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This article asks: can there be a scientific concept of ideology? This question—which is also the title of an article by Paul Ricoeur—is framed in such a way as to challenge prevailing conceptions of ideology in favor of a phenomenological approach. Employing the popular but difficult idiom of phenomenology—return to things themselves—and deconstructing the extant logic of ideology established and coined by Destutt de Tracy, this paper argues that a scientific conception of ideology becomes possible. In light of such a possibility, this paper further argues that this scientific conception paves the path for stepping beyond the dichotomy of interpretation and change, or theoretical and practical research. At the very least, a scientific concept of ideology will allow for the development of a kind of science—which, despite not claiming any superiority to other sciences (thus contrary to De Tracy’s contention)—will nevertheless reflect fundamental differences from other sciences in subject matter, methodology and logic. After an exegesis of de Tracy’s thought on the sources, methodology and logic of ideology, this paper examines the claim of the superiority of ideology to other sciences and his Baconian project of reconstructing human understanding and nature. It is clear that the epistemological foundations of ideology are not defendable today and face critical questions. Questions such as, if ideology were to examine sources of human consciousness (knowledge, understanding, intellect), why and how could intellect itself and its foundations, which are supposed to carry out such a process, be excluded from the arbitration process? Of what nature are those intellectual foundations and why is there not adequate discussion about them? Why should that particular way of reasoning be immune to its rulings on the material foundations of thought? Perhaps the whole concept of ideology is merely a biological reflection of intellect in the mind of a French philosopher called Destutt de Tracy, and has no more objective validity than that. If the claim of ideology is that reason can grasp the whole of reality, the question that arises is whether reason can have a grasp on itself and its mechanisms, or should such grasp be excluded from the scope of reason’s analysis? The science of ideas seems to have assumed a transcendental position; But it is precisely this assumption and claim that in return violates the methodological foundations of ideology. These questions lead us to the main question of this article, which is, in the words of Paul Ricoeur: “Do we have no choice but to accede to the opposition between science and ideology?” And to say that ideology is not a science? The answer to this question is that there are possibilities in ideology which can be used to postulate the notion of "ideology as a science" and that this concept also faces limitations which resist developing into a science. What is important, however, is to address the tension between science and ideology, for, as Ricoeur puts it, “we have more to lose by not dealing with this tension” (Ricoeur, 1978, p. 57). This paper concludes that if ideology signifies as an analysis of dominant ideas, it can be merged and united with critical phenomenology (an approach that appeared some two centuries after the concept of ideology) and thereby be employed to dismantle the dichotomy of interpretation and change. In this concluding section, it will be noted that ideology has three main underpinnings: a) its contemporaneity with the philosophical-scientific tradition of knowledge; b) a critique of established ideas; and c) the emergence of relative alternatives. In conjunction with one another, these three create an ideology as science that is different in essence from other sciences; its modus operandi is the simultaneous task of interpretation and change: a quality unique to ideology— and later, critical phenomenology—present in no other science or knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The clinical trials recorded in the electronic health record (EHR) contains important information about the patient's history and the treatments performed. Since clinical notes are stored unstructured, they cannot be applied directly in machine learning algorithms. One way to structure textual data is to represent them as vectors. Methods: In this research, the discharge sheets are used to generate the vector corresponding for each patient. Language models are used to represent the latest text processing methods. The dataset contains the discharge sheets of more than 26,000 patient records from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) database. To analyze the quality of representation framework, the diagnosis prediction downstream task is used and the evaluation criteria are reported for each language model. Results: Among the LLMs used in the framework, the best one for the discharge sheets is the BIO-BERT model and then the SciBERT model, which produced the ROC_AUC 0.715 and 0.713 respectively. This evaluation criterion is used to check the quality of forecasting models. The use of clinical text preprocessing and mapping of clinical entities to their standard names in the UMLS knowledge base has improved the evaluation criteria for specific language models in the biomedical field, and the greatest improvement is related to the UMLSBERT model, which is trained on the standard names of the knowledge base. Conclusion: BIO-BERT and SciBERT language models that trained on the data of clinical papers are suggested as the best option for representing the discharge sheet to vectors. However, since the for discharge sheets are different from the scientific paper in terms of structure and content, the preprocessing of clinical trials in order to identify entities and map them to knowledge sources to fetch the standard names of clinical concepts improves the results obtained in clinical LLMs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the question, "What is the model of a successful argument in natural theology?" The three criteria of persuasion, acceptance of premises, and cumulative case, which have been proposed to justify or reject theism, are analyzed using an analytical-critical method. The result shows that none of these criteria, due to their limitations, are individually adequate for a successful argument. The main idea of the paper is to view religious beliefs as the result of a logical-epistemological process and to consider various factors for the success of religious arguments. Therefore, instead of adhering to a specific criterion, one should regard the criterion as a "process." This concept brings our attention to several important points: Firstly, choosing a single criterion for all arguments or measuring and classifying different arguments based on a common criterion is difficult and challenging because there is no consensus on the goal, method, sources, and scope of natural theology. Secondly, it is better to focus on the overall advantages and strengths of the criteria as a whole. Thirdly, one should not perceive the criterion of a successful argument as one-dimensional. Rather, view the criterion as a "process" that allows each criterion to consider the merits of other criteria despite its own strengths. Fourthly, by considering the criterion as a process, the relationship and interaction of these three criteria become possible according to the type, stage, and context of the argument. Consequently, in natural theology, we can benefit from all three criteria together and not separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: The use of recycled pulp in papermaking reduces the quality of the resultant papers. Hence, employing enzyme pre-treatment in isolation or in combination with sequential pulp bleaching methods can prove to be effective approaches for enhancing the quality of the end product derived from recycled pulp. This study was undertaken to examine the impact of cellulase and laccase enzyme pre-treatment sequences on the bleachability of the resultant pulp with hydrogen peroxide, as well as to assess the quality of the final pulp following the bleaching process. Materials and Methods: At first, the mixture of waste newspaper and magazine papers were deinked using enzyme pre-treatment (combined sequence of cellulase and laccase) as well as conventional chemical method. Enzymatic pre-treatment was done as experimental treatments C1L1 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 10 minutes; laccase usage: 20u and duration time: 120 minutes), C1L2 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 10 minutes; laccase usage: 40u and duration time: 120 minutes), C2L1 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 20 minutes; laccase usage: 20u and duration time: 120 minutes) and C2L2 (cellulase usage: 0.1% and duration time: 20 minutes; laccase usage: 40u and duration time: 120 minutes) under specific process conditions. Additionally, control pulp samples (without the addition of chemicals or enzymes) and chemically deinked pulp samples were prepared. The bleaching of the deinked pulp was then conducted using a hydrogen peroxide bleaching system, which consisted of 2% hydrogen peroxide, 2% sodium hydroxide, 2% sodium silicate, 0.2% DTPA chelating agent, and 0.1% magnesium sulfate. The bleaching process took place in separate plastic bags, under specific process conditions of 10% consistency, a temperature of 70 °C, and a duration of 2 hours in a water bath. Finally, the optical and strength characteristics of the bleached pulp were assessed. Results: The findings revealed that incorporating enzyme pre-treatment during the deinking process enhances the overall efficiency of hydrogen peroxide bleaching. Consequently, the resulting papers exhibited superior optical and strength characteristics after bleaching, as compared to pulp that underwent conventional chemical-based deinking. Specifically, the application of C2L2 and C2L1 enzymatic pre-treatments, followed by bleaching with hydrogen peroxide, resulted in brightness improvements of 11.12% (equivalent to approximately 5 units) and 9.5% (equivalent to approximately 4 units), respectively. In these pretreatments, the whiteness of the paper increased by 31.92% and 24.54% (an increase of about 9 and 6 units), respectively. Also, the yellowness of the paper decreased by 40.19% and 44.25%, respectively, and the opacity of the paper reduced by 37.74% and 23.97%, respectively. Also, in experimental runs of C2L1 and C2L2, the paper tensile index increased 29.17% and 35.64%, respectively (40.64 Nm/g and 38.7 Nm/g, respectively), breaking length enhanced by 64.42% and 99%, respectively (5.92 km and 4.89 km), and the paper burst index also increased by 70.85% and 92.37% (3.81 mN.m² /g and 4.29 kPa.m² /g), respectively. The tear indices of the paper in these experiments were found to average approximately 6.82 mN.m 2 /g and 6.62 mN.m ² /g, which are slightly lower compared to the chemically deinked pulp after bleaching. However, in the pretreatment utilizing the combined sequence C2L1, the tear index of the paper was nearly equivalent to that of the chemically deinked pulp. Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the combined sequences of cellulase and laccase resulted in a substantial enhancement in the bleachability of pulp with hydrogen peroxide, surpassing that of chemically deinked pulp. Moreover, these enzymatic pre-treatment sequences led to the production of papers with superior optical and strength properties. Notably, the most favorable optical and strength characteristics were observed in the C2L2 and C1L2 enzymatic pre-treatment sequences following hydrogen peroxide bleaching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Cancer chemotherapy is facing many problems such as patients' intolerance or resistance of cancer cells to the used compounds and drugs. In this regard, researchers are continuously trying to design new anti-cancer compounds and use them. Test to find a combination that can overcome these problems. Considering that structures containing Indole rings and toxic Carbazone and Thiazoles have already shown different biological effects. In this article, hybrids of these chemical structures will be designed and their effects will be investigated, maybe new compounds can be obtained to overcome some of the problems in the way of chemotherapy. The purpose of this paper is to synthesize and investigate the anticancer properties of new hybrid compounds of Indole attached to Triazole and thiosemicarbazone pharmacophores using the click method. Derivatives of indole and 3,2,1-triazoles and thiosemicarbazone are of special importance due to various biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-HIV, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer. In this research, new derivatives of 3, 2,1-triazoles attached to 2-aryl-1H-indole-3-substituted system by click reaction between 2-aryl-1-prop-2-ynyl-1H-indole-3-substituted and azide Aromatics were synthesized in the presence of copper(II) acetate and sodium ascorbate catalyst in ethanol solvent. Also, a series of new derivatives of 2-aryl-1H-indole-3-substituted hybridized with thiosemicarbazone and triazole were synthesized in the presence of Paratoluenesulfonic acid catalyst in ethanol solvent, and the cytotoxic activity of these compounds on Hela and MCF cell lines. Compounds with heterocyclic structures, because they exist in many natural products and exhibit different physicochemical properties, also have different biological effects, which has diversified their use in the treatment of various diseases. Cancer chemotherapy is faced with many problems such as patient intolerance or resistance of cancer cells to the used compounds and drugs. In this regard, researchers are constantly trying to design new anti-cancer compounds and test them to find a combination. achieve that can overcome these problems. They are considering that structures containing indole rings and toxic carbazone and thiazoles have already shown different biological effects. In this article, hybrids of these chemical structures will be designed and their effects will be investigated, maybe new compounds can be obtained to overcome some of the problems in chemotherapy. Derivatives of indole and 3,2,1-triazoles and thiosemicarbazone are of special importance due to their various biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti-HIV, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer. In this research, new derivatives of 3, 2,1-triazoles attached to 2- aryl-1H-indole-3-substituted system by click reaction between 2-aryl-1-prop-2-ynyl-1Hindole-3-substituted and azide Aromatics were synthesized in the presence of copper(II) acetate and sodium ascorbate catalyst in ethanol solvent. Also, a series of new derivatives of 2-aryl-1H-indole-3-substituted hybridized with thiosemicarbazone and triazole were synthesized in the presence of para toluene sulfonic acid catalyst in ethanol solvent, and the cytotoxic activity of these compounds on Hela and MCF cell lines. 7 was investigated. To solve the problem of cancer from compounds with different pharmacophores such as indole, triazole (due to the presence in many cytotoxic and antimicrobial compounds and the effectiveness of this skeleton), and thiosemicarbazone and connecting these three pharmacophores to find new compounds that have possible cytotoxicity were used. Methods: Derivatives of Indole and 3,2,1-triazoles and thiosemicarbazone are of special importance due to various biological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiHIV, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer. In this paper, the click reaction was used for the synthesis of compounds. The click reactions were performed under mild conditions in the presence of cheap solvent and in a short time, and the product with high efficiency and purity (lowest amount of side products) is obtained. Click reaction of new derivatives of 3,2,1-triazoles attached to the 2-aryl-1H-indole-3-substituted system between 2-aryl-1-prop-2-ynyl-1Hindole-3-substituted Decompound Aromatic Azides were synthesized in the presence of copper(II) acetate and sodium ascorbate catalyst in ethanol solvent. Also, a series of new derivatives of 2-aryl-1H-indole-3-substituted hybridized with thiosemicarbazone and Triazole were also synthesized in the presence of Paratoluenesulfonic acid catalyst in ethanol solvent, and the structure of all the synthesized compounds was analyzed by IR, H-NMR1 and 13 CNMR were confirmed. Results: In order to solve the problem of cancer from compounds with different Pharmacophores such as Indole, Triazole (due to the presence in many cytotoxic and antimicrobial compounds and the effectiveness of this skeleton), and thiosemicarbazone and connecting these three pharmacophores to each other It was used to find new compounds that have possible cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic activity of these compounds on Hela and MCF-7 cell lines was evaluated by the MTT method. Conclusion: The results showed that the investigated compounds had a significant cytotoxic effect on the Hela cell line only at the highest concentration (1000 µM) and had no effect at other concentrations and in some cases, including the effect on the MCF line. It seems that the compounds even increased cell growth. This increase in growth is likely to be due to the structural similarity of some compounds with phenolic structures, which has been shown in previous studies that phenolic groups act similar to estrogenic compounds and therefore can mimic growth. According to the results, these compounds can be considered as non-toxic agents for other therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to efficiently find the number and optimal placement of BTSs in the coverage area such that the implementation cost is minimized, while the user's traffic in the corresponding area and the channel interference constraints are satisfied. Design/methodology/approach: An integer linear mathematical model has been proposed to assign all customer points to transceiver-based stations. The objective function has been assumed to minimize fixed costs while considering a penalty for reducing interference. An optimization solver has been applied to solve the model. Findings: The proposed mathematical model was compared to another existing model in the literature from three points of view: coverage cost, construction costs, and running time. The results indicated that the proposed model has the appropriate efficiency to find solutions to real practical problems. In more detail, the proposed model succeeded to find solutions with less coverage or construction cost in a shorter time, compared with the model in literature, which has been referred to as the SSH model in the paper. However, there have been some samples in which the SSH model overtakes the proposed model in one or two mentioned aspects for comparison. Research limitations/implications: The limitation of this study is that the channel model was considered based on the simple free space path loss model, while the real channel model based on the environmental effects can be suggested for future work. Another important issue is that for BTS localization design, knowing the status of the real environment leads to the proper design in such networks. Social/practical implications: BTS localization is the most important issue in mobile networks' design. In a practical situation, there is not any software available to design a mobile network in the corresponding coverage area. Therefore, this paper can help communication engineers to implement the proposed approach in a real environment. Originality/value: In this paper, the problem of the optimal location of transceiver-based stations (BTS) in different models in the coverage area has been addressed such that the implementation cost is minimized, while the user's traffic in the corresponding area and the channel interference constraints are satisfied. This has not been considered in the literature. Any of the existing models focus on one aspect to optimize, such as maximizing the coverage, minimizing the interference, and minimizing coverage or construction costs. The novelties of the proposed model are twofold: i) two goals were considered in the objective function, i.e., minimizing construction costs and minimizing interference. Since interference with full coverage is unavoidable, the model added a penalty to the objective function to reduce the interference as much as possible; and ii) it was assumed that there is more than one single type BTS, any of which has different power, radius, and capacity. This makes the model more real and indeed more complicated to solve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose a flow shop scheduling problem for equipment overhaul. This problem consists of three stages, the separation of the components of an equipment is done in the first stage. Repairs and overhaul operations are carried out on the separated parts of the first stage in the second stage. Finally, the overhauled parts of the previous stage are mounted on each other in the third stage. In the third stage, operations are performed in parallel workshops. The objective function of the problem is the maximum time to complete jobs, and the sequence of processing jobs should be done in such a way that the value of the objective function is minimized. Design/methodology/approach: To solve the problem, a mixed integer programming model has been proposed for small size, which determines the processing sequence of jobs based on the position of each job. A genetic algorithm has been used to solve the problem in large dimensions. By increasing the size of the problem and in different sizes, the results have been examined and analyzed, which shows the efficiency of the model and the proposed algorithm. Findings: To check the accuracy of the model's performance and also the effect of the presence of parallel machines in the third stage, an example was presented in this paper. Accordingly, while the accuracy of the model's performance was checked, the effect of the presence of more machines was determined in the third stage. As the number of machines increased in the third stage, the value of the objective function did not deteriorate. The performance of GAMS in solving the problem in a small size was investigated. Considering that solving the problem for large dimensions is not possible in a reasonable time and the problem is NP-hard, then solving the problem in large dimensions was done using a genetic algorithm. Therefore, solving the problem on a large dimension has been done using the genetic algorithm. According to the obtained results, the efficiency of the genetic algorithm was shown. Due to its low average value, it indicated the convergence of the genetic algorithm. Research limitations/implications: Considering that there are not many published papers in the field of equipment overhaul, it is difficult to access related models and papers. Therefore, in this paper, the model and solution method have been written with many reviews. Also, to check and reduce costs, the number of third-stage machines has been determined using sensitivity analysis. Practical implications: The problem of equipment overhaul is used in many fields in reality. For example, the operations related to the maintenance, repair and overhaul of the aircraft engine have been investigated. Since the planning of maintenance and maintenance operations is difficult, the focus of research has been on improving maintenance operations by finding suitable scheduling for job shop operations in maintenance operations. They emphasized that scheduling can improve maintenance operations and presented a simulation model. Social implications: The purpose of creating a space to start an activity is to reduce costs, earn money and achieve profit. To examine the cost-effectiveness of the equipment overhaul issue, we can refer to the number of third-stage machines. According to the amount of equipment to perform an overhaul on them, the number of third-stage machines can be determined. Therefore, extra machines can be removed to reduce the cost. On the other hand, if the related equipment to the customers is different, to reduce the storage costs or increase customer satisfaction, different goals should be considered. Here, the objective function of maximum completion time is considered for this purpose. If the equipment must be available at a certain time, goals such as the total time to complete the job can be considered. In line with the application of the social implications in the investigated problem in this paper and considering that the investment costs, as well as the ability to respond to the applicants' requests, are related to the number of third-stage machines, the value of the objective function is analyzed based on the number of third-stage machines and analysis has been done. Originality/value: In this paper, a three-stage flow shop scheduling problem in the overhaul industry was studied. Accordingly, a new mathematical model based on the job processing position was proposed, which dealt with the exact solution of the problem in small dimensions. According to the type of problem in the overhaul environment, the combined flow shop problem for equipment overhaul was investigated. Also, the use of parallel machines in the third stage of the equipment overhaul problem is one of the new issues under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with criticizing the article " Isnad and Content Analysis of Hadith of Ḥūt (fish) through considering its historical background" which has been published in the Journal of hadith studies, number 23. In this article, the authors confirmed the isnad of the hadith. Still, by finding similarities between the narrations related to the hadith of Ḥūt and the Bible, in the first and the most important step, they tried to dispute the main hadith and consider it as one of the Israeli traditions. Some of the reasons mentioned in the next steps to weaken and ultimately reject the hadith are the existence of an Israeli person in the isnad of some related hadiths, Solitariness of hadith of Ḥūt, shakiness (Iḍṭirāb) of the similar hadiths' texts, opposition with the scientific facts, and absence of a reasonable and logical explanation about this hadith. In this paper, the authors' evidence on the criticism of the aforesaid hadith was reviewed. Also, by referring to the Quranic verses as well as other narrations, the criticisms against them were answered. According to the results, the hadith of Ḥūt cannot be considered as an Israeli tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Land use/cover information is vital to the dynamic monitoring, planning and management, and the reasonable development of land. Recently, due to human activity, land cover information has changed dramatically. Furthermore, construction, land has become increasingly scarce, and the non-agriculturalization of arable land has been highlighted. Therefore, it has become increasingly significant to timely, and accurately monitor land use and land cover for the reasonable development and utilization of urban land resources in city regions. It is significant to timely, accurate, and effectively monitor land cover for conservation, reasonable development and land resources. The remotely sensed dynamic monitoring of covered land in rapidly developing regions has increasingly depended on remote-sensing data on temporal and spatial resolutions. In many cases, it is difficult to acquire enough time-series images with high quality at both high temporal and spatial resolution from the same sensor. In this research, Landsat images and an object-oriented method were used to eliminate errors using the visual interpretation method to prepare a land cover map and achieve acceptable accuracy and classification results. Landsat 8 data was used to prepare the land cover map using spatio-temporal integration model. In addition, through an object-oriented classification method, land cover was extracted, which was used to provide a more accurate and efficient technical method for effectively extracting land cover information in Bushehr province. Materials and Methods In this paper, we proposed a method for mapping land use and land cover in a Bushehr province area with high spatial-temporal resolution using fusing Landsat 8 time series. The method has three steps, 1) Enhance the spatial-temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model (ESTARFM), 2) Determination the optimal data combined for the extraction of cover type, 3) Image segmentation and Land cover extraction and the accuracy assessment based on the field sample method was used. In many cases, it is difficult to acquire enough time-series images with high quality at both high temporal and spatial resolution from the same sensor. This study used the temporal-spatial fusion model ESTARFM (Enhanced Spatial and Temporal Adaptive Reflectance Fusion Model) to blend Landsat 8 and MODIS data and obtain Landsat 8 images. Then, the cover lands information of Bushehr province is extracted using an object-based classification method. Results and Discussion In this paper, an object-oriented LULC mapping method using time series Landsat 8 images was proposed. Based on the time-series Landsat 8 data (red band, NIR band and NDVI), the land cover types. In this study, the proposed method was used in a case study of Bushehr province. The results of the object-based method show that the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients were 93.34% and 0.86, respectively, and the user/producer accuracies of cover lands in the pixel-based method were all over 80%. The approach presented an accurate and efficient technical method for effectively extracting land use information in heterogeneous regions. In this paper, we have achieved an acceptable classification result using Landsat 8 image. There are still some potential factors affecting the accuracy. The first factor is the uncertainties of the fused images by the ESTARFM fusion model. The second is the mixed pixel problem, the Landsat image pixels are always informed with several land cover types, which will affect the classification accuracy. Remote sensing images with high spatial resolution may be a feasible way to achieve higher accuracy. Conclusion In the present study, based on the combined data of Landsat 8 and object-oriented classification, the land cover map of Bushehr province was extracted. Types of pasture and desert land cover were clearly presented. In this research, an object-oriented method was presented for the preparation of pasture cover type map using the images generated from ESTARFM time-spatial integration model. Based on Landsat 8 data (red band, nearinfrared band and normalized vegetation difference index), the types of pasture cover in Bushehr province were extracted using visual and object-oriented methods. The use of Landsat 8 images and the object-oriented method improved the classification. But there are some factors that affect the accuracy of preparing land use and land cover maps. The first uncertainty factor is the fusion images by the enhanced spatio-temporal adaptive reflectance model (ESTARFM). The second problem is the existence of heterogeneous pixels. In heterogeneous areas, the presence of small polygons in which the pixels of the Landsat image of vegetation cannot be separated in these polygons, which affects the classification accuracy. Remote sensing images with high spatial resolution may be a practical way to achieve higher accuracy. Therefore, the object-oriented method combined with spectral integration analysis can be improved to achieve land cover information extraction. The results of this research showed that the overall accuracy and Kappa coefficients in the object-oriented method were 93.34% and 0.86, respectively, and the accuracy of the land cover user/producer in the pixel-oriented method was more than 80%. The object-oriented algorithm analyzes images as objects by merging neighborhood information, which enhances the analysis and increases the classification accuracy. The object-oriented algorithm has shown its potential in identifying land cover and preparing land cover in heterogeneous areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The content analysis of the scientific papers can indicate the path of development and thematic orientations in any field. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the subject trends of the field of knowledge and information science in Iranian journals based on the LDA model. Method: The current research is descriptive and exploratory; since text-mining techniques were used to identify hidden topics and topic trends in the field of knowledge and information science based on the LDA algorithm. The statistical population of the current research includes abstracts and keywords of papers published in 11 scientific journals approved by the Iran Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology in the field of knowledge and information science during 2015-2019, which includes 1581 papers. The validity of the LDA method has been confirmed in previous studies and the reliability of the extracted data was confirmed by the inter-rater reliability method. Findings: The findings showed that, in general, the subjects of citation analysis, library, and web were the interest subjects of researchers in the field of knowledge and information science, respectively, in the first to third place. During 2015 - 2019, the subjects of "Organizational Culture", "Social Networks", "Information Literacy", "Knowledge Management" and "Instagram" were the main subjects of the field of knowledge and information science. Another finding of the research showed that in different journals, different and sometimes common topics have been of interest to researchers in the field of knowledge and information science. Knowledge management and similar and related topics such as knowledge sharing are more important in the two journals of "The Journal of Studies in Library and Information Science" and "The Iranian Journal of Information Processing & Management". Also in most journals "Librarians" and "Users" have been among the main subjects studied. Conclusion: Data mining techniques can be a suitable tool to facilitate and speed up the formulation of thematic processes in a field. In order to keep up with the journals of the field worldwide, it is necessary that the topics related to technology be considered in more journals. Also, journal editors should try to publish papers based on the policy and thematic areas over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - Today, due to the breadth, diversity and multiplicity of investment projects, decision makers and investors are faced with the issue of choosing the most profitable project. The economic rate of return (ERR) index is one of the proper indices that has been presented to determine the profitability of the projects. However, the ERR index has important shortcomings that have led to serious limitations in its use. In this regard, this paper introduces a new measure called the reliable economic rate of return (RERR), which has originated from ERR measure, but it has resolved the drawbacks of ERR index. On the other hand, this paper proposes a new solution by considering the values of the cash flow in terms of fuzzy numbers. After calculating the fuzzy economic rate of return, the profitability potentiality degree of the investment projects can be determined as well as their reliability based on the net present value (NPV) method. Design/methodology/approach - This paper proves that if we equate the initial cash flow of investment projects with the sum of the negative values of the relevant cash flow stream, then the RERR value would be greater than '-1'. In this regard, this paper proposes a solution to modify the initial and final values of the investment cash flow stream, merely without changing middle values. Thereby, the NPV of the modified cash flow does not change. On the other hand, it is sometimes difficult to estimate the values of cash flows as a crisp number, which may lead to a wrong decision in accepting or rejecting projects. For this purpose, this paper considers the values of cash flow stream as fuzzy numbers and describes a solution for calculating the fuzzy RERR using the α-cut method and the RERR index. The proposed solution is compatible with the NPV method and also has fewer calculations than the other methods. This paper also proposes a method that calculates the profitability potentiality degree of projects and provides more comprehensive information to the decision makers by examining the intervals obtained from cutting the fuzzy values of the projects and presenting a new and reliable solution. Findings - Using the @RISK software, it was found that the estimation of fuzzy return rate using RERR index and α-cut method is very close to the simulation result. It confirms the appropriate accuracy of the proposed solution. Also, the results obtained from the software in determining the profitability of projects indicated that the proposed solution is more accurate than the methods of 'comparison of the expected intervals' and 'strict exceedance possibility'. It is also fully compatible with the NPV method. Research limitations/implications - In this research the market rate is assumed constant, while, in practice it can vary over the periods. Defining the market rate as an inconstant parameter, using the robust optimization approach and investigating the subject of this paper under other uncertainty environments are future study suggestions to both researchers and practitioners. Practical implications - One of the most important applications of this study is in risky projects wherein estimating the values of cash flow stream as a crisp number is difficult. The results of this paper help decision makers in reducing risk and determining the project profitability. It is worth mentioning that the solution proposed in this paper can be used for all projects with any cash flow stream value. Social implications - Failure to make the correct decision regarding the acceptance or rejection of the projects could have major negative consequences for the companies, organizations and even society. This paper helps decision makers, investors and organizations to determine the projects profitability that could benefit organizations and society. Originality/value - This paper proposes the RERR measure as a profitability index such with several favorable properties: (ⅰ) it exists and is unique, (ⅱ) it is NPV-consistent in accepting/rejecting decisions, (ⅲ) it provides values greater than '-1', (ⅳ) it takes into account all of the project's outflows which may be regarded by some practitioners as an appropriate indicator of the overall investment. Furthermore, this paper proposes an appropriate method for calculating the fuzzy RERR and a new method for determining the profitability potentiality degree of the investment projects based on the NPV method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Many studies were conducted to evaluate the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. The aim of this study was to review these studies. Methods: We searched the ISI and PubMed databases for studies that evaluated the association between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and obesity in children. At first, the studies containing the words "glycemic index", "glycemic load", "glycaemic index" or "glycaemic load" plus "child", "children", "young", "youth" or "adolescent" were selected. Among 1001 selected studies, articles were accepted if they had considered obesity or related factors as their main dependent variables. Findings: Twenty studies were included. Although the cross-sectional results were inconsistent, stronger studies had found a direct relation between dietary glycemic index, glycemic load and children obesity. Cohort studies had shown positive, neutral and negative associations between these dietary factors and obesity in children. However, although most clinical trials had reported a positive effect of dietary glycemic index on childhood obesity, they had not shown the similar effect for glycemic load. Conclusion: There is not enough evidence for making a certain conclusion. Therefore, further studies in this field are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disruption in metacognitive beliefs, including cognitive trust, positive beliefs about worry, negative beliefs about uncontrollability, and the need to control thoughts, can overshadow a person's attention to physical and mental health. Considering the high number of children with mental disabilities, the presence of these children in the family exerts various effects on different aspects of the lives of families and parents. Therefore, the level of self-care in these parents and factors (positive and negative emotions and metacognitive beliefs) that affect their self-care are paramount. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess the metacognitive beliefs and self-care of parents of children with mental disabilities. A query was conducted on Scopus, Science Direct, Iranmedex, Springer, and ProQuest within the time frame of 2003-2022. After reviewing and summarizing the full text of the articles, 31 papers were selected. The findings pointed out that mental disability is a condition that is formed by various factors, such as attention disabilities, learning disabilities, and social disabilities, along with related behavioral problems. Parents of children with intellectual disabilities need special support, self-care, and guidance. Negative metacognitive beliefs may decrease confidence in one's own abilities, intensify stress, decrease motivation and energy, and destroy family relationships. On the other hand, positive metacognitive beliefs cause positive dealing with challenges, selfcontrol, and self-acceptance, helping parents achieve high self-care in this regard. Parents who believe that healthy eating and taking care of the mother's physical and mental health during pregnancy can accelerate the improvement of their children's health. They pay more attention to this issue and will consider preventive approaches before birth as an essential part of their care. Parents who believe that appropriate educational methods can improve their behavior towards their children and their children's abilities plan their children's education according to these beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims to discuss the possibility and main causes of epistemic akrasia based on Mullah Sadra's transcendental theosophy by descriptive-analytical method. Epistemic akrasia or cognitive akrasia means "man's belief in things contrary to his beliefs," of which, some of researchers have studied the possibility and presented various formations, in line with "practical akrasia" (doing action contrary to a person's moral judgment). Mulla Sadra has two theories about the explanation of the multiplicity of actions of the soul: 1- the theory of the powers of the soul and 2- the theory of the levels [modalities] of the soul. According to the theory of the "powers of the soul," the possibility of cognitive dissonance can be seen as the result of the independence of perceptual powers. Based on the theory of "levels of soul," we can also talk about the possibility of developing cognitive dissonance in different levels [modalities] of soul. Phenomena such as soul-deception, embellishment of action, denial and obstinacy, stubbornness and bigotry, soul-deceit, intellectual negligence, and mental distress can be considered as examples of epistemic akrasia. Based on the theory of the levels of the soul, Mulla Sadra has explained the mechanism of creating cognitive dissonance by rational perceptions and beliefs, considering it to be the result of intellectual disorder or incompatibility in the activity of the powers of the soul or the non-actuality of its superior levels. These factors lead a person to believe in things for which there is no reasonable rational reason and even to conflict with his rational beliefs. From Mulla Sadra's point of view, the formation of the set of beliefs is optional, and since belief is one of the "acts of the heart," moral responsibility is also attached to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Considering the effects of dengue fever on the health of people in the society and the role of climatic and environmental factors on the spread of this disease, this review study has investigated the climatic and environmental factors affecting the prevalence of dengue fever. Materials and methods: In this review, the academic papers, in English and persian languages, published until the beginning of August 2022 were investigated. These articles were searched in scientific databasese of Scopus, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar, using keywords such as "dengue fever", "dengue vector", "vector mosquito", "Aedes mosquito", "environmental factors", and "weather factors". Endnote X8 software was also used to organize, and study titles and abstracts of the articles. Results: Considering the impacts of environmental changes on mosquito population and its subsequent effect on the occurrence of dengue fever, the present study showed that changes in climatic factors including air temperature, rainfall, and humidity affect the frequency of dengue disease vectors. Land use and land cover change can affect mosquito population and dengue transmission by changing local ecology. Household waste and its accumulation around residential houses can also hold a significant amount of water as environmental pollutants and can be considered as a habitat for mosquito larvae such as Aedes species. Conclusion: The analysis of climatic and environmental factors has shown that environmental factors and weather changes can affect the occurrence of dengue fever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the theory of absence in curriculum and to identify its concepts, philosophical foundations, aspects, and consequences in the field of curriculum practice. After introducing the theory of absence in curriculum, the typology of different concepts of this theory, their origin, and its application in the field of the curriculum have been explained. Then, the philosophical foundations and theoretical framework of the concept of the absent curriculum are analyzed. Further, by explaining the ontology of the curriculum based on critical realism in the ideas of Matthew Wilkinson, it has been argued that the monovalence ontology in the field of curriculum studies has led to the emergence of reductive policies in the development of curricula that its aspects can be seen in the absence of part of the cultural, social, ethnic and lingual heritage in the curriculum. Finally, by providing examples of absence in the curriculum, the shadow curriculum is analyzed as a consequence of the absent curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water scarcity issue in Iran has transformed into a complex challenge, necessitating innovative solutions for its resolution. However, no solution, even with innovation, can be guaranteed as absolute. Hence, collaboration among institutions and stakeholders in prioritizing and devising effective solutions becomes a pathway to getting closer to addressing the issue. This research examines collaborative governance as a solution for the water problem in Iran. The main objective of this paper is to identify components and develop a comprehensive framework for collaborative water governance in Iran. This research falls into the category of applied research due to its practical problem-solving contributions. To achieve this goal, a descriptive research approach was employed, involving interviews with 18 water governance experts. The data were analyzed using thematic analysis. The subject scope of this study encompasses an examination of collaborative water governance from context to outcomes, with a temporal scope covering the literature on water governance in Iran over the past two decades. The main components identified include "context", "drivers", "principled engagement", "shared motivations", "capacity for joint action", "tensions", and "outputs", with 32 sub-components extracted. Ultimately, this study indicates that collaborative governance must consider these components to facilitate the achievement of sustainable water resource goals through effective engagement and the cultivation of shared collaboration incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly, the first writer among Muslim thinkers who paid attention to the issues of religious experience in the West is Iqbal Lahori. This paper is a descriptiveanalytical method aimed at analyzing Iqbal Lahori's opinion about religious experience. He, according to Hawking's point of view, accepted a pragmatic approach to religion in which religious experience, reason, and intuition have their own place. In this way, he criticized James's view and offered a new explanation of the key concepts of Islam. From Iqbal’s point of view, religion is a kind of “potential self-awareness” that is placed next to “normal self-awareness” that provides facilities for experiencing and learning knowledge. Iqbal considers faith to be the gem of religion, and at the same time, he does not consider reason as limiting or opposed to faith. Like Hawking, Iqbal emphasizes that religion begins with emotion, but is not limited to it and extends to the metaphysical as well. Throughout its history, religion has never presented itself as a matter of f emotion but has continuously tried to discover the metaphysical. By accepting Hawking's words, Iqbal achieves two results: 1. rejecting the Sufi view of reason, and 2. solving the problem of linguistic revelation. In addition, Iqbal enumerates characteristics for mystical experiences, which are: 1. immediacy, 2. indivisibility, 3. connection with other self, 4. incommunicado, 5. connection with reality and the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the incidence of infections caused by pathogenic fungi has increased globally, especially in immunocompromised patients, transplant patients, or patients undergoing chemotherapy in intensive care units. Due to the morbidity and rapid spread of infection to other organs, accurate, rapid diagnosis and treatment of fungal infections is essential. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) have significant superiority in sensitivity and specificity compared to conventional methods. The aim of this study is to point out the limitations of common diagnostic methods and factors affecting the sensitivity and specificity of PCR-RFLP molecular diagnostic test. This article is a review study for which subject-related academic papers (before 2023) were collected and studied by searching the keywords of pathogenic fungi, and RFLP molecular diagnostic methods; in Persian databases as well as Latin electronic databases including Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed . Reviewing numerous articles showed that PCR-RFLP is a rapid, practical, and reliable method, which can be used in laboratories to determine the genotype of specific variants of fungal species isolated from clinical samples. However, there are several limitations for PCR-RFLP method demanding for more attention. The main limitations are the need for specific restriction enzymes and the difficulty of accurately determining single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a specific diagnostic locus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Acrylamide is a chemical compound that is widely used in the production of paper, paint, and other industrial products. Food and cigarette smoke are primary sources of exposure to acrylamide. Betaine is a native compound with antioxidant properties and has also been reported as a protective agent against tissue damages induced by some toxicants. This study aimed to evaluate the possible effectiveness of betaine against the damage caused by acrylamide in brain. Materials and methods: In this experimental study, 28 male rats were randomly divided into four groups. The first group was considered as the control group. Group 2 received acrylamide (50 mg/kg;ip). Group 3 received the diet containing 2% betaine in addition to acrylamide. Rats in group 4 received diet containing 2% betaine. At the end of the experimental period (the eleventh day), brain tissue was sampled for biochemical and histopathological evaluation. ANOVA and Bonferroni tests were utilized to compare the means of biochemical data, and Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were employed to investigate histopathological data. Calculations were conducted using SPSS/PC V21. Results: In the group receiving acrylamide, significant reduction in catalase and superoxide dismutase and significant increase in proteins carbonyl groups and malondialdehyde were observed in comparison to the control group (P<0.05). Hyperemia, microgliosis, and ischemic cell changes in the brain tissue of the group receiving acrylamide increased significantly compared to the control group (P<0.05). Administration of betaine in acrylamide+betaine group caused an increasing trend of catalase and superoxide dismutase relative to group 2 in a manner that were comparable with those of the control group. Likewise, betaine administration in acrylamide+betaine group significantly (P<0.05) reduced the severity of ischemic cell changes and non-significantly reduced hyperemia and microgliosis compared to the group receiving acrylamide. Conclusion: Betaine administration could be beneficial to oxidative indices alterations and could improve tissue damage induced by acrylamide in brain of rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the very important topics in understanding the Quran is the discussion of the apparent and inner aspects of the Quran. Some narrations have enumerated seven depths for the Quran. Understanding the apparent aspect of the verses of the Quran is possible for many people; however, not everyone can understand the depths of the Quran and the depth of its depth. Some of the verses of the Holy Quran regarding which the understanding and true intent of the speaker has become controversial among Muslim scholars are verses 19- 22 of the al-Rahman Chapter. In these verses, two seas have been mentioned that do not mix despite converging together and from these two seas, pearls and coral are obtained. This paper does a comparative study of the views of two prominent Shiite and Sunni exegetes, that is, Javadi Amoli and Alusi. The findings of this study show that, despite differences, these two exegetes share a common view regarding the apparent interpretation of maraj al-baḥrain (He merged the two seas) and al-luʾluʾ wa-l marjān (the pearl and the coral) in the abovementioned verse; however, they are completely different in their esoteric exegesis of the verses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verse 158 of the al-Aʿraaf Chapter speaks of a light that has been revealed with the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his household). Many exegetes believe that al-nūr refers to the Holy Quran in this verse and some exegetes have suggested other views that are as follows: the talking Quran; the Holy Quran; Imam Ali (peace be upon him) and other Imams, and wilayah (mastership). These views each have their own issues and moreover, none of them can provide a suitable answer to the question of why the word maʿah (with/in addition to) has come with the word inzāl (bringing down). However, the interpretation that Abul Futuh Razi has presented for this part of the verse is different from other interpretations. He considers this light to be Imam Ali (peace be upon him). in this paper, the views of the exegetes will be presented, evaluated, and critiqued and it will be shown that Abul Futuh Razi’s exegesis of the mentioned verse does not require justification and interpretation in contrast to that of other exegetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of nushūz(disobedience) in verse 34 of the al-Nisa Chapter is one of the most frequent issues of women’s rights in the Quran. One of the neo-thinkers who pay special attention to this verse is Azizah al-Hibri. Allamah Tabatabai’s al-Mizan, one of the most important books of Shiite exegeses, also includes an interpretation of this verse. This paper, using a comparative exegesis method, delves into Allamah Tabatabai and al-Hibri’s interpretations of nushūz in the abovementioned verse and what similarities and differences these interpretations have with each other. Allamah Tabatabai considers the identity of a woman to be equal to that of a man and believes that one cannot have a biased view toward women. Thus, common assumptions regarding the hitting of women have no place in his view. Al-Hibri addresses nushūz mostly with emphasis on a narration of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his household) in which he interprets it as an evident disgrace, that is, adultery and, as a result, she makes the meaning of nushūz much narrower. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discourse analysis is one of the new methods that discover the meaning of a text and its underlying layers. Verse twenty-five of the al-Anfal Chapter is one of the verses under discussion between Muslim scholars in which different exegetic views regarding the term fitnah (corruption) and its concept in the verse have been addressed. Focusing on the discourse in the verse is a way to methodically understand the intended meaning in the verse. The present paper seeks to answer the issue of what is the main essence of the discourse in verse twenty-five of the al-Anfal Chapter. Thus, efforts have been made to achieve new findings from the discourse in the verse under discussion considering the social, cultural, and valuative structures in whose context the verse has emerged. In the present study, which has been done using a discourse analysis method, considering the conceptology of the term fitnah, the verbal structure of the verse, and with regards to the relationships of association and succession, it was concluded that the central denotable of the discourse under discussion is the concept of wilayah (mastership). Considering the context of the verses and internal and external evidence, it is clear that the mission of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him and his household) and the religion of Islam is a wilayahfocused movement and the way to confront corruptions is to hold onto the Book of God and the conduct of the Prophet and similarly, wilayah. The discourse in verse twenty-five of the al-Anfal Chapter is a cautionary and conscious discourse that formulates social relationships between different groups. Thus, in the conceptual system of the Quran, fitnah holds a special position, and the value and anti-value structures form around the central denotable of this discourse which is wilayah. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The miraculousness of the Quran is one of the most important exegetic foundations of Allamah Tabatabai and Ayatollah Javadi Amoli. Allamah Tabatabai considers the miraculousness of the Quran to be based on two principles: miraculousness certainly exists and the Quran is one of the instances of miracles. In contrast, Javadi Amoli derives the miraculousness of the Quran through syllogism. Similarly, Javadi Amoli believes that no language can translate the Quran and translation ruins and reduces its subtleties. Thus, he has replaced the translation of the verses with selected exegesis. The other difference between the two exegetes is that Allamah Tabatabai does not consider eloquence to be limited merely to words; rather, it includes both words and meanings. However, Javadi Amoli in a way emphasizes only the meaning and acknowledges that the Arabs had words but the words did not have these exalted meanings. Comparing the foundations of these two exegetes shows that they share a common view regarding the miraculous nature of the Quran; however, there is a difference in the explanation and details of these exegetic foundations between the student and teacher. The most important goal of this article is to probe and analyze the source of this difference in opinion. In this paper, the views of the abovementioned exegetes regarding the basis of the miraculousness of the Quran have been studied using a comparative method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verse 74 of the Chapter of Hud reports Abraham’s argument with God regarding the People of Lot. There are detailed dialogues among Sunni and Shiite exegetes and even their theologians relating to this topic and questions have also been raised in this regard; questions that have challenged the infallibility of Abraham (peace be upon him) specifically and prophets in general. Some have considered the subject of argument to be the person of Lot (peace be upon him) and others the People of Lot. A group believes that Abraham’s argument was an inquiry and probe and some believe that it was an argument meant to be an intercession. After enumerating the different views regarding Abraham’s argument with God, the present paper describes and critiques the views of Shiite and Sunni exegetes regarding this subject through a critical analytic method based on Quranic teachings. Considering the compassionate character of Abraham reflected in the Quran, it seems that the concept of argument is precatory and supplicatory out of compassion and with the intent of finding a way to guide a people who were on the threshold of divine punishment. However, because, based on divine knowledge, this return was not possible, Abraham’s request was denied. Since this argument was before the announcement of God’s final decision, it does not negate infallibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retaliation is innately present in human beings and instinctively in some animals. Retaliation has various types including divine and non-divine retribution. In this paper, a comparative study of this topic has been conducted in the commentaries of al-Mīzān and Fī Ẓilāl al-Qurʾan and the common and different points between them have been extracted. This study has provided some conclusions that are as follows: 1) Both exegetes consider retaliation as part of divine customs and believe it to be divided into two categories, individual and social. 2) Social retaliation is considered part of the rights of society. 3) Forgiveness and pardon in instances of personal retaliation are good; however, it has been censured regarding social rights. 4) God takes retribution from guilty and sinful human beings when they have been reminded of divine signs and manifestations and proof has been completed over them. 5) Allamah Tabatabai considers qiṣāṣ (equal retribution) as a type of retaliation; however, Syed Qutb does not. 6) Neither of the two exegetes has indicated who the retaliator is when it has a social aspect and is among social rights. 7) Syed Qutb’s discussions regarding retaliation overlap and are sometimes inconsistent; whereas it is not so in the discussions of Allamah Tabatabai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the laws mentioned in the Holy Quran which has been indicated in many ethical, legal, social, natural, etc. verses directly or indirectly, is the law of causality. The different types of this law such as efficient and final causes, and material and formal causes can be studied and recognized in verses of the Quran. One of these verses in the social sphere that explains the law of causality and which mentions the final cause is verse 32 of the alZukhruf Chapter. In this verse, the reason for the “elevation of rank” of some compared to others has been identified as taskhīr. Studying the course of the exegeses of the Holy Quran regarding this phrase in the verses under discussion shows that the understanding of commetators from this phrase has been very different in different time periods, especially in the recent period. Exegetes and Quran researchers have pinpointed various factors in explaining the reason for these exegetic differences; however, among these factors, less attention has been given to the role of “movements” as an external factor that unconsciously influences the understanding of the exegete of the verses of the Quran. The present paper will identify the movement or movements that have played a role in the interpretation of the sentence “… and raised some of them above others in rank, so that some may take others into service…” in the verse under discussion. The findings of this study show that the “master-subject” and “socialism” systems can be recognized as two movements that influence the thoughts of exegetes in the interpretation of the verse under discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: One of the most important stages in human development is adolescence; the period when a person goes through childhood and encounters new plans and responsibilities in the family and society. One of the most critical adolescent issues is adolescents' mental health and well-being. Various research studies have shown that psychological well-being is necessary for many successes and advances of individuals. It should be noted that many factors can increase or decrease psychological well-being; knowing them can be used to help adolescents improve psychological well-being. Various studies have shown that social support is one of the variables that play an important role in well-being. Gratitude is one of the factors that can probably act as a mediator in the impact of social support on people's well-being. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the role of social support in the well-being of high school students in Ashkezar with the mediating role of gratitude. Method: This study was a correlational one (structural equation modeling). The population of this study included all male and female high school students in Ashkezar in the academic year of 2020-2021. A sample of 274 students was selected from the study population by convenient sampling. The research data were collected through Zimment et al.'s Social Support Questionnaire, Morgan et al.'s Gratitude Questionnaire, and Reef's Psychological Well-Being Scale. Data were analyzed by structural equation modeling using Amos-24 software. A bootstrap test was also used to check the indirect effects and mediating roles. Finally, various fitness indices were applied to check the consistency between the data and the conceptual framework. Results: Regarding direct effects, the results showed that social support has a positive and significant effect on gratitude (β = 0.73) and psychological well-being (β = 0.63). The results also showed that gratitude positively and significantly affects psychological well-being (β = 0.42). The results of the bootstrap test also showed that in the relationship between social support and psychological well-being, the variable of gratitude could play a mediating role. Finally, the results showed that the proposed model has good fitness. Conclusion: In sum, according to the research findings, it can be concluded that families and community officials can provide the environment to improve adolescents' mental health by delivering appropriate supportive environments. Also, proper conditions can promote adolescents' psychological well-being by teaching gratitude to adolescents. The results have been discussed in more detail using theoretical bases in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The method of the present research is qualitative and the systematic version of the "Grounded Theory". The statistical population of the present study was all boys born in Dezful in the years 1999 to 2003. The sampling framework was purposeful and theoretical. For this purpose, 18 people who experienced puberty and shared experiences and thoughts about puberty and could talk about the process of puberty were selected. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. The recorded interviews were transcribed on paper and then in open coding, the concept codes were assigned to the smallest meaningful unit of the text. Data were analyzed in three stages open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Results: The 20 main categories, 50 subcategories, and 106 basic concepts expressed the lived experiences of sexual maturity of the participants in the present study. Lack or deficiency in education, lack of sexual knowledge, social factors, family, economic factors, technological factors, and specific sexual experiences were the most important determinants of people's life experience of puberty. All the main categories were glued together in 6 interrelated blocks and formed a paradigm pattern. The blocks are a central phenomenon, causal factors, strategies, contextual conditions, intervening factors, and consequences. Discussion: The ultimate goal of the present study was to develop a data model of the boys' lived experience of sexual maturity based on the data collected through interviews. The results showed that puberty can be a source of dissatisfaction and psychological/emotional, social, and physical disorders or satisfaction and happiness. The psychological and social life experience of puberty can be evaluated positively or negatively. Puberty is one of the most important periods in the life of any person, depending on the relationships and training received can be positive or negative. Making sweet and effective courses is influenced by individual and social factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: In this paper, a new comprehensive model has been developed to guide organizations regarding the establishment of a productivity management system with all essential elements and relations. Using the knowledge available in the literature and expert views, this research has tried to propose an evaluation scheme to measure the maturity of the system in Iranian organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: This study is typically an applied-developmental research as it introduces a framework for the assessment of productivity management systems in Iranian companies (developmental) and also attempts to offer a method for solving or simplification the complex, chronic problem of productivity in Iranian businesses (applied). From another perspective, the current research should be regarded as a qualitative research approach that seeks to describe and explain the phenomenon of productivity management system maturity based on an analysis of both quantitative and qualitative data. The main strategy adopted in identifying conceptual elements concerning the productivity management system has been encoding. The primary signs of conceptual elements have been identified with a systematic search of databases containing scientific documents and reports on one hand and during interviews with experts on the other. The main concepts and categories about the topic have been extracted through a combination of homogeneous signs. Findings: Four categories were identified in the encoding process (labelled as four modules of the productivity management system) and 18 concepts underlying such categories were included within the four modules. Then, 76 signs were extracted from the analysis of documents and interviews as peripheral aspects or features expected from the corresponding elements. Accordingly, the first step in the establishment of a productivity management system in an organization was to provide the infrastructures required for the managerial subsystem. Next, the main processes of productivity needed to be activated based on the available or generated infrastructures. In the third step, the appropriate measures had to be taken to guarantee the sustainability of the subsystem and ensure its constant growth and development. Finally, the impacts of the establishment of the productivity management system were expected to be evaluated to indicate the extent to which the attempts made have helped to meet the various needs of different groups of extra-organizational beneficiaries (including environmental activists and local community members). Social implications: Constant enhancement of productivity as one of the most significant aims of any organization, requires the establishment of a series of factors and elements that make up an organization’s productivity biome, all the aspects and layers of which need to be shaped correctly. Such a requirement can be operationalized in an organization only through the establishment of a comprehensive productivity management system, a managerial system that has not been considered accurately and practically so far in the rich literature review concerning the subject of productivity. This study was conducted to eliminate this research and administrative gap and plotted the conceptual map of such a structure through the extraction of signs of the conceptual elements concerning the managerial system using scientific documents and interviews with experts. By developing organizations that perform their activities more productively, they are more successful in achieving their goals. Therefore, people will also benefit from the performance of this productive organization and will be more satisfied. Originality/value: This study has proposed a conceptual map for productivity management systems through the extraction of signs of the conceptual elements concerning the managerial system using scientific resources and interviews with experts. It has also proposed a comprehensive model showing how the productivity management system could be established in an Iranian organization using procedural documents such as the administrative guidance developed by the National Productivity Organization. The validity of the model (referred to as i-MAPS) was confirmed through the formulation and administration of the evaluation logic for the measurement of the maturity of the system and its pilot implementation in some private and public organizations in Yazd Province. The maturity of an organization in the establishment and utilization of the productivity management system can be analyzed using the developed model. Besides, the measures can be taken based on instructions extracted from the model contents to increase the organization’s success in the roadmap and to overcome probable challenges and obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sa'dī's words, such as the paper, have gone hand in hand with This earth globally, and have been spotted on the eyes of readers and enthusiasts of poetry, one of the items that the works of Sheikh Ajil are always enthusiastic about, the sub-continent of India, and from The sentence of this magnanimous Mirzahar Aghpopal is the throttling of Pikandarabadi (1214-1296), which follows Sa'di's works, and he has three works, called Four Barons, Svanbestan, in response to Sa'di Boulevard and Sa'di's Golestan Sa'di. In this paper, we compared the guarantees of Golestan Hafez and Sa'di's effect in expressing the structural property of the effect of speculation, and we examined and categorized the types of guarantees used in his work. Then, by comparing the guarantees provided by Golestan with the hypothesis of yusefy copies Khazaeli, the idolatry of Golestan Saadi, regarding the recording of a fragment of Golestan's words, the importance of looking at the manuscripts in the subcontinent in the correction of the works of Saadi was pointed out; therefore, the comparison of two books can be from the perspective of correcting Golestan and then Landsat Saadi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Ethics is one of the most important fields in the nursing profession. Progress in this field requires the implementation of scientific research, which will improve the quality of nursing care and satisfy clients. This study aims to investigate the trend of scientific productions in the field of nursing ethics so that novice researchers can become acquainted with scientific topics in this field. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using scientometrics and bibliometric analysis map drawing on 2957 scientific documents published in the Web of Science database in the field of nursing ethics. The search was conducted without a time limit using the keywords ‘nursing’ and ‘ethics’ in the subject of the articles. Results: The highest number of scientific documents was in 2022 with 297 articles. Most of the scientific papers in this field were in the form of original research papers. The United States had the most scientific productions. The evolution process of the keywords of scientific documents shows that the subject of the research was initially emphasized on the identification of the nature of nursing ethics. Then it evolved toward the evaluation of nurses in terms of nursing ethics and ways to improve it. Currently, studies are focused on the use of nursing ethics in practice and its problems. Conclusion: The upward trend of scientific productions in the field of nursing ethics over the last two decades indicates that this field is welcomed by researchers. Identifying new ethical challenges and providing solutions for them are frequent topics in recent years that researchers are encouraged to investigate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Given the limited resources of health system, economic evaluations studies can provide appropriate evidences for resource allocation by clarifying the possible consequences of a decision. Present study aimed to evaluate the implemented approaches for economic evaluation studies of pharmacoeconomic in Iran. Methods: This study was carried out using the critical review method. All studies related to economic evaluation studies of pharmacoeconomic in Iran, indexed in PubMed and SID databases and Google Scholar search engine, were searched by using appropriate keywords and search strategies until 2021. Further, published papers from Iranian researchers in the field of health economics and pharmacoeconomics and pharmaceutical administration were extracted with the scientometric system of the Health Ministry. Then, retrieved papers were screened by title, abstract, and the whole text. Finally, papers were evaluated by applying the Drummond quality assessment checklist, and finally appropriate ones were selected. Finally, 29 papers were selected and analyzed. Results: Out of total available papers (n=1324), 29 papers had inclusion criteria to evaluate. The selected papers were analyzed based on 10 parameters, including type of analysis, type of comparator, source of clinical effectiveness, time horizon, used model, perspective of the analysis, measured expected outcomes, discounting of costs and outcomes, sensitivity analysis, and subgroup analysis. Most studies have used cost utility analysis. Shortcomings were found in some aspects as follows: some studies did not mention the applied model, or the time horizon. Moreover, some studies had time horizon more than one year, while the cost and consequences were not discounted. Conclusion: In recent years, economic evaluation studies in the field of pharmacoeconomic in Iran have been center attention in line with global trend. In order to make a decision regarding the allocation of resources based on the findings of economic evaluation studies, these studies should be conducted with the systematic and transparent approach. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a standard framework for implementing and reporting the results of economic evaluation studies in Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: It was associated with the policy maker's attitude based on the belief of greater participation of women in the social, economic and cultural scenes, therefore, compared to the previous two programs, attention to the situation of women was planned in a clearer way. One of the basic points in the third development plan was to align it with the establishment of an institution as "Women's Participation Affairs Center". In the important parts of the program, such as education and employment policies, no interesting needs are observed between the two sexes. The fourth program is interesting both in terms of the amount of materials of the program that are dedicated to women and also in terms of a different approach regarding the topic of gender. In the fourth development plan, it is emphasized to eliminate violence against women. The most important concern in the fourth development plan is the issue of women's employment and the improvement of the economic status of women in the society, and if we are talking about reforming public attitudes towards women, this reform of attitudes is related to holding economic positions and employment opportunities. In the third program, special educational and cultural-sports needs are emphasized by using Islamic principles and foundations. In the fifth development plan, which is considered to be the most important article of this plan about women and family. In the 6th Development Plan, it is very important to improve the status of women and a suitable position for women and family was considered in this program. Creating suitable job opportunities to attract unemployed graduates, which has increased as a result of the increase in the number of girls entering universities, paying attention to female heads of the household, self-headed and abusive women, reducing divorce, increasing the facilitation of marriage, the possibility of facilitating the entry of women into higher academic degrees such as Ph.D. Specialization and serious attention to improving the quality of women's health is one of the issues that should be given serious attention in the future. As a result, it is in accordance with the theories of gender justice, which is often equated with the concept of gender equality. But in reality, they are two separate concepts. Gender equality refers to equal life opportunities for women and men, which includes the ability to participate in the public sphere. Gender equality focuses on fair participation in education, the labor market, health services and politics. Legal reform is one of the key and important tools in the fight for equality. Gender equality does not necessarily ensure equality of outcomes; because it assumes that when barriers to participation are removed, there will be a level playing field for both sexes, and it does not consider that men and women may have different realities and experiences. Therefore, the concept of gender justice is raised. Gender justice refers to justice in life outcomes for women and men. As a result, it thinks beyond equal opportunities, reminds the need to change attitudes, emphasizes the different interests, preferences and needs of men and women, and emphasizes the need to redistribute power and resources. This paper examines the gender policies governing Iran's employment development programs before and after the revolution. Which is using qualitative content analysis. The purpose of this study shows that there are several elements and propositions of gender discourses in the set of employee development programs of Iran before and after the revolution. Methods: The above paper is a documentary and library study. The research method used is of the secondary analysis type and is mostly done by using library data and using sites and the general population and housing censuses and registration information. The data used are second-hand data and partly third-hand data. According to the type of data, the study is descriptive and analytical. In this paper, due to the limitation of census information, that part of the gender analysis of employment based on Iran's development programs before and after the revolution and population and housing statistics has been used to some extent from registration data. Results: The results obtained from the employment status of women show that during different years before the revolution and even after the revolution, the changes in women's employment did not experience a regular upward or downward trend. Comparing the employment of women and men also shows superiority the regularity of men in the labor market during the statistical survey was from (1956-2020). Also, the unstable trend of development in the employment of women and men, especially women, shows that with the smallest changes in economic conditions, a large part of the female labor force has left the market. This issue is not only from an economic point of view but also from a social point of view. It also has adverse consequences for society. The current state of Iran's labor market, including its high unemployment rate, and low participation rate, shows limited employment generation. That the set of policies, laws, and regulations in the field of employment did not have the necessary efficiency. A review of each of the development programs in Iran shows that the issue of "gender justice" has been neglected and has faced shortcomings in its application and implementation. In the development programs before the Islamic revolution, the statesmen's view of development was purely economic. It was believed that the movement towards development begins with the growing trend of the growth of the national gross product. By dividing the population into two semi-urban and rural, the semi-urban brought new values following the increasing contact with the outside world. Conclusion: In terms of the period, the approval authorities in the fields of employment, diversity, transformation, decline, and rise. In other words, while in the development programs, there have been things such as equal pay, insurance, equal working hours, and expertise for the employment of women and men. In some cases, policymakers have paid attention to things such as wage equality, skill-oriented, empowerment and structural changes in women's employment, and in general, by using the theory of Giddens, Barry, Tocqueville, Bloomberg, it can be seen that there are approaches to create jobs for women and men, change the structure, identified equality, development, dignity, economic power in the documents of Iran's employment development programs. That a diverse set of macroeconomic policies and active and inactive labor market policies have been implemented with the purpose and motivation of creating employment. Which have different and diverse positive and negative, strong and weak consequences and functions. The results of women's employment status show that during different years before the revolution and even after the revolution, the changes in women's employment did not experience a regular upward or downward trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Aims: Personality disorder is a type of mental disorder in which a rigid and unhealthy pattern of thought, performance, and behavior is observed in a person. A person with a personality disorder has difficulty in understanding and communicating with situations and people. This causes significant problems and limitations in relationships, social activities, and understanding of diseases. The presence of personality disorders in sick people leads to the development of the disease and increases the level of stress and depression in patients. Among the diseases observed in patients suffering from personality disorders such as dual personality, the presence of stress, depression, harming themselves, scratching the skin, and causing self-inflicted wounds are mentioned. Personality disorders usually start in adolescence or early adulthood. There are different types of personality disorders. Some types may become less apparent during middle age. Types of personality disorders are classified into three clusters based on similar characteristics and symptoms. Many people with one personality disorder also have signs and symptoms of at least one other personality disorder. To diagnose a disorder, showing all signs and symptoms is unnecessary. Cluster A personality disorders are characterized by abnormal and unusual thinking or behavior. They include paranoid personality disorder, schizoid personality disorder, and schizotypal personality disorder. Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, overly emotional, or unpredictable thinking or behavior. They include antisocial personality disorder, borderline personality disorder, histrionic personality disorder, and narcissistic personality disorder. Cluster C personality disorders are characterized by anxious, fearful thinking or behavior. They include avoidant personality disorder, dependent personality disorder, and obsessivecompulsive personality disorder. There is increasing evidence about the negative impact of personality disorders on various physical, mental, and emotional aspects of healthy and sick people. Psychotherapy can help a person understand the effects of their behavior on others, learn to manage or cope with symptoms and reduce behaviors that cause problems in functioning and relationships. The type of treatment depends on the specific personality disorder, its severity, and the individual's condition. If personality disorders are not treated in people, the level of many diseases such as depression, cardiovascular diseases, and skin diseases will increase. Skin diseases are conditions that affect the skin. These diseases may cause rashes, inflammation, itching, or other skin changes. Some skin diseases may be genetic, while lifestyle and psychological factors such as severe obsessions and personality disorders may cause others. Both the skin and the central nervous system are derived from the ectoderm during embryogenesis. Their anatomicalfunctional relationship has been known for a long time. However, many aspects of this relationship are not fully understood. There are several studies that confirm the link between Dermatosis and mental illness. The findings of studies conducted in the field of psychiatry show that infectious-parasitic Dermatoses are the most common skin diseases in more than 70% of patients with mental disorders. The general explanation for this complication is that the physical condition of many mental patients decreases, which is associated with a decrease in immune defense and, as a result, an increase in sensitivity to skin infections. Considering the importance of skin diseases and the effect of personality disorders on this type of disease and the explanations provided, the question raised here is the relationship between personality disorders and skin diseases in various studies in the field of psychiatry. What results have been obtained and what requirements have been recommended regarding the reduction of this disease through psychotherapy? Methods: The current study is a review study that includes papers published in domestic and foreign journals available in SID, PubMed, Google Scholar, Magiran, Springer, Wiley, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, Science direct, and ProQuest databases. The range of years 2020 to 2022 was used. Papers were searched using the keywords "acute skin diseases, skin diseases, personality disorders, mental disorders" and their English equivalents. As a result of the initial search of papers, there were 156 articles, of which 74 apapers remained in the screening stage, and at the end, 12 papers were subjected to content analysis. Results: This review study showed that personality and mental disorders have an effect on the development of skin diseases and controlling these disorders is considered as a solution to reduce the complications of skin diseases. Conclusion: In general, it can be concluded that in order to reduce the complications of skin diseases, paying attention to the personality and mental disorders of people can increase the patient's understanding of the disease and reduce the level of complications of this disease. Psychotherapy of the last century uses biological, psychological, and social factors at different levels significantly in the pathogenesis of each disease, through complex interactions in the treatment of diseases. There are many ontogenetic, anatomical, and functional connections between the skin, the psyche, and the immune system. These connections are the reason that Neuro-immunological mechanisms are often involved in the pathogenesis of Dermatoses. This is why skin diseases are classified as "paradigm" psychosomatic diseases. The skin is the only organ that is completely visible, and therefore the patient can always observe it closely. Patients are free to act on their ideas about pathogenic mechanisms. This means that, as mentioned above, clinicians, especially in the field of dermatology, must examine (and respect) patient disease models. However, skin lesions are visible not only to the patients themselves but often to other people as well. For example, patients with Dermatosis are often exposed to stigma: skin diseases may cause hatred or fear of contagion. Therefore, feelings such as embarrassment about one's illness, or disgust expressed by other people, may affect the patient's outlook on life. Some patients actually anticipate and experience imaginary stigma even in the case of minimal skin lesions. The fact that skin is very visible has also contributed to psychoanalytic theories and interpretations of psychoanalysts interested in psychosomatic medicine for skin diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the formation of Seljuks in the Levant, this region was subject to unrest, which continued the chaotic trend of the post-Hamdanid. What took place in the Levant in the Seljuk period was a series of replacing the governments by the soldiers of the same dynasty one after the other from 478 till 570 A. H. This research aimed to answer this question: What was the process of substituting governments in this period? To this goal, the reasons for the rise and fall of the Levant's governments and the records of substitute dynasties had to be analyzed. By using the quantitative historical method, the procedure of these substitutions was mapped. According to this study, the chronological process of substituting the governments had increased over time. The former disturbs were managed to be settled and the short-term rulers -inheritances of Arab tribes- to be altered by long dynasties, such as the Zengid and Ayyubid dynasties. Introduction Some of the Levant governments were overthrown by foreign powers and as usual, the stronger governments prevailed over weaker ones. In the time frame presented in this paper, several local governments fell in this manner, among which we could mention Banu Ammar in Tripoli. There was another form of overthrowing a government that arose from within and took over. Those who served the former government then became the ones possessing power, resulting in dynasties, such as Burid, Zangid Atabegs, and Ayyubid dynasties. Since this form of conquest was defined as an uprising in the political terms of that time and new dynasties needed continuous efforts to maintain power and assemble sufficient legitimacy for themselves, they went through the process of start-points and continuance. Though each new dynasty tried to have a starting point of its own, they had to use covers, such as gaining the Atabeg of a Seljuk prince or receiving a charter from the Abbasid Caliph. Thus, only the passage of time and their behaviors to preserve their land became a factor of legitimacy that they had to earn it after several internal revolts of the generals. In other words, after some time, the land became their ancestral property and the oppressing commanders needed time to construct their property. Materials and Methods The author first dealt with the contexts of the fall and succession of the cited governments in this period. Therefore, he used the contextual description method. Accordingly, the political and social contexts of the lands and those, who started the new governance, were examined. Because the substitutions happened from T1 till time T2 in the context of time, a chronologic method was applied to estimate the government changes. Finally, the chronological and historical methods joined a quantitative view. The time passage had to be taken seriously to evaluate the stability of the government during their ruling time. The quantitative method also took the internal courses of the governments into account. The author tried to find the substitution process year to evaluate the alternative trends and identify the quantitative strategy for these events. Discussion and Conclusions The substitution of the Levant dynasties at that time was affected by instability, insecurity, and the pressure of foreign governments, building the necessity of raising a new government within the former. Therefore, the people who supported the Turk or semi-Turk troops could start a new dynasty from the heart of the previous one. The survival of the new government and its resistance towards subsequent replacement largely depended on managing the crisis that happened to the Levant in their time. Hence, the Burid took over the Seljuks of Damascus, but they were able to withstand the substitution trend for a long time because of their adequacy to protect Damascus against Crusaders and expansionists. First, it was assumed that all substitutions of the Levant governments followed an integrated pattern, but the data of the quantitative hypotheses proved it wrong. Based on the years that a dynasty maintained power in the Levant, the substitution process had increased from the Seljuks to the Ayyubid dynasty. This indicated stability in the Levant since the time of the Hamdanid. When the Hamdanid dynasty ended, the Arab tribes took control of this region and handed over a turbulent region to the Seljuks. The conflict between the Seljuk rulers brought this earlier chaos to the period of Ridwan's successors. Therefore, since the arrival of the first Turkmen associated with a rough and chaotic period in the Levant, these government changes grew until the Ayyubid dynasty. Saladin and his brother managed to divide the Ayyubid dynasty into the Ayyubid of the Levant and Egypt. Still, the Ayyubid dynasty held power in the 7th century A.H. Due to the timeframe of this paper, the substitution of the Ayyubid was not looked into; however, their longterm stability and continuation could be generalized to the Mamluk Sultanate and the Ottoman Empire, which certainly requires another research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This paper examines the application of nudges as a behavioral tool and also welcomes behavioral nudges in overcoming policymaking biases. According to behavioral research, policymakers are subject to different biases that may lead to errors and misunderstandings in the process of decision-making. Recognizing that policymakers are not immune from these biases, the paper explores the use of nudges as alternative regulatory tools for governments in influencing policymakers’ behavior. The question now is how and under which circumstances nudges operate and interact with those biases. To support the argument, the paper also investigates some examples of cognitive biases and behavioral nudges in Iranian organizations. Methods In the first stage of the study, by using a mixed method, mental patterns were extracted. Then, researchers conducted in-depth interviews including behavioral biases and nudges. In the second stage, by using the Q methodology and factor analysis, the results were extracted. In the following, the data were arranged in the form of T tables. The average of the total variance of biases and nudges was extracted. Due to the special nature of the subject, we made a combination of theoretical studies and field research findings. The researchers were influenced by the results of the interviews to present experts' conceptual framework. Based on the literature review and the interviews conducted, conceptual codes were extracted and categorized into 31 themes. Results The results showed that policymakers are subject to cognitive errors and cognitive biases. In the conducted studies, 14 biases were categorized and divided into three determining patterns. It was specified in the form of informative and inspiring nudges. Also, we did the investigation for 16 elements referring to behavioral nudges of policymakers. By examining different cognitive biases, behavioral nudges can help design a better choice architecture for policymakers. Conclusion By examining different cognitive biases, the paper discussed policymakers’ mistakes when they are dealing with decisions about public problems. In this regard, nudging tools can help design a choice architecture to frame decisions in ways that could lead to more public welfare. The results showed for inspirational nudging, fundamental shake-ups, constitutional amendment, administrative reforms, and the creation of a space for discourse and the creation of new presuppositions are more critical. For the awareness nudging model, 14 nudges were categorized. In this regard simulation and future study of a policy, mental stereotypes analysis, realism, and change of mental patterns are highlighted. Considering the findings, nudges can play a regulatory role in focusing on the effects and aspects of public events. The article concludes with some ideas for improving nudges and suggestions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of bay laurel and rosemary leaf extracts in two forms, free and nanoliposome, on the chemical indices of spoilage (TVB-N) and (TBA) in minced Silver carp fish was investigated. Extracts were evaluated for phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The treatments studied in minced Silver carp fish included control treatment, treatments containing 1 and 1.5% of free extract of Laurus nobilis leaves and Rosemary and treatments containing 1 and 1.5%. It is one of the liposome-coated extracts that was tested at refrigerator temperature at 0, 4, 8 and 12 days with 3 replications. The results showed that the amount of phenolic and flavonoid compounds in rosemary extract was more favorable than fragrant leaves. The aqueous extract of rosemary had higher levels of phenolic (344.66 mg gallic acid / g extract) and flavonoid (245.33 mg Rutin / g extract) compounds compared to the bay laurel extract (257.66 mg gallic acid / g extract) and (151.26 mg Rutin / g extract) respectively. The results of chemical changes in minced Silver carp showed that with increasing the storage time of fish at refrigerator temperature, the mentioned parameters increased, but nevertheless, in the treatment containing the finely coated form of two plants, Laurus nobilis leaves and rosemary (concentration 1.5%), The changes were significantly slower than other treatments, and according to the results, it can be concluded that in general, the addition of extracts Odor of Laurus nobilis and rosemary leaves in a concentration of 1.5%, maintains the quality of Silver carp fish in terms of chemical quality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Emerging technologies have become one of the main concerns of societies of today. Governments and societies are well aware that their economic future and survival in today's changing world are tied to new technologies, especially artificial intelligence technology. This paper aims to help managers, practitioners, and policymakers in prioritizing the implementation of artificial intelligence technology in applications such as transportation, health, security, education, and research. Design/methodology/approach: After a relatively complete follow-up in the field of artificial intelligence research, the criteria for prioritizing emerging technologies have been calculated and weighted by the Friedman method. Then, the application areas have been identified by the thematic analysis method. Finally, using the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique, the application areas of artificial intelligence have been ranked. Findings: This research resulted in a model and indicated that the three areas of economics, transportation, and governance were given more priority for the application of artificial intelligence technology, respectively. Research limitations/implications: Designing mechanisms to monitor advances in emergent technology and artificial intelligence to improve the proposed model and update the model were the most important suggestions. Another suggestion was to identify the gap between the theoretically developed model and practice. Practical implications: This paper provides a reliable prioritization of the applied areas using scientific criteria appropriate to the country. This provides a scientific-operational package, and policy-making by creating a logical relationship between theory and practice. If such a document is presented in policy and legislative circles, this prioritization can be one of the most important tools for decision-making and rescuing from political and strategic dilemmas. Social implications: Improving the quality of human life by implementing artificial intelligence in various usages of daily life, and facilitating social availability to the important types of possibilities are the most important achievement of this research. Originality/value: Since no model has been found to prioritize the implementation of artificial intelligence technology in applications, the proposed model closes such a gap. The paper provides appropriate tools both to practitioners and policymakers who intend to decide and deploy artificial intelligence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to propose a systematic view of how Circular Supply Chain Management (CSCM) captures and evolves the state-of-the-art advances in this field. Multiple analyzes have been performed with two tools of VOSviewer and open-source R-package ‘bibliometrix”. Also, a network and bibliometric analysis of the Co-Occurrence, Co-Authorship, and Co-Citation has been made on CSCM using bibliometric and scientometrics methods on the literature available on the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Design/methodology/approach: Bibliometric, network structure, and descriptive analysis have been used to investigate publications on the subject of circular supply chain management. For this purpose, a systematic review has been performed using the Prisma review protocol. After defining the research objectives and questions, the relevant keywords for the sources and database and search codes have been used for an online search. Then, the initial search has been conducted. The next step involved screening the study results. 116 published articles have been selected from Scopus for analysis. The potential papers were then downloaded in CSV format for bibliometric analysis and synthesis. The final data for this research has been selected from 2010 to 2021. All the data was exported in CSV format to the Bibliometrix and Vosviewer software for data analysis. Also, Co-Authorship, word Co- Occurrence, and Co-Citation analysis have been generated using VOSviewer. Findings: This study analyzed the annual publication trends, the most productive authors, the most cited articles, the most productive affiliations, the most important journals, the most productive countries, and keywords. Collaboration, co-occurrence, co-authors, co-citation, and historiographical analysis were also performed in this study. Findings indicated that "Perona, M" and "Mina, H" with six and five articles were the most productive authors in the development of this field. Also, Geissdoerfer's article was the most cited article with 231 citations, and it can be considered a pioneering work in the field of CSCM development. Farooq's article was also the most cited local article. Govindan et al.'s (2020) article were the most important in co-citation analysis. Great Britain and Italy were the most productive countries with 70 and 66 publications. Cambridge University was the most productive university in England. The "Journal of Cleaner Production" and "Sustainability" were the most visited journal with 24 and 8 articles. The most dominant keywords were "circular economy" and "circular supply chain". The main keywords shared in the most advanced cluster were "circular economy", "circular supply chain", and "supply chain". The main common keywords in cluster 2 included "supply chain management" and "circular supply chain management", and the main common keywords in cluster 3 included "sustainability, and “closed loop supply chain". Also, major cooperated countries included Great Britain, Italy, and China. Strong cooperation between Iran and Denmark, China and Australia, and Britain, and India was also observed. A significant number of articles were written by Iranian researchers, and the number of citations received by foreign researchers was higher. The authorship of the articles included two, one, and three authors, respectively. The results indicated the existence of the development of CSCM with quantitative modeling approaches, proficient algorithms, optimization techniques, and integrated multi-criteria decision-making techniques. Also, CSCM research must identify enablers, drivers, Critical Success Factors (CSF), obstacles and barriers, innovative frameworks, and circular business models. Research limitations/implications: The papers were merely reviewed in the form of scientific and English language journal articles. Other datasets and conference papers, reports, and books can be considered for future study, but they were not included in the structural literature review. Practical implications: CSCM is rapidly developing in supply chain sustainability and can operate as a guide for companies. To apply CSCM, three questions need to be answered: i) which business/supply chain models should companies choose (closed loop or circular)?; ii) how does it cover supply chain operations to achieve a zero-waste perspective?; and iii) how does the company redesign its supply chain and implement a circular supply chain? Social implications: The application of the results of this study and circular supply chain indicators have positive effects on the sustainability and circular economy. Originality/value: This research is one of the early attempts to analyze the structure of social networks in CSCM using bibliometric and scientometric methods. In previous studies relevant to CSCM, mainly the structured literature review, content analysis, and integrated framework have been used, and few studies have addressed CSCM using bibliometric analysis. In this paper, the R-software was used for the first time as a tool for bibliometric data statistics (open-source R-package tool ‘Bibliometrix’ supplemented by VOS viewer, which is used for clustering and data visualization). Also, the results of the analysis of the two software were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Cross-docking deals with the goals of lean supply chain management. It is a distribution strategy. In this structure, goods are shipped from inbound to outbound trailers on the same day or overnight without putting them into storage. Cross-docking can realize transport efficiencies at reduced material handling and storage costs by eliminating the storage and order-picking activities from the main warehouse operations. These advantages make cross-docking an interesting logistic strategy that can give companies considerable competitive advantages. This paper aims to introduce cross-docking, its characteristics and its problem types, comprehensively. The focus of this study is on distinguishing research gaps. Design/methodology/approach: Systematic review is "review research by explicit, rigorous and accountable methods". Reviews and their findings can vary on many aspects of the 'dimensions of different'. One such review is the 'review of reviews'. A systematic review of primary research is the second level of research analysis. A review of reviews (sometimes called 'overview' or 'umbrella' review) is a tertiary level of analysis. It is a systematic map and/or synthesis of previous reviews. The 'data' for such reviews of reviews are previous reviews rather than primary research studies. This can be an efficient method for examining previous research. In this paper, cross-docking literature systematic review (review of reviews method) has been discussed by introducing, clustering crossdocking decision problems, and drawing future research directions. Findings: Bibliography, cross-dockings, and classified characteristics of cross-docking based on the decision levels (strategic, tactical and operational levels) were the major findings of this study. Also, the cross-docking problem types were addressed and the gaps in the field of cross-docking were determined. This study highlighted two frequent gaps that would need to be filled by focusing on the research areas of taking deadlines for the trucks into account and dealing with uncertainty. Research limitations/implications: Book chapters and conference papers were excluded from this research. Reviewed papers were published in a certain period and the English language. Practical implications: Today firms use different types of distribution strategies. Cross-docking with eliminating the storage and order-picking activities from the main warehouse operations is an interesting logistics strategy. products with predictable, high cubic volume flow, and perishable products are ideal candidates for cross-docking. Cross-docking is nowadays used by many companies and industries such as the retail industry, automotive industry, telecommunications and electronics industries. Social implications: Cross-docking results in smaller volumes of more visible inventories that are delivered faster and more frequently. Several other advantages of cross-docking are addressed in the literature compared to traditional distribution centres. Some advantages are reduced cost (warehousing costs, inventory-holding costs, handling costs, labour costs), shorter delivery lead time (from supplier to customer), improved customer service, reduced storage space, faster inventory turnover, fewer overstocks, and reduced risk for loss and damage. Originality/value: Due to the advantages and extensive applications of cross-docking, in this paper a "review of reviews" was performed, and after introducing cross-docking terminals and their problem types, distinguish research gaps were determined for the future research study. Therefore, researchers were suggested to concentrate on the addressed gaps in their models to get closer to real-life constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the second half of the 20th century, after the decline of logical empiricism, metaphysics was revived as analytic metaphysics. However, during the last two decades, significant naturalistic objections have been raised to analytic metaphysics. In the first chapter of their seminal book, Every Thing Must Go, Ladyman, Ross, and Spurrett, after taking a destructive approach to contemporary analytic metaphysics, presented a positive plan for appropriate naturalized metaphysics. For them, naturalized metaphysics is an activity to unify, under some constraints, the sciences. Analytic metaphysics, on the other hand, had its serious defenders. One of the enthusiastic advocates of metaphysics, as an inquiry with an independent method and subject matter, is Jonathan Lowe (1950-2014). At the end of his working life, he published various works in which he argued for a remarkable conception of metaphysics, that is, metaphysics as the science of the possible. In this paper, we claim that Jonathan Lowe's views on metaphysics provide a compelling stance for addressing the radical naturalistic objections raised by Ladyman, Ross, and Spurrett, and so it provides a thoughtful defense of metaphysics against those worries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kripke in his famous book on Wittgenstein’s later philosophy argues, on behalf of Wittgenstein, that there can be no fact of the matter as to what a speaker means by her words, that is, no fact that can meet the Constitution Demand and the Normativity Demand. He particularly argues against the dispositional view, according to which meaning facts are constituted by facts about the speaker’s dispositions to respond in a certain way on certain occasions. He argues that facts about dispositions are finite and are incapable of constituting facts about what speakers mean by their words; they are also essentially descriptive, not prescriptive and, thus, cannot meet the Normativity Demand. Hannah Ginsborg has recently attempted to resist Kripke’s Wittgenstein’s arguments against dispositionalism by defending a new sort of reductive dispositionalism which can meet both demands at the same time. In this paper, I will argue that she would not be successful in her project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In addition to Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus (1921) and Philosophical Investigations (1951), Wittgenstein left a collection of notes. Some of his students have published edited versions of these remaining notes under various titles. One of the latest of these collections came to the market in 1969 under the title of "On Certainty". In this book, Wittgenstein discusses the issue of certainty from an epistemological point of view. He rejects scepticism and argues that certainty belongs to the category of non-epistemological concepts. And he adds that certainty, though meaningless, nevertheless is necessary for the formation of knowledge. A group of commentators, including Rom Harre´ and Moyal-Sharrock, have referred to this new approach of Wittgenstein as the Third Wittgenstein. The purpose of the present paper is to critically examine the development of Wittgenstein's thought from Tractatus to On Certainty with respect to the notion of certainty to show that contrary to the claims of philosophers like Harre´and Moyal-Sharrock, the Wittgenstein of On Certainty is not a new Wittgenstein, and that the basis of his discussions concerning scepticism and certainty and their meaninglessness could be traced back to his views in Tractatus and Investigations, and in particular, his discussion of private language and its denial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plato’s doctrine of ideas can be considered his most important doctrine. Throughout the history of philosophy, each philosopher, according to the problem he faced, has returned to this doctrine. One of the problems that Western philosophers have faced in the contemporary world is the nihilism and meaninglessness of western civilization. Martin Heidegger considers the root of this meaninglessness to be oblivion of Being and oblivion of truth as unhiddenness and disconcealment. Heidegger believes that Plato’s doctrine of ideas is the cause of this oblivion, Plato made ideas the foundation of beings, and this has no meaning other than oblivion of Being. Using phenomenology, Heidegger returns to Plato’s allegory of the cave to elucidate the nature of this oblivion. Heidegger’s interpretation of ideas changes over time, because in his later thinking, Heidegger passes through the phenomenology of Dasein and pays attention to the openness of Being. Later Heidegger explains the idea and the eidos based on the openness of Being and considers the presence of the present dependent on this openness. In this paper, we will try to examine the relationship between early and later Heidegger's view on Plato’s ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Islam, revelation is the cornerstone and source of all religious teachings. Most Muslims believe that the Quran's wording and meaning come from God, but some contemporary thinkers such as Muhammad Mujtahid Shabestari believe that revelation came from the subconscious mind of the Prophet (pbuh) and was subsequently incorporated into the Quran. He presents new definitions of divine revelation, word and saying and believes that the word and meaning of the Quran originated from the Prophet (PBUH). Since the basis of religious teachings and the source of all Islamic knowledge is revelation, considering the teachings of the Quran as definitive proof depends on one's attitude towards revelation. Shabestari considers the Quran as a product of revelation, not revelation itself. This paper examines his views and arguments using the analytical-critical method and critiques them using rational and narrative criteria. It concludes that Shabestari's evidence is unable to support his claims, since the words and meaning of the Quran come from God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The language of the Qur'an was criticized specially by orientalists. They had previously proposed the idea of adapting the Qur’an from the Testaments and other holy books. Regarding language, some western scientists believe that the Arabic language of the Qur’an also is not original. Alphonse Mingana (1881-1937) at the beginning of the 20th century considered the Qur’an to be merely an adaptation of the Holy Bible. He claimed the Syriac language played an important role in the foundations of Islam and the vocabulary and grammar of the Arabic language of the Qur'an originated from Syriac. Christoph Luxenberg also referred to the Aramaic language of the Qur’an in his book entitled “Siro-Aramaic Reading of the Qur’an,” published at the beginning of the 21st century. This paper analyses the works of Arab linguists concerning the history and the origin of the Arabic language. It also evaluates archaeological and epigraphic works in this regard. It concludes that the Arabic language existed before the advent of Islam in the Arabian Peninsula, and of course, the Holy Qur'an caused the advancement and evolution of this language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ʽAlī b. Muḥammad b. Ibrāhīm b. ̓Abān al-Kulaynī al-Rāzī, known as “ʽAllān al-Kulaynī,” is one of the Imāmī narrators living in the age of Minor Occultation. Among the early Rijāl scholars, Najāshī was the only one who mentioned Allān’s biography in his autobiographical book and authenticated him. Shaykh al-Kulaynī narrated dozens of narrations from him in al-Kāfī, who is introduced by Najāshī as Kulainī’s uncle. A significant part of these narratives is included in al-Kāfī’s “Book of al-Ḥujjah” (“Kitab alḤujjah”). Since Kulaynī collected the narratives of his book from earlier written sources, the question arises as to which book was his written source in narrating them. Since one of the criteria emphasized by early Imāmī hadīth scholars is quoting from reliable books, this paper aims to evaluate this hypothesis by collecting these narratives and analyzing them. Their Isnād-cum-matn evidence confirm that Shaykh al-Kulaynī narrated them from the book of ʽAllān al-Kulaynī, i.e. the “Kitāb ̓Akhbār al-Qāim”. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]