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In recent years, there has been growing interest in studying translators in the workplace. However, the rights of translators are an uncharted area. The objectives of this paper are twofold. First, it studies translators’ perceptions of translator rights in the workplace. Second, it develops a translator rights model inventory that compiles practitioners’ viewpoints for studying and measuring translator rights. This paper presents findings from a questionnaire survey that collected both quantitative and qualitative data from 155 translation practitioners in Greater China (mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan). The findings suggest that the translators attach the greatest importance to rights related to working conditions, followed by rights related to economic and social position, and finally those related to copyright issues. It was found that the translators are quite dissatisfied with the rights they have in the workplace, because what they wish to enjoy is much less than what they expect. In addition, a translator’s social variables, such as age, level of education, major field of study, and years of translation experience, are not related to the number of rights the person enjoys in the workplace. What was found to be related is the sex of the translator and region in which the translator lives.

The present paper is based on the concept of intersemiotic translation coined by Jakobson and its application to translations from text into illustrations. On this basis, the paper seeks to establish a model of analysis that relies on Leuven-Zwart’s comparative model and applies some of its tenets to intersemiotic translation processes. The framework suggested here firstly splits both text and illustration into small units of meaning that will facilitate an ensuing contrast between them. This comparison will lead to a second stage where possible shifts of meaning will be spotted and analyzed. It is expected that the results of this stage will help determine the dynamics between a text and its corresponding illustration. Eventually, the aforementioned analytical model will be tested on a series of illustrations from two different picture books: Titch and A Couple of Boys Have the Best Week Ever.

This paper explores the construction of subjectivity in literary self-translation. As it will be argued, the notion of the reworking of the prior ethos, defined by Amossy (2001, 2010, 2014) as the set of socio-discursive elements and procedures which enable speakers to restore, modify or transform in a new exchange the image the audience may have of them, is productive to reflect upon the distinctive nature of the discursive practice known as self-translation (Grutman y Von Bolderen, 2014; Ferrara y Grutman, 2016). The validity of our theoretical and methodological proposal will be put to test through the analysis of two essays by Puerto-Rican writer Rosario Ferré (1990, 1991a). Accordingly, the goal of this paper is two-fold: to articulate a proposal which, based on the notion of reworking of ethos, can account for the particularities of subjectivity in self-translated discourse, and to contribute, on an analytical level, to the study of self-translation in the field of US Latina literatures.

Dubbing has been the dominant modality for conveying foreign media productions in Turkey for several decades. In the chain of dubbing translation, by the time the process is completed, there is a varied group of people from translators to voice actors, editors, and dubbing specialists that play a role in the many-sided process of dubbing. With the aim of reaching an impeccable outcome, the steps of dubbing (script and timing, casting, recording, editing) must be completed in a harmonious way. Some studies have been conducted on dubbing in Turkey in terms of translation quality (Sayman), censorship (Okyayuz), and translation strategies (Tekin); however, non-translation issues such as the performance of voice actors have not been explored. This paper offers further insight into the process of dubbing by distributing a survey to ten voice actors to evaluate the impact of translation on their end during the voicing process, their attitudes toward translators, and the translation along with their expectations from translators. Upon compiling the responses from the professional voice actors, the data is analyzed and discussed togain a better understanding of the process. The results indicated that the voicing process is mainly affected by the quality of translation and that there are challenges that arise from it. Therefore, to some extent, voice actors also intervene in the translated dialogues while recording. Overall, the end product, which is the translated dialogues, represents not only the work of the translator but also the voice actors.

The issue of neutral Spanish in literary translation has given rise to numerous statements and representations on its implications and its status within the Spanish language and the Spanish-speaking publishing market. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge with a double purpose: 1) to describe the previous studies on neutral Spanish, with a particular emphasis on the characteristics of neutral Spanish in literary translation, as well as on its methodology and the results obtained to this date, in order to systematize the research efforts on the subject of study; and 2) to connect said results (primary sources) with the representations on the artificiality and language impoverishment associated with neutral Spanish (secondary sources) in order to observe to what extent the former support the latter

We start from the observation that language pairs like Polish and English display an intriguing asymmetry: Polish has the structural resources to express grammatical gender in nouns while English predominantly leaves these under-determined. Therefore, a speaker of English can conventionally say “I am a nurse” irrespective of the speaker’s gender, while in Polish male/female/non-binary speakers would likely use variable forms. This asymmetry leads to nuanced translation choices which this paper aims to explore. Based on a newly compiled corpus of English-to-Polish Netflix subtitles – amounting to 3.5 million words – we examine how 113 different occupation-related feminatives are deployed by translators. We address three main research questions (RQ1-RQ3). RQ1 is about the frequency of the relevant feminatives in our corpus. RQ2 deals with how the feminatives are distributed across the 284 productions analysed in the dataset. Finally, RQ3 addresses the relationship between the frequency of feminatives in Netflix subtitles and the acceptability of these feminatives, as judged by speakers.

At the end of the 19th century, translations of French Parnassian, Decadentist and Symbolist poetry introduced the models for literary change into the Hispanic world. The first poems translated in Spain from Maurice Rollinat's Les Névroses (1883), published in the magazine La Diana, directed by the poet Manuel Reina, are to be found in this context. This paper examines these translations, carried out jointly by Aniceto Valdivia and Manuel Reina, and analyses which elements of the new French poetics are rewritten to establish the role of these translations in the fin-de-siècle literary renewal.

Furio Ceriol’s El concejo y consejeros del príncipe is one of the most widespread dissertations about the theory of the state in Europe during 17th century. In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth this exposition had three translations and five editions between 1595 and 1646. All of them are located in the Catholic sphere and their authors were favorable to the reinforcement of royal power. The translators modified and commented on the text to adjust it to their political intentions, or they presented it accompanied by other works that completed its meaning. This paper aims to highlight the translation and editing strategies used in the various interpretations of this treatise.

The sharp rise in the use of technology tools in the translation process has rendered human translators more invisible than ever. The importance of the role played by human translators in translation, however, cannot be denied or understated. This paper aims to examine the primary factors influencing the work of human translation combined with translation technology tools. Therefore, the paper provides an overview of the translation and language industries and insights into translation industry standards, quality concerns and the most frequently used tools, as they are aspects that influence and condition the translator’s work today. The final and main section in this work emphasizes an increasingly common trend in translation: a human-assisted machine translation model based on the post-edition of the output from machine translation systems. By analyzing market studies, surveys and papers on the aforementioned aspects, this article confirms that the role of human translators in technology-driven translation processes will be as central in the future as it is today.

This paper is part of a larger research project which investigates the emergence and professionalisation of the first generations of Spanish interpreters in the European Union, from a sociologicaland historical perspective. The interest in describing the professionalisation of this group is closely related to Contemporary Spanish History, since its creation runsparallel to Spainjoining the EU and the socio-political modernisationof the country. Our purpose is to gain a better understanding of the social background and the creation and evolutionof this professional group, while at the same time providing relevant historical and cultural information. This paper explores the socialand professional trajectories of a group of pioneer Spanish interpreters who, returning to Spain after some years in Belgium, still follow the interpretation practices in the EU. This research combines a quantitative and qualitative method respectively based on questionnaires and interviews. Bourdieu’s concepts(habitus, fieldand capital)and the sociology of professions, are applied in the discussion of the findings in the study,. The paper aims at illustrating the importance of understanding and studying interpreting as a socially embedded practice, given that interpreters act as historical and social agents in the processes in which they are involved. The findings,likewise,suggest that the concept of habitusis a key concept in the emergence of a profession, since it is socially and historically conditioned.

In her poetry collection falsche freunde the German-speaking artist Uljana Wolf develops a translinguale Lyrik, a poetic voice dwelling on a linguistic and geographical border zone. Building on Emily Apter’s concepts of untranslatability, this paper investigates how Wolf’s structural and thematic checkpoints instil a strong political commitment into her poetry. Furthermore, this engagement is here interpreted as the expression of the paradigm of the postmigrantische Gesellschaft. Finally, the paper argues that through the choice of the term ‘alien’ over the category ‘fremd’ Wolf suggests an innovative shift in the representation of migratory dynamics, from their cultural dimension to their biopolitical significance.

This paper evidences the absence of a repository or database that scompiles the publications of Postcolonial African writing in Spain, thus precluding comprehensive quantitative or qualitative studies on the impact of these works. This is a significant obstacle for both academic research and the book market, which up to now has been unable to analyse market selection and reception trends. To cater for this need, the aim of this paper is to describe the design and implementation of a relational database, based on MySQL and set up using specific and accurate parameters, that includes all the literary works penned by African writers and published in Spain and in Spanish from 1972 (when Spain first joined the ISBN system) to 2014. After determining a number of specific design criteria and compilation protocols, the methodology has been divided into four steps: data collection, storage, statistical processing and online dissemination. Thus, the database BDAFRICA achieves a twofold objective: firstly, it provides researchers with unbiased data as a framework for their studies, and secondly, it offers unprecedented statistics on the evolution of the publication of African literature in Spain over the last 42 years.

Theo Padnos published My Life Had Stood A Loaded Gun in 2004, when Prison Studies were burgeoning and gaining academic attention globally. Neglected by critics, the book relates the author's experience as literature instructor in an American prison. Engaging methods of pedagogical research and reader-response criticism, the paper investigates the role of literature in the cultural activities of young male inmates in a medium security jail in Vermont. An original amalgam of crime reports, pedagogy of literature, and autobiographical criticism, Padnos' study for the first time confronts young criminals with a literary canon dripping with violence. The experiment sheds light on the reading activities of prisoners, on their and the author's social background, and on the power of American literature to speak to marginal groups.

Linguists argued that the Cockney dialect, in London, is expected to be replaced by Multicultural London English in the years to come. However, this does not imply that Cockney is dead, as recent research revealed that it just moved to Essex. This paper aims at examining whether (l) vocalisation, a common feature of Cockney, is still present in the London district of Bermondsey. Ten working-class English speakers, stratified by age and sex, have been recorded by means of sociolinguistic interviews. The results, discussed both quantitively and qualitatively, show that: (a) (l) vocalisation is present in all age cohorts, with young speakers favouring the non-standard feature; (b) preceding long vowels trigger (l) vocalisation.

The so-called indirect passive, where the subject is not the argument of the underlying verb that bears the Theme/Patient role, is generally understood to be a bi-clausal phenomenon (cf. Kuno 1973; Shibatani 1978; Kuroda 1979). In other words, the passive morpheme rare is merged with a clause, and then the resulting item is combined with the subject. In this paper, however, we argue that the indirect passive is best understood as a mono-clausal phenomenon. We first point out that with some instances of the indirect passive, the passive morpheme rare is not understood as being combined with a verb or clause in syntax. Thus, we are led to assume that the lexicon contains numerous instances of the Vrare form. This implies that even when the passive morpheme rare is combined in syntax, it forms a constituent with the relevant verb; hence, the indirect passive is a mono-clausal phenomenon. We furthermore maintain that when the indirect passive involves the merging of rare with a verb in syntax, the verb must be a volitional verb, and demonstrate that this generalization, as well as the case particle alternation involved in the indirect passive, poses a challenge to the bi-clause analysis but not to the mono-clause analysis. Finally, we review one of the main arguments for analyzing the indirect passive to be a bi-clausal phenomenon, which concerns the antecedent of zibun. We show that it is inconclusive at best.

The goal of this paper is to reconcile the definite marking with the indefinite-like semantics of those superlatives that take a relative/comparative reading. Following Szabolcsi (1986) and Heim (1999), we will assume that the difference between absolute and relative readings of superlatives is represented at the syntactic level of semantic representation, LF (Logical Form). We will however depart from Heim’s hypothesis that what raises at LF is the superlative operator itself (EST). We will instead assume a quantificational-determiner analysis of EST, which involves two raising operations at LF: EST-raising to Spec,DP and raising of the whole superlative DP (Determiner Phrase) to a scope position in the sentence. We will examine the relative readings of quality superlatives. The generalizations and the proposed analysis are not assumed to extend to quantity superlatives.

This paper analyses Angela Carter’s desecrating tendency to taboo-breaking in thematic and formal terms. By referring to her short-fiction production and focusing on “John Ford’s ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore", I intend to show how gender/patriarchal and genre/authorial taboos are similarly broken and transmuted into daringly subversive outcomes. In line with her feminist agenda and postmodern transformism, Carter superbly challenges, sabotages, violates, de- and re-constructs traditionally codified sexual and gender taboos by mimicking such reversals through new narrative solutions. If diversity, multiplicity and change guarantee the continuity of life, incest can easily metaphorise a taboo relationship based on repetition of the identical, sameness, and immobility, to be finally transformed, if not avoided. Consistent with many of her female characters’ incestuous relationships with parents or siblings, Carter also establishes incest-like relationships with previous authors and narrative discourses, which she predatorily appropriates. Carter’s resulting narrative testifies to the fact that taboos must be first experienced to be eventually broken. It is in the dialectic between rule and infraction, taboo and its violation that Carter’s writing is rooted, constantly looking for borders to be crossed.

Designed as a paper reflecting on the editorial mediation of early modern French literary texts, this article maps the educational activities conducted on the Tragiques Inventions site since 2020. In particular, it delves into the procedures linked to documenting, generating and manipulating descriptive and analytical (meta)data. A new concept of ‘hand-reading’ is being developed – the possibility of using digital technology to prioritize human intervention in the construction of knowledge through textual editing. This concept will bring a fresh perspective on early modern literary texts.

There is a substantial body of scholarship arguing for the relevance of magic realism to Toni Morrison’s fictional production, with one exception being her last novel God Help the Child, which, in that respect, has been remarkably overlooked. The present paper intends to fill this scholarly gap by focusing on what Morrison called “enchantment”, a powerful blend of magic and realism that she employed to represent a host of racial and ancestral issues of Blackness, often of a traumatic kind.

Sylvia’s Lovers is a novel about war. It is a historical novel set in the years 1793-1800 during the Napoleonic wars, and written by Elizabeth Gaskell in the years 1859-1862 when the American Civil War broke out, in April 1861. Examining Gaskell’s correspondence with Charles Eliot Norton in the years 1861-63 and the articles Norton wrote in support of the War and the anti-slavery cause, this paper explores the way in which the news coming from America and the debates on the contemporary events left a significant mark on the second part of the novel. The implied reference to the context of the American Civil War would shed new light on Gaskell’s narrative choices concerning the plot and the main male character’s development, which has been substantially overlooked.

Linguists argued that the Cockney dialect, in London, is expected to be replaced by Multicultural London English in the years to come. However, this does not imply that Cockney is dead, as recent research revealed that it just moved to Essex. This paper aims at examining whether (l) vocalisation, a common feature of Cockney, is still present in the London district of Bermondsey. Ten working-class English speakers, stratified by age and sex, have been recorded by means of sociolinguistic interviews. The results, discussed both quantitively and qualitatively, show that: (a) (l) vocalisation is present in all age cohorts, with young speakers favouring the non-standard feature; (b) preceding long vowels trigger (l) vocalisation.

The so-called indirect passive, where the subject is not the argument of the underlying verb that bears the Theme/Patient role, is generally understood to be a bi-clausal phenomenon (cf. Kuno 1973; Shibatani 1978; Kuroda 1979). In other words, the passive morpheme rare is merged with a clause, and then the resulting item is combined with the subject. In this paper, however, we argue that the indirect passive is best understood as a mono-clausal phenomenon. We first point out that with some instances of the indirect passive, the passive morpheme rare is not understood as being combined with a verb or clause in syntax. Thus, we are led to assume that the lexicon contains numerous instances of the Vrare form. This implies that even when the passive morpheme rare is combined in syntax, it forms a constituent with the relevant verb; hence, the indirect passive is a mono-clausal phenomenon. We furthermore maintain that when the indirect passive involves the merging of rare with a verb in syntax, the verb must be a volitional verb, and demonstrate that this generalization, as well as the case particle alternation involved in the indirect passive, poses a challenge to the bi-clause analysis but not to the mono-clause analysis. Finally, we review one of the main arguments for analyzing the indirect passive to be a bi-clausal phenomenon, which concerns the antecedent of zibun. We show that it is inconclusive at best.

The goal of this paper is to reconcile the definite marking with the indefinite-like semantics of those superlatives that take a relative/comparative reading. Following Szabolcsi (1986) and Heim (1999), we will assume that the difference between absolute and relative readings of superlatives is represented at the syntactic level of semantic representation, LF (Logical Form). We will however depart from Heim’s hypothesis that what raises at LF is the superlative operator itself (EST). We will instead assume a quantificational-determiner analysis of EST, which involves two raising operations at LF: EST-raising to Spec,DP and raising of the whole superlative DP (Determiner Phrase) to a scope position in the sentence. We will examine the relative readings of quality superlatives. The generalizations and the proposed analysis are not assumed to extend to quantity superlatives.

This paper analyses Angela Carter’s desecrating tendency to taboo-breaking in thematic and formal terms. By referring to her short-fiction production and focusing on “John Ford’s ’Tis Pity She’s a Whore", I intend to show how gender/patriarchal and genre/authorial taboos are similarly broken and transmuted into daringly subversive outcomes. In line with her feminist agenda and postmodern transformism, Carter superbly challenges, sabotages, violates, de- and re-constructs traditionally codified sexual and gender taboos by mimicking such reversals through new narrative solutions. If diversity, multiplicity and change guarantee the continuity of life, incest can easily metaphorise a taboo relationship based on repetition of the identical, sameness, and immobility, to be finally transformed, if not avoided. Consistent with many of her female characters’ incestuous relationships with parents or siblings, Carter also establishes incest-like relationships with previous authors and narrative discourses, which she predatorily appropriates. Carter’s resulting narrative testifies to the fact that taboos must be first experienced to be eventually broken. It is in the dialectic between rule and infraction, taboo and its violation that Carter’s writing is rooted, constantly looking for borders to be crossed.

Designed as a paper reflecting on the editorial mediation of early modern French literary texts, this article maps the educational activities conducted on the Tragiques Inventions site since 2020. In particular, it delves into the procedures linked to documenting, generating and manipulating descriptive and analytical (meta)data. A new concept of ‘hand-reading’ is being developed – the possibility of using digital technology to prioritize human intervention in the construction of knowledge through textual editing. This concept will bring a fresh perspective on early modern literary texts.

There is a substantial body of scholarship arguing for the relevance of magic realism to Toni Morrison’s fictional production, with one exception being her last novel God Help the Child, which, in that respect, has been remarkably overlooked. The present paper intends to fill this scholarly gap by focusing on what Morrison called “enchantment”, a powerful blend of magic and realism that she employed to represent a host of racial and ancestral issues of Blackness, often of a traumatic kind.

Theo Padnos published My Life Had Stood A Loaded Gun in 2004, when Prison Studies were burgeoning and gaining academic attention globally. Neglected by critics, the book relates the author's experience as literature instructor in an American prison. Engaging methods of pedagogical research and reader-response criticism, the paper investigates the role of literature in the cultural activities of young male inmates in a medium security jail in Vermont. An original amalgam of crime reports, pedagogy of literature, and autobiographical criticism, Padnos' study for the first time confronts young criminals with a literary canon dripping with violence. The experiment sheds light on the reading activities of prisoners, on their and the author's social background, and on the power of American literature to speak to marginal groups.

Sylvia’s Lovers is a novel about war. It is a historical novel set in the years 1793-1800 during the Napoleonic wars, and written by Elizabeth Gaskell in the years 1859-1862 when the American Civil War broke out, in April 1861. Examining Gaskell’s correspondence with Charles Eliot Norton in the years 1861-63 and the articles Norton wrote in support of the War and the anti-slavery cause, this paper explores the way in which the news coming from America and the debates on the contemporary events left a significant mark on the second part of the novel. The implied reference to the context of the American Civil War would shed new light on Gaskell’s narrative choices concerning the plot and the main male character’s development, which has been substantially overlooked.

In this paper, Old High German mood alternations in the different types of subordinate clauses (complement, adverbial and relative clauses) are discussed. The use of the subjunctive in subordinate clauses is notoriously more frequent than in Modern German and has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Based on a comprehensive corpus study, the paper will show that the licensing conditions for the subjunctive in Old High German are determined by notions such as veridicality and – in relative contexts – specificity. These conditions are thus similar (but not always identical) to those observed for Modern Greek and Romance languages. Furthermore, a syntactic analysis is provided in order to account for the licensing of the subjunctive in each type of subordinate clause.

This paper deals with Latin discontinuous nominal expressions (hyperbatons) both by a diachronic perspective internal to Latin (I-VI cent. A.D.) and compared to Romance languages. A nominal expression can be considered discontinuous when its word order is interrupted by one or more elements. In these cases a violation of the principle of the ‘domain integrity’ takes place. Discontinuity is typical of Latin and sets it apart from Romance languages, in which hyperbatons are not allowed. It is well attested in all phases of Latin so that it is considered one of the most distinctive feature of Latin word order. In this paper, we explore the hypothesis that not all linearly discontinuous orders are real hyperbatons. In fact, cases in which the order Modif.-N or N-Modif. is interrupted by the complement of one of the two categories are frequent; in this perspective the domain of hyperbatons results consistently restricted. As regards real hyperbatons, we will propose the following three syntactic configurations: Type 1 due to the extraction of an element within the phrase; Type 2 due to the insertion of a weak element in second position; Type 3 due to the insertion of a verb. A final observation will concern the fact that we find in Latin kinds of hyperbatons that can be considered a clear sign of those that will develop later in Romance because they involve clitics which are absent in Latin.

This paper investigates the syntax of non-topicalized preverbal subjects in Brazilian Portuguese (BP). In BP, both locative PPs and locative DPs can occur in preverbal position: Na escola do Pedro aceita cartão de crédito; A escola do Pedro aceita cartão de crédito. In the latter case, the verb agrees with the locative. In BP, it is also possible to find non-argument constituents triggering verbal agreement, as in Essa estante cabe muitos livros. These sentences have been analysed as innovative constructions restricted to BP. This paper shows that some of the above structures are also present in other languages, e.g. Italian; not all of them are therefore innovative constructions of BP, and subcases need to be differentiated. The hypothesis is that sentences with preverbal non-argumental subjects have the same syntax as sentences with argumental subjects. What seems to occur in some cases is a modification in the verb thematic grid. We interpret BP’s “flexible diathesis” patterns as revealing that in this grammar, a variety of verbs have undergone a modification of their thematic grid which their counterparts in European Portuguese and other Romance languages did not.

Indefinite nominals can typically be modified by pre- or postnominal adjectives in Romance languages. With the exception of a small group of adjectives concerning physical or moral characteristics whose meaning changes according to their pre- or postnominal use, the position of an attributive adjective does not alter its meaning. However, prenominal adjectives in a Spanish indefinite trigger its specific interpretation, thus preventing its variable reading; the same phenomenon obtains also in Catalan. The aim of this paper is to discuss specific cases in some Sicilian dialects – mainly in the dialect of Delia (province of Caltanissetta) – in order to provide further evidence of the fact that prenominal evaluative adjectives force the specific interpretation of indefinites in Romance. Since Sicilian dialects do not typically display prenominal adjectives, this paper will therefore draw on elatives to check whether Sicilian shows a parallel restriction in the postnominal position.

In this paper aspects of the sibilant system in the variety spoken in the Germanic language island Sauris/Zahre in north-eastern Italy are presented. I investigate whether an intermediate, postalveolar “shibilant” (from Protogermanic */s/) in preconsonantal position is preserved from Middle High German as observed in other German minority languages in northern Italy. In Sauris/Zahre, in preconsonantal position a postalveolar realization is sometimes mentioned in literature, while in Modern Standard German and most related varieties in this position historical, postalveolar */s/ is retracted to palatoalveolar /ʃ/.

In this paper, we proposed a reading of paratexts (Genette, 2009) in two translations of Memórias póstumas de Brás Cubas into Spanish, in order to analyze the way Machado de Assis’ image is constructed. As a critical approach of working with the translated texts, paratranslation allows us to understand not only the wider aspects regarding the text itself, but also those related to the translation process within the editorial practices (Yuste Frías, 2011, 2015). We have recognized an emphasis on the biographical aspects of Machado de Assis, mainly about his childhood as a poor black boy in 1800’s Brazil as well as his adulthood as a literary genius and an epileptic person. We have also compared this construction of Machado as an author, the more well-known and repeated image along the years, with another Machadopresented by Massa (2009a).

This paper outlines the importance of translation activity for the Albanian culture beginning from the earliest period, as a driving force and forerunner of the Albanian National Awakening and identity, to the latest developments related to the quantity of translations, as well as their quality, peacebuilding in Kosovo and the use of translation for subversive propaganda. Translation, along with religion and masterpieces of world literature, brought different alphabetic scripts, many foreign words and, despite the adversarial approach by the Church and ruling authorities, contributed to the codification efforts, language purification and the coining of new words. Common expressions and folklore were collected and found their way into translated texts, now serving as grounds to call for retranslation.

T his paper centres on the first issue of the second phase of the journal Cántico, published in the spring of 1954, studying how it imported works from English literature. First, the literary criticism found in a landmark article is examined. Second, a total of four poems –by Dylan Thomas, Kathleen Raine,Lawrence Durrell and Nicholas Moore– and their English-to-Spanish translations by Marià Manent, areanalysed. Third, inclusions of English literature found in the other issues are studied. Finally, thepioneering, international nature of the journal Cántico is asserted.

The Old Norse noun lyfsteinn, which originally referred to a magic stone of healing virtue, has not always been transcribed in the same way. In that sense, it could have been mixed up with the Modern Icelandic form lífsteinn, which is especially used in folklore to refer to a stone with the power to give life. The different ways of transcribing the noun and its different interpretations have had consequences in the decisions that translators have made when they have needed to select a translation equivalent in their target languages. This paper analyses the connections between the graphic variation of the noun lyfsteinn and the translations of two important texts from the medieval saga corpus: Kormáks sagaand Göngu-Hrólfs saga. Three widely internationally spoken languages are taken into account: English, French and Spanish.

With pedagogical translation as a theoretical framework, and translation applied to the teaching of foreign languages, the aim of this paper is to justify the use of translation as a didactic tool for the development of indispensable linguistic skills in the foreign language. The concepts of “confused rehabilitation” and “disorderly and chaotic reality”, targeted by Sánchez Iglesias (2009) and Pintado Gutierrez (2012) in relation to pedagogical translation, are useful to reflect on the consideration of translation in specialized literature, in reference documents for the teaching and learning of foreign languages and in handbooks of learning. And the need to develop practical proposals that show us how to use the pedagogical translation in the foreign language class must be noted too. In this sense, we present a series of proposals developed with Portuguese students at Universidad de Extremadura, framing them in the descriptors provided for in the new volume that complements the CEFRL.

This research arises as a response to a need identified both in the professional practice of legal translation and in the actual training process: the lack of bilingual legal materials for professional translators and interpreters in the Spanish-Romanian language combination. The main objective of this paper is to describe the process of developing a tool that allows the thematic organization of knowledge, i.e., an ontology of trilingual legal terminology (Spanish-Romanian-English) for translators, as a practical solution to this need. The tool designed is proposed as a model to be followed and adapted and it is part of a broader research process that includes a comparison of legal systems, of text types, of languages and of specific terminology considering the three countries involved (Spain, Romania and United Kingdom). It mainly includes terms related to the criminal procedure as well as a classification of offenses, all of them organized on the basis of the relationship between the main concepts they are based on.

The influence of loubok (Russian popular print) on Dostoevsky’s works is a topic deserving more attention than has been given up to now. It makes us understand how Dostoevsky got inspiration from popular iconography. The present article could be a further contribution to this research topic; its aim being to investigate the recurrence in Dostoevsky’s poetics of a particular typology of popular print, showing how a wife beats her husband after he came back home drunk. This loubok spread widely through Russia (the peasant family version) and Germany (the cobbler version). In particular the German version, which had a wide readership thanks to the German printer G. Renner and was named “Der Blaue Montag” was undoubtedly known to Dostoevsky, since it was widespread in the very period he travelled through Germany. In this paper I will try to show how the Russian novelist caught not only the general setting but also some details from this version to describe Marmeladov’s home in the scene (I, 2) when he comes back home and faces a violent welcome from his wife Katerina Ivanovna.

This paper consists of a first exploration of eighteen paratexts that precede American missionary doctrinal works published between the mid-sixteenth century and the mid-eighteenth century. Starting from the detailed analysis of the prologue that Juan de la Anunciación included in his Doctrina christiana muy cumplida(1575) we discover several issues such as the role of religious writings for the learning of indigenous languages, food as a metaphor, linguistic relativity, the strategy of translation, the question of style, the «topos» of humility and the competence of the translator, topics which, in a second movement, recur in other prologues and paratexts of the corpus. This first panorama offers us clues about how the authors/translators considered and expressed their responsibility to their recipients that deserve to be explored in future research.

There is a gap in empirical studies in Translation Studies addressing the process by which translator competence (TC) is acquired, what are TC main components (or competences), as well as what factors have an impact on its development in future translation students graduates (Hurtado, 2011: 168). In this paper, the research will be contextualized according to three main axes: the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) and competency-based learning, the concept of the translator’s competence and the linguistic competence in translation teaching-learning process. The entry and exit student profile of Translation and Interpreting (TI) studies within Spanish Higher Education context will be described through an empirical study conducted in five Spanish TI institutions. Finally, the results obtained from more than 1,000 participants will be analyzed, focusing on the linguistic component as a basic element for the development of TC.

From a multidisciplinary approach, this paper presents a critical review of the previous conceptual map of the readers of what has traditionally been referred to as Children and Young People’s Literature (CYPL) and reflects on the impact that their different profiles may have on its translation. On the basis of these considerations, a new CYPL classification model is proposed. Applied to the context of Translation Studies, this will offer more precise data on its readers’ true interests and expectations with regards to the foreignizationvs. domestication dichotomyas well as on the translator behavior and the editorial tendencies in this respect.

This paper analyzes some problems in the translation into Spanish of John L. Austin’s How to Do Things with Words, especially those related to terminology, omissions and additions, with the aim of evaluating its degree of deviation from the original text and in order to confirm its tendency towards domestication, that is usually the preferred choice in philosophical translations. The convenience of a new translation of this work in the academic field of Spanish will be raised as the ultimate objective.

This paper deals with the Spanish version of the satirical poem The Dunciadby the talented Sevillian writer Alberto Lista, the original version of which was written by the English poet Alexander Pope. Lista wrote the poem in his youth; it is the only Spanish version of this poem, possibly due to the great difficulty of translating a poem of more than 1700 lines in length into Spanish, which is replete with allusions to writers and specific locations in England. It is a challenge that Lista overcomes by changing allusions and replacing them with the names of well-known Spanish figures. It is an entirely free version, as Lista reveals in his “Translator’s Preface”, achieved by means of modifying the thoughts from the source text and supressing or replacing certain passages entirely. Lastly, the essay devotes a section to the analysis of the possibility that Lista was inspired by, or followed the example of, a French translation in making his own version.

German medieval literature has been frequently labelled as Übersetzungsliteratur(translated literature), above alltheearliest phase, known as Old High German (750-1050). The next phase, Middle High German (1050-1350),was also characterized by a considerable amount of translation, although it is not as well-known as the previous. Now, given these antecedents, the lack of terminological studies of the verbs used by the authors of these translations to refer to the activity of ‘translation’, is noteworthy. On the other hand, these verbs are well documented in other vernacular languages such as English or French. The present paper aims to deal with this issue in relation to High Middle German. In order to do so, I have selected a corpus of translations from Latin, Arabic or romance languages into High Middle German, in which I have documented the verbs used by the different authors (known or anonymous) to refer to the activity of ‘translating’.

Conceptual metaphor in cognitive linguistics involves understanding one semantic domain in terms of the other. Conceptual associations between domains have been considered universal, unidirectional and usage-based. However, the concept of universality is rather controversial, since it contradicts that of culture: different cultures may convey the same reality by using different metaphorical sources. The purpose of this paper is to examine to what extent the concept of universality holds true for metaphors found in wine-tasting notes written by wine experts. Our corpus-based methodology involves identifying metaphors linked to selected key terms and analyzing them both quantitatively and qualitatively. Our results show that the differences in English and Spanish cultures do not seem to affect the metaphorical use of language in wine-tasting notes.

The present piece of research aims at analyzing the intervention areas (IA, ZDIin Spanish) (Morón,2010: 125) for translators of international trade texts, in our case: the product catalogue ofa SME (small and medium enterprise). From a wide conception of economic (Gallego,2012), commercial (Mayoral,2006), or business (Suau,1998)translation, and taking the text analysis model proposed by Nord (1991), this paper will present a bottom-upapproach o the analysis and decision making process in translation, basedon the main features of the text and the communicative situation in order to detail further decisions to be adopted by professional translators. Our view of translator’s “intervention”, far beyond epistemological or ideological approaches, is merely pragmatic, from a professional and didactic point of view. Trainers “intervene” in the process in order to activate trainees’ competences, they encourage students’ “intervention” (putting into practice knowledge, skills and abilities, of a strategic nature, and responding to the communicative function of the act of translating), and they suggest a professional scenario of “intervention”, where professional translators’ implication and context interaction play a leading role.

Juan Rulfo, with his novel Pedro Páramo, is one of the pioneers of the so-called Latin American boom, a phenomenon that cannot be explained without taking into account the role of translation. Sixty years after publication this paper examines the role of translation in the journey of Juan Rulfo/Pedro Páramoto the center of the world-system of letters. The analysis, based on quantitative and qualitative dataframed within theories of the sociology of translation (Heilbron,1999; Casanova,1999), starts from the introduction of this author/work in Dutch, an intermediate or central language according to the classification of De Swaan (2001). From this vantage point,the position of Juan Rulfo to the upper level (super-central languages ) and lower level (peripheral languages ) is analyzed. The data show that although Juan Rulfo took time to conquer autonomy, he reached the very heart ofthe world-system of literature, becoming a literary model for future generations.

The examination of interdisciplinarity in the Translation and Interpreting (TI) training offer in Spain has lead us to closely analyse Joint Degrees within the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). These programmes have become the primary focus of the present article since they are conceived as one of the tool of Bologna Process (1999) that may presumably introduce interdisciplinarity in Higher Education, while also promoting collaboration among different disciplines (Russell, Dolnicar and Ayoub, 2008: 590). With this purpose in mind, in this paper we will address the creation and analysis of our corpus of study (named DOBTI, Double Degrees in Translation and Interpreting) consisting of the official catalogue of Double Degrees in TI delivered in Spanish public and private universities. Hence, the aim of this corpus is to elaborate a map of Double Degrees in TI in Spain in order to better acknowledge the current training programmes that foster the cooperation between TI and other disciplines, given the scarcity of studies conducted on this topic, despite being considered nowadays a key subject of interest and debate in the academic community (Morón, 2013; Ortega, 2017).