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The article "Opening of graves and turtles. The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis L.) from the cemetery of the Wielbark culture in Czarnówko and the question of posthumous interventions in the past" reports on the discovery of turtle remains in a grave of the Wielbark culture in Czarnówko. It investigates how this finding can be connected to the opening of graves and the presence of turtle remains. It is determined that about 90% of the graves in Czarnówko were manipulated after burial. Similar findings have also been made in other burial grounds in Central Europe. The presence of turtles in the graves is related to the phenomenon of grave opening, which has been observed in areas where body burial was practiced. [Extracted from the article]

Gebrauchsspuruntersuchungen sind eines der wichtigsten Forschungsthemen in der archäologischen Keramikforschung. Von besonderem Interesse sind in Gräbern beigegebene Gefäße, die nicht zur Verbrennungsprozess gehören, da sie normalerweise keiner detaillierten Funktionsanalyse unterzogen wurden. Ihre Funktion wird meist anhand der Form und Oberflächenbehandlung bestimmt. Daher wird im hier benannten chronologischen Kontext allgemein davon ausgegangen, dass Grabkeramik speziell für Bestattungszwecke hergestellt und nicht für andere Zwecke verwendet wurde. Dies gilt insbesondere für andere Keramikgegenstände als Behälter, wie z. B. zoomorphe Gefäße, Figuren und Rasseln, die bei Bestattungszeremonien eine bedeutende Rolle gespielt haben müssen. Der Artikel präsentiert die Ergebnisse morphologischer, stilistischer und chromatographischer Analysen von Gefäßen, die in Lausitzer Gräberfeldern in den Bestattungen deponiert wurden, und hier solche, die auf der Fundstelle 2 in Czernikowice, pow. Legnica, Polen, gefunden wurden. Die Keramikgegenstände stammen aus gut untersuchten Grabkontexten der Montelius-Periode IV und V. Die Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass die meisten der analysierten Gefäße Kontakt mit Substanzen pflanzlichen und tierischen Ursprungs hatten. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay "A Gold Coin from Jastrzębniki, Kalisz District (PL). On Late Celtic Coinage in Central Europe" examines the continuation of gold coinage in Central Europe after the collapse of the Bohemian-Moravian oppida. The study focuses on three minting centers that imitated late Boii gold coins. These mints recycled popular shell staters with sun and moon motifs and also issued various small coins made of electrum alloys. The coins were circulated in the Oder and Vistula basins and likely had a regional prestige value. One reason for the disappearance of local coin traditions among the northern barbarian elites may have been the massive influx of Roman coins in the second century AD. [Extracted from the article]

The essay "Early agricultural settlement of the periphery of the loess uplands and its paleoecological context - a case study of the Iłża Piedmont (southern Poland)" examines the relationship between the settlement of prehistoric agricultural societies and the occurrence of local loess deposits in Central Europe. The results show that there was already a close connection between the settlement of these areas and the fertile soils, favorable geomorphological, and hydrological conditions in the early Neolithic period. The research findings indicate the flexibility and adaptability of early farmers, which allowed them to settle even less fertile areas outside the loess uplands. [Extracted from the article]

The article describes the archaeological excavations in Brzoza, Poland, which took place from 2015 to 2018. During this time, 11,000 flint objects were discovered, which are attributed to the Late Paleolithic techno-complex with flint points. The excavations focused on exploring a dune barrier to find cultural objects in the primary deposition area. The findings show similarities with the Ahrensburg and Sviderian cultures, as well as the Bromme culture. The results of the investigations suggest that the findings date back to the Late Paleolithic period and are likely from the Younger Dryas period. The Brzoza complex plays an important role in the research of the Late Paleolithic in northern Poland. [Extracted from the article]

Vor mehr als sechzig Jahren veröffentlichte J. Kostrzewski einen Artikel Ze studiów nad wczesnym okresem żelaznym w Polsce (Studien über die ältere Eisenzeit in Polen). Es war das Ergebnis jahrelanger Recherchen, Lektüren und Rückfragen, die in einer Zeit turbulenten ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts durchgeführt wurden. Diese Arbeit ist nach wie vor eine der grundlegenden Studien zur Chronologie von Ha C und Ha D in Polen. Ein wichtiger Teil dieses Textes war die Analyse der „kuyavischen Bronzen", die in der Literatur auch als „Stanomin-Schmuckstücke" bezeichnet werden, benannt nach dem Hort von Stanomin. Neue Funde und die Ergebnisse von 14C- und dendrochronologischen Untersuchungen haben unser Bild von den kulturellen Prozessen im früheisenzeitlichen Polen erheblich verändert. Die Datierung der „kuyavischen Bronzen" und die Deutung der mit ihnen verbundenen Phänomene war bislang kein Gegenstand einer umfassenden Studie. Im vorliegenden Text konzentriert sich der Autor auf diese Fundgruppe, da er diese als eine der wichtigsten Kategorien von Metallartefakten für die Kenntnis der chronologischen Variabilität der frühen Eisenzeit in Polen betrachtet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Verifying the chronology of Ukrainian Neolithic" examines the chronology of the Ukrainian Neolithic. The authors present AMS data from four sites to verify the validity of the chronologies for the Neolithic in Ukraine. They also discuss the role of the Linear Pottery culture and the Azov-Dnieper culture in the spread of agriculture and animal husbandry in Ukraine. The study shows that there are conflicting chronological scales and proposes a comprehensive re-dating and validation. The results have implications for the regional chronology of the Neolithic and emphasize the importance of cross-border collaboration in dating findings. [Extracted from the article]

Background: The causes of spasticity are various and include cerebral palsy, spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis or other congenital or acquired lesions of the central nervous system (CNS). While there is often a partial functional component, spasticity also results in varying degrees of impairment of the quality of life. Objective: A review of surgical treatment options for spasticity. Material and methods: A systematic PubMed review of the literature on epidemiology and treatment options with a focus on neurosurgical interventions for spasticity and developments in the last 20 years as well as inclusion of still valid older landmark papers was carried out. Illustration of indications, technique, follow-up, and possible pitfalls of the different methods for the surgical treatment of spasticity. Results: Depending on the affected region, the number of muscle groups, and the extent of spasticity, focal (selective peripheral neurotomy, nerve transfer), regional (selective dorsal rhizotomy), or generalized (baclofen pump) procedures can be performed. The indications are usually established by an interdisciplinary team. Conservative (physiotherapy, oral medications) and focally invasive (botulinum toxin injections) methods should be performed in advance. In cases of insufficient response to treatment or only short-term relief, surgical methods can be evaluated. These are usually preceded by test phases with, for example, trial injections. Conclusion: Surgical methods are a useful adjunct in cases of insufficient response to conservative treatment in children and adults with spasticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new psychotherapists' law in Germany requires that future studies in psychotherapy enable students to evaluate the evidence base of psychotherapeutic methods based on established criteria. This article summarizes and applies the most important national and international criteria for evaluating the evidence base of psychodynamic psychotherapy including the criteria detailed in the Methods Paper of the Scientific Advisory Board Psychotherapy in Germany, the internationally influential criteria by Chambless et al. (1998) as well as the most recent criteria by Tolin et al. (2015). Criticism of the criteria for evidence assessment (e.g., the disorder-specific approach), current controversies (e.g., concerning the evidence base of long-term psychodynamic therapy and analytic psychotherapy, integrative psychotherapy frameworks versus specific treatment approaches), and the relevance of the participation of practicing psychodynamic psychotherapists in research projects are addressed. For the adequate assessment of the efficacy/effectiveness of psychodynamic psychotherapy, especially long-term psychodynamic therapy and analytic psychotherapy, it is necessary to include longer follow-up periods and also to assess changes in accordance with psychodynamic assumptions about therapeutic change processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since their inception, public libraries in the United States have been understood to be free for all to use. Yet throughout their history, socio-political currents and developments limited or barred access for certain segments of the population. The paper looks at the accessibility for women and Black Americans during the 1850–1950 period, taking into account the image of women in the Victorian and New South era, as well as the Jim-Crow segregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper it is argued that there is no meaningful concept of generation in media education and that it is not meaningful to define a concept of generation in media education. The thesis is examined with a receptive and a constructive method. Since the thesis could not be falsified, it was shown that the assumption that the generation concept is useless for media education can be maintained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the results of the intergenerational learning project DigiGen in which young people and older adults acquired knowledge about the functions and applications of artificial intelligence. The results indicate that the collaborative work resulted in a sense of partnership, but also in an experience of alterity. At the same time, a rapprochement of the age groups took place in the sense of a relationalization of their own concepts of age through experiences of difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the role of probability in the thought and work of the Swiss writer Friedrich Dürrenmatt (1921-1990), focusing on his definition of reality as the improbability which occurred. I argue that this expression encapsulates his lifelong critical investigation of the possibilities and limitations of the representation of the modern world. The polyvalent concept of probability serves Dürrenmatt in his essays, drama, and prose fiction to illuminate the irreducible complexity of reality, the inevitable constraints of human perception, and the futility of seeking to reconstruct empirical causality end-to-end. The concept of reality as an improbability which occurred defines both the empirical reality which Dürrenmatt seeks to analyze through his fiction, as well as the subjective reality he creates within his "fictional worlds," thus forming a crucial conjunction between his worldview and his literary work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of an overview of articles in Info DaF in the 2010 s, this paper aims at tracing the development of research on the education and training of GFL teachers outside of Germany within this decade. It emphasizes the potential of international cooperation in facilitating progress in practice and research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first provides an overview of topics covered in Info DaF from the first decade of the twenty-first century that are considered to be of particular relevance and interest to practitioners and researchers in the field. Second, foreign language teacher education and its necessary reorganization in terms of content are focused on as important focal points in the contributions of Info DaF and in the professional discussions outside of Info DaF during this decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The city of Bonn has been a Learning City since 2020 and has committed itself to education for sustainable development through its application. This paper presents the first practical projects of the Bonn Learning City Network. In addition, initial approaches outline the transformative challenges that exist for educational institutions that intend to position themselves sustainably in terms of organization and content in the longer term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Four Coptic Letters from Thebes" publishes four Coptic letters from Thebes that were found on ostraka. The letters are kept in a warehouse called Abou El-Goud in Luxor. Although the exact origin of the letters is unknown, they were definitely written in the Theban area, particularly in a monastic environment. The letters address topics such as the shipment of wheat, the request for craftsmen, and the inquiry about a specific person named Samuel. The letters are written in Sahidic Coptic and likely date back to the 6th to 8th century. [Extracted from the article]

The study by Georgia Barker examines the representation of the tomb owner in wall paintings and burial models in ancient Egypt. In wall paintings, the tomb owner plays a dominant role, while in models, he rarely appears. The differences are attributed to technical characteristics and the location of the two media in the tomb. The representation of the tomb owner in the models is mainly limited to boats, accounts, and music. The study shows that the representation of the tomb owner depends on cultural and technical factors. [Extracted from the article]

The article describes hieratic ostraca from Gurna, which are kept in the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization in Cairo. These ostraca probably date back to the 18th Dynasty and the Ramesside period and deal with various administrative topics. The article also provides information about the temple of Thutmose IV in Gurna and the archaeological mission of Edda Bresciani. Various titles and terms related to gemstone manufacturers and chariot builders are discussed. Additionally, ostraca are described that contain lists of goods and employee markings. The list also includes a variety of sources and publications on various aspects of ancient Egypt. [Extracted from the article]

Increasing global population, climate change, greater competition for land and food between humans and animals, increased need for non-agricultural requirements and further unfavourable framework conditions strictly compete with food production from arable land. The significance of the bioeconomy for the production of food of animal origin is discussed in the introduction. Feedstuffs as the basis for animal nutrition and the assessment of the food competition between humans and animals (see hef-values) are the main focus of the paper. Protein yields of various ways of protein production with terrestrial animals as a function of animal performance level are compared and assessed. Land-, water- and carbon footprints of various protein sources and various animal yields are evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the enjambment techniques employed by Hellenistic and Latin authors at the end of the elegiac couplet. While the Alexandrians make deliberate use of enjambment at the end of the pentameter, in later Hellenistic and in Latin epigram there is a discernible movement toward a unity of syntax and metre, as testified by the poets' tendency to avoid enjambment between distichs. The earliest Latin epigrammatists loyally render their Greek contemporaries' aesthetics. Catullus, in his turn to Callimachean poetics, at times employs enjambment in this position, especially in elegy (as opposed to epigram). These techniques are largely abandoned by the Augustan poets, who rigidly introduce epigrammatic avoidance of enjambment into longer elegiac poems; among them, only Propertius in his fourth book rarely uses it as a stylistic means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is about differentiating the notion of cultural contact. Not every journey serves the exchange between different cultures when the travellers take on the role of an observer who does not or rarely interact with the observed, but rather projects his or her ideas and needs into them. Looking at the German authors Ernst Jünger and Edzard Schaper, the paper shows how this 'asymmetrical' cultural contact is realised in diaristic writings of both authors and what relationship of 'sentimental' observer and 'naïve' observed becomes visible in the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that every purchase has an impact on human health, our ecosystems, and the planet, but must still be affordable, can easily lead to lethargy and overload. Providing ideas and tools for teachers and learners, this paper will present strategies for implementing One Health compliant purchasing in schools and everyday life [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2017, patients aged 0-18 years accounted for about 10million medical consultations in German general practitioners' (GPs') practices compared to 26.7 million in pediatric practices. Despite this high demand in GP practices, few federal statemedical boards require a mandatory pediatric component in GP training. The aim of this paper is to outline the main reasons for children and adolescents consulting a GP, discuss the basic skills needed for physical examinations and the appropriate investigations which should be provided and to consider which symptoms should alert the GP as "red flags" requiring immediate action (e.g., dehydration, severe bacterial infections, failure to thrive). In Germany, GPs are indispensable for the primary care of children and adolescents. Thus, appropriate training in pediatricmedicine is essential to enable German GPs to be true "family doctors" caring for all ages. This article is seen as part of continuing medical education for general practitionerswho treat children and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One trend in the pulp and paper industry is the use of nonwood plants, such as annual plants and grasses. They are intended to substitute trees as a raw material source for pulp. Since the composition and fiber properties differ, they need to be evaluated. In this feasibility study, pulp was extracted from hops, hemp, and miscanthus, yields and fiber properties were investigated and compared with available data for pulp from pine and spruce (Northern Bleached Softwood Kraft). Very high yields of up to 86.6 wt % were found for natural pulping and a low kappa number of 3.5 for miscanthus. Accordingly, almost all the lignin was removed. This confirms the high chemical efficiency of the pulps and underlines the great potential of annual plants and grasses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heterogeneous construction waste such as masonry rubble has potential as a raw material for the production of lightweight aggregates similar to expanded clays or even pumice. In the present paper, the suitability of feedstocks with considerable gypsum contents was investigated in a pilot plant. Based on the results, initial technological statements could be made. According to these, energetic advantages can be expected in comparison with lightweight aggregates made from expanded clays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interdisciplinary multimodal pain therapy programs (IMST) are based on the treatment goals of functional restoration and a biopsychosocial model. In the opinion of the experts involved, the therapy contents presented in this paper are suitable for achieving these goals. They must be carried out by a closely cooperating interdisciplinary treatment team. So far, experience has mainly come from day-clinic and in-patient treatment settings. Low-threshold outpatient multimodal programs are not very common and should be further developed and evaluated in the future. They must be guided by the principles and guidelines discussed here. The principles of IMST, namely the biopsychosocial view of pain, multimodal and interdisciplinary approaches in diagnostics and treatment of acute pain syndromes can help to counteract the chronification of pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD) is accompanied by an expansion of legal rights for people with disabilities. The paradigm shift from integration to inclusion aims at structural changes and improvements of the living conditions of the target group, which should lead to more participation in social spheres. Using sociological approaches of analysis, this paper shows social inclusion and exclusion mechanisms from a socialization and differentiation theoretical perspective for people with disabilities against the background of the discourse event of the UN CRPD. The theoretical findings are critically reflected and discussed with reference to relevant secondary data in the functional areas of education, economy and housing. Conflicting goals of existing organizational units are revealed and critically addressed. The aim is to uncover and explore existing mechanisms and their origins that promote inclusion or exclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates which formative assessment practices twelve German as a foreign language teachers in lower secondary school use for speaking and how they motivate them. Classroom observations and retrospective interviews revealed that teachers rarely give individual feedback on speaking performance because of time constraints, prefer implicit corrections such as recasts and try to encourage peer-feedback and self-corrections because the teachers consider them to be less demotivating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019 a colloquium was held at the STH Basel on the question 'Is Theology a science?' Five of the papers presented there are published in this volume, supplemented by four additional contributions. The research interests of the mostly Protestant (with some Roman Catholic) scholars lie in Christian Philosophy and Systematic Theology. They tend to give an affirmative answer to the question posed in the title. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projects Tunnel construction work in the BBT Eisack underpass construction lot completed / Tunnelbauarbeiten im BBT‐Baulos Eisackunterquerung abgeschlossen Planning process for Frankfurt Inter‐city railway tunnel shortened / Planungsprozess für Fernbahntunnel Frankfurt beschleunigt Operational exercises before commissioning of the Koralm Railway / Einsatzübungen vor Inbetriebnahme der Koralmbahn Limberg 3 – Heavy transport in the mountain / Limberg 3 – Schwertransporte im Berg Second underground lot awarded for Hamburg U5 / Zweites U‐Bahnlos für Hamburger U5 vergeben Ligerz tunnel contract awarded as part of the Ligerz‐Twann double‐track extension project / Tunnel Ligerz im Rahmen des Doppelspurausbaus Ligerz‐Twann vergeben Max Bögl commissioned to produce and deliver segments for the Brenner Base Tunnel / Max Bögl mit Produktion und Lieferung von Tübbingen für den Brenner Basistunnel beauftragt Final breakthrough for the Silvertown Tunnel / Finaler Durchbruch für den Silvertown‐Tunnel STRABAG UK opens precast tunnel segment plant in Hartlepool / STRABAG UK eröffnet Fertigteilwerk für Tunnelsegmente in Hartlepool Extensive diaphragm wall work for Jakarta metro station / Umfangreiche Schlitzwandarbeiten für U‐Bahnstation in Jakarta Call for papers – Topics for the next issues of Geomechanics and Tunnelling / Themen für die nächsten Ausgaben der „Geomechanics and Tunnelling" [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current Eurocode revision process is sought to improve Eurocode 7 for application to rock engineering, while including only techniques and procedures that are in widespread customary use. The revision process has exposed much about the application of the Eurocodes to rock engineering, thereby offering hints as to what material should be included in the next revision – tentatively suggested for publication in 2035. Crucially, ideas have developed about how rock engineering practice may need to develop to embrace the principles on which the Eurocodes are based. In particular, aspects of determining the properties of rock masses, and design verification by observational methods, partial factors, numerical modelling, and prescriptive rules are all thought to require significant improvement or dramatic modification. This paper highlights challenges identified regarding the application of the Eurocodes to rock engineering, and which will need to be addressed in the future. Ideas are presented about how these challenges may be overcome, but these are given in the spirit of stimulating ongoing conversation within the rock mechanics and rock engineering community rather than presenting definite proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2025 the new generation of the Eurocode 7 will be introduced and set a framework for geotechnical design for the next 20 years. As Eurocode 7 is an essential design code, the changes will affect numerous practising geotechnical Engineers. The paper provides an overview of significant changes in rock engineering design introduced in the new EN 1997 part 3, considering limit state design, durability, reliability, testing and other crucial design aspects. It focuses on the anchor clause revision and first introduced design rules for rock bolts and soil‐nailed structures. The improvements described include distinguishing between different tension supporting elements that have often been confused. Furthermore, the provisions for groundwater control measures influencing the working condition and limit states for all other geotechnical systems that have not yet been comprehensively addressed in the current Eurocode 7 are also clarified. Finally, the design of the described geotechnical structure will also be strongly affected by changes in the overall philosophy of the Eurocodes, which is also explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second generation of Eurocode 7 includes both soil and rock. In addition to the current practice of ground engineering, this document aims at incorporating rock engineering, improving the ease of use, the harmonization of regulations and covering new developments. This paper provides an overview of some of the significant changes to Eurocode 7 in rock engineering design, taking into consideration limit state design, robustness, durability, and reliability. It focuses on the design of slopes, spread foundations, and retaining structures. The clauses focus on soil mechanics, but also include special rock mechanical issues such as the influence of discontinuities and strength anisotropy on the limit states. Many matters associated to verification of rock mechanical design are linked to the use of prescriptive rules and shall be given in National Annexes. For geotechnical structures in rock, it is mentioned that geotechnical mapping and documentation is important to verify the limit states. However, the basic issues with partial factor methods for verification of the ground‐structure interaction of reinforced slopes and retaining structures are not fully resolved. This has caused some difficulties in setting up partial factors and obtaining a sufficient overview of the application of partial factor method, especially in rock engineering. The design of slopes, spread foundations and retaining structures must likewise consider other clauses in the Eurocode. Rock support for slopes and retaining structures is described in Clause 13 "Rock Bolts and Surface Support". Groundwater‐related issues are described in clause 12 "Ground water control" which influence the design and limit states for the actual geotechnical structure. Dams and levees are featured in Clause 4 "Slopes, Cuttings and Embankments". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The second generation of Eurocode 7 aims at covering ground, including both soil and rock. Current practice of ground engineering forms the basis, and the aim is to include rock engineering, improving ease of use, harmonization of regulations, and covering new developments. This paper deals with EN 1997 part 1 addressing the general rules of geotechnical design, connected to EN 1990, the basis of structural and geotechnical design, and parts 2 and 3 of EN 1997. The design process from ground investigation to the verification of limit states is illustrated with a focus on rock engineering. The following topics are dealt with in more detail: Geotechnical Categories: They are now based on Consequence Classes and newly introduced Geotechnical Complexity Classes. A limit state design to be sufficient has to be combined with other checks depending on these classes.Replacement of the Design Approaches of the current Eurocode 7: Ultimate limit states will be verified by a combination of Verification Cases with partial factors on actions and action effects, and sets of partial factors on ground properties and resistances, respectively.Application of numerical methods, where a ULS‐verification with two sets of partial factors is defined.Use of probabilistic methods in design by calculation, especially appropriate in cases where properties of discontinuities govern the design.Practice of the Observational Method, including design variants and regulations about their choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about developments in the digitalization of library resources in the 20th and 21st centuries. Written material is being digitized at a rate of 800 to 1300 pages per hour, so that libraries in Africa, Europe, the Middle East and the U.S. are able to offer scanned images of archived material to Internet users. An academic study by Swiss historian Monika Dommann is referenced, which discusses the use and regulation of copy machines and their social impact.

The article discusses principles to be essential in order to ensure a good supply for accredited laboratories including appreciation of the special specialist areas of diagnostic medicine in the laboratory, reliable framework conditions, and quality of laboratory supply.

This article (which is dedicated to the German professor Alfred Haverkamp) focuses on the expulsions of Jews in Europe during the Middle Ages. Several topics are discussed, including how the Prussian King Frederick II wrote letters protecting Jews after his ancestor Rupert II expelled the Prussian Jews, how the French Kings Philip II, August, and Louis VIII all mistreated the Jews when they first came into power, and how Jewish communities and Jewish individuals were often expelled without warning or reason during the Middle Ages.

The article deals with the growing importance of consulting services to support systematic reviews and related secondary study types in scientific and public libraries. It is pointed out that librarians need formal training to be able to provide this service. A new interdisciplinary CAS program called "Systematic Review Information Specialist" is introduced. It is emphasized that systematic reviews are relevant for both scientific and public libraries and offer opportunities for cooperation. The article also addresses the professional challenges for scientific librarians posed by systematic reviews and emphasizes the role of information specialists in conducting systematic reviews. It is noted that there is a lack of certified training opportunities and that many of the required skills are currently only informally taught. The CAS program "Systematic Review Information Specialist" is a continuing education program offered by the Campus Muttenz Library of the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW) in collaboration with the University Library Basel Medicine. It is aimed at university graduates from all empirical disciplines, especially those from scientific libraries, universities, and research institutions who are confronted with the creation of systematic reviews. The program provides all the necessary competencies for research support and offers insights into professional everyday life, reflection on practice, and strategies for anchoring consulting services. It is the first offering of its kind in the German-speaking region and consists of 10 ECTS with a total of 7 modules. Participants acquire knowledge about the professional profile of an information specialist, the methodological process of conducting systematic reviews, and specific guidelines and tools. They can independently conduct, document, and advise researchers on systematic literature searches. Community building is an important concern of the CAS program, where participants can stay in contact during and after the program through a web-based instant messaging service. On the website, graduates of the CAS "Materials for Information Specialists" are compiled for free reuse. Public libraries are also interested in research support and see themselves as partners for research-related services such as open science, publication advice, or citizen science. Systematic reviews are also relevant for public libraries as they have a connection to citizen science and public libraries can serve as a point of contact for CS projects. Public libraries should consider supporting systematic reviews as the tools for this are largely available. Systematic reviews are also interesting when public libraries themselves are the subject of research in library and information science. Conducting secondary studies enables decision-makers in public and scientific libraries to take empirically based measures to further develop their institutions. While scientific libraries are increasingly building expertise, public libraries are still at the beginning in this area. The implementation of evidence-based practice is of great importance for scientific and public libraries. They use research methods such as systematic review and meta-analysis to provide qualitative and quantitative evidence. By collaborating with scientific libraries, they can connect ambitious citizen scientists with researchers at universities and colleges. Supporting systematic reviews through systematic literature research could be an innovative partnership between scientific and public libraries. The position paper of the Commission for Research-Related Services of the [missing text] [Extracted from the article]

The article discusses Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a disruptive power, i.e., a power that - as the dictionary SSKJ states - "because of its otherness, its visionary conception in relation to the status quo, acts boldly and unexpectedly". At the beginning of the paper, the theoretical background of AI tools is presented, along with some examples of the potential and problems of their use in foreign language teaching. The use of AI-powered tools in foreign language teaching must be thoroughly considered, researched, and regulated at national and supranational levels - e.g., the ethical aspects of using AI in teaching, intellectual property, data protection, and the actual impact of AI-assisted learning. Beyond these challenges, it is worth highlighting, exploring, and, above all, exploiting the potential of AI-based tools and the potential and constructive use of these tools in and for foreign language teaching. In the second part of the paper, the selected AI-based tools suitable for foreign language teaching are briefly presented and analysed through a use case. The advantages and disadvantages of these tools and their use for language learning, chatbots (including ChatGPT), AI-based tools for writing and text proofreading (grammar and spelling), and machine translation tools are illustrated using examples. Despite the advantages, disadvantages, and problems that the use of AI-powered tools entails, the paper aims to highlight their benefits and potential with regard to optimizing users' -- i.e., teachers and learners - time, and, above all, we want to encourage their constructive use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse hate speech in 19th century Germany from a linguistic perspective. The paper thus examines the works of three German authors who are regarded as exemplary for the emergence and further development of German-language hate speech: 1) Ernst Moritz Arndt, Über den Volkshaß und über den Gebrauch einer fremden Sprache (1813); 2) Wilhelm Marr (1819-1904), Der Sieg des Judenthums über das Germanenthum (1879), and 3) Otto Böckel (1859-1923), Die Juden - Die Könige unserer Zeit (1887). The analysis shows that the hate language had been particularly present in journalism and literature since the end of the 18th century, affecting diverse aspects of social life and becoming part of the political debate, especially during the emergence of the German nation after the Napoleonic wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do we view on archival records? Traditionally, we consult archival materials in reading rooms. This traditional setting has changed fundamentally since archival documents are also displayed on screens. Although there are many similarities between paper and the screen, there is one crucial difference when it comes to digital images of archival documents: digital images are nothing more than computer graphics. This opens up a fascinating world with countless possibilities for image manipulation. In this paper, we will look at some of the disruptive consequences of this technological paradigm shift. To this end, we present various digitization techniques used at the State Archives of North Rhine-Westphalia on an archival collection consisting of early modern records that were severely damaged during World War II (Landesarchiv NRW, Abteilung Rheinland, RW 1001 Reichsstadt Aachen, Akten Nr. 55a 77b). Many of these documents have washed-out texts due to water exposure. By using advanced digitization technologies such as multispectral imaging, we are attempting to restore digitally the writing and make the invisible text visible again. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Border delimitations and border disputes were an important part of the early modern process of state formation and the consolidation of power. As such, they are often taken into consideration when studying political and dynastic issues, such as succession disputes, while maps are frequently studied as a form of visualisation to depict territories and borders. So far, however, neither the administrative activities involved in these processes nor the border treaties (Grenzrezesse) which constitute the most important type of source for this area of research have been studied. The aim of this paper is to examine this topic using the principality of Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel as an example. This principality saw the creation and later on the expansion of administrative structures concerned with border issues from the 16th century onwards. The central aspect analysed in this paper is the process of how border disputes were settled. This was mostly achieved through border commissions. Each party involved in the conflict assigned representatives, both officials of the administrative institutions responsible for border issues (Grenzbehörden) as well as privy councillors (Geheime Räte) to serve as commissioners on these commissions. The result of their work were border treaties. These include narrationes explaining the circumstances of the conflict and of the commission, while the dispositiones comprise the articles listing the terms that had been agreed upon. Compared to administrative records pertaining to border disputes (Grenzakten), border treaties generally offer more information. This is why, when researching these phenomena, this distinctly early modern type of charter is of particular importance. It can serve as a compendium of an entire border dispute and, if there is a proper archival description, as a sort of finding aid for the record in question. This paper therefore also analyses the history of the development of this type of charter. Boundary maps, the third type of source discussed served to visualize and delineate the demarcation of borders, but seem to have been of rather minor importance at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the main orthographic innovations of the early Islamic orthography in comparison to the Nabataean orthography and traces through new epigraphic evidence when and where these innovations came to be used. It is shown that a number of them clearly develop already in the pre-Islamic period. Besides this, the paper looks at the complexities of Arabic orthography and morphophonological spelling as it is reflected in the Quranic orthography as well as pre-Islamic inscriptions and argues that the early Islamic orthography represents the continuation of a developed Hijazi scribal tradition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Histories of Gregory of Tours are among the most important literary testimonies for the transition period from Late Antiquity to the early Middle Ages. The verdict on the Latin literature and language of the first centuries of the Frankish Empire has often been very negative. Krusch and Levison, who published today's still authoritative critical edition of the Histories, also assumed that Gregory's original text could only have been written in poor Merovingian Latin. This paper presents arguments for a new edition of the Histories from different perspectives. Gregory's testimonies in which he addresses his own linguistic and grammatical deficiencies or the necessity of writing in a simple language, have to be viewed and evaluated within the larger tradition of statements of this kind in (Late) Antiquity. They should, thus, not be read as evidence for the argument that Gregory's Histories were written in poor and incorrect Latin. An assumption of this kind, however, has influenced Krusch's and Levison's evaluation of the manuscripts of Gregory's Histories and is thus reflected in their reconstructed text, even though quite a few manuscripts offer a much better text. This approach has repeatedly been criticised by different scholars; my paper joins this criticism. In assessing the various manuscripts of Gregory's Histories, the editors have to make a decision regarding the presumed quality and state of Gregory's Latin. My paper, therefore, also offers a case-study of Gregory's stylistic and rhythmic arrangement of his text. The analysis of the so-called prose rhythm provides important evidence in favour of a positive assessment of Gregory's level of education and thus of his linguistic and grammatical proficiency. This can also be viewed as an argument for a new and appropriate edition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]