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La transición hacia el uso del papel para la enseñanza de la escritura en las escuelas elementales públicas en México no fue sencilla. Al finalizar el siglo XIX, se había cuestionado el uso de las pizarras por el riesgo que representaban para la salud, pues muchas veces los estudiantes borraban sus escritos con saliva y el material con el que estaban fabricadas no siempre guardaba las especificaciones necesarias, además el ruido al escribir era insoportable. En cambio, el papel, desde el punto de vista higiénico, pedagógico y estético, fue considerado un material superior frente a la dureza de la pizarra, el brillo de la superficie y la poca precisión que se obtenía en el trazo de las letras. Derivado de este planteamiento, se vislumbró seriamente la posibilidad de la adopción de papel en las escuelas oficiales. Sin embargo, este material era escaso y muy caro. Hacia el cambio de siglo, sólo dos fábricas de papel podían surtir a las escuelas y era necesario que abarataran el precio, que el sistema de distribución garantizara el abastecimiento y que el suministro fuera continuo. Este artículo analiza el inicio del proceso de reconversión de una tecnología para la enseñanza como era la pizarra por el papel. Analizo el gasto que significó y cómo esta modificación fue resultado de una multiplicidad de relaciones sociales, culturales, económicas y políticas que se entrecruzaron para dar una nueva configuración del tiempo, el ruido y los valores establecidos en el salón de clases. The transition to the use of paper in public elementary schools in Mexico was not easy. At the end of the nineteenth century, the use of slates had been questioned due to the health risk they represented since students often erased their writing with saliva and the material with which the slates were made did not always meet the necessary specifications. On the other hand, paper, from a hygienic, pedagogical and aesthetic point of view, was considered a superior material compared to the hardness of the slate, the shine of the surface and the lack of precision obtained in the tracing of the letters. Derived from this approach, the possibility of changing materials in official schools was seriously envisioned. However, the paper represented a very high cost. Only two paper mills could supply the schools and it was necessary to lower the price, and guarantee the supply by enhancing the distribution system. This article analyses the beginning of the conversion process of a technology for learning to write such as the slate for paper. I analyse the expense that it meant for the authorities and families, how the change was the result of a multiplicity of social, cultural, economic and political relations that intersected to give a new configuration of time, noise and established values in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a corpus of documents linked to book censorship at the end of the Old Regime, entrusted by the Council of Castile to the Academy of Fine Arts. The documentation collected tells us about the administrative process, the agents involved (authors, editors, translators) and the specific assessments of the academics who made the reports. This documentation enables us the identification of the formal and content criteria applied to this series of works, following the specifications imposed by a controlling State, prior to its dissemination both to the academic public and to amateurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La leçon de choses est une modalité didactique particulière répandue en Europe et dans le monde occidentalisé au cours du XIXe siècle, diversement déclinée selon les contextes nationaux sous le nom d'Anschauungsunterricht, object lesson, lezione di cose, lección de cosas. Basée sur la méthode intuitive (parfois appelée naturelle), elle s'impose comme un rejeton direct de la pédagogie de Pestalozzi, bien que sa généalogie ait été reconstruite différemment de pays à pays. Cela en fait un cas intéressant de translation and transformation dans le domaine éducatif ou, peut-être, seulement un exemple de "maquillage" motivé par des raisons revanchardes. Le but est, en général, de faire acquérir des idées abstraites aux élèves de l'école maternelle et primaire à partir de l'observation des objets concrets. Grâce aux principaux théoriciens (les premiers disciples de Pestalozzi en Allemagne et en Angleterre, la pédagogue Marie Pape-Carpentier en France, les positivistes italiens et espagnols ...), elle avait dans la plupart des cas la forme de la conversation maternelle, où adultes et enfants se provoquent mutuellement par des questions et des réponses. De nombreux programmes scolaires lui ont donné une place dans l'articulation du curriculum, d'autres l'ont maintenue sous des formes plus libres et spontanées. L'article se propose d'offrir, sur la base de la littérature la plus récente, une analyse des différentes traditions nationales, même en utilisant les principaux dictionnaires pédagogiques publiées en Europe dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle. The object lesson is a particular teaching method that was widespread in Europe and the westernised world during the nineteenth century, which was variously adapted according to national contexts under the name of Anschauungsunterricht, leçon de choses, lezione di cose, and lección de cosas. Based on the intuitive (sometimes known as natural) method, it established itself as a direct product of Pestalozzi's pedagogy, although its genealogy has been reconstructed differently from country to country. This makes it an interesting case of translation and transformation in education or, perhaps, simply an example of maquillage motivated by revanchism. The aim, in general, is to introduce abstract ideas to infant and primary school pupils through the observation of concrete objects. The leading theorists (the early followers of Pestalozzi in Germany and England, the educationalist Marie Pape-Carpentier in France, the Italian and Spanish positivists, etc.), gave it, in most cases, the form of a maternal conversation, where adults and children prompt each other with questions and answers. Many school programmes have given it a place in the curriculum, others have maintained it in freer and more spontaneous forms. This paper offers, on the basis of the most recent literature, an analysis of the different national traditions, using the main pedagogical dictionaries published in Europe in the second half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to publish their works, the monks from the Cistercian Congregation of Castile had to follow the standard procedure, having first obtained a licence from their superior. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the printing process of the Médula cisterciense and the Biblioteca (1781-1793) of Fray Roberto Muñiz, the most relevant works written by the Castilian Bernards in the second half of the seventeenth century. Muñiz had the support of his superiors, but his titles were partially affected by the objections of the secular reformist censorship. We will attend to the dual process of censorship, ecclesiastical and governmental. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the Hungarian reception of contemporary Cuban fiction in different areas of the Hungarian press, published between 1959 and 1989. After giving a brief summary of the establishment and development of Hungarian-Cuban diplomatic and bilateral relations, the article offers a concise description of the communist period's cultural landscape, especially the press and publishing landscape, and examines the similarities and differences between Hungarian and Cuban cultural policies. In order to highlight the apparently paradoxical fact that, despite the close political and cultural ties between the two countries, the reception of Cuban literature was quite moderate, we examine reviews that appeared in the Hungarian press of Cuban anthologies, volumes of short stories, and novels published in Hungary. The article puts special emphasis on the Hungarian editions of Alejo Carpentier's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a literary-historical analysis of the reception of Latin American literature in the literary magazines Polja and Delo during the Cold War. These magazines, published in Serbia, had an important place in the literary life of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of the paper is to show how Latin American literature entered Yugoslav magazines, and which writers and literary ideas were most represented. The first part of the article is dedicated to presenting the political and literary situation in former Yugoslavia and, more precisely, the way Yugoslav culture opened up to Latin America. The central part of the article analyses translations, critical texts, and essays published in Polja magazine and then those published in Delo magazine. It highlights how, although they lacked a systematic approach, Yugoslav periodicals and publishers have been closely linked, and together they have contributed to building new cultural ties between the former Yugoslavia and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how Arturo Pérez-Reverte claims the legacy of the Enlightenment in his historical novel Hombres buenos (2015). The history of two members of the Real Academia Espartóla, in charge of travelling to Paris in the hopes of obtaining all the volumes of the Encyclopedia and bringing them to Spain, allows Pórez-Reverte to create an original account of eighteenth-century Spain. Pórez-Reverte belongs to an intellectual tradition that depicts the Hispanic Enlightenment as inexistent, incomplete, insufficient, or unoriginal. At the same time, however, he keeps his distance from such tradition, by questioning the consensual image of a civilized and enlightened France, and by showing that Spaniards also participated in the creation and dissemination of the Enlightenment. This paper also analyzes how the fictitious account of the eighteenth century is nor only a defense of enlightened Spaniards, but also a way to express desires for the twenty-first century, especially regarding the political and linguistic unity of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a review of the Hungarian reception of contemporary Cuban fiction in different areas of the Hungarian press, published between 1959 and 1989. After giving a brief summary of the establishment and development of Hungarian-Cuban diplomatic and bilateral relations, the article offers a concise description of the communist period's cultural landscape, especially the press and publishing landscape, and examines the similarities and differences between Hungarian and Cuban cultural policies. In order to highlight the apparently paradoxical fact that, despite the close political and cultural ties between the two countries, the reception of Cuban literature was quite moderate, we examine reviews that appeared in the Hungarian press of Cuban anthologies, volumes of short stories, and novels published in Hungary. The article puts special emphasis on the Hungarian editions of Alejo Carpentier's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a literary-historical analysis of the reception of Latin American literature in the literary magazines Polja and Delo during the Cold War. These magazines, published in Serbia, had an important place in the literary life of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of the paper is to show how Latin American literature entered Yugoslav magazines, and which writers and literary ideas were most represented. The first part of the article is dedicated to presenting the political and literary situation in former Yugoslavia and, more precisely, the way Yugoslav culture opened up to Latin America. The central part of the article analyses translations, critical texts, and essays published in Polja magazine and then those published in Delo magazine. It highlights how, although they lacked a systematic approach, Yugoslav periodicals and publishers have been closely linked, and together they have contributed to building new cultural ties between the former Yugoslavia and Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies in detail the textual relation between two comedies: Tirso de Molina's Amar por señas and Calderón de la Barca's El encanto sin encanto. The main conclusion is that there is no re-writing process as has been argued in general by literary criticism and literary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an approach to a unique representation of Cuba in the poetry of Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda. Specifically, it takes two poems as fundamental referents marking two essential moments in Avellaneda´s life. The first, 'Al partir', is a sonnet of 1836, when Avellaneda left Cuba for Spain. The second, 'A un cocuyo', is one of the poems that Avellaneda writes in Cuba upon her return to the island in 1859, after a twenty-three-year absence. This analysis explores the construction of Cuba in the poetry of Avellaneda, particularly the presence of Cuban 'spirits' in these two poems, and their relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to approach an aspect that has not been taken into account by critics, such as the influence of Petrarch and his work on literature that has usually been considered as non-canonical. Specifically, through various examples, we will examine printed popular literature and Sephardic literature, in order to carry out a representative sampling of both. By studying several literary productions, we will show how Petrarch's influence should not be limited to high literature or canonical literature, but also to literature that has normally remained on the margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies Olvido García Valdés's reflections on the tradition of women's writing. The essay focuses on the concept of lo neutro (the neutral), a category of thought advocated by García Valdés which allows her to situate herself in the historic debate on literature and gender. The paper analyses the meaning of the concept in García Valdés's thought and its relationship with a part of contemporary French thought, particularly that of Roland Barthes and Maurice Blanchot (le neutre). The paper also discusses some of the textual strategies with which the author suggests lo neutro in her own poetic writing, and concludes by dealing with the ethical and political dimension that the concept adopts in the work of Barthes, Blanchot, and Garcia Valdés as well as in a certain tradition of women's writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Church of Saint Joseph of Soracachi was built in the middle of the eighteenth century; its walls preserve a significant set of mural paintings with a clear emphasis in the scenes corresponding to Saint Joseph's life, patron of the town. The main objective of this paper is to reflect on the moral messages contained in this Josephine iconographic program. A second purpose is to identify the function that these images had in the context of Amerindian catechesis, specifically in promoting lifestyles compatible with Christian models of family and matrimony. Finally, it investigates the possibility that the moral message contained in the paintings could have been designed to take into account the specific conditions of the Amerindians who lived in Soracachi, at the end of the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has been structured in three areas. In the first one, the author shows the relevance that words and conversations among individuals have on social research, both terms being very important to the well-known sociologist and writer Franco Ferrarotti. In the second part, the author explains the necessary qualitative methodology to be used when analysing a main topic. In the third one, the author analyses the reality of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) from the gender perspective to detect if they are or not a reflection of that Spanish reality regarding sex discrimination. Finally, this paper states the challenge the Spanish society needs to face to outweigh sex inequality without excluding the NGOs or any other form of association. This paper calls for the involvement of society, which along with the state and market, has an important task to accomplish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reveal and explain the way writers use the analogy between writing and giving birth in some metapoetic texts of lyrical poetry. Despite its classical roots, we mostly pay attention to the contemporary use of this metaphor. The paper considers the genre implications, takes a slight glance at feminist debate on the matter and notes the great importance of this analogy in the poetic theory and the works of female poets such as Ángela Figuera Aymerich and Ana María Fagundo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unedited correspondence between Gustavo Gili i Roig and Ángel Valbuena Prat allows us to discover important details about the genesis and the intricate editing process of the original and innovative Historia de la literatura española (1937). Because of some notes Valbuena wrote in his major work, he was involved after the Spanish Civil War in a police investigation that led him to publish a clandestine edition of his Historia de la literatura española. Thanks to the documents stored in the prosecution dossier, as well as other personal papers, we can now reconstruct these events involving one of the most brilliant and emblematic minds in Spanish literary historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The labyrinth in Mexico is a Baroque symbol of identity: in this paper we propose a dialogue between three ‘labyrinth’ texts: a novel by Salvador Elizondo, a sculpture by Gabriel Orozco and a silkscreen print by Pedro Friedeberg. These three texts help us understand Mexican culture in its complexity and dynamism. The continuity of the Baroque canon in the Americas, and its rewritings, will be traced in terms of the so-calledNeobaroque.We begin with a definition of the labyrinth as a fold and bifurcation, linked to the principle of anamorphosis as a curious and disoriented perspective that emerges during the Renaissance. As Ariadne's thread we will use the Baroque Spanish poetics of Juan Caramuel and Juan Diaz Rengifo, along with the theoretical contributions of Gilles Deleuze and Jorge Luis Borges, to explore the folds and bifurcations of one narrative labyrinth, one graphic and one sculptural. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

An important part of private, intimate, and family letters of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries that are kept in archives were used as evidence in the civil and ecclesiastical courts, in different types of litigation cases. However, very few research papers have studied the use of such evidence. This article analyses the nature of this legal evidence from the point of view of the writers from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. At the same time, it reviews the use of the letter as evidence in court from specific lawsuits, such as love letters and emigrants' letters, to show that the preservation of this correspondence was not, in many cases, fortuitous, but because it was considered a valuable test to submit to the judge and establish the facts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Borges’ relationship with Latin, and in particular with the work of Virgil was almost lifelong, and helps to explain Borges’ poetics. This paper will trace and explore this relationship, from the very early works such asFervor de Buenos AiresandLuna de enfrente, to his late work, in particularLos conjurados. Two key elements are essential in this analysis: a number of verses from Virgil’s first Eclogue, and the city of Geneva, a place of origins and endings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In 1580 Inés Álvarez de Gibraleón, widow of the ex-governor of the Philippines, Guido de Labezaris, was accused of witchcraft and sorcery in Manila together with her ‘daughter’ Ana de Monterrey. The origin of the accusation was an extraordinary event that happened while Doña Ana was carrying out her daily domestic chores. Two trials ensued. As there was no Inquisition personnel in the young colony at that stage, an ecclesiastical investigation was carried out into the potential heresy implied by the accusation. A record of this trial survives in the Archivo General de la Nación, Mexico City. At the same time, the new governor, Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa, presided over a civil trial of Ana and her husband Captain Juan de Morón. The papers concerning this civil trial disappeared in suspicious circumstances. However, the records from Mexico when examined in combination with documents preserved in several Spanish archives reveal how alleged cases of witchcraft could be exploited by the powerful for their own ends. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The holdings of the Archivo de la Real Chancillería de Granada, the Castilian Crown’s most important repository of legal documents in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, have been too little studied to date by historians of Spain. Drawing upon the slander trials whose documents are preserved in that archive, this article aims to establish their validity as sources for historical research. Although the trials have been examined from a variety of perspectives, their usefulness has scarcely been appreciated by those interested in the study of everyday life in sixteenth-century Spain. The personal squabbles to be found documented in the papers concerning these trials allow us to discover how individuals had recourse, consciously or unconsciously, to symbolic constructs (customs, norms and models of behaviour) created by the social groups to which they belonged, in order to differentiate themselves from others or to denigrate others in the eyes of their communities. Their recourse to these social norms and constructs reveals that the conduct of men and women at the time ranged and varied widely between the social norms they chose to obey and those they preferred to disregard. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper compares the economic image of seventeenth-century Spain given by foreign travellers with that offered by the arbitristas, examining the principal similarities and differences. Specifically, it analyses the following issues: the consideration of the natural resources base, the vision of national character and its relation to productive activities, and the perception of the economic situation and the causes of backwardness. The aim is to contrast the views of those who were thinking 'from the inside' about the causes of the evident decline of the country, with the free and uncensored gaze of foreign visitors, who, despite the obvious constraints and limitations, tended to focus on the most striking and different aspects they found compared to the reality of their own countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El objetivo del trabajo es analizar e interpretar el fenómeno de la prensa editada por los emigrantes catalanes en América, y proponer como hipótesis de trabajo, que esta actuaba como canalizadora de los sentimientos identitarios de esos emigrantes. La hipótesis se pretende confirmar a partir del análisis de un caso específico: la edición de la publicación La Llumanera de Nueva York, en el último cuarto del siglo XIX, la cual tuvo una gran difusión en la isla de Cuba. Las fuentes hemerográficas, tanto catalanas como cubanas, han sido muy importantes para realizar nuestra investigación, así como la consulta de fondos personales de emigrantes y de los archivos de la Sociedad de Beneficencia de Naturales de Cataluña de La Habana. El resultado de la investigación permite descubrir y comprender cómo se proyectó la realidad de Cataluña en Cuba, en las primeras décadas del siglo XX, a través de la propia prensa cubana. The aim of this paper is to analyse and interpret the phenomenon of the press published by Catalan emigrants in America, and to propose as a working hypothesis that it acted as a way of dealing with the feelings of those emigrants' identity. The hypothesis will be tested by the analysis of a specific case: the publishing of the journal La Llumanera de Nova York in the last quarter of the nineteenth century, which was widespread in the island of Cuba. The newspaper sources, both Catalan and Cuban, have been central to our research as well as consulting the personal collections of emigrants and the archive of the Charitable Society of Catalan Natives in Havana. The result of the research allows us to discover and understand, through the Cuban press itself, how the reality of Catalonia was viewed in Cuba in the early decades of the twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay reproduces part of the entire handwritten papers of the writer Juan Pablo Forner which were in the possession of the scholar María Jiménez Salas. Within this collection the existence of a little-known manuscript concerning Observaciones sobre la Historia Universal Sacro-Profana de Tomás Borrego written by Forner justifies my study of this version of the Extremaduran author’s notes which were later incorporated into the complete manuscript which has survived.. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we examine twenty-four editions of chapbooks which are products of the Valencian press of Joan Navarro in the period 1560 to 1563. All of these chapbooks make up one volume preserved in the Biblioteca Comunale Augusta, Perugia, catalogued under the shelfmark [I L 1402]. Of these twenty-four editions, we study specifically seven chapbooks in which are to be found the texts of thirty-four Spanish ballads ('romances'). We go on to confirm the widespread influence these poems enjoyed from 1547 to 1573, highlighting some of the points of contact between the versions found in the Perugia volume and those included in other chapbooks, songbooks or ballad collections printed in the sixteenth century. Among the most noteworthy precedents of these seven chapbooks are anthologies of ballads published in Antwerp, the silvas printed in Zaragoza by Esteban G. de Nájera and the Cancionero llamado flor de enamorados compiled by Joan Timoneda, whose first edition, now lost, is thought to have been printed in Valencia between 1556 and 1557. These seven chapbooks are, in their turn, important precedents to the Rosas de romances compiled by Joan Timoneda and printed by Joan Navarro in 1573. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literary texts which do not conform to a realist and mimetic practice have been generally disregarded by critics in the context of Mexican literature, even though a significant number of texts following this tendency have been published since the nineteenth century. This paper focuses on science fiction, one of the categories of ‘the unusual’ in Mexican literary productions, and more specifically on the subgenre of the dystopia. Many examples of this tendency can be found in different literary and filmic expressions, particularly since the end of the twentieth century. Through the analysis of four novels by recognized contemporary authors (Fuentes, Aridjis, Boullosa and Sheridan), this article explores the main themes present in this tendency and proposes a distinct typology for this subgenre in contemporary Mexican fiction, which addresses the extra-textual connections between the texts and the tragic events witnessed by the country in the last decades. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper attempts to understand the position of Vicente Blasco Ibáñez in both international and Spanish literary historiography from the point of view of the concept ofarrière-garde. In Spanish literary historiography, with the exception of his naturalistic works, Blasco Ibáñez's novels have either been dismissed or relegated to a peripheral position in contrast to the canon of the Generation of 1898, on the one hand, and Modernism, on the other. This situation is explored in relation to the way Blasco Ibáñez himself understood his career, as explained in his ‘Carta’ to Julio Cejador y Frauca, who included it in hisHistoria. Furthermore, the role played by translations is also taken into consideration with regard to the circulation of works by Blasco Ibáñez, a factor which does not apply in the case of either the Generation of 1898 or Modernist writers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper I propose analysing the concepts of discovery and conquest, especially the latter, because its use varies in legal documents, which started with the Reyes Católicos, concerning the treatment of Spaniards toward Indians. The crucial point in my analysis will concern the discussion about the nature of the concept of conquest, its relationship with that of just war and the ethics of its application by the participants in the Controversia de Valladolid (1550-51): Bartolomé de las Casas and Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda. The end point of my analysis is 1563, in the reign of Philip II, and the analysis is based on the lexical uses of these concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bernardo Atxaga in Obabakoak (1988), as elsewhere, develops deep metaliterary discussions about Euskara, the Basque language. This paper puts Atxaga's metaliterature into the context of Boccaccio and Cervantes linguistic fights, romantic philosophy, and today's linguistic politics. The Euskara language has a negligible literary tradition according to a number of Basque authors, such as B. Atxaga and Iban Zaldua, among others. Anything written before the 1980s would be of little value by international standards, but Obabakoak changed the landscape. Atxaga offers a combination of wit, literary tradition and theory, and good story telling at the service of literature written in Euskara. But, building a literary tradition in Euskara is also a political stance, and Atxaga's own linguistic politics are based on an artful discussion of plagiarism, originality, language status, and literary tradition. Yet, in Obabakoak, the debate on how to create an international tradition for Basque literature ends in the mumbling of a wilful narrator neutralized by a lizard that eats his brain and words away. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious freedom has always been considered to be a central issue in liberal and enlightened thought. Thus, attention has often been drawn to the shortage of observations on tolerance in the works of Spanish enlightened reformers, as also to the uncompromising prohibition of non-Catholic religions contained in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. In recent years, some scholars have argued that, because of the absence of religious minorities in Spain, the dominating influence on Spanish society of the Catholic Church and Spain's insufficient openness to European culture, Spanish liberals did not really begin to appreciate and discuss religious freedom as an ideal until the periods of exile following from 1814 and 1823. This paper aims to show, however, through analysis of one of the most relevant Spanish journals of the eighteenth century, that the matter of freedom of religious belief was indeed debated in Spain during the reigns of Carlos III and Carlos IV and that, in spite of the threat of censorship, some Spaniards did dare to write and publish work in favour of religious tolerance during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Historia de la conquista de México, published by Antonio de Solís in 1684, and later extensively reissued and translated, has been praised for the ‘elegance’ and ‘sweetness’ of its style. From very early on these qualities made the Historia to be read as a prose model worthy of imitation. Different scholars have studied Solís's sources and the way he manipulated them on the one hand, and, on the other, the extent of the reliability of his account. However, very little has been said about the actual writing practices of the Historia in the context of contemporary historiographical theories, or the author's own ideas about history or politics. This paper analyzes how some of these rhetorical techniques (I particularly focus on the use of oratio figurata, sententia, and epiphoneme) gave shape to Solís's political ideas, in particular the concept of prudence. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper analyses the theatrical genre of the loa as it evolved in Spain in the second half of the seventeenth century. After reviewing some of the main studies which discuss this genre and outlining the main stages in its development, this article considers the generic type of the loa entremesada from two perspectives: discussing, on the one hand, the growing professionalism that affected all theatrical manifestations, including the loa; and, on the other, considering the aspirations entertained by those who composed works of this kind to attract noble and royal patronage. For it is necessary to take account of such influential factors when evaluating the products of the Spanish stage in that period. The context within which the loa entremesada evolved is that in which the commercial and court theatre operated and interacted, and in which both benefited by sharing playwrights, companies and the repertory of plays, despite the different demands made by their different stage-facilities and -techniques. Whatever the type of theatre in which it is performed, whether palace-theatre or corral, the loa always functions on two levels: on the restricted level of its own content, and on the other level where it illuminates the more extensive dramatic work which it both precedes and serves to introduce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The entry into Barcelona of the Nationalist troops in January 1939 and the taking over of official information in the city by the Director of the Servicio Nacional de Propaganda, the poet Dionisio Ridruejo , meant the end of the style of information dissemination established by the democratic government. Ridruejo replaced the journalist Jaume Miravitlles, who throughout the war headed the Comissariat de Propaganda, the official organ of the autonomous government of Catalonia. This paper attempts to reconstruct and analyse the final efforts of official republican propaganda in Catalonia, and contrasts them with the propaganda of occupied Barcelona, which, in nationalist terminology, had just been ‘liberated’. We will analyse how the end of the Civil War represents the replacement of propaganda carried out by professionals in persuasion by an alternative supervised, and, often dictated, by the military. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

After the death of the dictator, Spanish cinema began to offer a series of films committed to portraying the Civil War. These narratives often selected characters from the Republican side—civilians or combatants—underscoring their suffering and the violence that characterized this era. Yet, it could be asked whether these productions genuinely attempt to rehabilitate the Republicans, who previously had been so vilified. In contrast to the films made during the dictatorship, which were based on simplified and mythical representations, do these new stories succeed in creating new myths? This paper sets out to examine what has changed and what has not in representations of the Civil War in film productions from the transition to democracy onwards. In this way, we can analyse how aspects of the Francoist myth-making persist in certain films which retain obvious links to the cinema of the dictatorship. It also explores how the representation of the war evolves in five films dealing with two Republican myths: the siege of Madrid and the defence of Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soon after conquest, authorities targeted several pre-Hispanic Andean recording and communications systems in an attempt to control indigenous voices. This paper highlights some aspects of co-optation and repression policies implemented during the government of Viceroy Francisco de Toledo in the Viceroyalty of Peru (1569–1581). We hypothesize that these policies conformed to the project of colonial domination when they were applied to systems such as theatrics and over visual systems such as keros (or ceremonial vessels) or over rock art. We identify some of the changes that occurred in the visual texts carved and painted on the surfaces of keros as a result of the implementation of these Toledan policies. They allow us to postulate that the decoration called 'formal style' can be dated as pre-Toledan, while vessels with 'free style' would have developed in part as a result of the control policies applied by the Viceroy Toledo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between the Spanish poet Jorge Guillén and the English Hispanist John Brande Trend through the correspondence they exchanged in the time period between the 1930s and the 1950s. It is not a full catalogue and comprises only sixteen letters. The exile is a topic that comes up frequently in them, one of the main reasons that triggered this correspondence, and is present in many of the letters: first during the war when Guillén asked Trend, then a university Professor of Spanish in Cambridge, for his support to be appointed reader in Cambridge, which would allow him to leave Spain; and in the following decades, when nostalgic memories of the Spain of the Twenties surface in their words. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns a passage in a lost work by Diego de Valera in defence of conversos, dedicated to Lope de Barrientos, bishop of Cuenca, and against a friar who preached in that town, where the author was born and lived at that moment (1458). We analyse both the specific circumstances that led to the composition of the text, which are linked with Mosen Diego's biography and the local political situation, and its ideological and literary aspects, especially its relation to the rest of Valera's works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay examines the use of the road narrative and the hard-boiled detective genre in the 1999 novel by Argentine post-boom writer Mempo Giardinelli, El décimo infierno. The conjunction of these two narrative models allegorizes the national and institutional violence embedded in the political, judicial, and social practices throughout the history of contemporary Argentina. Although the novel takes place after the military dictatorship, violence plays a role as a visible and metaphoric discourse, which represents the fundamental flaws of a democratic transition that remains in state of crisis. On the one hand, this paper discusses how El décimo infierno exploits the motif of the journey as a subversive and symbolic displacement to the margins of society not only geographically, but also legally and morally. On the other hand, Giardinelli uses the criminal universe created by the novela negra to approach the contradictions and ambiguities of the Latin American reality in the context of failed globalized and postmodern cultures. The detective genre also works as a fictional strategy to explore the national imaginary, the limits of violent human behaviour, and the emergence of a problematic value system that blurs the frontiers between reader and narrator, good and evil, love and hate, victims and culprits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the evolution of Spanish women from the last two decades of the nineteenth century until the 1980s as presented in La enredadera (1984) by Josefina R. Aldecoa, with a focus on the diachrony of socio-cultural discourses and the analysis of the female protagonists' emotions. Far from the traditional association of emotion with weakness and irrationality, and following theorists such as Arlie Russell Hochschild, June Crawford, Michel Foucault and Anthony Giddens, emotions are regarded here as systems of representation: they have a capacity for agency, can be modified depending on the individual's recognition of her inner experience, and influence how we understand the world and who we are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several approximations to the binomial distribution were compared in 1956 by Raft [9], including the normal, arcsine, normal Gram-Charlier, Camp-Paulson, Poisson, and Poisson Gram-Charlier approximations. The closeness of these approximations is judged by the maximal error which can arise in evaluating any sum of consecutive binomial terms. Borges [3] investigated a general class of approximations (which includes some of the above) and showed that a certain beta-transformation of a binomially distributed variable is the unique member of this class which is approximately normal with error 0(l/n). In 1963, Bol'shev [2] gave two new Poisson-type approximations. In this paper, some of Raft's tables are extended and tables for the error of these newer approximations are added. As a consequence of the numerical results obtained, the Poisson Gram-Charlier approximation is recommended for small values of p while the Camp-Paulson and Borges' approximations should generally be preferred for large p. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data editing by a computer program can be regarded as a form of statistical quality control. In that perspective, costs and benefits of alternative programs can be compared to one another and, of course, to no control plan at all. This paper outlines one approach to cost-benefit comparison and utilizes a realistic example to suggest that computerized data editing is generally superior to clerical editing. It also warns against edit programs which provide for record rejections and off-line review. Most importantly, it urges that a systematic comparison of costs can assist significantly in edit planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]