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In the last decade important results have been achieved with the usage of geostatistical methods for the solution of geologic and mining problems, particularly in the estimate process of resources in Cuban lateritic deposits. Their uses imply on the one hand, to master fundamental concepts such as: the semivariogram calculation and adjustment, the kriging estimate and the geostatistical simulation, on the other hand, it is necessary to carry out a suitable processing interpretation in each moment, which depends on the experience of specialists on the subject. In this paper, some comments are presented on the article Geostatistical models of the nickel concentration in the domain 7 of Punta Gorda deposit with regard to the geostatistical simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of updating the Cuban economic model, special emphasis is placed on the development and promotion of management systems as tools for decision-making. This paper presents the design of the Management System Module, specifically the component of standardized management systems within the framework of the I Edition of the Diploma in Public and Business Administration of the Higher School of State and Government Cadres. The research is based on various tools and techniques and on the processing of scientific information from specialized databases in this area of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is about corporate entrepreneurship as a particular field on entrepreneurship related to established business, an understudied issue in Cuba. Considering the current situation of our state owned enterprises, has a potential for business renewal that should be taken into account. Therefore, theoretical frame, external and internal conditions for corporate entrepreneurship implementation is briefly discussed. An updated assessment of our state owned enterprises is also included and, finally, some ideas about corporate entrepreneurship implementation in our country are outlined, considering a context of profound transformations on this business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional culture is a complex and important concept in Cuba as result of the special attention the State and Government give to the integral education as essential complement of academic quality in Higher Educational programs. The aim of this paper is to make an up-to-date reflection about the concept of professional culture and its operationalization in the higher medical education in the country. Key programmatic and normative documents as well as the main papers and authors treating the concept were reviewed. The paper invite to discuss about the concept. Theorical and conceptual breaches were identified and discussed in order to contribute to entrenche professional and behavioural values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-government protests that swept across Cuba on July 11, 2021 were the most massive ones after Cuban Revolution's triumph. Social media played a key role as vehicles to extend and document the events. They were also an informative resource towards traditional media insufficient coverage. That context encouraged the dissemination of fake news, which were then placed at the very center of legitimacy disputes regarding the social uprising. The paper aims at explaining the political uses of fake news during the protests. To do so, it was analyzed both Cuban government's appropriation of the term, as well as the fake news with political content that circulated on Facebook during the protests. The application of political discourse analysis's method from a qualitative perspective allowed us to identify five political uses of the fake news concept by the Cuban government and seven in the fake news with political content that were analyzed. It is concluded that the fake news concept was used as a strategic rethoric resource by the Cuban officials in order to 1) strengthen a defensive discoursive position that polarizes the "us" towards "them", and also to 2) prevent the collective political dispute regarding the idea of "truth" via the intentional reading and appropriation of news facts, of which practices such as the digital blackout and the nonrecognition of the protests by the official media derived. Also, we indicate that signification processes derived from fake news with political content's effects intensified polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Maintenance, that by definition, it is directed to "the realization of a group of operations and technical activities that assure the conservation, preservation and correction of AFT during a period of certain time against the deterioration that can cause the use and continuous exploitation as well as the noxious effects of the environment, and taken it to end at a reasonable cost and with the necessary security for people" With this article it is sought to base this unquestionable necessity and the importance of learning on the adequate use of this science; and the paper that the "Maintenance" and its impact have in the economic results of industrial enterprises. Maintenance, also gives answer to establishments of our days, such as the increment of the energy efficiency, the reduction of import of spare parts and the profitability of the companies, all of great importance for Cuban economy. Will be analyzed the insufficient use that industrial enterprises do of all the learning capacity that high education has. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, it was analyzed how the angle of inclination and the azimuth influence the generation of a photovoltaic plant. The plants belonging to the 100 MW program, consisting of 30 photovoltaic plants distributed in Cuba, were analyzed. First, the plants with their current design were simulated and the results were compared with the measurements obtained in each plant. The comparison allowed validating the simulations, where the difference remained below 10%, in most cases. The next step was that different angles of inclination and an east-west orientation were analyzed. The results were compared with studies carried out in other parts of the world, where it is proposed that the angle of inclination and the east-west orientation as a new solution to increase the energy produced by a photovoltaic power plant, taking into account the geographical position, climatic conditions and the investment value or cost of the plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the current technological advances in the development of facilities for the testing and approval electrical vehicles batteries. Also, the main aspects for the design this kind of laboratory were analyzed with the objective in the near future in Cuba we will build it. Likewise, the most applied techniques and procedures in the world related with diagnosis and certification of electric vehicles batteries were studied. Based on these studies, the safety requirements and the equipment required for made the tests of those batteries were also considerate where the rough acquisition cost and the potential for the implementation in the country was estimated. The results of the investigation demonstrate the benefits of the implementation of this kind battery labs would be achieved, based on the profits it will generate by its use in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes a barely studied phenomenon: the international relations of the Latin American guerrilla groups that emerged during the Cold War. Thus, this work observes the circularity of resources and relationships experienced by the Uruguayan guerrilla of the National Liberation Movement-Tupamaros (MLN-T), from its embryonic stage until its final defeat. Throughout these pages the influences of other guerrilla experiences of the moment are studied. Some experiences that led to the bet, novel up to now, of proposing the armed struggle from an urban character. In this regard, it is presented how, at the beginning of the sixties, Montevideo is a meeting point for revolutionary ideas and actors, given its incomparable democratic quality in the region. The work also presents the difficult relations with Cuba and the strong national imprint that determined the scope of the foreign relations of the MLN-T. This will be related to the few scenarios of material collaboration with other armed groups, especially while the Uruguayan guerrillas experienced a cycle of growing activism. Although a plane of collaboration and camaraderie underlies, a logic of dispute always prevailed in a state dimension. The foregoing only changes when the attempt to create the Revolutionary Coordination Board arises, which championed a project of guerrilla internationalism in the Southern Cone, but whose impulse comes when dictatorships in the region are an inevitable reality. This exercise is developed from an approach to oral history, thanks to several in-depth interviews with renowned members of the MLN-T. This is completed with various documents from the «David Cámpora» Archive of Armed Struggle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Light roofs, especially those made of asbestos-cement have been widely used in Cuba. Their use includes a wide range of building types, such as industrial facilities, warehouses, temporary facilities and that which is the focus of this paper: the one-story single-family home. These coverings have a high incidence of damage as a result of high winds produced by hurricanes and tornadoes. This paper presents a study of how the force of the wind acts on these buildings, the identification of points on the roof more susceptible to damage and a proposal of solutions - in addition to stipulations in the building code on the assembly of these roofs - to increase their resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present paper is to systematize the contributions of more than 15 15 years teamwork around the understanding of communication as a field of complex inter and transdisciplinary reflections, built on the research practice of the Center for Cuban and Caribbean Social Studies “Dr. José A. Portuondo ”, from the Universidad de Oriente (Cuba). To systematize the results, a large volume of data contained in 49 undergraduated and postgraduated investigations, 60 scientific articles, 8 books, 15 book chapters, as well as the empirical experience accumulated in dozens of communities, cultural projects, social institutions was analyzed., local governments, unions, companies, scientific events among others, where research results have been socialized and introduced. A complex conception of communication of a socio-anthropological and micro-cultural nature is proposed, which is already located in the analysis of the media, cultural management, socio-cultural relations, politics and local development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuba, the treatment of vulnerabilities in the population takes on a new tone in the current conditions. To address this social phenomenon, it is necessary to implement a methodological tool of proven effectiveness worldwide, such as the multidimensional measurement of poverty. This paper aims to explain the characteristics of multidimensional poverty measurement as a tool for improving government attention to vulnerabilities from public policies. The proposal of an Observatory as a way to achieve this task. Among the results of the work are: the elaboration of an instrument for the registration of socioeconomic information in the homes of the municipality, the formation of capacities in institutions and the municipal government, the development of a mobile application and a computer software for capturing, transmission, processing and dissemination of data collected at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Universidad de Oriente, since its foundation in 1947 in the East of Cuba, with particular characteristics that were due to the historical context in which an educational process began that was distinguished from the one that already existed in Havana, printed and has represented a model of education that gathers a founding history and a set of figures that represent it. 75 years after its foundation, this paper has the fundamental objective of analyzing the particularities of the foundation process and development of the Department of Marxism-Leninism of the Universidad de Oriente (provision of services). A journey is made from the foundation of said department in the 1973- 1974 academic year, to its current conformation, going through some of the debates that are held about Marxism today. For its development, it is based on a bibliographical search and the methods: inductive, deductive and historical-logical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues the origins of research in chemical sciences at the University of Orient, and the first chemical degree course in Cuba. The peculiar origin of the career, as a consequence of the orientation to research towards basic science, promoted by Dr. H. Harry Szmant from whiting the career of Industrial Chemical Engineering, is demonstrated. The creation, purposes and evolution of the Chemical Research Center at the Universidad de Oriente are analized. It is argued that the early decision to organize the Chemistry Conference in 1964, the first on the country, arose from identifying the need to divulgate the results and promote exchange among scientists, It is shown that this event served as platform for the creation of the Cuban Society of Chemistry and the Cuban Journal of Chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The circular economy (CE) model promotes the production of goods and services in a sustainable way, optimizing the consumption of natural resources and mitigating the wastes. In the last years, this model has received a lot of attention and support at the governments' level, internationally; also, in Latin America. Cuba pleads for a sustainable development, with political and incentives for the recycling, the use of the renewable sources and the energy efficiency, as impeller motor of its economic model. Hence, Cuban universities have been requested to include this topic in their study plans, for all the careers. The objective of this paper is to describe how the topic of Circular Economy has been incorporated in the Study Plan of the Electrical Engineering Career at the Technological University of Havana "José A. Echeverría "CUJAE and the results, during the implementation in the 2021 academic year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Fetal programming was a term used first in humans, then it spread thanks to different research done on domestic animals to determine the effects on the progenies of nutrition during the early, intermediate, and final stages of gestation, and their short-term repercussions on the productive, reproductive, and immunological parameters, such as birth and weaning weights. Aim: To present this concept and analyze birth and weaning weights as reference information for buffalo progenies. Development: This paper deals with the concept of fetal programming and its impact on raising; the weight-related data collected upon buffalo calving were shown. Conclusions: The scientific evidence demonstrated the relevance of the nutritional state of the cows during fertilization and gestation, as well as the low weaning weights of the progenies. It means that a change of mindset is necessary in livestock raising, by considering this scenario as a starting point to produce offspring with the proper weight required for further production and reproduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuba, due to the need to measure the flows that circulate through small and large diameter conductors and given the momentary impossibility of acquiring high-tech solutions in international markets, these solutions have begun to be implemented as a provisional alternative variant to carry out these measurements. This paper is a summary of the main aspects that must be kept in mind when undertaking the design and construction of a proportional flowmeter, emphasizing the potentialities and weaknesses of each of the solutions that can be implemented for such purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of the upwelling of tropical cyclones Iván (2004) and Gustav (2008), both associated with coastal flooding in the area. The Delft3D-FLOW model was applied in order to determine its influence on the total sea surges that occurred. Graphs of sea elevation due to upwelling were obtained at La Coloma, Playa Bailen, Cabo de San Antonio, Playa Bibijagua and Carapachibey. In the absence of measured data, it was validated by comparing the results with previous studies and modeling in another area, with the presence of sea level measurement stations, but applying the same methodology. Finally, it was concluded that the application of the model under the methodology used correctly described the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the main results obtained from the wastewater behavior analysis in the National Center for Scientific Research Company. For this, the information of the analytical results issued by the accredited Laboratory "Group of Management of Technical Scientific Services-DECA" (according to the NC-ISO/IEC 17025:2017), was collected and analyzed, referring to the characterization of wastewater that are generated in the center, considering a period of 15 years of sustained work. The investigation considered two stages, an initial one in stable conditions of the activities of the institution and a second one, in which new discharges generated from the diversification of the productive processes and their impact on the environment are introduced. In addition, it took into account the legal framework protected by current Cuban regulations on wastewater discharges. The study allowed characterizing the liquid waste, not only from the physical-chemical point of view, but also from its biodegradability, the organic load disposed to the sewage system and its contribution to the community treatment system. In this way, the baseline is identified and established from which the behavior evaluation of discharges originating from the incorporation of new lines of production or services will be maintained, due to the reorganization of the enterprise towards sustainable marketing, with the control of compliance with environmental regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egodocuments are an excellent documentary type for the study of social and linguistic history. As they are not subject to mediation, correction, or interference by a secondary author, they are texts in which the author expresses his or her feelings just setting the pen to paper. On the other hand, as their execution is focused on immediate communication, their dissemination is not considered, so they lack the filters of social or formal conventions. The aim of this research is to show the importance of considering egodocuments as a valuable material for the reconstruction of identity and the role played by the popular classes in Cuba, concentrating on the decades before Independence, in those accurate moments when the social and linguistic identity of a new nation was being formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TWith the implementation of the technology in Cuba for manufacture of [18F]Fludeoxyglucose ([18F] FDG), it is incurred for the first time in the country in the production of positronic radiopharmaceuticals obtained from cyclotron. This paper presents the productive flow design of [18F]FDG manufacture at the Specialized Center of Diagnosis and Therapy based on the guidelines established by the Good Manufacturing Practices and the Basic Norms of Radiological Security. In addition, the consistency assessment in production batches is shown, information that complemented the process validation. As a results was obtained that the production process, according to the designed flow, is able to consistently provide an injectable pharmaceutical product of the required quality and that meets its specifications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of the project for the Introduction of Technologies for the Diagnosis and Treatment of cancer in our country, the Cuban Cyclotron Project was carried out, which included the structural design of the building where a medium energy particle accelerator is installed and the rest of equipment and facilities for the production of positron-emitting radiopharmaceuticals, the preparation of the production plan and the development of various stages until the start of operations. It is the first time in Cuba that a center for the production of radiopharmaceuticals of this type is set up, which is subject to compliance with specific radiological safety requirements and good practices so that the facility is safe and sustainable in the future. This paper presents the experience carried out over ten years to design and build a production center that meets the production expectations of the Ministry of Public Health to improve early diagnosis capabilities for cancer and other chronic non-communicable diseases. As a result, a facility has been built in Havana where the first cyclotron in Cuba was launched at the Specialized Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, which has a production capacity to distribute radiopharmaceuticals to the capital and other provinces of the country; as well as export to countries in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The radiopharmaceuticals production department is one of the areas of the new Specialized Center for Diagnosis and Therapy, where injectable drugs are obtained for the use of positron emission tomography cameras in Cuba. With the premise of satisfying the needs of patients, it was essential to design and implement a quality management system. This paper shows the establishment of the mission, vision, policy and objectives of the quality system, the identification and documentation of the processes and other aspects of the management system for obtaining quality radiopharmaceuticals. For this purpose, the requirements established in the ISO 9001: 2015 standard and Regulation 16/2012 of the Center for State Control of Medicines, Equipment and Medical Devices on Good Manufacturing Practices for pharmaceutical products were taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the ending of the XVIII century, there are in Cuba a distinguished group of People with a great monetary power and interested in culture. Colonial authorities don't feel safe with this people who has something in common: they are afro-descendant. This s the main argument for create a politic oppression designed for destroy this economic elite. This was created against the colonial system and they were involved in polemic actions like La Escalera Conspiracy in 1844. But colonial authorities just can pull down their economic power, not their ideas. With this paper, from the view of the oppression against black people, we want to give light about the resistance and the educational level that black Cubans reach in the most significant time within the process of creation of the whole Cuban identity between 1844 and 1898. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the individual conditions of journalistic production in two independent medias of the media-partisan structure in Cuba. These can be considered among the most internationally recognized Cuban media. In the research, in-depth interviews with 40 journalists. It was found that these conditions are marked, fundamentally, by the confluence in the two media organizations of young graduates of journalism courses in the country with a multiple spatial location, and different referents and professional trajectories. A professional identification with the functions of journalism to inform, monitor power, participate in social debate and show society in its diversity, among others, was also detected. In addition, personal concerns were found about the violence against independent journalism on the island. It was concluded that these conditions materialize in terms of an anti-authoritarian professional discursiveness (and representation) shared by journalists. A comparison with the findings of inquiries located in other national spaces is proposed in the conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The collection of the "Alberto Alonso Triana" Herbarium currently contains more than 50,000 specimens that are a source of consultation for the writing of the Flora of the Republic of Cuba. With the objective of updating the figures and correcting in some cases the types present in this herbarium, they are listed in the present work. The update was made from the critical revision of the previously published compared with the physical specimens present in the collection and the incorporation of the types of the names published later. The names of 76 nomenclatural types present in the collection are presented, 18 taxa more than previously known. The number of exsiccata representing nomenclatural types increased to 105 with respect to previous works, of which seven are holotypes, illustrated in the paper, 95 isotypes, one epitype, one isoepitype and one paratype. The nomenclatural types represent 30 families, 58 genera and 76 infrageneric taxa of the flora of Cuba. The validity of the publication of Cyperus violifolius was recognized and the correct names of the taxa cited as nomenclatural types in the present work were listed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper was calculated the return period of coastal floods for each of the coastal settlements that report this extreme event in the Cuban archipelago, based on the period 1901-2020. The chronology and classification of coastal floods for each province was used, as well as the Poisson distribution and the χ² goodness of fit test. It is concluded that the Poisson distribution was suitable in all cases for the significance level of 5%; while the greatest hazard is presented by Havana, Baracoa and the settlements of the Gulf of Batabanó in which the occurrence of a flood event is expected at least once every three to five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper is presented a methodology for the design and implementation of automation products for technological processes from the Cuban pharmaceutical industry. The proposed methodology is based on a scrum approach, by using own software technologies which reduce the time of development and start up, provide great flexibility and efficiency in operations, significantly improve the traceability of processes and facilitate work based on user-friendly designs of the human-machine interface among its main advantages. The methodology developed is applicable to the automation of most of the pharmaceutical industry processes and guarantees to satisfy the demanding quality indicators of this industry and the requirements of the Drug Control Center (CECMED) of Cuba. The application of the methodology in the Cuban pharmaceutical industry has meant a saving to the country more of three and half million of euros in the last five years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the historical trajectories of South-South and triangular cooperation and its dimensions in Latin America. Based on this information, the paper intends to assess the framework’s role as an instrument of public diplomacy in developing countries, which enables participating countries to strengthen their international presence and establish strategic alliances with other countries. Building on the theoretical perspective of the framework, the study analyzes specific Cuban cases of South-South cooperation, linking them with the characteristic elements of public diplomacy, and assesses their impact on international development cooperation. In conclusion, the paper contends that Cuba and South Korea should explore the possible concrete links between the elements of international development cooperation and those of public diplomacy, and seek opportunities to foster South-South cooperation as part of public diplomacy. This will help developing countries to discover and establish new forms of exchanges between them and strengthen their cooperative relations with partner countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Cuba, the sugarcane harvest takes place in the season where there is little rainfall; however sometimes, certain volumes of precipitation occur, which oblige to stop the collection, as a result of the inability of the harvesters and means of transport, on tires, to traffic in conditions of high soil moisture; as in those with poor drainage, which occupy 25% of the cultivated area. For this reason, this work aims to update the harvesting systems in conditions of high soil moisture in various sugarcane producing countries. For this, various bibliographic materials were consulted, such as magazine articles, diploma papers, master's and doctoral thesis. The review carried out showed that the problem of harvesting sugarcane, in conditions of high soil moisture, exists in most of the sugarcane producing countries with a high level of mechanization, for which there are various technical and technological solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The best tilt for solar air collector working in natural convection regime under Cubans conditions. The paper dealt with the modeling of a flat solar collector for air heating operating in a natural convection regime in Cuba. The angle of tilt for the collector which allows the greatest extraction of energy and a greater annual energy efficiency of the installation was determined. The collector simulation is performed by varying the tilt angle, looking for the one with the highest efficiency. A numerical approach following the finite volume method was applied. The calculations were carried out in steady state and the flow regime was turbulent. The tilt angle having the best energy efficiency was obtained ranging from 45o to 50o. Due to the similarity between the mass flow behavior and annual average efficiency, the mass flow and its influence on useful heat are the predominant effect in the efficiency changes. An asymmetric velocity profile was found since the higher speeds are reached in the lower half of the collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After several decades of strong identification of socialism with state property, the guidelines of the agrarian policy during the last years in Cuba, more favorable to the autonomy of non-state productive forms, motivated the realization of this article, focused on the strengthening of the socio-political approach of sustainability, particularly in the cooperative sector. This reality, together with the scientific consensus that the debate on the political issues involved has been unsystematic, led this paper to aim at assessing potential conditioning factors for the sustainability of the agrarian sector associated with socio-political transformations in the Cuban cooperative sphere. Theoretical and historical analysis methods were used, as well as sociological analysis of guiding documents for agrarian policy. The main result presented an ongoing diversification of the political culture, carrying unfavorable social representations of the regulatory or administrative role of state instances, the revitalization of practices not related to traditional conceptions of socialism and other sources of ideological contradictions, which reveal risks for the sustainability of agrarian policy interests, related to the preservation, even, of the socialist character of the constitutionally endorsed sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the current demands of compensation for the damages and crimes caused by the transatlantic slave trade of African persons and from the institution of slavery in the Americas. This proposal has been put forward by many actors and in different global historical contexts and it is currently is fundamental issue in the agenda of Afro-American activism, especially in the English-speaking Caribbean and in the United States. This topic is also under discussion in Latin America as a part of the "afro-reparations" approach. The article analyzes the mobilization around this issue in the English-speaking Caribbean, the "reparative justice" agenda put forward by the CARICOM Reparations Commission --mainly composed by former British colonies in the Caribbean--, and the demands directed against European governments. Using data collected in Jamaica, this text exposes the main arguments presented by advocates of reparations, as well the arenas where they have been more active: public education, awareness raising campaign and archival reconstruction of documentation evidencing the economic impact of slavery. Next, the activity of advocates in the social media and in transnational debates is discussed. Finally, consideration is given to the different approaches to the topic of reparations seen from an interregional perspective, focusing in viewpoints drawn from Cuba as a case representing the Spanish-speaking Caribbean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called hegemonic model of masculinity constitutes a risk factor. It is a multiconditioned phenomenon, but every time it's highlighted the role of personality's socialization. In this way, the higher educational levels are called to perform a primordial function through its substantive process. The purpose of this paper is: Characterize the treatment of this subject in the experiences of some Cuban universities. An integrated analysis was made of the concepts: masculinities and substantive process of high education, expressed in a group of indicators distributed per each one of these concepts. As theoretical methods of research were used: the analytical synthetic, the transit from the abstract to the concrete, the inductive-deductive and the historicallogical. In an empirical level, the study of documents. The conclusions make reference to the developments and challenges within Cuban high education about the treatment of the researched topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Crude oil is a highly complex natural mixture consisting predominantly of hydrocarbons [alkanes (paraffins), alkenes (olefins), and aromatic compounds] and other elements such as sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen. In Cuba, work is being done on the exploitation of new oilfields deposits in the Northern Cuban Oil Belt. The goal of this paper is to characterize the crude oils from the point of Reservoir Geochemistry, using the high-resolution gas chromatography technique and the study of the physicochemical properties, in samples from six oil wells from the western sector of the Varadero oilfield. The fingerprints of the crude oil were obtained, the star diagrams were constructed to establish the possibilities of communication between the wells, from the ratios between compounds. The main results obtained show the existence of better communication between wells VW1003 and VW1007 with a difference of 1.91%, with the rest of the wells studied behaving differently. In addition, the physicochemical properties of the oils were studied, the results of which show that they are extra-heavy oils, with high content of sulfur and asphaltenes and. These properties show the similarity in their commercial quality with the crude oil discovered in the other blocks of the Varadero field, characterized by heavy, extra-heavy, highly sulfurous crude oils, belonging to Family I of Cuban crude oils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling safety scenarios for dams strengthens effectiveness of disaster risk management plans in this kind of work by reducing risk of failures that can cause considerable damage. The aim of the present paper was a proposal of a modeling methodology for safety scenarios in tailing dams from the Cuban nickel industry, to determine indicators and failure mechanisms, in order to achieve early detection risks and their reduction, as well as to minimize the negative impacts on the economy, the population, and the environment through a risk and disaster management plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper brings to the debate on the Cuban reality the issue of public-private partnerships (PPP) and their possible use as an instrument that would contribute to the economic and social transformation of the nation. The article examines the international experience, the main characteristics of PPPs, their use in different realities and the pros and cons of their operation. Considering the changes that have been taking place, the opening to new agents, the new role of territories in growth and development and the budgetary restrictions that Cuba faces, some ideas are advanced on the challenges and possibilities of using PPPs in the country. Contrary to what might be thought, Cuba has had positive experiences in this regard in the field of infrastructure, which would allow extending it to other segments of socioeconomic activity where the State is unable to meet existing needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency and effectiveness of social spending in Cuba, considering that this serves as a reference to analyze the importance assigned to social policy in a country. For this purpose, it starts with the analysis of Cuba's current situation in comparison with Latin America, based on the use of different social performance indicators. Likewise, a synthetic indicator of such performance is constructed as a measure of effectiveness and is compared with the expenditures spent for such purposes, as a measure of efficiency. It is found that Cuba is the most effective country in the region, but at the same time the least efficient. In order to face this challenge, a set of policy reflections is synthesized to contribute to the improvement of equity in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 1960s were the scene of the most transcendent documentary cinema that has been produced in Cuba. In a cinematography led by men, the name of an only woman director stands out, Sara Gómez, whose sensitivity allowed her to represent, from a singular use of lmic language, the social otherness of her time. is paper intends to understand the dramaturgical strategies used by this author to approach the subaltern subject in Cuba aer the triumph of 1959. Focused on the study of the documentaries Guanabacoa, chronicle of my family (1966) and On the other island (1968), the analysis uses the review of theoretical proposals on otherness in and dramaturgy of the documentary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new social context leads to a new model for professional learning. In the curricular designs, that supposes the move from professional solving-problems, to a competenceslearning description. In fact, this movement has begun with the curricula D, due to the participation of some presidents of the national commissions of careers in the project Tuning-América Latina. These changes are tuned with the state of art of professional learning in the world. Also, attending a demand of the universities to accept more flexibility, according the development of each institution. In this paper, a definition of the concept of competence is showed, that may be applied to Higher Education Pedagogy in Cuba, the main changes that must be introduced in curricula, and the challenges the universities must face in order to a successful application. It is discussed the resistances to this approach and the need to move on comprehension and acceptance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the topic of theoretic-methodological approaches from the Science of Communication that sustain the study of communication's languages on its systemic and interdisciplinary character. This topic relates with the present-day conceptions of the culture of communication and its articulation in an academic integrative Discipline for the career of Social Communications. The processes of analysis-synthesis provide the bibliographic revision regarding the categories in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Varadero beach is a tourism place one of the most famous in Cuba. For the Oasis sector has been design and artificial beach compose for several submerged breakwater parallel to the coast, and an initial sand supply project. It this paper is presented the evaluation of the project applying a train of numerical model coupling ADCIRC + SWAN + Xbeach. It was analyzed the hydrodynamics and wave variables. The morphological behavior of the initial nourishment was evaluated. The results of the study show the proposal is not effective, the losses of sand and the reshape of the beach for climate condition studied do not meet the tourism demands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of the existing deposits in Cuba exceed their years of useful life and show a high degree of deterioration mainly due to the cracking and corrosion of the steel reinforcement. Several solutions have been given over the years to prevent corrosion, but none have solved the problem, concluding that the ideal is to replace steel with a non-corrosive material such as fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). This paper proposes the design of the walls of two case studies, using FRP bars as concrete reinforcement. The results show that even when the design requires a greater amount of FRP bars than in a similar design with steel, to cracking control, the use of these bars is a feasible solution in terms of durability and useful life of the structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes the theoretical conceptions defined for the new Cuban economic and social Model. It also warns about how difficult is to implement the economic reform. The main objective of the paper is to propose an approach for teaching "Political Economy of Socialism", which develops the ability of critical reflection in University students, instead of the assimilation of theories which validity can be limited to historical changing context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The octubre 23th of 2005 the Wilma hurricane live the water near of Cuba, despite being more than 200 km in the Gulf of Mexico, he left his footprints in Havana. It is e necessity to protect the city form the attack of the hurricanes and other severe events, for that reason several studies in order to kwon the behavior of the flooding have been done. In this paper are presented the formulas to compute the average wave overtopping, it is define the wave characteristics by mean a train of numerical model that allow to obtain the hydrographs to force the Iber model, and were done different flooding simulation of the study area, it allow define the location with more hazard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactericera cockerelli Sulc, the potato / tomato psyllid (Solanum tuberosum and S. lycopersicum), is recognized as a threat to the production of solanaceous crops because it is an efficient vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLso) in the American continent, Europe, and New Zealand. The biological and genetic characteristics of the insect make its management difficult, and so do the high number of host, refuge. and feeding plants in which it can be found. Furthermore, the influence of climate change has caused psyllid populations to establish and colonize new areas and countries. At present, the psyllid vectors of microorganisms that cause diseases in plants are widely distributed, and studies are being carried out to understand the impact of their populations on intensive agricultural production systems. In the last decade, studies on the application of new biological control and management techniques have also increased aiming to count on fast and efficient alternatives for reducing the effects on crops and economy. A total of 74 scientific papers related to the host plants of these insect vectors, their biological and chemical control strategies, and the novel alternatives for their management were analysed. In order to maintain surveillance over the vector, the present status of the identification of these species in Cuba, the situation concerning the presence of the cultivation system. -psilid-CaLso in the world and the American and Caribbean regions, as well as the possible implications of the presence of these species for the Cuban agriculture were studied in depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global food security could be threatened in the coming years by the emergence and spread of emerging pests in crops. Psyllids are considered as possible destructive pests due to their relationships with some important plant pathogens. Bactericera cockerelli Sulc (Hemiptera: Triozidae) is recognized as an efficient vector of the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (CaLsol), an invasive pest according to the EPPO, which causes diseases in potatoes, tomatoes, peppers, and other solanaceous and some apiaceous crops. Known the vector-bacteria complex to be present in different countries of the world belonging to the American continent, Europe and New Zealand, 61 scientific papers related to this topic were reviewed. Changes in the climatic variables, the biological distribution of this insect-vector system, the high ecological plasticity that allows this insect to develop different biotypes, depending on the characteristics of the area where it develops, could complicate the control of the insect-pathogen system. These characteristics make necessary a maintained extreme surveillance in those countries where it is not yet present. So far, the bacterium and the vector are not present in Cuba; however, its proximity to countries where it is present, the existence of optimal climatic conditions host plants, and the increasing tourism and international trade, make necessary to offer updated information on this disease, the causal agents and their vectors as a contribution to the preparation of the scientific-technical-productive personnel and other decission makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the potentialities of the utilization of zootechnical additives in apiculture in Cuba. Materials and Methods: Papers available in online data bases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar), related to the use of zootechnical additives in honey bees (Apis mellifera), were reviewed. A search was made for the keywords zootechnical additives, probiotics, prebiotics and phytobiotics, plant extract, and then the word bees was added. All the searches were carried out between 2019 and 2020. There was no exclusion of any period and no language restrictions were applied. Results: The utilization of antibiotics in the control and prevention of bacterial infections in apiculture has caused changes in the rearing of this species, and since then their use is limited in many countries. In the face of this reality, the use of zootechnical additives constitutes an alternative, due to their capacity to modulate the immunological system and the intestinal microflora in bees; besides having an antagonist function against pathogens. In the last decades it has been noted that probiotics and plant extracts are the most widely used to improve health and productive indicators, for which work is done to achieve their standardization in Cuba. Conclusions: Obtaining and evaluating zootechnical additives in bees is a growing strategy worldwide, which is focused on minimizing or eliminating the use of chemicals. In Cuba, the use of these additives constitutes a sustainable proposal to improve health indicators, and thus maintain the quality of honeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: o reflect about the importance of the supportability of agroproductive systems and of their contribution to local development in Cuba, from an economic, ecological and sociocultural approach. Materials and Methods: This study, of exploratory, analytical and descriptive type, is based on the bibliographic review of the concepts sustainable and supportable systems, bioeconomy, agroecology and development programs in local contexts. For such purpose, different information sources, scientific papers published about the topic and literature produced by national and international organisms, were consulted and analyzed, in order to know about the state-of-the-art of the object of study and to concrete necessary definitions and strategies for the implementation of supportable systems in the framework of agricultural programs. Results: It was corroborated that supportability is a way of living and producing in harmony with the environment, to guarantee that future generations can satisfy their needs. From its multifunctionality, supportability can be a tool in supportable local development, from the commitment to agrifood models based on agroecology, bioeconomy and food sovereignty. Conclusions: In Cuba it would be pertinent to establish local strategies to improve people's quality of life and preserve the environment, from an agroecological and supportable approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the powerful influence of Cuba on the life and work of Benito Pérez Galdós, whether in his journalistic or literary production. Spaniard emigration to the Caribbean, the wars in Cuba and, in particular, the defeat of 1898, are recurring themes in his work, as well as the role played by the United States in the disappearance of the last Spanish overseas possessions and the threat of North American imperialism to the Hispanic culture of America. Galdós, therefore, coexisted with the importance of the Island for Spain in the 19th century, the impact of its loss and sympathy for the Cuban political project (liberal, secular and reformist). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]