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India is the second largest producer of groundnut in the world. More than 85 lakhs of hectares of the land isapproximately used in groundnut cultivation. In 2022 groundnut is produced in 9.86 million metric tons in which 50% of waste has been produced. Agricultural waste can be recycled into different forms of energy sources. Groundnut crop residues were collected from Lattur located at Chengalpattu district, Tamil Nadu, India. The collected residues were separated as groundnut shell and plant residues. The plant residues are subjected to both vermicompost and natural composting processes. Groundnut shell is used to prepare paper by using the Kraft process (Chemical pulping method). Both the compost is mixed with soil with the ratio of 1:10, 2:10 and Nutrients like N, P, K were analysed. The results slow vermicompost having enriched nutrients. Comparing Natural compost, and the Groundnut shell were prepared as paper with a size of 210mm*297mm. Compost helps to improve the health and quality of the soil that is added to improve and maintain the environment. For the paper production trees were cut and used. This causes deforestation. To resolve this problem the better solution is preparation of paper using the non-wooden material. The groundnut shell is one of the non-wooden materials used for the production of the paper. These papers will be eco-friendly as well as it controls deforestation.

The integration of solarcellsinto construction materials, such roof tiles, isgaining traction. Nevertheless, solarcells' conversion efficiencyistemperature-dependent, and a high temperaturewouldlowerit. This study examines the functionality of mortar roof tilesthat have builtinsolarcells and safety glass. To control the temperature of the solar cells, phase modifying materials (P CM) are added to the first roof tiles at a concentration of 3% by weight.For solar roof tiles, the impact ofPhase change materials on the generation of solar-to-electrical power isassessed, and life cycle costanalysisiscarried out to determine the viabilityfrom an economicstandpoint.During six summerdays, the electricalenergy production of the solartileswith PCM appliedwas 4.1% higherthanthat of the tileswithout the component modification material. In contrast, during six winterdays, the improvementisbetween 2.2 and 4.3%. With the cost of the inverterincluded, the solar roof tileswith Phase change materials have an economicalpaybackperiod of 5.7 years. The application of Phase change materialsraises the initial cost of roof tiles by 1.2% ;nevertheless, the paybackperiodispredicted to bethreemonths shorter thanthat of the equivalentwithout PCM, given an overallimprovement in energy production of 4.1%.Whilemany countries are takingsteps to reducetheiremissions, the IEA’slatest report on global and carbonemissionsshowed an increase of 1.7 percent in emissionsyear-onyear2018 to 33.1 billion tons (IEA, 2019). Australia's 2018 increase in carbondioxideequivalentemissions of 0.7% raisesseriousconcerns about the countrysability to meetitsemissionreductioncommitmentunder the Paris Agreement (Cox, 2019).

Today, the industrial world is experiencing intense competition with challenges related to environmental issues, and the domestic paper industry is no exception. This study is a follow-up of the research conducted by Palupi et al. (2015) at Company X which, through an LCA study, found an acute water ecotoxicity value of 7.16 kPt, a chronic water ecotoxicity value of 6.5 kPt, and a soil human toxicity value of 2.69 kPt. However, that study did not come with a SWOT matrix. Therefore, using a desk study,the present study aimed to map a SWOT matrix. A desk study based on SWOT analysis from 12 international journals and two national journals sourced from Elsevier, IWA Publishing, MDPI Publisher, Taylor & Francis, and Garuda was used to determine the SWOT matrix. Desk studies have the objective of comprehensively evaluating published journal articles, books, and other sources on given problem domains.Based on the results of the study, some recommendations for actions on the internal and external factors of the company are offered, consiting of steps for the company to mitigate identified weaknesses and threats.This study found that most of the pulp and paper industry engaged in internal strengths and external opportunities and faced numerous internal weaknesses and external threats. Currently, Company X occupied the first quadrant (Growth), indicating that the company was in a highly profitable condition. The company was enjoying many strengths and opportunities. Therefore, it is critical for the company to use its strengths to capture opportunities to minimize its emissions to the environment and to implement LCA in the company.

Paper-based microfluidics offers a simple, cost-effective, and versatile platform for fluid manipulation and analysis. Despite significant advancements in paper fluidics, the flow control in paper channel remains a challenging task. In this regard, we have developed a flow delay channel in paper using rectangular tape patterns on the paper surface. We have investigated the effect of hydrophobic tape barriers with varying widths. The designing and cutting of the hydrophobic tape and paper channel was performed by CO2 laser machine using CorelDraw software. Once cut, the tape barriers were attached to the paper surface and then passed through the roller press machine for proper adhesion of tape pattern onto the paper’s surface. From experiments, we observed that by increasing the width of tape, the delay also increased. The hydrophobic tape on the paper surface caused resistance to the flowing fluid. Due to this surface resistance, flow velocity reduced, and the time delay increased. We believe that our novel approach will provide an alternative method of flow control for paper-based microfluidic devices and can be utilized in various food quality sensors and lateral flow devices.

This paper discusses the potential of paper-based microfluidic devices for affordable diagnostics, and the importance of flow control. We have explored the variation of the width of paper, effect of 2D flow, and altering the surface wettability of paper to increase the resistance to fluid flow by physicochemical barriers. We used Whatman filter paper No. 40 and No. 1, mustard oil, and oleic acid, to examine the fluid flow due to capillary forces. Moreover, the effect of increase in thickness of the storage reservoir to decrease flow rate in the paper was also investigated. The experiments provide valuable insights into the behavior of fluid flow in porous media, and the findings have important applications in biomedical diagnostics and environmental monitoring.

Contamination of recycled paper and board food packaging by mineral oil hydrocarbons caused several crises in the past years. Although the migration from paper and board to foodstuffs has been proved many times, the contamination mechanisms and causalities remain undetermined and face unresolved issues. This study takes part in the collaborative project FoodSafeBioPack, which aims at evaluating the migration of potentially carcinogenic polyaromatic molecules from recycled paper and board packaging to food. New chemical imaging methods are used to follow this contamination at the microscopic scale (fibers and fibrous network). The first images acquired of polyaromatic molecules distribution on fibers were used to develop a methodology that will help to follow their migration. The influence of using different solvents and molecules on the initial chemical potential is discussed. The description of the paper structure and initial conditions of transfer will support the development of a microscopic mass transfer model.

Madagascar undergoes, like all countries in the world, the effects of climate change. in fact, since the last 5 years, in the coastal regions and the basins, the temperature has raised from 2 to 2.5 ° and varies between 34 to 36 ° in the shadow during the rainy season and on the high hills, the temperature diminishes from 2 to 2.5 ° during the dry period and varies from 4 ° to 8 °. However, the structure of lodging of 60% of the people are not adapted to this temperature change. Particularly, in the coastal regions, the walls of the houses are made of sheet iron. The inside of these houses is very hot when the weather is hot and very cold when it is cold. The inhabitants can’t afford the houses made in bricks or breeze block and the natural sources of aggregates are in the process of exhaustion. In the other part, we have seen that tons of paper are ready to be burned at the administrative services (public treasury, public financing, universities, ...) and the newspaper publishers. So, it becomes a must to find another way to the construction materials, justifying in that case our research axis. This study aims at the developing of construction material based on recycled paper, binder and aggregate. It deals of picking up or gathering all waste of papers and outdates newspapers and transforming them into brick for building constructions. What’s more, papers have prominent thermal insulating properties. Our work is focused on the study of variants on the different manufacturing processes, the choice of binder, the preparation of the specimens with different binders and different dosages, the mechanical compression tests for different binders, the evaluation of thermal conductivity for different binders and the numerical simulation of the thermo mechanical behavior of samples. The result is a lightweight brick with good thermal insulation. Tests have also made it possible to declare that the material has acceptable mechanical properties : the compressive strength is 1.56 [N/mm2], higher than the value prescribed by the standard for lightweight concrete blocks for construction of 1.1 [N/mm2], the value of thermal conductivity is 0.114 [W/mK], ten times less conductive heat than concrete and it can replace glass wool for a double its thickness. The specific weight is 57.5 [kg/m2].The practical results were confirmed by finite element simulations.

Heat Recovery Ventilators (HRV) are gradually becoming more popular in urban cities and buildings as it is able to effectively maintain the indoor air quality while also using minimal amounts of energy. The key component in the HRV is the Paper Heat Exchanger, which allows the heat exchange of indoor and outdoor air through a crossflow, while also filtering out stale air and dust particles. This article investigates the effect of manipulating the supply and exhaust air velocity on the enthalpy and temperature exchange efficiency of a paper heat exchanger. Data is obtained from experimental results, where the experiments are conducted in a test lab using heat recovery ventilators (HRV) installed with paper heat exchangers. Two paper heat exchangers from different suppliers were tested inside a HRV installed in an air conditioned room. The HRV fan speed was varied at a fixed interval of 0.5 m/s, and the air velocity was measured by using a wind speed meter. At the same time, a USB data logger was used to collect relative humidity and temperature of the air at the supply inlet, indoor air inlet, and return air outlet to determine temperature exchange efficiency and the enthalpy of air. The results of the testing shows that the HRV was able to achieve a temperature exchange efficiency of 47 to 63% and enthalpy exchange efficiency of 63 to 94% for PHEX-A, and a temperature exchange efficiency of 28 to 48% and enthalpy exchange efficiency of 57 to 85% for PHEX-B. The data shows that PHEX-A has higher efficiency than PHEX-B.

Heat Recovery Ventilator (VHR) is widely used nowadays as it is capable to maintain high Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) while minimizing the energy loss of indoor air through air-to-air heat exchanger principle. The main component that enables VHR to perform air-to-air heat exchange is known as Paper Heat Exchanger (PP-HEX). Hence, the objective of this research is to study and analyse the performance of a PP-HEX under different return and outdoor air temperatures as well as their effect on both enthalpy and temperature exchange efficiency. Moreover, some numerical models of VHR have been developed to optimize some complex cases and the numerical models are meant to reduce the physical experiments to analyze or improve complex cases in the future. To the best of the authors knowledge, there is no experimental data available from any sources to validate the numerical models. To address this issue, two different supplies of PP-HEX are tested with an actual VHR, and both PP-HEXs will be referred to as PP-HEX-A and PP-HEX-B due to confidentiality. Furthermore, the testing is conducted in a temperature-controlled testing laboratory and the testing conditions are set according to the ISO standard. The preliminary testing results show that the temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency of the PP-HEXs have the same trends while the outdoor air temperature is fixed and varying the temperature of indoor air. In contrary, the temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency of the PP-HEXs have the same trends while the indoor air temperature is fixed and varying the temperature of outdoor air as well. With the default voltage supplies (240V) to VHR and the setup conditions (according to the ISO Standard) of return air to be 27°C and outdoor air to be 35°C, the testing results show that PP-HEX-A has a temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency with a range of (37.97 – 40.28) % and (30.77 – 57.81) % respectively. While PP-HEX-B has a temperature exchange efficiency and enthalpy exchange efficiency with a range of (35.29 – 42.5) % and (39.6 – 55.93) % respectively.

This article reports the use of wastepaper pulp as a direct source of cellulose for producing superabsorbent polymer. The white papers obtained from the offices in Adamson University were cut into 1 inch square pieces and drenched with distilled water and borax. This procedure was done couple of times to achieve a pH of 8 and consistency of 1%-2%. Commercial cotton was used as control to compare and differentiate the properties and structures with the superabsorbent polymer (SAP). Various trials have shown the value of 60 acrylamide beads to produce SAP with optimum performance. FTIR analysis shows properties that are characteristics of cellulose-based SAP. In the present investigation, the influence of temperature, effect in varying salt concentrations, swelling rate and water retention at constant temperature were evaluated. The SAP’s maximum swelling capacity ranges from 0.6561 g to 1.0638 g regardless of the amount of NaCl used. The swelling rate of the SAP proves that it gets heavier with time. Hence, it can be implied that the ability of the SAP to retain water is good. The temperature dependence data revealed the sorption process was favorable at higher temperature. The SAP will absorb the highest amount of solution at 500C given that the solution is pure.

Over 300 million tones of industrial wastes are being produced per annum by chemical and agricultural process in India. These materials pose problems of disposal and health hazards. The wastes like phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum and red mud contain obnoxious impurities which adversely affect the strength and other properties of building materials based on them. Out of several wastes being produced at present, the use of phosphogypsum, fluorogypsum, lime sludge, hypo sludge, red mud, and mine tailing is of paramount significance to protect the environment. Paper making generally produces a large amount of solid waste. Paper fibers can be recycled only a limited number of times before they become too short or weak to make high quality paper. It means that the broken, low-quality paper fibers are separated out to become waste sludge. All the inks, dyes, coatings, pigments, staples and ”stickies” (tape, plastic films, etc.) are also washed off the recycled fibers to join the waste solids. The shiny finish on glossy magazine-type paper is produced using a fine kaolin clay coating, which also becomes solid waste during recycling. This paper mill sludge consumes a large percentage of local landfill space for each and every year. Worse yet, some of the wastes are land spread on cropland as a disposal technique, raising concerns about trace contaminants building up in soil or running off into area lakes and streams. Some companies burn their sludge in incinerators, contributing to our serious air pollution problems. To reduce disposal and pollution problems emanating from these industrial wastes, it is most essential to develop profitable building materials from them. Keeping this in view, investigations were undertaken to produce low cast concrete by blending various ratios of cement with hypo sludge. This project is concerned with experimental investigation on strength of concrete and optimum percentage of the partial replacement by replacing cement via 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60% and 70% of Hypo Sludge.

In this paper, the overall overview of concept of preservation regardless if it is preservation of physical records/archives or digital records/archives is discussed. The concept of the preservation discussed includes preventive preservation, restorative preservation, and content preservation. Then the concept of digital preservation. Furthermore, this paper highlighted the strategies and methods used in implementing the preservation of digital records/archives. The issues those are involved in the digital preservation implementation are also discussed.

Environmental and open public health aspects have an important and increasing role, especially in the exploration of natural fibers from recycle materials. The aim of this study is to synthesis cellulose from office waste paper and use it as a reinforcement filler to develop biocomposites. Epoxy reinforced kenaf fiber and cellulose composite were prepared in this study using polymer casting technique consisting of grinded kenaf fibre (natural fibre) 5% and epoxy 95% as reinforcement element. Cellulose was synthesized from recycled office papers and used as a filler to prepare cellulose/kenaf reinforced epoxy composite. Effect of cellulose to the mechanical properties of the composite were investigated. Samples were fabricated by weight percentage of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of cellulose content. For mechanical properties impact test, Rockwell harness and tensile testings were conducted.

The design engineering is one of essential work in modern manufacturing environment. The optimization is principal technique to be used widely for searching the solution. However, primary process of optimization is to know the relation between design input parameters and target output. In this work, an artificial neural network (ANN) approach as an intelligent algorithm is proposed to construct the relation and also provides it in form of mathematic modeling. Even though the ANN modeling is so call a backblock due to difficulty to understand complicated equations, it is simply constructed by automate iteration process. A case of paper helicopter is used as an example of the application. The classical 2k Factorial design is used to provide an experiment plan to create training and testing data. 93 experiments are carried out. The architecture of ANN is set according to lowest Mean square error (MSE) of training and testing procedure. The result of 5-10-1 architecture has shown ability to accurately predict output, landing time, with MSE of 0.012. With such a highly quantitative accuracy of results, the developed model using the neural network approach can be used for finding the suitable input parameters to achieve a desired target output. In this case, the design of dimension (A) Depth of cut wing is 1.3 cm., (B) Length of wing is 12.9 cm., (C) Length of body is 9.0, (D) Width of body is 2.0 cm., and (E) Depth of cut body is 0 cm. yield the lowest area of a paper helicopter that can meet the target landing time, 2.85 + 5% second.

Flame spread over combustible solid must be precisely identify in fire hazard and this is the basic problem in fire safety engineering field. To explore the flame spread mechanism over combustible solid, the downward flame spread behaviour over paper and bagasse has been investigated in this experiment. It found that the combustion pattern for paper was slightly different from the bagasse on the front view and this was analysed through the observation. The result also showed that the flame spread rate for paper is higher compared to the flame spread rate for bagasse. It seem that, although bagasse is the combustible solid the rate of flame spread is lower and the usage of bagasse can help to control the flame spread.

This article introduces the use of PCI software production day draw satellite is projective like production process, analyzes the key technologies in the production, summarizes the Suggestions to improve the quality of results, strengthen quality control method is proposed, for the day draw satellite orthogonal projection as mass production work has carried on the beneficial exploration.

The article deals with the issues and methods of teaching translation and interpretation of scientific and technical papers to engineering students from a linguistic point of view. The authors describe the concept and special features of technical translation as a professional activity compared to different kinds of translation. The paper analyzes stylistic, lexical and phraseological, and grammatical peculiarities of scientific and technical papers. Moreover, the authors suggest the main techniques of translating scientific and technical papers such as direct and indirect translation methods.

This paper presents a review of literature relating to Life Cycle Costing (LCC) and Life Cycle Assessments (LCA) in Gas District Cooling plant. The gas district cooling plant uses either vapour compression process or absorption process for the chilled water generation. Both processes have impacts on the economic aspects as well as the contribution to CO2 emissions; thus, integration of the cost and environmental analysis of both processes are necessary. An extensive body of literature exists on both subjects, however, there is very limited number of available literature on the integration of LCC and LCA. The purpose of this review is to find the most suitable optimization model which can integrate the LCC and LCA to provide the best decision in choosing the most cost-effective and environment-friendly system. This review assesses the literature from thirty-four journals, research papers, and case reports from the year 1995 to 2017. The result of this review shows that the goal programming methodology is the appropriate method for integrating LCC and LCA because it provides the optimal decision in choosing the most cost-effective, environment-friendly system for the chilled water generation.

Bubble flow reactors (BFR) are commonly used for various industrial processes in the field of oil and gas production, pharmaceutical industries, biochemical and environmental engineering etc. The operation and performance of these reactors rely heavily on a range of hydrodynamic parameters; prominent among them are geometric configurations including gas injection geometry, operating conditions, mass transfer etc. A huge body of literature is available to describe the optimum design and performance of bubbly flow reactors with conventional bubble injection. Attempts were made to modify gas injection for improved efficiency of BFR’s. However, here instead of modifying the geometry of the gas injection, an attempt has been made to generate swirl bubbles for gaining larger mass transfer between gas and liquid. Here an exceptionally well thought strategies have been used in our numerical simulations towards the design of swirl injection mechanism, whose paramount aspect is to inhibit the rotary liquid motion but facilitates the swirl movement for bubbles in nearly stationary liquid. Our comprehension here is that the swirl motion can strongly affect the performance of bubbly reactor by identifying the changes in hydrodynamic parameters as compared to the conventional bubbly flows. In order to achieve this bubbly flow, an experimental setup has been designed as well as computational fluid dynamic (CFD) code was used with to highlight a provision of swirl bubble injection by rotating the sparger plate.

The flame-retarded paper-based polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wallcoverings were successfully prepared, using plant fiber paper as base material and adding inorganic flame retardants and flame-retarded plasticizer as additives. Flame retardancy, thermostability, smoke suppression and mechanical properties were tested regarding to the prepared wallcoverings. The results showed that 2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O could improve flame retardancy and thermostability of paper-based PVC wallcoverings; plasticizer tricresyl phosphate increased flame retardancy of the prepared materials auxiliarily. Also, flame-retarded paper-based PVC wallcoverings with higher flame retardancy, smoke suppression and mechanical property was prepared using plant fiber paper with fix quantity of 90 g/m3 as base material, using 2ZnO·3B2O3·3.5H2O as inorganic flame retardant, and using tricresyl phosphate as plasticizer. For the flame-retarded paper-based PVC wallcoverings in this study, the limit oxygen index (LOI) reaches 32.3, maximal smoke density is 16.91 %, and the horizontal and longitudinal wet tensile strength reaches 1.38 kN·m−1 and 1.51 kN·m−1 respectively. Meanwhile, its flame retardancy meets the requirements about flame retardancy for material Class B1 listed in Chinese National Standards GB 8624-2012, Classification for burning behavior of building materials and products. This research creates an effective path to prepare paper-based PVC wallcoverings with high flame retardancy.

Recently, the best method to make the concrete industry more sustainable was using the waste materials to replace the natural resources. Currently waste paper sludge is a major economic and environmental problem in this country. In this research, the alternative method is to dwindle the usage of natural resources and the usage of cement in the construction. This method is to replace the usage of cement with the waste paper sludge ash (WPSA) and to use the recycle aggregate collected from the construction is used. The WPSA has ingredient likely cement such as self-cementation but for a low strength. The research was conducted at heavy laboratory UITM Pulau Pinang. Meanwhile, the WPSA is collected at MNI Industries at Mentakab, Pahang. The recycle aggregate is a separated half, which were fine aggregate and the coarse aggregate with the specific size. In this research, the ratio is divided into two (2) which is 1:1 and 1:2 for the aggregate and difference percentage levels of WPSA. The percentage levels of WPSA that use in this research are 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%. A total of 36 cubes were prepared. Aim of this research is to develop a simple design approach for the mixture proportioning of WPSA and recycle concrete aggregate (RCA) within the concrete and to assess the effect of concrete mix with different percentage of WPSA and RCA ratio on the properties. It is found that the best design mix that achieves control low strength material (CLSM) is on 30% of WPSA with the ratio 1:2 on day 28 of compression test.

In recent years, there has been tremendous growth of interest in the utilization of non-wood based material to support the insufficient raw materials availability for the pulp and paper industry. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of 120 gsm linerboard and corrugated medium paper made from unbeaten durian rinds chemi-mechanical (CMP) pulp. The linerboard and corrugated medium paper were prepared and tested according to Malaysian Standards / International Organization for Standardization (MS ISO) and Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI) standard methods. Based on the burst index (2.03 kPa.m2/g), RCT (1.97 N.m2/g) and CMT (129N), the linerboard and corrugated medium from CMP durian rind pulp have shown a good potential as an alternative raw material for papermaking and comparable with other types of wood and non-wood based papers as well as current commercial papers.

Demands for small-scale and low-cost robots have witnessed a great increase in recent years [1–5]. This paper introduces the design and fabrication of a novel, simple, low-cost and designer-friendly locomotive robot. The materials and tools to build the robot originate from everyday life. The robot is pneumatically powered and manually controlled by simply pumping and vacuuming the syringe repeatedly, which realizes reliable locomotion by folding and opening of the planes. In order to realize this complicated motion, a “3D Sticky Actuator” is developed. The motion and force analysis of actuator are then modelled by the numerical method to develop the relations between design parameters. This suggests a systematic and user interactive way of manufacturing various shapes of the actuator, depending on user-defined road condition (e.g. obstacles and slopes) and other constraints. One key advantage of the paper-based robot is suggested by its high feasibility.

In recent year, Full-Color LED Lighting that can be changed to various color such as red, green, blue has been appeared with development of LED Lighting. By Color-Lighting control, users affected such as concentrating and relaxing. Therefore, Color-lighting control will spread to various place such as home, offices, stations. However color-lighting control affected some disturbance such as daylight, display when Full-Color LED controlled indoors. Also, information devices control get difficult with information technology develop. I propose Color-Lighting Control System using Colored Paper User Interface(CLC/CPUI). The purpose of CLC/CPUI is that anyone can intuitively control Full-Color LED Lighting. CLC/CPUI uses colored paper as user interface by sensing the paper. CLC/CPUI realizes lighting color that user demanded to do feedback control. I conduct accuracy verification experiment of CLC/CPUI.

The existence of squatters had caused many issues including poverty, increasing social problems, drug addiction, criminal and low education level. Sadly, the State of Johor is still among a few other states in Peninsular Malaysia with the highest numbers of squatter families. These squatter settlements are not only inhabited by the local people, but consist of foreigners too. The environmental condition is not fitting, with poor sewage system and unplanned housing construction. Consequently, these issues had caused bad images and perception to the general public, as well as to the tourists. In Malaysia, Resettlement Programme is one of the most significant mechanisms in tackling squatters" settlements issue. Hence, the Johor State Government had taken various approaches in trying to eradicate the squatter settlements by relocating them to new locations with planned and better housing. This conceptual paper aims to examine the current literature and assess previous similar study in order to establish an understanding of the crucial provision of resettlement area in trying to eliminate squatters. It employs a qualitative design through assessment related literature and studies. The results confirmed for a further review of resettlement program. Findings from this study further suggest a comprehensive study of the issues revealed.

This paper reports the properties of newly developed electrically conductive natural fiber paper sheet made up of kenaf fiber (KF) incorporated with polyaniline coated kenaf fiber (KF-PANI). This study proposed on dispersion of conductive filler in different amount (wt %) into kenaf pulp for developing different electrical conductivity. The conductive sheet (KF/KF-PANI) revealed a percolation concentration at 25 wt% of KF-PANI. Its scanning electron micrograph showed good paper formation with no significant damages.

Due to the ubiquitous trend of product miniaturization, energy saving and weight reduction, micro/meso-scale parts have been widely used in many industrial clusters. Micromanufacturing processes for production of such micro/meso-scale parts are thus critically needed. Microforming, as one of these micro manufacturing processes, is a promising process and thus got many explorations and researches. Compared with the research on size effect affected deformation behaviours, less attention has been paid to the process development for mass production of micro-parts. The product quality and fabrication productivity of micro-parts depend on the involved process chain. To address the difficulty in handling and transporting of the micro-sized workpiece, development of a progressive microforming process for directly fabricating bulk micro-parts using sheet metals seems quite promising as it avoids or facilitates billet handling, transportation, positioning, and ejection in the process chain. In this paper, an intensive review on the latest development of progressive microforming technologies is presented. First of all, the paper summarizes the characteristic of progressive microforming directly using sheet metal. The size effect-affected deformation behaviour and the dimensional accuracy, deformation load, ductile fracture, and the surface finish of the microformed parts by progressive microforming using sheet metals are then presented. Finally, some research issues from the implementation of mass production perspective are also discussed.

A major problem arising from the widespread use of forestry biomass and processed timber waste as fuel is related to the production of significant quantities of ash as a by-product from the incineration of such biomasses. A major portion (approximately 70%) of the wood waste ash produced is land-filled as a common method of disposal. If the current trend continues with waste products, such as paper mill sludge landfills, a large amount of space would be required by 2020. A revenue study was conducted as a result of investigations into the use of paper mill sludge as recycled materials and additives in concrete mixes for use in construction projects. The study had to provide the assurance that the concrete produced had the correct mechanical strength. Concrete mixes containing paper mill sludge were prepared, and their basic strength characteristics such as the compressive strength, flexural strength, ultra pulse velocity and dynamic modulus elasticity were tested. Four concrete mixes, i.e. a control mix, and a 10%, 20%, and 30% mix of paper mill sludge as cement replacement for concrete were prepared with a DoE mix design by calculating the weight of cement, sand and aggregate. The performance of each concrete specimen was compared with the strength of the control mix. As a result, when the percentage of paper mill sludge in the concrete increased, the strength decreased. Overall, a high correlation was observed between density and strength of the concrete containing paper mill sludge.

Turin Shroud (TS) is a linen cloth 4.4 m long and 1.1 m wide which shows two, front and back images of a man scourged, crowned with thorns and crucified, who died on a cross and was stabbed in the side with a lance after his death. The Catholic Christian tradition identifies this Man as Jesus Christ resurrected after dead, but not all are unanimous in this identification, partly because science has not been able to give definitive answers. To try to improve a bit the inconclusive answers to which the Science is arrived, a Research Project entitled: “Multidisciplinary analysis applied to the Turin Shroud: study of the body image, of possible ambient pollution and of micro-particles capable to characterize the linen fabric.” has been assigned by the University of Padua (Italy) to the Author, who performed various studies on this theme in collaboration with other experts, also of other Italian Universities. In reference to the body image, that is not explainable by Science nor reproducible up to now, experimental tests based on Corona Discharge, produced by intense electric fields, have shown that it is possible to reproduce many of these very peculiar image features. Regarding the TS dating, after the demonstration that the 1988 radiocarbon result is not statistically reliable, probably because of environmental pollution, alternative dating methods based on chemical and mechanical tests showed that its age is compatible with the period in which Jesus Christ lived in Palestine.

In the context of sustainable development and continuous improvement, it can be stated that the implementation of an integrated quality management in a modern organization can only be achieved under the conditions of implementing a series of concepts, among which we can mention knowledge management, total quality management, Kaizen management and related standards, quality management strategies and policies but also quality management techniques, methods, and tools. The scientific paper presents an own point of view regarding the pathway for a sustainable implementation of the previously presented concepts in an organization in the automotive field. The aspects identified in a real organization in the automotive industry are presented as well as the way considered to be possible to implement so that the organization can be considered a knowledge-based organization. In this context, the role of management in the organization is extremely important and value analysis becomes a priority. The main objective of the scientific paper is to propose a certain way of managerial thinking so that those interested can apply the quality management strategies and policies proposed for the sustainable implementation of total quality management within an organization based on knowledge in the automotive field.

Titanium matrix composite parts with excellent mechanical properties can be obtained by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) by introducing nano SiC ceramic particles into titanium and titanium alloys. In order to cope with the instability of the forming quality of the parts caused by the addition of SiC particles, this paper proposes to explore the quality of single-track melt under different process parameters, to optimize the parameters more accurately to achieve better forming quality. In this paper, the influence of process parameters on the morphology and geometric size of the molten pool is studied, and the optimal molten track morphology parameters are selected for printing experiments. The results show that when the thickness of the powder layer = 30um is the optimal process parameter with the laser power 170 W, the scanning speed 1100 mm/s and the line energy density 0.155 J/mm. At this time, the molten track of TC11/SiC formed by LPBF process is continuous and stable, with good surface morphology.

As the manufacturing industry continues its shift towards highly complex Industry 4.0 production environments, there is an expected exponential increase and change in the demanded skills and qualifications among employees. However, traditional teaching methods may pose challenges when it comes to applying learned skills in real-life engineering situations, given the complexity of these environments. Recent advancements in technologies enabling virtual co-existence have opened up new opportunities for personalised and immersive services in pedagogy. While Mixed Reality (MR) and, more significantly, Metaverse infrastructure are still in their early stages, researchers and educators have the opportunity to lead the exploration of new avenues for reskilling educators and enhancing student learning experiences. This paper presents research conducted at the University of Malta, focusing on exploring the potential transformative pedagogical effects of MR in specialised Industry 4.0/5.0 engineering training. The paper proposes a framework for developing a Virtual Learning Factory (VLF) using MR technology, grounded in established and effective learning methodologies. The envisioned VLF aims to create an immersive experiential learning environment where engineering students can better adapt to the evolving industrial landscape, preparing them to excel in the dynamic era of advanced manufacturing. Additionally, the research delves into the potential impacts of MR-based training on enhancing training precision and efficiency.

An appropriate package design could illustrate the use of product and its origin, as well as the respect to the customers. This paper explores investigation research and the design method of cultural symbols of agricultural products in Guandu Village, Luzhou City, Sichuan Province using the theory of ‘locality’. To develop the agricultural products and the package design, authors investigated in Guandu Village locally and analysed the current situation of longan fruit by conducting in-depth interviews and exploring the local environment. The design method in this paper based on the theory of ‘locality’, authors deeply investigated the local people and culture. Then selected and translated the local symbols and patterns into design elements. The illustration of longan product and its package design – Guanduyuan, the brand name is shown at the end. Authors also proposed the innovated solutions to the sales of Guanduyuan brand.1

Smart cities hold great promise for revolutionising urban living, but their potential to improve the lives of people with disabilities remains underexplored. This paper investigates the challenges faced by individuals with disabilities in everyday urban environments and explores how smart technology can mitigate these challenges. By leveraging data-driven insights, connectivity, and innovative solutions, smart cities can create more inclusive environments that enhance accessibility, mobility, and overall quality of life for people with disabilities. This paper discusses the various issues encountered by individuals with disabilities in towns and cities and proposes strategies for utilising smart technology to address these challenges effectively.

This study focuses on the specific types of supply chain strategies throughout the UK textile industry as extant literature has either emphasized on the fashion apparel industry or on sub-industry of fast fashion. Likewise, this study is quite beneficial for the fashion apparel industry to restructure its own purchasing departments for buying fabrics, materials, and garments. However, a third party is included in this production phase. Lastly, this study is significant for fashion apparel industry for the purchasing or producing of all the raw materials, which is important for the garment production as well as their own manufacturing facilities. The paper also used the idea of PLS-SEM to validate a production and purchasing supply chain management strategies framework proposed by the authors of this paper, which can be found in Komal and Saad [7].

Optimisation of fibre-reinforced polymers (FRPs) is critical for engineering a sustainable future. This review paper explores the potential of digital twins (DTs) in enhancing the characteristics, performance, and sustainability of synthetic and sustainable FRPs. DTs provide a virtual space for real-time monitoring and predictive analysis and have revolutionised the traditional limitations of FRP production. Recent case studies, like the FASTIGUE project and advances in fibre-reinforced thermoplastics, showcase the DT’s powerful role in addressing issues during production. The paper also discusses the unique challenges of developing sustainable “green” composites that balance performance with biodegradability to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. It highlights the benefits of utilising DTs to scrutinise the manufacturing processes of both synthetic and natural FRPs. Modern DTs have demonstrated the capacity to optimise the curing kinetics and mechanical properties of these materials. Furthermore, case studies such as the 3D-printed continuous carbon fibre composites, overmoulded fibre-reinforced thermoplastics, and recyclable Elium®-based composites authenticate the capabilities of DTs in enhancing the sustainable manufacturing of FRPs. Acknowledging future challenges, the paper recommends integrating production and sustainability metrics into modern multi-tier DT systems for holistic benefits.

This paper presents possibilities of combined use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) with symbolic AI methods for improving the creation and the efficiency of models for materials and manufacturing processes. Besides a short presentation of one of the most basic and common ANNs architecture, which is the Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), and the presentation of main symbolic AI methods for knowledge representation and processing, the paper discusses their combined use and possibilities of hybrid neuro–symbolic AI applications for modelling materials and processes. This combined AI modelling approach is planned to be implemented and tested within the Horizon Europe project M2DESCO, which concerns modelling and eco-design of High Entropy Alloys’ (HEAs) coatings.

The development of the behaviour cloning technique allows robots to mimic human experts’ behaviour by observation. The technique is mainly based on model architecture’s design and associated training mechanisms. İt is believed that such an approach will impact the importance of robotics applications in the coming future. The ongoing research presented in this paper has investigated the use of behaviour cloning with image and video data streaming to improve robot learning using imitation of human experts’ behaviour. The investigation has focused on the methodology, algorithms, and challenges associated with training robots to imitate human actions solely based on visual data inputs. An overview of the process of collecting diverse and annotated image and video datasets depicting various human actions and behaviours is presented. To provide efficient and consistent data representation, the preprocessing process includes feature extraction using convolutional neural networks (CNN) and normalization techniques. The CNN model for learning action mappings from visual inputs is described. These models’ training focuses on optimization algorithms and loss functions. A thorough examination of data quality, overfitting, and model generalization issues is addressed and presented. The research’s initial results showed the effectiveness of image and video-based behaviour cloning and how it is leading to more sophisticated and adaptive robotic systems. The limitations of the research are also discussed and presented in this paper.

This paper explores the dynamics between humans and collaborative robots (cobots), focusing on the crucial element of trust. Despite robots’ limitations in reflection and adaptability compared to humans, trust plays a pivotal role in determining the success of such collaborations. By employing principles of storytelling and role-play, trust mechanisms were designed in a contextual interaction between a human and a cobot to deeply understand the human perspective in the interaction on a cognitive and affective level. A qualitative workshop involving students from engineering and product design fields provides insights into human thoughts and emotions during human-robot collaborations (HRC). The outcome of this paper is a novel HRC experience map as a method for revealing the intricacies of trust dynamics, whilst serving as a foundational exploration in advancing interaction-based manufacturing processes towards human-centricity, efficiency, and effectiveness.

The demand for ultra-precision machining has expanded significantly across industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and medical sectors. These industries require parts manufactured to micrometre tolerances in a timely and cost-effective manner. To address these demands, efforts have been focused on developing digital twin technology for ultra-precision machining, aimed at improving production accuracy and efficiency. One of the primary challenges in ultra-precision machining is time-consuming setup due to manual workpiece handling. Additionally, machining speeds are limited to mitigate dynamic errors, further prolonging production times. This paper proposes a digital twin system designed to automate workpiece handling and correct dynamic errors in real time to tackle these challenges. The proposed digital twin comprises two systems: one for controlling a collaborative robot arm (COBOT) to automate workpiece handling with corrective action, eliminating the need for manual loading and unloading; and another for controlling a hybrid mill to mitigate dynamic errors through real-time machine learning-based prediction of elastic deformation allowing for higher machining speeds. In this paper, the current progress is discussed, and a methodology for validating this digital twin system is proposed. The proposed validation process will involve machining microfluidic devices using the digital twin system, compared to conventional machining methods to assess the effectiveness.

The primary focus of this research is to determine the optimal stirrup configuration to prevent shear failure. This project aims to investigate the behavior of beam-column joint frames under concentrated loads. Specimens with dimensions of 700mm x 500mm and cross-sectional dimensions of 200mm x 100mm, using M30 Grade concrete, were prepared for this study. The specimen was tested in the linear, non-linear range and up to ultimate load limit for a concentrated load. The load responses are measured with LVDT & Data logger in this experimental work. The code of practice recommends (Bureau of Indian standards-13920-1993) the bond, shear, and ductility, reinforcement for shear and moment carrying capacity. This code aims to fulfill both bond and shear requirements. This paper provides a thorough review and offers recommendations on the design and detailing of beam-column joint connections. Analytical value of the load carrying capacity of the beam column joint was assessed using limit state method by eliminating the partial safety factors for the load and strength. The results were compared between experiments and analytical values and suggestions are presented in this paper.

Color contrast pertains to graphics and the field of design. Visual objects can be described nicely with the best contrast combinations used in their representation. Color contrast suggestion is usually done with color theory, which defines two colors exactly opposite or adjacent in color hue are good contrast with each other. Herein, this paper presents a Color Contrast Recommendation System (CCRS) as an innovative solution based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The main aim of the paper is to facilitate different users to find suitable contrast for any base color. We used a simple neural network model with two hidden layers for a regression task. The proposed model suggests three contrast layers for the base color given by the user. We prepare a data set of 420 color combinations for training our Neural Network model that looks appealing together and enhances the visuals. The proposed color contrast recommendation application based on Neural Networks represents a significant advancement in leveraging AI technology to streamline the design process, improve accessibility, and enhance user experiences across digital platforms.

The goal of “double carbon” (namely “peak carbon dioxide emissions” and “carbon neutrality”) proposed by China for the first time is an important layout in the Tenth Five-Year Plan, and it is also the key goal to realize the green and sustainable development of mobile communication networks in the future, and it is also the foundation for China’s international carbon asset pricing right and the world carbon trading platform. Among them, the difficulty in realizing green communication lies in maintaining the growth of business volume. Reduce network energy consumption and carbon emissions. This paper studies the green communication technology from the perspective of energy saving and emission reduction on the mobile communication network side and the perspective of the integrated architecture of communication network and multi-energy energy network. The research results show that the key to realize green communication technology lies in the mutual matching of network resources, energy resources and business distribution, while the existing technology can only achieve one-way matching of network resources and business distribution. Or the one-way matching of energy resources and service distribution. Based on this, this paper proposes a native green grid architecture with communication, perception and energy fusion, which has the ability of energy perception and service perception, supports the two-way matching method of network resources, energy resources and service distribution, and realizes the continuous growth of service while significantly reducing the energy consumption and carbon emissions on the mobile communication network side by eliminating the randomness and suddenness of service distribution and energy distribution.

The research presented in this paper focuses on the optimization and modelling of an innovative groundwater extraction system and addresses the challenge of managing the increased groundwater level in Nitra Industrial Park, where the Land Rover Jaguar car manufacturer is located. The primary objective of this research was to determine the optimal pumping rate of the system, ensuring the maintenance of the groundwater level at the required elevation without depleting the surrounding water resources. To achieve this goal, a numerical groundwater modelling approach was utilized, employing the TRIWACO simulation package and the finite element method (FEM). The study involved various simulations under steady and unsteady flow conditions, using hydrological, geological and hydrogeological data, including the results of three proposed pumping tests conducted by INGEO, Ltd. Company, as well as measured groundwater level data from boreholes monitored by the Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute (SHMI). Implementing transient groundwater flow simulations considered the impact of a 1000-year flash flood wave (Q1000). This paper presents results of numerical modelling results, offering insights into maintaining the required groundwater elevation while considering key parameters and uncertainties for design purposes. Additionally, on-site optimization was performed to ensure efficient system operation and minimize associated costs. In conclusion, this research contributes to sustainable groundwater management in the Nitra Industrial Park, addressing the challenge of the increased groundwater level and providing valuable findings to optimize the extraction system’s performance.

The present paper presents a documentation on the realization of the dosages from recycled mixtures, highlighting the change in the test methods regarding the composition and the determination of the physical-mechanical characteristics according to the latest technical regulations. Practically, the structure of the new norm for cold recycled road materials aligns with the new European requirements in accordance with the provisions that the mixtures must meet, but still the problem remains on how to prepare the samples in the laboratory and determine the value of the stiffness modulus of the considered mixture, value which practically in the norm is considered based on good practice. Determining the real value of the stiffness modulus is a decisive factor in the dimensioning of the road structure reinforcement because it can considerably influence the thickness of the layers that make up the resistance structure. Therefore, the paper presents a study on the new methods of making samples in the laboratory and values of the stiffness modulus taken into account when dimensioning the reinforcement of road structures according to the composition of the considered materials.

In the production of building materials and construction materials, continuously operating conveying equipment is commonly used, including roller conveyors. Roller conveyors are devices designed for horizontal, slightly ascending or descending transport of piece products moving on a system of rotating rollers of different shapes (cylindrical, conical, disc, pulley or according to the profile of the conveyed object). The rotating rollers are placed in the track frame (supporting structure), which can be either stable, relocatable or adjustable (height and length adjustable, so-called scissor conveyors). An analogue of the roller conveyor is the pulley conveyor, where instead of rollers, discs - pulleys are mounted on a non-rotating axis. Several discs are installed on the axis with gaps. The pulleys on adjacent axes overlap so that there is no continuous gap. The track is used for handling flat building parts and objects such as metal sheets, glass panes, furniture parts, etc. When transporting item building materials or bulk building materials placed in storage boxes which are transported on a powered roller track on pallets, a driving force is required depending on the angle of inclination of the roller track, the weight of the load, the number of rollers on which the load rests and the coefficient of shear friction during movement. The paper presents a laboratory device that has been designed to detect the adhesion force during the transport of piece loads by a roller conveyor. On the implemented device, it is possible to determine in laboratory conditions the amount of resistance to the movement of the load on the driven roller conveyor depending on the weight of the load. The paper presents measured values of the shear friction coefficient during the movement of a steel storage box on a driven roller track. In this paper, a driven roller track is used for laboratory tests, where the drive of the rollers is implemented by so-called short chains. In addition to horizontal tracks, this chain drive allows you to drive rising tracks with variable gradients or even rising curved tracks.

The paper presents an overview of possible alternative reinforcement solutions to the most popular steel reinforcement currently used for concrete elements. Particular emphasis was placed on the use of composite reinforcement, taking into account the types of components concerned, possible applications and presenting an analysis of the risks and opportunities facing the construction industry related to the use of this type of reinforcement. In addition, an analysis of the material parameters taking into account the division of composite reinforcement due to the different types of fibers used in their production is presented. The paper also presents a comparative analysis of the parameters of steel and composite reinforcement, among others: tensile strength, susceptibility to corrosion, compressive and bending strength, fire resistance. It also analysed the needs of the construction market in the search for alternative concrete reinforcement in reinforced concrete structures, particularly in the context of recent events such as the Covid-19 pandemic and armed conflicts, which disrupt the supply chain and force the search for alternative materials that can replace reinforced steel. The availability of standards and instructions for the design of concrete elements and the related responsibilities of structural designers were analysed, identifying the research directions necessary to popularize and ensure the safety of the design of concrete elements with the use of alternative material solutions – in particular composite reinforcement in concrete slabs.

This paper explores the application of structural tessellation in architectural and structural design, where surfaces or spaces are divided into smaller repeating shapes or units to create aesthetic and functional structures. Structural tessellation offers various advantages, including improved stability, increased load-bearing capacity, and enhanced aesthetic appeal. The growing use of digital tools and advanced numerical algorithms has facilitated the creation of complex and intricate tessellations that can be tailored to suit specific project requirements. This research focuses on algorithmic methods for generating tessellations and their utilization in structural engineering and design optimization. Diverse patterns and configurations of tessellation are investigated through mesh generation algorithms, parametric approaches, and pattern gradation and repetitions, with data visualization accomplished using computing scripts and Grasshopper. The tessellation elements are employed to discretize the design domain in structural optimization and create initial patterns. The paper demonstrates the feasibility of proposed frameworks for structural design and application through the examination of various numerical examples. In conclusion, the strategic use of structural tessellation proves to be effective in producing unique and functional structures that seamlessly combine visual appeal with material and resource efficiency.

The purpose of this paper is to perform an analysis regarding the choice of a method for designing a dosage of an asphalt mixture. There have been concerns in the field of asphalt mix dosing since 1920 when Field and Hubbard introduced the impact compaction with the Proctor hammer for laboratory testing. Later, Marshall introduced the method that bears his name and which remained the most used method for determining the asphalt mixture dosages in Romania. Since it was found that the density of the samples obtained in the laboratory did not correspond to the density of the cores extracted from the compacted asphalt layers, the gyratory compaction was introduced, which is now frequently applied in the USA and other European countries. The study presented in this paper deals with the problem of establishing the mixture of aggregates, filler and binder in terms of the volumetric method (Superpave) and Marshall method, presenting both theoretically and experimentally the dosage study of an asphalt mixture type BA16 (asphalt concrete with maximum grain size of 16 mm) but also the physical-mechanical characteristics obtained following the application of the two methods for determining the dosage for the studied BA 16 type asphalt mixture.

Czech Republic is facing housing insecurity and cities are challenged by a shortage of housing supply. The issue of housing affordability can be demonstrated on the cities of Brno and Vienna, which are connected by a close geographical position and a similar urban development in the 19th century. After 1918 (the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian Empire), the Austrian capital Vienna has focused on a continual support of social housing. The development of housing in the Czechoslovak city of Brno was changing and influenced by the period of socialism. Since the beginning of the 21st century, the housing development in Brno and Vienna has been therefore, after a politically different period, comparable again. Vienna has a similar historical development to Brno, and in the long term, it represents an adequate comparative study due to a successful social housing policy. In this paper, we mobilize a comparative study of broader city centres. The development of housing is monitored in the parameters of demographic trends. The paper reviews comparable demographic data obtained from databases of the office for national statistics of Austria and the Czech Republic: population development and population ageing expressed as a percentage of the population aged 65+ to the population aged 0-14. The study demonstrates the importance of these two indicators of demographic changes, which can reflect the attractiveness of housing for different groups of residents. The results show that in both cities, there is a population decline in historical city cores. While in the vicinity of the historical core of Vienna, there is moderate population growth, a similarly uniform trend cannot be observed in Brno.