration, including inland terminal location selection, international logistics policies, and the optimization of air-rail freight transportation. The article concludes by suggesting future research directions, including the incorporation of decarbonization indicators and the use of IoT and big data for real-time modeling of greenhouse gas emissions. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyze the relationship between corporate and supply chain strategy, as well as its implementation in a multinational paper producing company. Traditionally paper producing companies have had a strong interest in developing a physical infrastructure for their customer deliveries. However, supply chain thinking is still an unstructured issue in the case company. Design/methodology/approach - This research work is mainly based on the, case company's strategy material and interviews with senior management, is mainly qualitative and is based on a constructive research approach aimed at trying to find a workable and forward looking solution based on the three strategies. Findings - The core findings concern the individual business division strategies, which jointly comprise the corporate strategy. Some of the business divisions do have a certain amount of supply chain management aims in their strategies. Furthermore, there is no real corporate supply chain strategy. Research limitations/implications - The research was conducted at a company with strong presence in Northern Europe, which limits its applicability. Thus, the research results mainly reflect a Northern European business environment and cannot be generalized on a global level. Practical implications - The conclusions of the research work include a recommendation for a new management model for the corporate supply chain strategy, which is based on cooperation between the business divisions and logistics organization. Originality/value - The value of this paper is based on the practical analysis of the case company's business divisions' strategies and interactivity between the logistics organization and the implementation of its strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

U.S. paper companies employed both cooperative and aggressive strategies to introduce changes in work practices in their mills during the 1980s. What is responsible for this dichotomy remains to be explained. Analysis of bargaining at International Paper Company during the 1980s reveaIs that significant changes in product markets, product mix, the technology of production, bargaining structures, and labor markets at both the firm and mill level, as well as the union's own evolving strategy, were important to the company's shift from an accommodative to a more aggressive strategy by the late 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to address in-depth the state of the art of current literature relating to digital supply chain management. A set of 100 papers deduced from the most relevant scientific databases from 2005 to 2020 has been analyzed and synthesised. The analysis and evaluation of these papers have enabled identifying the difference between traditional and digital supply chains, the emerging technologies' impact on supply chain performance, and the current state of digital supply chain management using the SWOT matrix. Besides, it provides a holonic roadmap framework for future study. This work's originality lies in the holonic architecture considering the digital supply chain's hierarchy multiscale and multilevel (business strategies). This holonic architecture supports supply chain performance under the industry 4.0 ecosystem by considering strategic, tactical, and operational strategies. Therefore, the developed framework helps to enable the necessary transition towards the achievement of digital supply chain performance based on the holonic architecture. The proposed study is beneficial for both practitioners and academics as it describes the critical aspects of the supply chain transformation and represents a solid background that outlines the necessity of incorporating a strategical viewpoint for digital supply chains adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper illustrates how Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), focuses on culture and talent engineering to nurture business sustainability, innovation and growth. The authors of this paper worked directly with TMC directors, business leaders, executives, organizational architects and talent operators to determine the main components and characteristics of their talent strategy. The authors have also explored how key elements of traditional Japanese business practices were considered when developing the corporate strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Common institutional ownership is a phenomenon that has extended throughout the capital markets in recent years and has a significant impact on business strategy decisions. The study intends to investigate the effect of common institutional ownership on corporate over-financialization and potential functioning mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach: Using panel data from Chinese-listed companies over the period of 2003–2021, the authors conduct regression models which controlled year-, industry- and regional fixed effects to explore the impact of common institutional ownership on corporate over-financialization. Findings: This study concludes that corporate over-financialization may be prevented via common institutional ownership. The mechanism test suggests that common institutional ownership inhibits corporate over-financialization by improving internal control quality and enhancing financial flexibility. Besides, heterogeneity analysis shows that the inhibiting effect of common institutional ownership on corporate over-financialization is more pronounced in stability-oriented institutional investors and high financing constraints firms. Originality/value: This paper makes a valuable contribution to the current studies on effective strategies to prevent enterprises from becoming overly financialized by recognizing common institutional ownership. Furthermore, this paper adds to the research on common institutional ownership's economic consequences. Finally, this study provides management implications for how to optimize corporate governance structures, curb the financialization of entities in practice and promote the development of the real economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This is a response to "Taming wicked problems", a paper recently published in CPOIB in which modern slavery is framed as a wicked problem. The purpose of this study is to convey the author's appraisal of its contribution to policymaking regarding modern slavery in global supply chains. Design/methodology/approach: The author engages in a discursive review of "Taming wicked problems", taking inspiration from its perceived strengths and weaknesses to expand on the problem of modern slavery as a challenge to international business (IB) researchers. Findings: "Taming wicked problems" is welcomed as a provocative contribution to modern slavery research in IB, although it is perceived to give too little critical attention to the problem of modern slavery itself. Research limitations/implications: This is, by design, a subjective assessment of the treatment of modern slavery and policy from the perspective of an IB researcher who has previously studied the phenomenon without a wicked problem framing. Practical implications: Modern slavery is a serious problem for IB scholars, as they have failed to extrapolate it from their analysis of international business strategy. This paper is intended to advance the disciplinary defence of vulnerable workers exploited to the ultimate benefit of MNEs. Social implications: IB must engage critically with international business strategies that heighten the risk of human rights violations. The persistence of modern slavery disadvantages all persons in employment. Originality/value: This paper seeks to better define the offense implicit in modern slavery so to inform critical IB research into its causes and deterrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between Multi-National Enterprises' (MNEs) accounting practices, corporate governance and business strategy, including internationalisation strategy and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) His research explores issues related to auditor independence, the audit market, fair value accounting, determinants of executive compensation and regulation of executive pay, foreign IPOs and intangibles. Gilad co-edited Routledge Companion to Fair Value and Financial Accounting, 2 SP nd sp Edition, 2018 and co-authored "Applying IFRS Standards", 4 SP th sp Edition, Wiley (2016). [Extracted from the article]

In other words, a firm's business model is mainly determined by its innovation capability and to develop a value network. However, in recent years, more and more entrepreneurial companies from emerging markets, particularly those from the Asia Pacific region have displayed novel, heterogeneous paths and forms of value creation in creating business models. Effects of organizational innovation and technological innovation capabilities on firm performance: evidence from firms in China's Pearl River Delta, Asia Pacific Business Review. doi: 10.1080/13602381.2019.1592339. [Extracted from the article]

Reports on the plan of Nippon Paper Industries Co. to invest in a fluidized bed boiler at its Ishinomaki paper mill in Japan.

Six Sigma has proven to be one of the most emerging business strategies in the 21st Century for accelerating innovation and continuous improvement activities in both manufacturing and service environments for achieving both operational and business excellence. Although we have witnessed various quality management initiatives in organisations, none of them placed an unprecedented importance on the integration of tools and techniques into a systematic and organised problem solving framework. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how Six Sigma is different from the previous quality management and improvement initiatives. The paper also addresses the future directions of Six Sigma and the role of academic community for enhancement of existing Six Sigma methodology and for the development of theory underpinning the principles of Six Sigma. The author firmly believes that Six Sigma will continue to grow and evolve to match the needs of the modern business in the 21st Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports that from the late 1970's onward, the global telecommunication industry has gone through several waves of regulatory and technological changes. Today, the very definition of telecommunication has changed. First, the traffic is no longer confined to voice and limited data services, but has become a fundamental pillar of the digital transformation that is affecting all aspects of our contemporary life.

Focuses on the importance of continuous upgrading of paper machines as a business strategy of companies in the paper industry. Paper machines ordered by Metso Paper; Cost benefit brought about by upgrading paper machines; Impact of upgraded paper machines on production.

Over the years, there has been an explosion in the mainstream scholarship of various academic disciplines on the issue of the appropriate corporate objective, which has been framed by a debate between the shareholder wealth maximisation and stakeholder-orientated theories. Behind the two paradigms is a complex set of controversies on which there exists wide disagreement. What is certain is that the prevailing theories have obvious normative and/or practical limitations and neither is to be extolled as an affirmative theory, for different reasons. The purpose of this paper is to cut through the consequent knot of partial and inaccurate dialectic in order to develop a positive normative principle of the corporate objective. This will be referred to as the Equitable Maximisation and Viability principle. The objective of the corporation as a separate legal entity should be to: (i) respect, protect, and fulfil the demonstrable, legitimate interests and expectations of the constituent groups that contribute to the corporation; and (ii) to facilitate the corporation's viability so that its future is guaranteed with sufficiently high probability. This theory is justifiable on the basis of the values of equality and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When participants in introductory business courses encounter the term "operations strategy," it is not easy for them to appreciate what operations strategy is about, or how it fits with overall business strategy. This game breaks down highfalutin jargon into experiences that participants can readily relate to. While working in teams to make paper boats, and competing with other teams, participants realize that they have intuitively engaged in the formulation and implementation of their team's operations strategy. They begin to appreciate the interplay between the customer's requirements, their own team's strengths, the "competitive priorities" that their team must emphasize, and the tradeoffs inherent in making these decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The down-scaling is still the most important and effective way for achieving the high-performance logic CMOS operation with low power, regardless of its concern for the technological difficulties, and thus, the past shrinking trend of the gate-length has been very aggressive. In this paper, logic CMOS technology roadmap for ‘22nm and beyond’ is described with ITRS (International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor) as a reference. In the ITRS 2008 Update published just recently, there has been some significant change in the trend of the gate length. The future gate-length shrinking trend predicted in the past several versions of the ITRS has been too aggressive even for the most advanced semiconductor companies to catch up, and thus, the predicted trend has been amended to be less aggressive from the ITRS 2008 Update, resulting in the delay in the gate-length shrinkage for 3years in the short term and 5years in the long term from those predicted in ITRS 2007. Corresponding to this, the pace of the introduction of new technologies becomes slower. For the long term, the limit of the downsizing is a big concern. The limit is expected to be at the gate length of around 5nm because of the too huge off-leakage current in the entire chip. Until that we will have probably six more generations or ‘technology nodes’, considering that we are now in the so-called 45nm generation. It would take probably 20–30years until we reach the final limit, because the duration between the generations will become longer when approaching the limit. In order to suppress the off-leakage current, double gate (DG) or fin-FET type MOSFETs are the most promising. Then, it is a natural extension for DG FETs to evolve to Si-nanowire MOSFETs as the ultimate structure of transistors for CMOS circuit applications. Si-nanowire FETs are more attractive than the conventional DG FETs because of higher on-current conduction due to their quantum nature and also because of their adoptability for high-density integration including that of 3D. Then, what will come next after reaching the final limit of the downsizing? The answer is new algorithm. In the latter half of this century, the application of algorithm used for the natural bio system such as the brains of insects and even human will make the integrated circuits operation tremendously high efficiency. Much higher performance with ultimately low power consumption will be realized. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

From a theoretical perspective, a number of concepts, approaches and/or paradigms have been related to CE, such as cradle-to-cradle, sustainability, industrial ecology, blue economy, circular business models, closed loop value chain, green supply chain and closed loop supply chain to name a few. The paper by Batista et al. (2019) 'Circular supply chains in emerging economies - a comparative study of packaging recovery ecosystems in China and Brazil' proposes a circular supply chain framework to derive insights from specific packaging recovery supply chain ecosystems. In terms of scope circular supply chains extend the boundaries of closed-loop supply chains by taking into account post-production stewardship to include forward feeding flows (open loops) into alternative supply chains. We realise that the preferred approach to implementing circular economy principles on production systems is supply chain management-based models, in particular, closed-loop supply chain management. [Extracted from the article]