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The current study revolves around development of paper from dhaincha fiber (Sesbania aculeata). Dhaincha is a basically cultivated for improvisation of soil quality. Due to deforestation worldwide, various sources of raw materials are used in paper industries. Indian pulp and paper industry is the world's major paper industry. In this study extraction of dhaincha fiber was done followed by retting, combing, chemical analysis and by making of pulp with dhaincha fiber. The dhaincha pulp was then used for making a paper from dhaincha fiber. The thickness of the dhaincha paper was then tested with paper thickness tester. By doing further processing dhaincha paper can be used commercially by paper industry.

This paper evaluates the environmental impacts of different alternatives for handling of sludge from paper and pulp mills in Sweden, using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The common practice of incineration of biosludge with energy recovery followed by landfilling of ash (System A) was compared with the alternative of digesting sludge anaerobically to produce biogas using different digestate residue management options. The digestate produced from anaerobic digestion (AD) was assumed to be incinerated for heat energy recovery in System B or pyrolyzed for biochar production in System C to be mixed with forest soils. The impact categories considered in this work are climate change, non-renewable energy use, mineral extraction, aquatic ecotoxicity, carcinogens and non-carcinogens. The LCA results demonstrate that the two proposed systems significantly reduce the environmental impacts of biosludge management relative to incineration. An 85% reduction in the aquatic ecotoxicity impact is achieved in System C, due to the reduced mobility of heavy metals in biochar relative to ash. System C, on the whole, outperformed the other two, leading the authors to the recommendation that the use of pulp and paper mill biosludge in biogas-biochar production systems is preferable to merely recovering energy from it.

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has a wide range of applications due to its advantageous properties, including renewability, biodegradability, high mechanical strength, dimensional stability, thermal stability, and high resistance to water. Consequently, much research is focused on its development and improvement. CNF is obtained most widely from both softwood and hardwood, but it can be also be sourced from non-wood based materials and micro organisms. However, improved living standard and economic growth combine to raise the price of wood annually, coinciding with increased production of wood products such as paper, tissue, wrapper, etc. Thus the use of non-wood based materials as an alternative to wood pulp is increasing in a variety of industries all over the world. In this study, we analyzed CNF manufactured from paper mulberry bast fiber in order to confirm its applicability to various industries. After pre-treatment of the paper mulberry bast pulp, a wet disk-mill and high pressure homogenizer (HPH) were employed sequently to manufacture CNF, which was then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the degree of polymerization (DP), tensile strength and elongation were measured. We conclude that it is feasible to manufacture high quality CNF from paper mulberry bast fiber.

Sweden is one of the largest exporters of pulp and paper products in the world. It follows that huge quantities of sludge rich in carbonaceous organic material and containing heavy metals are generated. This paper carried out a comparative environmental analysis of three different technologies, which can be adopted to produce biochar and recover energy from the biosludge, using landfilling as the reference case. These three thermochemical biosludge management systems—using incineration, pyrolysis, and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC)—were modeled using life cycle assessment (LCA). Heat generated in the incineration process (System A) was considered to be for captive consumption within the kraft pulp mills. It was assumed that the biochars—pyrochar and hydrochar—produced from pyrolysis (System B) and HTC (System C), respectively, were added to the forest soils. The LCA results show that all the alternative systems considerably improve the environmental performance of biosludge management, relative to landfilling. For all systems, there are net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions (–0.89, –1.43, and –1.13 tonnes CO 2 -equivalent per tonne dry matter biosludge in Systems A, B, and C, respectively). System B resulted in the lowest potential eutrophication and terrestrial ecotoxicity impacts, whereas System C had the least acidification potential. The results of this analysis show that, from an environmental point of view, biochar soil amendment as an alternative method for handling pulp and paper mill biosludge is preferable to energy recovery. However, an optimal biochar system needs to factor in the social and economic contexts as well.

Tracing paper was used since the 12th century. The deterioration of tracing paper occurs as a result of external factors (inappropriate environmental conditions), or internal factors (such as manufacture process). The manufacturing process plays a significant role in the deterioration process since the preparation of tracing paper includes impregnating with oils or resins, heavy beating of the pulp, and treating the paper with chemicals such as sulfuric acid, and zinc chloride. The consolidation process is vital in the conservation of tracing paper to increase its strength and resistance against improper surrounding environmental conditions. Starch in its traditional form had been used as an adhesive for tracing paper since the last century. This paper aims to evaluate the use of starch in its traditional form and nanoscale form in improving the properties of 4 types of tracing paper. Mechanical properties, change of color, pH value, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and investigation of the surface morphology by scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used for the evaluation process. Thermal aging at 100 oC was used for the aging of treated and untreated tracing paper. The results revealed that the starch nanoparticles dissolved in water were the best consolidant for impregnated tracing paper. Starch nanoparticles with carboxymethyl cellulose dissolved in water were the best consolidant for the two types of genuine vegetable parchment paper. Starch nanoparticles dissolved in acetone with carboxymethyl cellulose were the best consolidant for modern tracing paper.

Waste-to-energy or value-added products have been increasingly considered in many pulp and paper mills (PPMs) worldwide. However, developing appropriate conversion technologies is a major challenge in transforming PPMs wastes into biofuels or value-added biomaterials. In the present study, a long-term (320 d) anaerobic digestion of primary sludge of a thermomechanical pulp mill (TMP) was carried out for the first time in a thermophilic anaerobic membrane bioreactor (ThAnMBR). Effect of organic loading rate (OLR) in the range of 2.5–6.8 kg-COD/m3 d and hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 3–8 d on the process performance was investigated. Under various OLRs, stable biogas productions were obtained, and the best results were achieved with lower OLR (2.5 kg-COD/m3 d) and higher HRT (8 d), at biogas yields of 189 L biogas/kg MLSS fed. However, it was found that biogas production and sludge biomass degradation decrease when the organic loading rate increases. The proportion of sludge reduction ranged from 28.9 to 46.7% depending on the applied OLRs. Despite varying OLRs, stable membrane performance was obtained, where the required membrane flux was easily maintained during the reactor operation. In this study, also the properties of digestate and membrane permeates were studied under different operating conditions, and they fluctuated to some extent with OLR. ThAnMBR is a promising new technology for pulp and paper mill primary sludge treatment.

The pulp and paper industry consumes a huge amount of water and releases more polluted and colored wastewater every year. Many conventional techniques are used in the treatment of paper industry wastewater. However, for color removal from paper mill effluent, there is no proven method so far, on an industrial scale. Due to high energy input and high cost, there is an urgent need to find out a new technique that must be sustainable, economical, and environment friendly. Various methods have been investigated on bench scale and pilot scale also but no proven method for color removal on an industrial scale. The paper provides an overview of the color removal techniques from different sources of pulp and paper mill wastewater discharged by various industries. The review described various components involved in various processes for color removal from paper mill waste water. The present works focus on processes like chemical, chemical/physical, biological, physicochemical, and electrochemical applied in color removal from paper mill wastewater. The present review gives key information on the effectiveness, use, betterment, and limitations of numerous methods of treatment targeted at color removal from paper mill wastewater using various techniques still under evolution.

The scalable fabrication of flexible membranes for efficient oil/water separation is in high demand but still significantly underdeveloped. Here, we present a flexible membrane using Ti3C2Tx (MXene) as the functional layer on conventional print paper as the substrate. With a simple coating process using MXene ink, we developed a highly hydrophilic and oleophobic membrane with an underwater oil contact angle of 137°. Such a simple membrane shows outstanding flexibility and robustness, and demonstrates a facile approach for membrane scale-up using MXene ink on low-cost print paper. The membrane shows high separation efficiency for oil/water emulsions, of over 99%, and a high water permeation flux of over 450 L per m2 per h per bar. We demonstrate the excellent anti-fouling property of this membrane by cleaning the membranes without chemicals. These low-cost, highly efficient, anti-fouling membranes can provide new opportunities for industrial oil/water separation applications. Other information Published in: RSC Advances License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0 See article on publisher's website: http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02129a

Two biopolymers, chitosan and oxidized starch, were used as wet-end additives to improve the strength properties of the paper because of their biodegradable and non-hazardous qualities. The present study reports the improvement in surface and strength properties of packaging-grade paper made with rice straw pulp using biopolymers, chitosan, oxidized starch, and surface sizing added at the wet end of the paper machine. Use of chitosan at all doses from 0.5 to 10 kg/ton enhanced important surface and strength properties of paper. The breaking length, tear index, burst index, ring crush strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption index, and Taber stiffness of the paper with 10 kg/ton of chitosan as a wet-end additive showed 22%, 14%, 20%, 59%, 16%, 44%, and 48% improvement, respectively, in comparison to control, (i.e, without its addition). The Cobb60 was also reduced by 45%, showing better resistance to water in comparison to rice straw paper alone. The effects of chitosan added at the wet end on the paper surface were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The use of 10 kg/ton of chitosan at the wet end reduced the color and total suspended solids in the back water of the papermaking system by 55% and 51%, respectively. Further enhancement in the surface and strength properties of paper was observed following surface sizing with oxidized starch.

The hypothesis of this paper is that writers with similar academic backgrounds express personal attitudes in English and in Spanish differently in research papers. Thus, the main objectives are, first, to study the differences in the use of attitude devices in Spanish and English academic discourse; second, to compare the results in the different sections of articles; and finally to study the positive or negative semantic implications of the lexical items by carrying out a sentiment analysis. To this end, fifteen Spanish industrial engineering papers were compared with fifteen English industrial engineering papers. The results showed that there are in fact differences in the way academic writers communicate attitude, but the sentiment analysis revealed that neutral lexical items were the most commonly used in engineering research papers. Even though engineering researchers share the knowledge of the specialist content and the academic style of expressing their thoughts, personal attitudes were expressed in different ways in Spanish and in English.

Bekiroglu/0000-0002-9883-0250; Elmas, Gulnur Mertoglu/0000-0002-4481-3850 WOS:000478803800031 Toilet paper is widely used in residences. The low biodegradability of toilet paper's pulp fibers can cause residence sewer lines to clog, which may be due to some additives or the presence of nonwoven fiber products. In this study, the disintegration rate of toilet paper was compared against various physical factors of the toilet paper sheet. The samples were disintegrated in water at varying pH levels. In the manufacturing of toilet paper, there must be a balance between the desired softness and the necessary wet strength. Twelve commonly used brands of toilet paper were purchased locally. Physical factors of toilet paper samples such as degree of polymerization, thickness, grammage, and softness were determined. The samples were evaluated based on 9 variables using correlation and multivariate linear regression analyses. A strong positive relationship was found between the degree of disintegration of toilet tissue paper and its physical factors. These were the degree of polymerization, the grammage, thickness, and the softness. Additionally, the amount of polymers applied to toilet paper decreased the degree of softness and adversely affected the redispersion of fibers. Thus, this work supports the idea that toilet paper can contribute to clogging of residential sewerage lines.

Today, the use of biodegradable packaging materials is very noteworthy. They are one of the most used materials in the packaging industries. These materials require proper barrier and mechanical strength properties. Cellulose nanofibril (CNF) can improve the mechanical strength and air resistance of paper, but it is not able to improve its water barrier property. In this study, modification of the water barrier property of CNF-reinforced papers was evaluated using the esterification process. Handsheets were made by adding CNF to the pulp fibers. After drying, the handsheets were esterified using the liquid-phase acetylation process without any catalyst for different reaction times (0.5, 1, and 3 h). Infrared spectroscopy confirmed a successful chemical modification. The mechanical properties and air resistance of the paper sheet were significantly increased by adding CNF to the pulp. The esterification led to a decrease in the water absorption of the unmixed and mixed papers of about 24.5 and 48%, respectively. Therefore, the addition of CNF to the pulp and surface esterification of the mixed paper caused simultaneous improvement in the barrier and mechanical strength properties of paper.

Huge quantity of paper mill wastes are dumped at the outskirt of factory as unwanted materials. Vermicomposting is an eco-friendly technique for beneficial conversion of different biodegradable/organic wastes into useful organic manure utilizing earthworms. Solid wastes generated in paper mills contain appreciable quantity of organic matter. Attempt was made for bio-conversion of Emami paper mill wastes with different numbers of Eisenia fetida (5–30 earthworms/2 kg substrate) for studying its influence on vermi-conversing time and quality of prepared vermicompost. Vermicomposting was carried out in trays following heap method and quality of final product was determined following both chemical analysis and bioassay on wheat seedlings. Application of more earthworms up to 20 numbers per 2 kg substrate made bio-conversion quicker but further addition of earthworm, however, delayed the process as some earthworms came out of beds and died probably due to competition for food among earthworms inside beds. Ten earthworms per kg paper mill wastes–saw dust–cow dung mixture (1:0.5:0.5 weight wise) was found as optimum earthworm population for preparing quality vermicompost having more major and secondary plant nutrients. Bioassay of this manure on wheat seedlings also confirmed the analytical findings. It is confirmed that earthworm population in vermibed played vital role in faster decomposition of paper mill wastes and releasing of more nutrients, which ultimately helped in better growth of wheat seedlings. Successful demonstration of vermicomposting technique will encourage local farmers for beneficial utilization of paper mill wastes in their agriculture.

The aims of this study were to perform the anaerobic digestion of recycled pulp and paper sludge (RPPS) at laboratory scale, using a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) digester, to determine the methane yield of this type of waste, and to control the physico-chemical parameters to maintain its stability during the experiment. Recycled pulp and paper sludge has an important organic matter with a COD/BOD5 ratio of 1.94, which is easily degradable. The result of anaerobic digestion experiment has given a methane yield coefficient of 159 N mL CH4/g VS, while biodegradability was found around 77% (in VS). The results obtained from the kinetic models studied in this work, mainly the modified Gompertz, first-order, Richards, and Logistic kinetic models show that the difference between the predicted and measured methanogenic potentials was higher in the modified Gompertz kinetic model (0.25–12.94%) than in the Logistic model (0.18–2.69%). The Logistic model showed the best fit for the substrates used. The Logistic, the modified Gompertz, Richards models fitted adequately to cumulative methane production (R2 was 0.9744; 0.9597 and 0.9655, respectively). Specifically, the Logistic model predicted the methane production volume like the experimental within loads added of 2.5 g VS/L.

This paper studies the impact of refining heterogeneity on paper property development and pressability. Three trials were performed in different refining equipment. The results showed that the strength development was due mostly to the water retention value (WRV) and the fiber straightness. Curly fibers require more energy to reach a given strength property. A heterogeneous refining, which in this case was performed by mixing less refined and highly refined pulps in different proportions, increased the energy requirement to reach a given tensile index or tensile stiffness index. The pressability of the pulps was not affected by the refining heterogeneity. At a given WRV, the pulp had the same solids content after dynamic pressing independent of the degree of heterogeneity.

The use of clay filler materials in dispersion coatings is a well-established method to provide improved barrier properties to the coated paper substrate, in particular lowering the water vapour transmission rate (WVTR) through the coating. In this paper we demonstrate the use of small spherical silica particles (∼100–220 nm) as an additive to a clay-latex coating formulation is able to provide further improvements to the barrier properties, when compared to the equivalent silica-free coatings. A significant decrease in both the water vapour transmission rate and the direct water uptake of water ( Cobb 120 {\text{Cobb}_{120}} wettability test) is observed for coatings containing as little as 1 % silica additive.

Owing to the increasing amount of industrial wastewater and ocean pollution, separation of water and oil from their mixtures and emulsions has been an active area in water treatment industry and in academic research. Using cellulose filter paper as the substrate, a porous superoleophobic membrane (OP) was easily prepared by immersing the paper in an acetonitrile solution of toluene diisocyanate and that of N-(2,4-diaminophenyl) maleimide, alternatively and repeatedly, coating the paper with maleimide-containing polyurea (PU). PU coated paper was then functionalized by 2-[(tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)amino]-1-ethanesulfonic acid through aza-Michael addition. The formation of PU coating and the subsequent functionalization were confirmed by FTIR, NMR and XPS analyses. The produced OP paper was shown to be superoleophobic and had excellent performance for oil–water separation from their mixtures and emulsions. This study provides therefore a novel protocol for preparation of superoleophobic materials, featuring easy operation, low cost, and in particular, versatile applicability to different natural and synthetic materials.

The recycling of waste paper has been an effective way to achieve the environmental-friendly growth of papermaking industry. Focusing on the mixed-pulping process which has been generally employed, to ensure the required properties of the deinking pulp (DIP) and minimize the purchase cost of waste paper, an intelligent model scheduling the mixing ratio of waste paper was developed in the study. Primarily, driven by the field data of mixing ratio of waste paper and DIP properties, the prediction models of DIP properties were developed by SVM, GA-SVM, and BP-NN algorithms. Subsequently, based on the best prediction model, the scheduling model for the mixing ratio of waste paper was set up by NSGAII algorithm. The experimental results showed that, based on the obtained best BP-NN prediction model of DIP properties, the developed NSGAII scheduling model for the ratio of waste paper could achieve excellent scheduling results under the rigorous constraints and multi-objective. Compared with the previous study, the developed prediction and scheduling models in this study reduced the purchase cost of waste paper by 2.16%, and improved the acceptable proportion of DIP property from 56.07% to 100%.

Rice husk is an organic waste found in Indonesia as a raw material for paper products. The society has not yet realized that the material could also be a medium of Arabic calligraphy. This research-based community service action aims to introduce the benefits of rice husk as a raw material for making paper. To practice the production of paper from rice husk as the basis for making Arabic calligraphy art, so it is needed to make a business community of paper production from rice husk based on Arabic calligraphy. By using the Asset-Based Community Development method, the community mentoring process is carried out by helping the business community of rice husk paper based on Arabic calligraphy during the production to the marketing process. To control the quality of the art of Arabic calligraphy, the EL-KA Lampung calligraphy community was involved. The result shows that the Arabic calligraphy created by the assisted community has high artistic value with different textures from rice husk paper, then it was created a rice husk paper business community based on Arabic calligraphy.

Carbonization of biomasses is an effective and important approach to recycle biomass waste. The tissue papers are one of the most common household trash and waste lots of natural resources and energies. Herein, the one-step carbonization and activation treatment was applied on two kinds of tissue papers to transform them into porous carbons. It was found the precursor structure and composition as well as the calcination temperatures play key roles to control the pore structures. As the active materials of supercapacitor electrodes, the resultant porous carbons obtained from different paper precursors and calcination temperatures (700–900 °C) presented different electrochemical performances. The microporous carbons derived from the 700 °C calcination of the tissue paper using the wood pulp as the raw material showed high capacitance up to ~ 200 F/g, providing a simple but effective way to recycle biomasses.

The most common negative influences on lignocellulosic materials from biological point of view include invading of microorganisms, which have in humid environments of porous materials favourable conditions for growth and reproduction. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of selected compounds present in essential oils- EOs (linalyl acetate-LA and citral-C) and the accelerated ageing process on the chemical (cellulose degree of polymerization, content of saccharides), mechanical (tensile index) and physical (fibres length distribution) properties of papers. LA and C were evaluated as the compounds with the highest antimicrobial activity and therefore, they were applied into the paper mass in form of their vapours. Paper samples were prepared from five types of material. Chemical changes were evaluated by wet chemical methods, size exclusion chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography, mechanical property according to ISO 1924-2 standard and morphological properties of fibres by using Fiber Tester equipment. In the view of followed properties, the protecting impact of these EOs efficient compounds has a greater importance in their application before the ageing process itself, especially at wood pulp papers and papers produced from sulphate deciduous pulp. The contents of both holocellulose and a cellulose degree of polymerization were significantly correlated with the tensile index of the paper.

A pulp and paper industry generates a large amount of industrial solid wastes, which are mostly wet sludge, basically composed by kaolin and pulp. The National Solid Waste Policy in force in Brazil instituted as mandatory to provide the adequate destination of this material and to improve the costs involved in the process. The purpose of this work was to analyze the feasibility of incorporating sludge from the pulp and paper industry in soil-cement blocks using 10% cement and 90% compensated soil. In the composition of this compensated soil, typical from the region where the research was performed, sand and 5%, 10%, and 15% of waste were incorporated in the clay mass. Compressive strength, water absorption and durability tests were carried out with loss of mass. The results indicate that blocks produced with waste incorporation of up to 10% meet the technical requirements set by the main international standards, enabling them to be used in civil construction and thus contributing to reduce the environmental impacts regarding the waste disposal.

Industrialization and urbanization are the key drivers to threaten the environmental quality and natural resources. Traditionally, pulp and paper industry has been highly reliant on forest based resources for its escalation. Shortage of forest based raw materials, strict environmental regulations and policies have compelled the industry to seek for alternate raw materials for its production. Mills are now focusing on exploring the potential of different agro wastes such as cereal straws and bagasse etc. In present research, sugarcane trash, one of the most abundant agro residues in India, was investigated for its capability in pulping and bleaching. Chemical characterization of sugarcane trash showed that it contains 40.4% cellulose, 33.2% hemicelluloses, 17.4% lignin and 6.45% ash content with 2.76% silica. To cook sugarcane trash with soda pulping method, 14% alkali charge, 15 min time and 162 °C temperature was found to be optimum and pulp of kappa no. 19.8 was prepared that exhibited good strength properties. Bleaching of pulp was carried out using elemental chlorine (Cl2), hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide (ClO2) based sequences. Replacement of Cl2 with ClO2 has significant impact on strength properties and effluent characteristics. Oxygen delignification stage was incorporated prior to ClO2 that resulted in improved optical properties of pulp with noticeable reduction in wastewater load. This paper elaborates the need of using sugarcane trash in paper mills with environment friendly pulping and bleaching processes to combat with the problem of waste management, wastewater load reduction during bleaching and substitute for wood based raw materials in papermaking.

Borassus flabellifer L., one of the palm-based commodities in Indonesia which is grows in dry areas especially around the north coast of Java Island. An abundant waste of this plant is a leaf midrib and fruit fiber have an opportunity as a source of lignocellulose for the paper industry. In this study, Kraft paper production was conducted to know the influence of the proportion of Borassus flabellifer L. leaf midrib pulp and fruit fiber pulp, and the concentration of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) adhesives on the sensory and physical quality of kraft paper. The research method used was Randomized Block Design (RBD) with two factors. The Friedman test was used to determine the sensory quality of kraft paper. The physical quality of kraft paper was used ANOVA analysis. The results showed that the treatment of raw material proportion and PVAc adhesive concentration had significant effect on color, surface texture, yield, and tensile resistance, but not significantly different between treatment of gramature and tear resistance. The best treatment of sensory tests was kraft paper with proportion of leaf midrib pulp 50% and fruit fiber pulp 50% and a 7.5% PVAc adhesive concentration. It has a yield value of 72.11%, gramature of 162.80 g/m2, tensile strength of 1.70 %, and tear resistance of 197.6 gf.

The paper drying process has the highest level of energy consumption in the pulp and paper production process. Analysis and optimization of the energy system during the paper drying process is critical for improving the energy efficiency of the entire paper mill. In the existing model for the paper drying process, the solution requires accurate boundary conditions such as the air temperature and humidity of the pocket area and the cylinder surface temperature, which are very difficult to obtain in the papermaking process. This can result in significant deviations between the model solution and the actual production process. This paper focuses on the single-tier dryer cylinder-based paper drying process that has been widely used with high-speed papermaking machines in recent years. A mathematical model is proposed based on real-time data. The verification via industrial production demonstrates that the proposed model is reliable for the paper drying process. Based on the simulation results, two optimization operations have been proposed. The energy consumption decreases from 1.51 t steam/t paper to 1.44 t steam/t paper, 4.6% of the steam and 1.26 × 106 RMB can be saved for a medium-scale paper mill with the annual production capacity of 105 t paper.

Cellulose is one of the constituents of plants and is an environmentally friendly resource with a semi-permanent supply and high biodegradability. CNF from cellulose is useful for various purposes. CNF has high aspect ratio and high specific surface area and it is excellent in mechanical properties and thermal stability, and it has shear-thinning flow characteristics. When CNF is coated on paper, it provides high barrier property with excellent network forming ability. The surface roughness of the coated paper is one of the characteristics that determine the quality of coated paper and printing. The surface roughness is measured by the stylus profiling, the air leak, and the optical image analysis methods. Each analysis method has certain characteristics, so surface roughness of coated paper was analyzed by those three methods and results were compared. After mixed coating of CNF and oxidized starch, the degree of roughness was increased in the probe method and the air leakage method when the coating weight and the amount of CNF were increased. The degree of roughness which is measured by Optitopo decreased when the mixed solution was coated. Because the range of roughness measured by each measurement method is different, it might give different tendencies.

Waste generation is increasing in many industries. Therefore, effective measures are required to secure an environmentally sustainable and economically viable waste destination. Co-processing in clinker kilns at high temperatures and incorporation into cement matrices may stabilize many types of industrial waste. This paper presents the results of a study that characterized pulp and paper mill waste and their recycling in clinker production. Chemical characterization and estimation of the hazardous potential of lime mud, biomass ash, and wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) sludge were performed in accordance with brazilian standard (NBR) 10004:2004. Biomass ash and WWTP sludge were classified as non-hazardous (class II), while lime mud was classified as hazardous (pH > 12.5, class I). These wastes were mixed (69 wt % lime mud, 29 wt % biomass ash, and 2 wt % WWTP sludge), and the resulting mixture was processed at 1455 oC to generate ‘ Ecoclinker ’. The clinker was characterized, milled, and mixed with calcium sulphate for use as an ‘Ecocement’ . Mortars were obtained and cured for periods of seven and twenty-eight days. The hardened product exhibited a mechanical strength of ~20 MPa. The leaching and pH tests indicated that these parameters were within the permitted limits, confirming that this waste-based cement was non-hazardous.

This research work deals with modification of the color of paper in commercial clupak dynamic image registration. According to the standard technology of production of kraft pulp, from which the production clupak paper, the paper obtained is dark brown in color. Market demand is based on quality and price of the product. Step further in these demands is demand for certain balanced and brighter shade of color of sack kraft paper. Lately it is demanded from our company to produce sack kraft paper with lighter shade of color. This problem can be solved in two ways: by coloring pulp fiber and by bleaching it. Methods of production of sack kraft paper with lighter shade, as well as results achieved, will be presented in this document.

This paper examines the effect of ground-level ozone county non-attainment status on the product-mix decisions of plants in the pulp, paper, and paperboard industries. Plants located in non-attainm...

Tissue paper that is prepared from bamboo has a very promising future in the world, especially in China, thanks to the various merits of bamboo fibers. However, the water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of bamboo pulp based tissue paper need to be improved due to the inherent drawbacks of bamboo fiber, such as high stiffness, weak interaction between bamboo fibers etc. Hence, cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were combined with bamboo fibers before the tissue paper-making process, to improve the water absorption behavior and mechanical properties of tissue paper. The hypotheses are that: (1) CNFs themselves possess large specific surface area and abundant hydroxyl groups as well, thus enhancing the hydrophilicity of tissue paper; and (2) the added CNFs can form 3D structures in tissue paper, thus providing abundant pores with uniform small size, which would facilitate the capillary effect for water absorption; and (3) more hydrogen bonds will be formed between CNF and bamboo fibers, thus improving the strength properties of tissue paper, thanks to the excellent mechanical and physical properties of CNF. The results from water absorption and tensile strength tests of bamboo handsheets indicated that the addition of CNFs can increase the water absorption capacity from 6.6 to 8.7 g/g when the CNF dosage was 10 wt% (based on the dried pulp). The water retention value of prepared bamboo fibers increased from 163 to 190% at the same CNF dosage, the tensile index increased from 18.5 to 24.5 N m/g as well. The results from the bulk and pore size analyses, FTIR, as well as SEM images of tissue paper also evidenced the conclusions above. Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) as a versatile filler for the preparation of bamboo pulp based tissue paper with improved water absorption behavior and mechanical properties

The current open-loop practices employed to render paper substrates water- and oil-repellent for packaging and non-packaging applications have generated ocean pollution and have placed daunting burdens on landfills. In this study, we report a green, unique and facile approach for the fabrication of grease- and water-resistant paper products with 100% recyclability of the paper pulp. Low surface energy polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was grafted onto a biobased chitosan polymer via urea linkages to prepare the graft copolymer chitosan-graft-polydimethylsiloxane (chitosan-g-PDMS). Chitosan-g-PDMS was then applied as a coating onto an unbleached Kraft paper substrate from an aqueous solution. The coated paper substrates exhibited good hydrophobic properties with a water contact angle of 120.53 ± 0.96° and a Cobb 60 value of 9.89 ± 0.32 g m−2. The coated paper substrates also showed good oil-resistance as evident from the kit rating value of 11.7/12. The tensile strength, crushing resistance, bending stiffness, and internal tearing resistance of the paper before and after coating treatment was determined. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was used to characterize changes in the porosity of the paper before and after the coating. The pulp recyclability of the coated paper was validated by subjecting the coated paper samples to repulping and washing treatment. This novel and practical approach can provide significant environmental benefits by offering plastic-free, fluorine-free and fully-recyclable water- and grease-resistant paper; thus promoting sustainability due to its unique closed-loop nature.

Cellulose is an important component of green plants cell wall and other organisms. Cellulose from plants is mainly used to produce paper. Because of the widespread use of paper throughout the world, it causes the use of wood in large quantities that involves cutting down trees which can lead to negative impacts on ecosystems. Many research studied to find other raw materials that could replace wood and some focused on coconut coir because it contains high amount of cellulose which is enough to use in manufacturing. Coconut pulp is also the residue from coconut. It has 59 % cellulose. This makes it possible to use coconut pulp in paper industry. Paper for chromatography uses fiber from wood as an important component too. So, the purpose of this study was to identify whether cellulose from coconut pulp can replace the original material of chromatography paper. The procedure started from extracted impurity from coconut pulp and used the remaining for making chromatographic paper. Washed coconut pulp and removed residue coconut milk. Boiled clean coconut pulp for 10 minutes and dried in oven at 60 degree Celsius. Remove the residue fat with hexane. Drained hexane and dried in oven at 60 degree Celsius. Extracted cellulose by the soda process. Cellulose yield was 50.85%. Used extracted cellulose as raw material for making chromatographic paper. Tried different amount of cellulose per area of sieve to find the suitable for making paper. The appropriate paper area per extracted cellulose weight was about 81.25 cm2/g. Then trailed the paper used as stationary phase for color separation. The appropriate condition of mobile phase in chromatographic technique (ethyl-methyl ketone, acetone and water) to separate standard colors was also studied. The appropriate ratio of mobile phase which could separate standard solutions was 7:3:3, respectively. The results show that this paper was effective in serving as a stationary phase. This paper has the potential to be developed to use as a substitute material in Bio manufacturing.

Improving the printability of paper is still a relevant challenge, despite the fast development of digital communications. While it is well-known that cationic starches enhance ink density, their commercial paper-grade forms are limited to ethers with low degree of substitution. This work addresses the underexplored potential of highly substituted cationic starch for paper coating and its combination with tri-block polymers, namely Pluronics (P123 and F127), taking advantage of their supramolecular interactions with amylose chains. For that purpose, cationic starch ether and ester (starch betainate), both with a degree of substitution of 0.3, were synthesized by alkaline etherification and by transesterification, respectively. Paper without any surface treatment was subjected to one-side bar coating with suspensions encompassing those products and Pluronics, besides other common components. Black, cyan, yellow and magenta inks were printed on all coated papers through an inkjet printer. Key properties of printing quality such as the gamut area, gamut volume, optical density, print-through, inter-color bleed and circularity were measured in a controlled temperature-humidity environment. For instance, a formulation with cationic starch (ether/ester) and P123 improved the gamut area by 16–18% in comparison to native starch-coated paper sheets. Interestingly, the individual assessment of each component showed that cationic starch ether, starch betainate and P123 only improved the gamut area by 5.6%, 8.9% and 6.8%, respectively. Finally, but not less importantly, starch betainate was found to quench optical brightening agents to a lesser extent than cationic starch ethers.

Recycled paper and some hardwood paper often display poorer mechanical properties, which hinder its practical applications and need to be addressed. In this work, cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) obtained by a combined process of enzymatic hydrolysis and grinding (EG-CNFs), grinding and microfluidization (GH-CNFs) or TEMPO-mediated oxidation and grinding (TE-CNFs) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Moreover, CNFs were made into films on which some characterizations including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and UV–Vis transmittance spectroscopy were implemented. Results showed that CNF fibrillation was promoted as times of passes increased in microfluidization, and CNFs pretreated by enzyme possessed shorter length. Crystallinity of CNFs was related to CNF manufacturing methods, while CNF films’ transparency was correlated to CNF diameter distributions. Moreover, CNFs were applied with different dosages on recycled and hardwood paper. Lengths of CNFs, strength of CNF network, and pulp properties were critical factors affecting the mechanical strength of CNFs-enhanced paper. GH-CNFs showed better strengthened effect on tensile strength of paper than TE-CNFs and EG-CNFs. The best overall improvement was achieved at GH-CNF10 dosage of 5.0 wt% on hardwood paper. The increment of tensile index, burst index, and folding endurance were 108.32%, 104.65%, and 600%, respectively. This work aims to find out the relationship between production methods and morphologies of CNFs and how the morphological characteristics of CNFs affecting the mechanical performance of paper when they are added as strength additives.

The main technological processes of Segezha pulp and paper mill JSC are described, the hydrological regimes unfavorable for production are justified, and the standards for permissible discharges of pollutants through the dispersing water outlet to lake Vygozero are calculated.

Replacing synthetic polymers with renewable alternatives is a critical challenge for the packaging industry. This research investigated the use of leaf-based proteins as a sustainable co-binder in the coating formulations for paper-based packaging and other applications. Protein isolates from tobacco leaf and alfalfa concentrates were characterized using the Pierce protein assay, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and gel electrophoresis. The proteins were tested as co-binders in a typical latex-based paper coating formulation. The rheology and water retention properties of the wet coating and the surface, optical, structural, and strength properties of coated papers were measured. The coating performance was affected by the purity, solubility, and molecular weight of the tobacco protein and exhibited a shear-thinning behavior with lower water retention than soy protein. Analysis by scanning electron microscopy and time of flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy on the dried coating layer containing tobacco protein showed enhanced porosity (advantageous for package glueability) relative to the control latex coating. The tobacco protein offers adequate coverage and coating pigment distribution, indicating that this protein can be a suitable option in coatings for packaging applications.

South Kalimantan has considerable natural forests and many types of timber that have not yet been optimally utilized, such as Bangkal tree (Nauclea officinalis). The purpose of this research was to analyze chemical components, dimensional fibers characteristic, and suitability of Bangkal wood as a raw material of pulp and paper. The results obtained from this study revealed that the chemical content of Bangkal wood consisted of 3.00% extractive, 30.00% lignin, 16% hemicellulose, and 50.50% cellulose. The anatomy of Bangkal wood were 1.40 mm in fiber length 1.40 mm, 1.20 μm in fiber diameter, 5.00 μm in lumen diameter, and 3.25 μm in cell wall thickness. Derived fiber values comprised Runkel Ratio (0.43), Power Weaving (66.00), Muhsteph Ratio (99.80%), Coefficient of Rigidity (0.20), and Flexibility Ratio (0.71). Based on the chemical components and quality of Bangkal wood fiber, that wood could be used as a raw material of pulp and paper.

Heat-set web offset printing is a printing system that ink dries quickly with hot air. It is one of the preferred printing techniques with high speed printing process and print quality. Web offset printing machines produce approximately 60,000-70,000 iph (impressions per hour). Because of this speed, printing paper should be very durable during the printing process. In this study, three different (70 g/m2 high-grade, 70 g/m2 glossy coated and 90 g/m2 matte coated) roll papers were used. All these papers were printed with Goss M600 web offset printing machine. Three kinds of samples (non-oven - non-silicone, ovened – non-silicone and ovened - siliconed) were taken from every paper type and optical and physical tests were applied to these samples. It was determined that heat-set web offset printing papers showed different responses to temperature and silicone oil coating in the direction of the obtained results. All printed papers were compared only to their own kind, not the other type of papers.

Solar-reflective thermal insulating coating (SRC) has received great attention because of its desired heat reflective properties and water repellency, which may impart high-value to cellulosic paper via industrially well-established surface coating process. However, the feasibility and possibility of surface application of SRC to cellulosic paper have not been explored. Herein, in the present work, SRC was designed/developed and subsequently used in the surface application to cellulosic paper. Effect of feeding level of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) on rheological behavior of the coating, as well as heat-reflective properties, water repellency and mechanical properties of the surface-coated paper was studied. Results showed that the as-obtained coating samples exhibited a notable shear-thinning behavior and displayed strong dependence of rheological behavior on nano-TiO2 amount. Furthermore, the increased nano-TiO2 amount appeared to induce the improved hemispherical emittance of coated paper. The coating weight was also found to exert a positive effect on the hemispherical emittance of coated paper. In addition, it was confirmed that the nano-TiO2 addition played an important role in improving the water repellency and mechanical properties of coated paper.

The pulp and paper wastewater contains various organic and inorganic compounds in considerable amounts. Membrane bioreactor (MBR) technology has been used extensively for various industrial wastewater treatments due to its ability to produce appropriate effluent according to water quality regulations. Pulp and paper wastewater can be successfully treated by MBR in different conditions according to the wastewater and MBR characteristics. However, a major drawback in the use of MBR is membrane fouling, which leads to the reduction of effluent permeate flux. Fouling factors need to be considered because they are the major problems affecting the MBR performance. Besides, the performance of MBR can be increased by wastewater pretreatment methods and addition of a fouling reducer. In this paper, the application of aerobic and anaerobic MBR for pulp and paper wastewater treatment and membrane fouling has been reviewed. It has been found that the advantages of MBR over conventional biological treatment processes have made this technology popular for pulp and paper wastewater treatment.

The biological deinking method using microbial enzymes is quite promising and rather eco-friendly. In this paper, we discuss about the impact of enzymatic deinking of newspaper pulp using ligno-cellulosic (cellulase, xylanase and laccase) and lipolytic enzymes. The individual treatment of paper pulp with enzymes (cellulase/xylanase) could enhance the paper brightness to about 32.86% whereas combinational effect could enhance only about 28.67%. There was a release of chromophores from phenolic and hydrophobic compounds released during the deinking process. Physico-chemical parameters of effluents were also found to be within the standard limits and the metals like iron, lead and zinc were not detected in the enzyme assisted deinking effluent sample. The heavy metals in the paper pulp was found to be reduced after enzyme treatment. The obtained effluent was found have low phytotoxicity and was safe for agricultural applications. Hence, the present report was found to be a suitable enzymatic deinking process which was eco-friendly that results in non-toxic effluents. The method also provides an avenue in water resource recycling within industries.

The study aims to explore the beneficial use of fly ash and its effectiveness as low cost adsorbent for wastewater treatment of Pulp and paper industry. A comparative study was also carried out for the better colour reduction of industrial effluent using fly ash and commercial activated carbon. Batch mode adsorption experiments were carried out to optimize the different experimental conditions like adsorbent dose, contact time, rotation per minute (RPM) and pH. The treatment showed that the removal efficiency of colour increased to 86 % with the increase in adsorbent dose (0.5 – 10 g), time (30–240 min), RPM (50 - 150) and pH (4–12) of pulp and paper industry wastewater. The removal efficiency of activated carbon was found to be 100 % using 1 g adsorbent dose of commercial grade activated carbon. The Scan Electron Microscope (SEM) results of the fly ash showed that the particles looked like somewhat spherical large particles. It was concluded that though the activated carbon was very efficient adsorbent in comparison to fly ash, the better solution for disposal of solid waste such as fly ash can be good a substitute as the adsorbent for the colour reduction of the paper mill wastewater.

Our research tries to share solutions of the problems that faced who are working in the papermaking industries, especially the retention of the filler, fine fibers, drainage and machine run ability, besides paper strength, softness, smoothness and the increase in the absorption properties of the tissue paper. Starch, which is the most widely used as strengthening agent in papermaking, was modified in the current work with urea, caustic soda and were added to the pulp paste in ratios of 5 to 20 ml. On the other hand, the starch-caustic soda was further modified with trimethylamine hydrochloride in the presence of epichlorohydrin (ECH) as a cross-linker and was also added in the same above ratios to the pulp paste. Another modification was made to the starch which was polymerized with acrylic acid to give hydrogel which was added to the pulp paste in a tiny amount, i.e. 0.001g, and in the same manner, the bleached bagasse pulp was polymerized and added to the pulp paste. The results showed an improvement of the strength, softness, smoothness, stiffness, absorption and zeta potential compared to the blank, enabling them to be promising for making tissue paper or absorbing paper. The research also approaches the environmental address since the bagasse considered as a renewable and sustainable resource coming from agricultural residue (sugarcane) which lead to the decrease in both their environmental impact and economic cost.

WOS: 000462022300057 PubMed: 30474775 A newly identified ligninolytic Rhodococcus strain (Rhodococcus sp. T1) was isolated from forestry wastes (Trabzon/Turkey). The DyP type peroxidase of Rhodococcus sp. T1 (DyPT1) was cloned, characterized and paper treated for industrial applications. Molecular weight of the protein was about 38kDa. The kinetic parameters were 0.94mM and 1417.53 mu mol/min/mg for Km and Vmax, respectively. The enzyme was active at the temperature range of 25-65 degrees C and optimum temperature was 35 degrees C, enzyme was stable up to 6 days at room temperature. Optimum pH of the DyPT1 was 4.0 and it was stable between pH 4.0-6.0 up to 8 days at room temperature. Effects of some metal ions, Hemin, and some chemical agents on DyPT1 were determined. Hemin has implemented protective effects on the stability and the activity of the enzyme in long time periods when added into growing medium. DyPT1 was applied to eucalyptus kraft pulp for analyzing the bleaching efficiency, physical and optical tests of the manufuctared paper were carried out. Application of lignin peroxidase to kraft pulp caused a decrease of 5.2 units for kappa number and an increase from 52.05 to 64.18% in the delignification rate. Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation [FBA-2015-5182] This study was financially supported by Karadeniz Technical University Research Foundation (Project No: FBA-2015-5182).