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This paper is an approach to the way in which the State takes shape in the margins of the Colombian nation. It also inquires about the way the law work in such spaces, in postpeace agreement contexts. It is based on the testimony of two men who were actors in the Colombian armed conflict. The information was collected under the methodological approach of Multi-Sited Ethnography. Our conclusion is that the so-called post-conflict is a stage where alternative legal orders emerge as embodiments of State institutions. This means that the margins are spaces where the State has not consolidated effective and stable forms of social regulation. This situation opens a space for the emergence of local actors who play a role as intermediaries and no formal personifications of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, modern families are coping with different stressful situations. The family studies are focused on the conceptual perspective, political perspective and methodological topic and they leave aside the familiar dynamics and functioning. This paper was interested in describing and comparing indicators of family resilience and family welfare of 442 Colombian families. This study had three hypotheses: The first one is focused on differences in well-being family dimension per location; the second hypothesis was focused on significant differences in family resilience per location, and the third one was interested in significant relations in family resilience and family well-being. The theoretical support to this research is the McCubbin and Patterson's resilience model called Double ABCX and Family Adaptation and Adjust Response Model by Patterson. The family well-being is considered a result of internal family functioning and is measured by the family member perception about the concern about health problems, fears, anger and sadness. Family resilience is understood as the capacity to recover from adversity. This capacity strengthens families and improves their resources. In this theoretic resilience approach the resilience is a dynamic result to the adaptation phase and the family well-being is the final adjustment. The design was cross-sectional analytical with a convenience sample. The families were interviewed in their homes, from each family both parents and a child between 9 and 17 years old participated. They are located geographically in Bogotá (n = 196), Santa Marta (n = 81) and Cali-Palmira (n = 145). Families completed the Family Member Wellbeing Index (FMWB) and the Family Regeneration and Adaptation Index (FIRA-G) to assess resilience. Families residing in Bogotá showed significant differences with those of Cali-Palmira in the dimension of family wellbeing, family stress and support from friends and family. While families located in Santa Marta showed differences with respect to the families located in Cali-Palmira in family stress and in community and social support. The father correlations between the family resilience index and the well-being family index is strong and inverse with the family stress and the family well-being summarized. The mother well-being family perception is significant associated with family resilience, and these correlations was strongest with family well-being summarized. The family stress index, strains and distress exposed moderate and inverse relations with the positive resilience family summarized. The discussion deals with family resilience as a product of the dynamic interaction in the hole family system and is oriented to the fact that the presence of support from family and friends reduces the burden of family stress, promotes support in the face of crisis and, in general, improves the well-being and family adaptation. In general, the differences reflect varied resilience trajectories that depend on the challenges posed by the close context of the city where they live. An approach to this result leads us to think as a hypothesis not yet widely explored, in the mobility factor of cities, which limits contact with close family networks. In big cities like Bogotá, its internal mobility compromises the times and spaces of daily life, and thus allows or prevents families from organizing their relationships in the different areas of their social life. Resilience occurs through positive adaptive family resources that included social support and family coherence and allow families to reduce stress and meet the demands of the environment. On the other hand, the presence of the two parents in families without clinical indicators shows that the burden of shared stress helps family resilience, which is also fed by the presence of external aids to the family nucleus, such as the support of the community, family and friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the problems that technology programs face in Colombia, which are classified into legislative, comparative, and sociocultural aspects. It also identifies a conceptual confusion that has created a circular problem between imprecise legislation and a cultural bias against this kind of programs. Consequently, this paper suggests reconsidering technology programs as heterogenous systems of actions and practices composed of agents, artifacts, different types of knowledge, norms, and values. Furthermore, it proposes to understand different technology programs in Colombia (technician, associate, and bachelor's) as practices to develop specific competencies for designing, innovating, operating, maintaining, or repairing particular technology systems within a framework of norms and values. Finally, it presents an epistemic framework to characterize the levels of technology programs in a qualitative scale that relates types of knowledge (explicit/implicit or representational/operational) to innovation and design capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the impact of the decentralization policy on the education sector of the Department of Huila. It uses panel data on fiscal, administrative and political decentralization, as well as educational coverage and educational quality of all its municipalities in the period 2005-2015. The results show that educational coverage has a positive relationship with administrative decentralization, and that fiscal, administrative and political decentralization contribute to improving the quality of municipal education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the formation and survival of presidential cabinets in Colombia between 1958 and 2018. We compare two periods in the country's political history: During the first period, 1958 to 1990, Colombia operated with a two-party system. The second period, 1991 to the present, is characterized by the opening of the political regime to new parties and the formation of coalition governments. For this purpose, we use semi-parametric models and Cox regressions that allow us to estimate the survival of 581 ministerial appointments and identify the predictors of survival in their positions from both individual characteristics of the ministers and the institutional characteristics of the system. The study shows that the stability in the position of ministers during the bipartisan era is lower than the duration of ministers during the period of coalition governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the progress in the integration of the Latin American Integrated Market (MILA by its Spanish acronym) by studying the dynamic relationship between the volatilities of the markets that conform it: Colombia, Mexico, Peru and Chile. To achieve this objective, data between 2002 and 2018 from the stock exchanges' representative indices of each MILA member was used. Due to the particular characteristics of the financial series, such as nonstationarity and dynamic variance over time, time series techniques were applied, specifically, the models of the GARCH family with a multivariate approach captures the relationship existing between markets. It was found that individually all series are integrated processes of order 1 and present ARCH effects. Even though the existence of interdependence of volatility between markets is latent and varies over time, the results of this study show that this relationship does not represent a significant increase after the conformation of the MILA. This fact suggests that, although the markets are interrelated, the interdependence is not strong and therefore each of the markets maintain independence. The integration has not been fully achieved and the advantages of this have only been partially shown in each of the stock exchanges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Civil Code of Andrés Bello, influenced by the French Civil Code, and unlike other European and Latin American codes, included the category of quasi-delict as a source of obligations. However, this notion has been difficult to understand, and has been often branded as merely formal, difficult to define and devoid of any practical utility. For this reason, this paper proposes an analysis of the category of «quasi-delicts» on the basis of the so-called obligations quasi ex delicto in classical Roman law. Such obligations were very useful for the formulation of a perfect and comprehensive division of the sources of obligations. After studying the reception of the quasi-delict in Andres Bello's Code, both in Chile and in Colombia, this paper proposes some ideas that could contribute to a new understanding of the category and, with it, to the renewal of its systematic and practical utility. The aim of this paper is to highlight the most important aspects of this category that allow for a re-reading of the modern category of quasi-delict in the light of classical Roman categories. For this reason, it would exceed the scope of the present work to carry out an exhaustive exegetical analysis of the entire collection of Roman sources that refer to this matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is to analyze Colombian public policies (laws) related to the intervention on the interdomestic violence (IDV), starting for the conceptions of function and the meaning of domestic violence. The first section contains a critical review on legislation (public policies) about IDV, more importantly in the national ambit of Colombia: law 294 of 1996 of the IDV law (reformed for the law 575 of 2000), and law 1257 of 2008, from which several laws have developed regarding sensitization, prevention and sanction of different ways of violence and discrimination against women; the penal code and the penal procedure are reformed, and law 294 of 1996 and other dispositions are dictated. This public policies are reviewed critically, with the final purpose of identifying the more common features that prevent or make an approach of the violent phenomenon more difficult. In this sense, as weaknesses of the public policies that exist in Colombia for the intervention on the IDV, it is found that: 1.- state actions (public policies) imply the traditional conception that violence equals aggression; 2.- it is necessary and possible to eradicate the violence from the family ties. 3.- derived from the above, a sanction and penal emphasis are made as the best way to eradicate IDV ; 4.- it is considered that the principal victim f this phenomenon it is the women, whence, in the public politics it is predominant the conception of a single gender, both in its conception and in its intervention; 5.- the conciliation processes are used as the best mechanism for supervision of the IDV, and finally, 6.- in public politics it is first the informative perspective, characterized for show a traditional conception of violence through psychosocial interventions, trainings and educational material; it concludes, in this section, that the understanding, explanation and intervention of the violent phenomenon has been dominated for a traditional conception of violence that, matching it with aggression or pretending its eradication, sustains the public politics strategies in the intervention of IDV of Colombia. In the second part f this paper work, and with the finality of showing the implication of the way that is conceived the violence present in the characteristics of the public politics here addressed is conceived the family as a composite system for elements of symbolic character that are articulated each from certain structure principles; said principles are: incompleteness of the system, lack of identity of the elements, covariance of the elements and dynamism of the system. The above offers the basis for pointing the possible consequences of the law, that, as a public policies promote a particular way of contextualize and intervene IDV and allow to analyze the implications of the public policies from a renewed way of understanding the function and the sense of the violent phenomenon inside the family. This implications allow to consider: the consequences about public policies and its impact on IDV the compare violence and aggression, the impossibility of eradicate the IDV, it is considered that the penal sanction is insufficient in the IDV intervention, the consequences of the primacy of the perspective of a single gender in public policies on IDV, it is reflected that the conciliation processes do not allow to understand the complex role played by the IDV, and finally, it is considered necessary to overcome the merely informative perspective on the IDV; At the same time, alternatives are outlined that could overcome these weaknesses. It is concluded that the way in which IDV has been conceived and the intervention that has derived from it, has made it difficult to understand the function and meaning of violence within family ties and has prevented more efficient interventions within the family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the opportunity, in the short and medium term, for a Colombia that is an OECD member and NATO partner to face the challenges of the public security transition, despite no explicit mention of it appearing in the Peace Agreement (or Final Agreement). To do this, an anomaly will have to be overcome: the so-called 'Lleras Camargo duality', which has facilitated excessive decisional autonomy of the security forces, scant parliamentary control and insufficient political leadership of defence. The paper is divided into contextual and a priori section, with another analytical section focussing on conceptual clarifications and practical lessons of a comparative nature. The final part is dedicated to Colombia's particularities and the presentation of a proposal for addressing eight major challenges: three general, two focused on external security, and three on internal security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces the design, construction, and static testing of a solid rocket motor. The design was based on the solid rocket motor design methodology (SRM). The rocket motor included the igniter system, the combustion chamber, the solid propellant, and the nozzle. The internal diameter of the combustion chamber and the total length of the rocket motor were 27,67 mm and 230 mm, respectively. The rocket motor nozzle was of the convergent-divergent Laval type. The propellant was based on the mixture of potassium nitrate (KNO3) (oxidant) and high purity sugar (or sucrose: C12H22O11) (fuel), whose synthesis was achieved through a thermal fusion process (150-170 °C for 20-25 min). The performance of the rocket motor was evaluated using a static combustion test; resulting in a maximum thrust force (load) of 227 N, a total impulse of 98,69 Ns and a specific impulse of 65,8 s, thus allowing its classification as a class G rocket motor. The results obtained are considered of great importance in the development and characterization of solid rocket motors, necessary to promote the experimental rocketry in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a conceptual model for technical microgrids conception applied to a case study in Colombia is presented. The model considers aspects as: medium voltage electrical system topology setting, preselection of generation technologies, electrical demand prioritization, generators location employing the voltage Stability Index (SI), operation strategies and capacity sizing of distributed generators, components modeling and the evaluation of microgrid performance in aspects as voltage profiles and optimal power management. The conceptual model developed was applied in a case study for the Valle del Cauca region, Colombia, which presents urban and agroindustry areas suitable for the research requirements. For the microgrid steady-state performance evaluation, the computational tool of power systems analysis Neplan® was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Coffee is a highly mycotrophic plant, its interaction with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi has been studied among different tropical countries. The majority of the published works indicates that coffee is benefited from the mycorrhizal association, where the AMF confers protection against pathogens and diseases, increases water absorption, as well as it increases the adaptation of the plant at transplant from nurseries to the main plantation. Objective: A review was made where we summarized and analyze the research reports of AMF with coffee from at least the past 10 years, focused on AMF global species distribution, nutritional benefits of the association and interaction with pathogens. Methods: We retrieved available bibliographic data from coffee producer countries in public databases. We considered published works from 2000 to 2019, nevertheless, we included classic papers on the topic, outside that period, mainly the ones performed in Brazil since 1986. We organized the number of reported species per country, we look for synonyms, grouped them by family, genera and species. The reports that only reported genera or where ambiguous were used as reference but not considered for the final analysis. We summarized the reports of the benefits of the AMF interaction in coffee, as well as pathogen tolerance. Results: The collected data shows that there are more than 100 AMF species associated with coffee, which represents more than a third part of the total of reported species worldwide. We found that Colombia has the highest richness, but it also has the highest number of published reports. Conclusions: This information shows the benefits of the incorporation of AMF to coffee plantation programs, because these fungi are a key element in coffee plant nutrition, nevertheless, the coffee variety should be considered when introducing AMF, as not all associations has been efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a theoretical-reflective essay that aims to approach the way in which the role of women has been biased by social representations, inherited by generations. In these representations, men are more closely associated with work and professional development, while women are mainly associated with housework and family. One of the epicenters of this problem, in addition to the above, is education. Overall, in Latin America, and specifically in Colombia, social inequalities are very deep and reflect a gender gap, permanently reproduced, which could be traced in terms of colonization and intersectionality. This paper will address three key moments. Firstly, it places women in education; secondly, it observes, from a general point of view, the challenges in terms of gender equity for higher education (HE) from the incorporation of the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), and finally, it presents an intersectional methodological perspective, which manages to dialogue between the aforementioned moments. It is intended to make a first approach to this concept from the educational perspective as an opportunity that realizes the promise of social inclusion and equity for women in the academy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the different dimensions of women's empowerment that can arise during the entrepreneurial process. It considers the changes in these dimensions as women advance in the development of their new ventures, differentiating characteristics according to the context (urban or rural). Another contribution refers to which empowerment factors developed by female entrepreneurs are key to reducing poverty. The proposal develops a multiple correspondence analysis and an ordered probit model, with data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) Colombia. The results make it possible to identify what is needed to strengthen the empowerment of women through entrepreneurship, and the resources available for this. Furthermore, the relationship found between economic empowerment factors and family income provides evidence for the importance of empowerment for poverty reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to show experiences of political socialization between parents and children in Colombia. It is based on a two-way vision of parenting and political socialization. The political is understood as a dimension of the social that has a double character: conflicting and deliberative. In that sense, political socialization can lead to both perpetuating or transforming conditions and political orientations received. The research is qualitative, with data coming from semi-structured interviews conducted with the mothers and fathers of three families. The results show different experiences through which the families encourage critical thinking and construct political notions related to peace, otherness, participation and social inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful students are often concentrated in wealthier regions. This paper examines the possible impact of students' geographical location on their achievement, evaluated externally in bachelor's degree programs in economics (taught face-to-face or via traditional or virtual distance learning) in higher education institutions in Colombia. An analysis was conducted using georeferenced and geolocated models, based on students' assessment results from the Colombian Institute for Educational Assessment's (ICFES) FTP system and the Political and Administrative Division (DIVIPOLA) system. High achievement was recorded in face-to-face learning in central regions like Bogotá and Antioquia, but also in more remote regions in traditional distance learning, despite the fact that location did not exhibit statistically significant trends in the spatial autocorrelation measure Moran's I. Lastly, we discuss the trends found and the possible limitations of this model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using the theoretical-methodological perspective based on experience frameworks, this paper aims at analyzing and understanding the way in which organizations communicate aspects that are related to occupational safety and health. In this sense, we carry out an analysis of the narratives related to this topic and propose a diagnosis mechanism to subjectively measure the burden of the regulatory, strategic, and moral frameworks of these narratives. A panel of Latin American experts applied a three-round Delphi analysis on five case studies in Colombia to illustrate how this mechanism works. In addition to the use of a robust research paradigm, this work contributes by proposing a scheme capable of presenting the motivations and interests of occupational safety and health professionals in perspective, finding imbalances in the way relevant information is transmitted through official messages and channels. Therefore, its use is susceptible to study in this and other areas of knowledge of the organizational discipline, and its adoption could be worthwhile in order to generate more and better knowledge in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are analysises of human rights' guarantees in Colombia, there are few studies focused on the historical reconstruction of policies in this area. This paper is based on the recognition that public action is dynamic because it is the product of communication between institutions and condenses dissent in the understanding of human rights' concepts. Thus, intervention priorities and their scope are the result of institutional choices that may vary or last over time. In this context, based on the analysis of the dialogue between entities involved in human rights policies, the article documents the way in which the concept of human rights has been consolidated and supports action on the matter, specifically, in Barco's government, which announces solutions and, above all, current problems in the public agenda and in current social revindications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes "Concejo a la casa", the initiative developed by DemoLab, the Open Council Laboratory of Bogota, as the first case of political innovation in Colombia that uses lottery as a selection mechanism for a process of citizen participation. It builds upon both the conceptual framework based on political innovation and lottery, and the descriptive analysis of the data collected by "Concejo a la casa" to explore the relationship between the descriptive representation of randomness and the conditions that enhance the reduction of some barriers and bias related to participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an unpublished 1970 work written by the distinguished development economist Lauchlin Currie (1902-93) on Paul Rosenstein Rodan's famous 1944 essay on the "Big Push" which led to the debate on balanced and unbalanced growth in which Albert Hirschman (1915-2012) was an important contributor. Both Currie and Hirschman had been key economic advisers to the Colombian government and here their respective views on development planning are contrasted. In particular, it is shown how Currie's 1970 paper clarifies the theory that serves as the basis for Colombia's 1971-74 National Plan, which he designed and helped execute, and whose institutional innovations have had a lasting impact on Colombia's recent economic history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This paper analyses critically the integration model proposed by the Pacific Alliance (PA) from the perspective of the legal foundations of Colombia's foreign policy, in order to determine the degree of normative convergence between the Colombian constitutional order and this particular trade agreement. Methodology: This research uses legal technique and case-law analysis as research methodologies, offering a detailed panorama of the normative development of the PA and its relationship with the constitutional requirements regulating the international relations of Colombia. Conclusion: Despite being at an initial stage in relation to its normative and institutional structure, the PA has emerged as a second generation regional trade agreement (RTA), which complements its commercial trajectory with political, social and productive integration agendas, promoting the diversification of international economic relations of its members without altering or modifying their sovereign powers. The above allows to show its compatibility with the constitutional mandate pro integratione, particularly in regard to the ideal of promoting the internationalization of Colombian economic relations with countries of Latin America and other world regions. Originality: The proposed approach has theoretical and methodological originality inasmuch as there are no previous studies analyzing the legal and normative nexus between the interests of Colombia's foreign policy and the PA. Its relevance lies not only in the validity of the issue in question, but also for scenarios of reflection on the participation of the State in trade agreements or regional integration schemes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Serranía La Lindosa is a geomorphological formation with land cover heterogeneity. This area faces a contradictory situation because it has high biodiversity and provides several ecosystem services, and yet it is one of the current largest deforestation sites in Colombia. Bats is a taxonomic group with high expected diversity in La Lindosa, but there is little published information about this group. This paper presents the results of bat inventories carried out during five years in the Lindosa mountain range. Additionally, diversity is compared in terms of species richness, composition, and structure of bat assemblies in two main types of vegetation cover evident in the area, which are humid forests and casmophytic savannas. Inventories collected information on 735 captured bats, corresponding to 46 species. Of these, 14 species were found only in casmophytic savannas, 11 in humid forests, and 19 in both types of vegetation. Thus, there is high complementarity in bat species composition between the two vegetation types. Additionally, the structure of bat assemblies varied between the two environments, with a proportional distribution of species abundance more homogeneous in casmophytic savannas than in forests. Besides, a higher number of rare species was found in casmophytic savannas. In general, the high diversity of bats of the Serranía de La Lindosa could be associated with vegetation heterogeneity, presence of different cave types and evolutionary history of bat species associated with the Guayana Region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to establish, the degree to which 44 social responsibility programs from private sector organizations in Colombia respond to the principles that determine the systemic logic of Agenda 2030, under the categories of comprehensiveness and intensity. The methodology adopted in this investigation involved a two-stage process: the first sets out an inventory of issues relevant to each SDG that fits with the actions of the private sector; and the second identifies the type of SDG interactions under the above categories. Empirical evidence shows that programs, although framed within a particular SDG, articulate with several SDGs simultaneously, with a bias towards economic, social, and governance issues rather than environmental ones. The study suggests the importance of adopting a systemic approach to social responsibility programs and is one of the few empirical studies on the interactions between SDGs that have been conducted in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is focused on working under the line of sustainability in small-scale informal gold mining projects, specifically in Colombia. It is interesting to study Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM) in Colombia from a business perspective as an activity that generates economic and sustainable development. ASM has great challenges to overcome in order to achieve sustainability in the industry, among them is to overcome informality in the sector, and thus be able to promote the development of a legally constituted economic activity. To achieve this objective, the National Government of Colombia has implemented a National Mining Formalization Policy, encouraging formality through mining formalization and regularization projects. In this work a review is carried out on the aspects that revolve around a Sustainable Business Model; use is made of the business modeling tool Canvas, whose input is secondary information sources. to present a Sustainable Business Model around small informal gold mining with a view to contributing to the purpose of achieving mining formality in operations in the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 caused a worldwide paralysis. An asynchronous study among executive officers was developed, using the qualitative Delphi method, during the confinement stage, by a couple of companies, one from Colombia, another from Spain. Participants were human resources and marketing managers (some of them working in both areas) of large companies, SMEs, non-profit organizations, and professional unions, located in both countries. A forecast of expected changes in interpersonal relationships was the main objective of the study; however, as participants broadened the debate, topics related to administrative functions emerged. This paper focuses in the latter. Administrative planning was the most affected function by the pandemic. Organizational arranges like telecommuting became more common, their interaction and control difficulties raise concerns among directors. Strengthening trust and communication bonds is important. Decision making process was faster during the quarantine period, it is a lesson learned by the participants. Increased empathy to the personal necessities and functionality prevalence in the performance of administrative tasks are both in the future expected by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific and medical developments, added to our reality in Colombia, demand the training of professionals consistent with ethical principles and clear theoretical concepts on current regulations that are aimed at respect for human life. The country's current constitutional situation poses a challenge to any professional, beyond the legal or health fields, since fundamental rights such as life and freedom of conscience are being questioned. This paper demonstrates the need and importance of promoting and accessing conscientious objection as a response to the legal landscape of the protection of life in Colombia, which may be an example for other countries in Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper puts forward a set of academic proposals for the Colombian health care system's adequate incorporation of the right to try experimental treatments conceived in the United States. It explains the differences between the Colombian and the American health models regarding access to non-conventional drugs. A comparative qualitative method is used, which, by contrasting, would provide solutions to incorporate the right appropriately into the national health model. The research concludes that, for the right to be adequately adopted, it is crucial to take out voluntary policies that ensure experimental treatments, introduce presumption of fact on patients' economic capacity to avoid shifting the burden of proof, eliminate medical committees for the approval of these drugs--notwithstanding the fact that physicians may consult their risks and benefits with other medical bodies--, and incentivize credits and tax exemptions for insurers and manufacturers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on the normative design, which regulates research in Colombia and the practices of researchers from an ethical approach, by addressing critical issues in the health sciences, social sciences, and environmental disciplines, to conclude that it is necessary to strengthen state control in these issues, the updating of the regulations and greater training of researchers and members of Ethics Committees in research, especially in the protection of participants, animal care, conflicts of interest, the management of communities, and vulnerable groups, community protocols, informed consent, prior consultation, biodiversity care, and access to genetic resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this paper, through primary sources, we intend to clarify and specify the role and actions taken by the government against the flu pandemic of 1918 in Bogotá. Materials and methods: Primary Sources: Newspapers of the time in Bogota and Colombia, official reports of the Central Board of Hygiene, official reports of the Board of Relief and medical thesis, National University of Colombia. Also, secondary sources on the topic were reviewed. Conclusion: The Public Hygiene, headed by State, proved unable to deal with the pandemic. The Relief Board was the only institution that took effective action. This institution of private character was created by the notables of the capital. The Board of Relief is remembered and praised by the print media, in contrast, the Central Board of Hygiene was represented as victim in the cartoons and was heavily criticized for their limited participation in the pandemic flu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to present a brief state of the art on bibliographic production and the current situation of official translation and interpretation in Colombia. For this purpose, main theoretical, normative and practical references related to academic and marketing aspects of the activity of the translator and interpreter were collected, analyzed and then compared to those existing in the world. After this analysis, which is only a preliminary approach to the need for a conceptual, theoretical and methodological development of the profession, the importance of thinking about some theoretical and commercial initiatives that pave the way for the professionalization of this area in the country was recognized. Likewise, it was found that academic production in this field in Colombia is very incipient and, in its great majority, it has focused on topics related to status, professionalization and legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the answer to the cybersecurity challenges faced by the centralization of the electric power generation control in the second company of this type in Colombia. Likewise, it describes the main cybersecurity practices that were investigated, analyzed and implemented to establish and maintain a safe environment for operations, which allow facing the risks of cyberattacks on this essential service to the society. It presents the methodologies and technical measures that should have been considered in the different stages of the project to prevent cyberattacks from being effective, to identify them in a timely manner and to achieve the resilience of the supervision and control systems that were used and tested in this environment. It also shows how these results were used as a contribution to the evolution of Colombian national electric sector regulations on the subject and how they can serve as a basis for improvements to regulation and cybersecurity for other agents in the electricity sector in the country and the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For almost a year, humanity has been threatened by the new coronavirus known as SARS-CoV-2, which originated in China, and from there has spread to almost all regions around the globe. The incidence and mortality of this dangerous virus, which have recently increased in countries like Colombia, has overwhelmed public health systems and has created enormous difficulties and challenges at the economic, social, and political levels. With the aim of quickly finding treatment alternatives, running parallel to prevention initiatives spurred by the arrival of an effective vaccine, computational biology and computer-aided technologies have now been playing a booming role and have rapidly positioned themselves as key players in the pharmaceutical industry. This paper presents the main findings of a study focused on designing and discovering new agents with inhibitory capacity against the new coronavirus, describing the methodological strategy employed and presenting the implications, challenges, and future perspectives associated with finding a molecule with promising therapeutic potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of four electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests carried out in the anechoic chamber of Universidad de los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia) on mechanical ventilators manufactured by different Colombian initiatives responding to the COVID-19 emergency. The four tests were carried out in accordance with the IEC 60601-1-2 product standard. The tests were the following: radiated immunity in the 80 MHz to 1000 MHz frequency, according to generic standard IEC 61000-4-3; radiated immunity at specific frequencies of 385 MHz, 450 MHz, 710 MHz, 745 MHz, 780 MHz, 810 MHz, 870 MHz and 930 MHz, in accordance with generic standard IEC 61000-4-3; conducted emissions, in accordance with the CISPR 11 standard; and radiated emissions, in accordance with the CISPR 11 standard. It describes the standards used to carry out the tests, the experimental setup used in each test, the observed results and the mitigation measures required to pass the tests. The results are discussed and necessary measures are suggested to promote the development of electromagnetic compatibility in Colombia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will review the different existing literature on studies of international relations in Latin America, specifically in Colombia will be reviewed. As a subject little explored by the scholars, this effort is a great contribution to the development of future research to account for the development of the discipline of international relations. Also, through this historic journey will be known about the background that led to the emergence and evolution of international studies in the region, finding that there are few studies that from the sociology of science have approached the international field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the determination of antioxidant capacity and total polyphenol content in both aqueous and organic extracts of Stevia Rebaudiana stems variety Morita II. The antioxidant capacity was determined through various in vitro assays: Method 2 1,1-diphenylpicryl- hidrazyl (DPPH) assay, discoloration 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulfonic acid (ABTS) assay, ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and total polyphenols by Folin-Ciocalteu. The results were analyzed by Person's correlation. This work was done in order to give added value to the stem of Stevia and their potential use as a source of antioxidant compounds. The results indicate that extracts of Stevia stems grown in Colombia have greater inhibitory activity of free radicals compared to reports in the literature regarding leaf and stem. Therefore it can be concluded that the stems are an accessible source of antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Identify the prevalence of internal and external parasites in ex situ snakes at the Fundación Botánica y Zoológica de Barranquilla “Barranquilla Zoo”. Materials and methods. Stool samples and ectoparasites of 2 colubrids (Leptophis ahaetulla and Spilotes pullatus), 2 diapsids (Oxybelys aeneus and Thamnodynastes paraguanae) and 13 boids (9 individuals of Boa constrictor, 2 of Epicrates maurus and 2 Eunectes murinus) were analyzed using flotation method in saturated sugar solution and direct observation. Results. The results showed that 65% (11/17) of the population was positive to the presence of parasites. In relation to the positive specimens, 91% (10/11) belong to the Boidae family, presenting mostly nematodes, in the dipsadid’s samples mainly protozoans were observed and the colubrid´s samples were negative. Regarding ectoparasites, 2 species of ticks (Amblyomma dissimile and Ornothodoros turicata) were found in specimens of Boa constrictor, Epicrates maurus and Spilotes pullatus. Conclusions. The identification of parasitic forms in this paper represents a contribution to the knowledge of parasites in snakes ex situ in Colombia. It provides information to develop prophylactic measures against these pathological agents and also allows comparing the data about the parasitic forms found with other researches in the wild and in captivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article analyzes the incorporation of the right to access to experimental treatments in the United States of America and Colombia. It also examines its case-law insertion, essential elements, and the regulations that each country has established for the provision of these unconventional procedures and drugs. Subsequently, it makes a series of criticisms over how the Constitutional Court has migrated or translated this right from US case law and legislation to the Colombian health care system. Therefore, this paper intends to carry out a comparative analysis of both health care systems from the perspective of the role of both the State and health actors (manufacturers, insurers, patients) in accessing experimental drugs and procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper evaluates the size of the State in an international context and analyzes the behavior of public spending in Colombia during the last two decades. It takes a theoretical and empirical review of optimal public spending, and presents international comparisons of the size of the State which support the Wagner Law: the size of the State grows at the same rate or at a higher rate than income. It also describes the evolution of central national government spending based on the traditional economic classification, and reviews the evolution of government spending according to purpose, emphasizing social spending. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/context: In this paper, we describe the evolution of municipalitylevel homicide rates, during the 2003-2014 period in Colombia. Methodology: Quantitative analysis with multi-level regression models and finite-mix models. Conclusions: Our results show an important and statistically significant reduction of violence at the national level, and a large variability across geographical areas. We identify an association between profiles of change and a general government performance index, which provides support to the hypothesis of a differentiated State across time and space, and motives further studies and differential public policies across municipalities. Originality: The relationship between homicidal violence and the role of the State has been commonly analyzed on an aggregated level that ignores the disaggregated territorial view and heterogeneity of microterritorial realities. This article recognizes the local differences for the design of public policies that reflect contextual realities and assume that the performance of the State is heterogeneous and not static. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an advance of research of a doctoral thesis on the scope of arbitration in Colombia and Spain. It states that, in the Colombian legal system, arbitration has a jurisdictional nature. In addition to being transitory judges, arbitrators have a wide margin of autonomy to choose the law applicable to the case. To this is added that, as it is a single instance process, subject only to the motion for annulment, which process for defects in form or procedure, there is no procedural way to question the substance of the decision. The research is descriptive and is done from the qualitative approach. The general objective of the article is to demonstrate that, despite the above, and to that idea was reached in the conclusions, the arbitrators are subject to the precedent of the Constitutional Court, by virtue of the principles of constitutional supremacy, consistent interpretation and legal certainty. The purpose of the article is to generate arguments so that, from the arbitration processes, the constitutional precedents are respected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we study how the legal subject "homeless" (habitante de la calle) was created in Colombia, and how it allowed certain ways of governance in contemporary cities. Focusing on the Colombian case, we argue that contemporary forms of control were only possible when the subject 'homeless' was distanced from other concepts such as lazy, indigent or mad. Furthermore, we make an analysis of the legal frame and academic discourses that developed the new subject of government, and studied how they legitimized new forms of crime control and new ways of organizing urban spaces. In order to do so, a case study of Bogota has been conducted focusing on national and local regulations on the matter, as well as on the discourses on security, crime control and government of problematic populations in both scales of the state administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The signing of the Final Agreement between the Colombian National Government and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) on November 24, 2016, created many expectations. However, key advances that were achieved during the subsequent months gave way to a period of stagnation and even actual backsliding in its implementation. This paper analyzes the difficulties of fulfilling the Final Agreement, in particular as concerns its first point regarding Comprehensive Rural Reform (CRR). The analysis is based on the argument that if the Agreement was focused on generating the conditions necessary to end armed conflict and reestablish democratic conditions in the country, it also contains structural factors which infringe upon the consolidation of peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines legal means that were enacted "to face the expansion of communism" in Colombia, after the triumph of the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 and its subsequent consolidation in the Cold War, and places them in their respective political context in two different moments: in the twenties when the Conservative Hegemony enacted laws to stop the influence of the Russian revolution, in a time of intense social upheaval and worker mobilization; and then in the military rule of General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1953-1957), who ban the "international communism" in times of the Cold War. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to estimate the returns of the university education of the population employed in Colombia, differentiating by departments and educational level, with data from the Gran Encuesta Integrada de Hogares de 2015, through the Mincer equation, including the sheepskins effect which allows to capture the different rewards granted to obtain a university diploma. Moreover, a cost benefit analysis was calculated to determine the profitability of a university career in Colombia. The results indicate that there is a low percentage of employees with a university degree, although in Colombia it is profitable to carry out a career since if the person enter the labor market, with a higher education degree, this one will have an average profitability of 11.2% for men and 9.1% for women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses the contents published in digital media during the 2014 presidential election in Colombia in order to identify the informative impartiality and factuality of the digital press. The paper is based on the Interpretive-Hermeneutic methodology and provides a case study and a content analysis of the web articles published between May 25 and June 15 of 2014 by El Tiempo and El Espectador newspapers. The findings show the use of one informative source alone and the limitation of testimonies to personal opinions of politicians, prioritization of content about politicians and campaign events rather than an analysis and a presentation of the government plan, and a strong presence of peacerelated topics and support for the presidential reelection. It is possible to conclude that the discursive resources of both newspapers reduced the written narrative and prioritized the use of images and videos establishing news that, even though broaden the format in terms of information, simplify and modify the informative elements related to the fact-event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoamerica emerged in regional relations thanks to different cooperation strategies between Mexico, Central America, Colombia and the Dominican Republic that have resulted in what is known today as the Mesoamerica Integration and Development Project. However, ten years after its creation, most of the studies in this regard are descriptive and use an institutional approach that does not distinguish other relevant aspects such as the inclusion of nongovernmental actors and their participation in this regional program. In order to make a first approach to these aspects within the Mesoamerica Project, this paper proposes the use of the International Political Economy theoretical approach of British origin, in the interest of identifying those analytical elements that will go beyond the traditional approach and deepen our knowledge of this program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software Defined Radio (SDR) is a technology with recognition in Telecommunication industry because of its capacity of developing reconfigurable communication systems. This paper presents the implementation and field-testing evaluation for a low-cost radar system using the gr-radar toolbox created into the version 3.7.4 of GNU Radio. Tests allowed to measure distances and velocities of a target in movement. Velocity estimation errors were obtained with 1.8% and 3.22% in a round trip. Range estimation errors were also obtained with 1.56% and 2.75% in a round trip. Radar system was configured to transmit at 2.4 GHz with Multiple CW technique. The test scenario was the Nueva Granada Military University Campus in Colombia. The results are oriented toward using this tools for deepening on basic Radar principles with low-cost devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a problem in the city of Barranquilla regarding the ignorance of the generation of used tires and their treatment at the end of their life cycle. This difficulty also occurs in Colombia, even globally. It is known that tire sales have a directly proportional relationship with the increase in the car fleet. Barranquilla shows a vehicle increase of 6% in 2015, 5% in 2016 and 4% in 2017. To date, the number of registered vehicles continues growing. As of December of 2018, the date on which this project is being carried on; there is no official system regulating the generation and proper disposal of used tires. While there are laws that oversee this issue, and preliminary projects that formulate systems for the proper collection and disposal of waste tires [1], most of them made in the capital city of Bogotá, are not duly reinforced by environmental authorities. Being the ignorance of generation is one of the main problems, a survey was applied to a sample of establishments that handle used tires in Barranquilla, where the existence of the problem was diagnosed and validated, and the number of used tires generated was estimated. Additionally, a forecast was made to analyze the behavior in later years. Following this, the most appropriate final disposal strategy for the treatment of this special solid waste was identified. Objective: analyze the current status of the generation, disposition and environmental effects of used tires in the city, focusing on the Riomar and Northern Historic Centre, as the field data on which the analysis is based on was collected there, due most concentration of establishments. This paper provides a starting point for an estimate of the used tires generated and forecasts the size of the environmental impact generated. Further, explores existing alternatives and processes for handling the disposed of used tires enabling the use of the materials and compounds within its structure for efficient uses of this resource while diminishing its impact on the environment. Method: Initially, 91 surveys were applied to establishments that handle used tires selected by sample size. The result of the study, whose consistency was verified through a Cronbach's Alpha analysis, shows in numbers the generation of weekly used tires at these active points. Then, the current factors that influence the generation of used tires are identified and expanded with a forecast for the generation of used tires in the next 5 years, covering the range of years from 2019 to 2023. Following the forecast, it will be in the foreground the existing methods for handling discarded tires, selecting the most appropriate by means of AHP method to contribute to the reduction of the environmental impact generated by improper disposal. Results: The results show that the problem of used tires is indisputable since most of these are eliminated in landfills. On the other hand, it's evident that there is a strong correlation between economic growth and registered vehicles. In the same way, the influence of the factors shows that there is a growing positive relationship between the registered vehicles and the number of used tires generated in the year. To give solution to the generation of used tires, it is found that the best final disposal strategy is the mechanical crushing of tires since, in addition to mitigating the environmental impact of the waste treatment, it also eliminates the possibility of contributing with pollutants. Conclusion: According to the results of the surveys and the forecasts made, it's evident that in 2023 the number of vehicles in Barranquilla will reach near that 231.918, which means an exponential growth in the generation of used tires; therefore, the importance of controlling the disposal of used tires is highlighted. Through the AHP methodology, it's established that the best practice to reduce or eliminate used tires is mechanical crushing due to its zero-carbon dioxide emission factor, and its products can be applied for rubber road asphalt and rubber coating for public playgrounds, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a list of the fishes of the middle and lower part of the Manso River basin, in the department of Caldas, Colombia. It consolidates the results of 33 sampling events at 8 stations distributed in the middle and lower Manso river zone and a tributary stream, in addition to previously available information. A total of 68 species of fish have been recorded for the Manso River. In the period 2012-2014, 55 species were registered, of which 15 are included in the Red Book of Freshwater Fish of Colombia, 12 are species of importance for human consumption and the others that represent biological and ecological interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective/Context: This article has two objectives. On the one hand, it seeks to show the history of the Gay Liberation Movement of Colombia (MLHC, for its acronym in Spanish), one of the first political experiences of the LGBT movement in Colombia. On the other hand, the article seeks to explain the various international activism networks that established a constant flow of information between gay liberation movements throughout the Western Hemisphere. Originality: The analysis comprises the period between 1976 and 1989, outlining the chronology from the beginnings of the sexual diversity movement in Colombia to its first cycle of protests. Methodology: The research is based on sources that are not usually contemplated by historiography, which include the organization's internal documents and its various editorial projects. Conclusions: The paper concludes that, although strongly influenced by the new left, the MLHC represented a heterogeneous political experience with its own sectoral discussions. In addition, it unveils a complex relationship with gay liberation organizations both in the Americas and in Europe, and proposes an interconnected vision of the sexual diversity movement in the West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]