1,676 results
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152. Promoting Students' Critical and Active Engagement in Socio-Scientific Problems: Inter-Trans-National Perspectives
- Author
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Bencze, Larry, Carter, Lyn, Groleau, Audrey, Krstovic, Mirjan, Levinson, Ralph, Martin, Jenny, Martins, Isabel, Pouliot, Chantal, and Weinstein, Matthew
- Abstract
There are many potential harms to individuals, societies and environments associated with powerful "networks" of living, nonliving and symbolic entities (actants), such as financiers, banks, think tanks, transnational trade organizations and agreements, competitiveness, scientists, engineers, universities, governments, military, advertisements, entertainment, etc. Among myriad harms, perhaps the most serious is devastation from climate change linked to fossil fuel uses. Given apparent roles of many governments in supporting powerful problematic networks that involve fields of science and technology, many scholars recommend that school science not only enlighten students about harms and encourage them to make logical personal decisions about associated controversies but also prepare them to take socio-political "actions" that might contribute to their conceptions of a better world. In this chapter, international science education scholars discuss their uses and analyses of the 'STEPWISE' curricular and pedagogical framework--which is intended to facilitate such critical and activist science education. After a theoretical defence of the framework, a description is provided of a teacher's 3-year efforts to use it in his secondary school science teaching. This is followed by five summaries of theoretical analyses of the framework by scholars from five countries (Australia, Brazil, Canada, the UK and the USA), including in terms of discursive psychology, neoliberalism, critical discourse analyses of well-being, inquiry-based learning, professional development and network mobilization in informal (online gaming) and formal school science and teacher education contexts. The chapter concludes with a brief summary of some relative merits of the STEPWISE framework and with a call for continued critical reflective practice. [For the complete volume, "Bridging Research and Practice in Science Education: Selected Papers from the ESERA 2017 Conference. Contributions from Science Education Research. Volume 6," see ED615249.]
- Published
- 2019
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153. Quantitative methods for estimating flood fatalities: towards the introduction of loss-of-life estimation in the assessment of flood risk.
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Mauro, Manuela, Bruijn, Karin, and Meloni, Matteo
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FLOODS ,QUANTITATIVE research ,QUALITATIVE research ,RISK assessment - Abstract
Risk, including flood risk, can be defined as 'the combination of the probability of an event and its consequences'. Assessing and managing the risk from flooding should explicitly include the estimation of impacts to people. Extensive research is currently ongoing looking at both quantitative and qualitative approaches for assessing flood impacts on people. Although there is some literature available on such approaches, examples of methodological and routinely applications of these methodologies as part of flood risk assessments are rare. This paper focuses on quantitative approaches for estimating impacts of flooding to people, notably on methods for assessing fatality numbers associated with flooding. Three methods for assessing losses of life are discussed in detail. The methods discussed here constitute the forefront of research in Canada, UK and The Netherlands. These methods provide an assessment of the physical consequences of flooding on people and can be used to introduce the impacts to people as quantitative metric for the assessment of flood risk. In this paper, the three methodologies are discussed and applied in a UK case study reproducing the 1953 East Coast flood event. This study aims to provide a comprehensive comparison on both the reliability and the applicability of the methods. We analyse possible added values on using of these methods in systematic analyses, aiming to provide guidelines for applying these methods for flood fatality risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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154. Childbirth Across Cultures: Research and Practice.
- Author
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Chalmers, Beverley
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MATERNAL health services ,CESAREAN section ,CHILDBIRTH ,CULTURE ,INDUCED labor (Obstetrics) - Abstract
Countries and cultures differ in their approach to childbirth, as well as in their research practices. This paper examines 10 surveys of women's reports of their labor and birth in seven countries spanning North America and Western Europe and Eastern Europe. Similarities and differences in practice are highlighted, and the methodological difficulties of conducting research in cross-cultural settings are examined. This paper discusses innovative and culturally unique perinatal practices that are not revealed by such surveys and stresses the importance of sharing such ideas globally. ( BIRTH 39:4 December 2012) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
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155. Case Studies of Geothermal System Response to Perturbations in Groundwater Flow and Thermal Regimes.
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Abesser, Corinna, Schincariol, Robert A., Raymond, Jasmin, García‐Gil, Alejandro, Drysdale, Ronan, Piatek, Alex, Giordano, Nicolò, Jaziri, Nehed, and Molson, John
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GROUNDWATER flow , *SUBSURFACE drainage , *GROUND source heat pump systems , *GEOTHERMAL resources , *HEAT pumps , *HEATING load , *HEAT capacity - Abstract
Global demands for energy‐efficient heating and cooling systems coupled with rising commitments toward net zero emissions is resulting in wide deployment of shallow geothermal systems, typically installed to a depth of 100 to 200 m, and in the continued growth of the global ground source heat pump (GSHP) market. Ground coupled heat pump (GCHP) systems take up to 85% of the global GSHP market. With increasing deployment of GCHP systems in urban areas coping with limited regulations, there is growing potential and risk for these systems to impact the subsurface thermal regime and to interact with each other or with nearby heat‐sensitive subsurface infrastructure. In this paper, we present three numerical modeling case studies, from the UK and Canada, which examine GCHP systems' response to perturbation of the wider hydrogeological and thermal regimes. The studies demonstrate how GCHP systems can be impacted by external influences and perturbations arising from subsurface activities that change the thermal and hydraulic regimes in the area surrounding these systems. Additional subsurface heat loads near existing schemes are found to have varied impacts on system efficiency with reduction ranging from <1% to 8%, while changes in groundwater flow rates (due to a nearby groundwater abstraction) reduced the effective thermal conductivity at the study site by 13%. The findings support the argument in favor of regulation of GCHP systems or, to a minimum, their registration with records of locations and approximate heat pump capacity—even though these systems do not abstract/inject groundwater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2023
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156. Vulnerable workers in insecure jobs: A critical meta‐synthesis of qualitative findings.
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Bazzoli, Andrea and Probst, Tahira M.
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EMPLOYEE psychology ,IMMIGRANTS ,META-synthesis ,EMPLOYEE attitudes ,PSYCHOLOGY of men ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,JOB stress ,PRACTICAL politics ,SOCIAL change ,JOB security ,APPLIED psychology ,CONCEPTUAL structures ,THEMATIC analysis ,WOMEN employees ,POWER (Social sciences) ,CONTROL (Psychology) - Abstract
Job insecurity is a widespread workplace stressor that has been extensively investigated using quantitative approaches. With the use of a critical organisational psychology framework, we conducted a meta‐synthesis of 20 qualitative studies to investigate the experience of job insecurity among vulnerable employee groups (i.e., women and immigrants). The qualitative meta‐synthesis results suggest that there are meaningful differences. Specifically, whereas women were more concerned with and exposed to deteriorating working conditions, men experienced job insecurity as a threat to their identity. Among immigrants, the experience of job insecurity is viewed as largely intersecting with the legal system, impacting their ability to remain in their country and making them feel powerless. Thematic evidence also emerged regarding individual actions that participants use to attain security in contrast to corporate strategies that enhance job insecurity. We contribute to the critical organisational psychology literature by discussing how these results test common academic theories and neoliberal assumptions pervasive within the job insecurity literature: We highlight how organisations manufacture job insecurity, question the existence of harmonious social exchanges, discuss the use of job insecurity as a form of worker control, consider the role of the legal context in aiding worker exploitation and argue for an intersectional view of job insecurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
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157. Noticeboard.
- Author
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Pattenden, Rosemary
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LEGAL evidence ,CRIMINAL justice policy ,DNA data banks ,HUMAN fingerprints ,CRIME prevention ,LAW - Abstract
The article offers information about the documents, papers and reports related to law. The report titled "Criminal Jury Trials: Challenges for Cause Procedures," discusses the final policy positions of the criminal rules in Canada. The paper "Keeping the Right People on the DNA Database," published in Great Britain, reports the benefits of DNA and fingerprints in bringing out justice against the criminals. A consultation paper from Australia, "Model Spent Convictions Bill," is also presented.
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- 2009
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158. Looking again at current practice in project management.
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Fortune, Joyce, White, Diana, Jugdev, Kam, and Walker, Derek
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SURVEYS ,PROJECT management - Abstract
Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of a survey designed to: capture the "real world" experiences of people active in project management (PM) in Australia, Canada and the UK; determine the extent to which those involved in the management of projects make use of the methods and techniques that are available; and discover how effective the methods and techniques are felt to be. Design/methodology/approach – A questionnaire comprising 24 questions with a mixture of yes/no, Likert-scale, multiple choice and open questions was developed. These were designed so that the data gathered could be compared with the results of a similar survey conducted in the UK a decade ago. Professional networks and direct e-mails were used to distribute the survey electronically to potential respondents who were actively involved in PM in the three countries. A total of 150 responses are used in the analysis, 50 from each country. Findings – The results show that there are many areas where the experiences, practices and views are similar across all three countries and are comparable to the earlier UK survey. However, as is often the case, it is perhaps the differences that are of most interest and these are commented upon throughout the paper. Originality/value – This paper sheds light on current practice across three countries and presents a useful historical perspective on PM trends in practice and rates of credentialization of those surveyed. It also provides useful quantitative results that can be used to more broadly speculate and make sense of other qualitative studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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159. Older people's views in relation to risk of falling and need for intervention: a meta-ethnography.
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McInnes, Elizabeth, Seers, Kate, and Tutton, Liz
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ACCIDENTAL fall prevention ,RISK factors of falling down ,PSYCHOLOGICAL adaptation ,ELDER care ,AGING ,ANALYSIS of variance ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,BEHAVIOR modification ,CINAHL database ,HEALTH behavior ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,LIFE skills ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDLINE ,META-analysis ,PATIENTS ,HEALTH self-care ,SELF-efficacy ,ETHNOLOGY research ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,QUALITATIVE research ,ACTIVITIES of daily living ,THEMATIC analysis ,OLD age - Abstract
mcinnes e., seers k. & tutton l. (2011) Older people's views in relation to risk of falling and need for intervention: a meta-ethnography. Journal of Advanced Nursing 67(12), 2525-2536. Abstract Aim. This paper is a report of a meta-ethnography of qualitative studies of older peoples' views on risk of falling and need for intervention. Background. Falls and falls-related injuries in older people are worldwide problems. A conceptual understanding of older people's views about falls risk and need for intervention is useful for understanding factors likely to impact on acceptance of risk and recommended interventions. Data Sources. Seven electronic databases were searched 1999-2009. Reference lists of included articles were screened for eligible papers. Review Methods. Assessment of quality was carried out. Themes and concepts were extracted using a meta-ethnographic approach to compare similarities and differences across the retrieved studies. A line of argument was developed to produce an explanatory framework of the extracted themes and concepts. Results. Eleven relevant qualitative research articles of reasonable quality were identified. Six key concepts were identified: beyond personal control; rationalizing; salience; life-change and identity; taking control and self-management. A line of argument synthesis describes how older people approach self-appraisal of falls risk and intervention need, and how they cope and adapt to falls risk and intervention need. Conclusion. In response to having an elevated risk status and perceived associations with frailty and impact on an independent life-style, some prefer to adapt to this reality by taking control and implementing self-management strategies. Healthcare professionals should take into account beliefs about risk and negotiate choices for intervention, recognizing that some individuals prefer to drive the decision-making process to preserve identity as a competent and independent person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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160. Historical background: early deliberations on and assessments of need for dynamic crush test.
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Pope, R B and Wille, F
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RADIOACTIVE substance transport - Abstract
Beginning in the late 1970s, discussions were fostered by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on the need for additional tests for some type B packages. Consideration at the international level of these early deliberations and tests ultimately led to the inclusion in the IAEA Regulations for the Safe Transport of Radioactive Material of the third mechanical (drop) test for demonstrating the ability of the package design to withstand accident conditions of transport, commonly known as the 'dynamic crush test'. This test included the requirement that the package be positioned so as to sustain maximum damage. Recently discussions have been occurring as to what constitutes positioning on an unyielding target, where considerations are being put forward for clarifying this phrasing and possibly changing the test requirement. Some of these proposed changes could make the test more demanding than originally envisioned. This paper, developed in support of a panel discussion at PATRAM 2010, provides an overview of some of the very early thinking behind the crush test. It includes a graphic demonstration that was used at the time to demonstrate the concerns that then existed. It also provides a brief review of the results of various tests performed in the US, UK and Canada from the mid-1960s through the early 1980s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] - Published
- 2011
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161. Contributions and challenges of cross-national comparative research in migration, ethnicity and health: insights from a preliminary study of maternal health in Germany, Canada and the UK.
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Salway, Sarah M., Higginbottom, Gina, Reime, Birgit, Bharj, Kuldip K., Chowbey, Punita, Foster, Caroline, Friedrich, Jule, Gerrish, Kate, Mumtaz, Zubia, and O'Brien, Beverley
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HEALTH of mothers ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,ETHNICITY - Abstract
Background: Public health researchers are increasingly encouraged to establish international collaborations and to undertake cross-national comparative studies. To-date relatively few such studies have addressed migration, ethnicity and health, but their number is growing. While it is clear that divergent approaches to such comparative research are emerging, public health researchers have not so far given considered attention to the opportunities and challenges presented by such work. This paper contributes to this debate by drawing on the experience of a recent study focused on maternal health in Canada, Germany and the UK. Discussion: The paper highlights various ways in which cross-national comparative research can potentially enhance the rigour and utility of research into migration, ethnicity and health, including by: forcing researchers to engage in both ideological and methodological critical reflexivity; raising awareness of the socially and historically embedded nature of concepts, methods and generated 'knowledge'; increasing appreciation of the need to situate analyses of health within the wider socio-political setting; helping researchers (and research users) to see familiar issues from new perspectives and find innovative solutions; encouraging researchers to move beyond fixed 'groups' and 'categories' to look at processes of identification, inclusion and exclusion; promoting a multi-level analysis of local, national and global influences on migrant/minority health; and enabling conceptual and methodological development through the exchange of ideas and experience between diverse research teams. At the same time, the paper alerts researchers to potential downsides, including: significant challenges to developing conceptual frameworks that are meaningful across contexts; a tendency to reify concepts and essentialise migrant/ minority 'groups' in an effort to harmonize across countries; a danger that analyses are superficial, being restricted to independent country descriptions rather than generating integrated insights; difficulties of balancing the need for meaningful findings at country level and more holistic products; and increased logistical complexity and costs. Summary: In view of these pros and cons, the paper encourages researchers to reflect more on the rationale for, feasibility and likely contribution of proposed cross-national comparative research that engages with migration, ethnicity and health and suggests some principles that could support such reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
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162. When is it efficient to treat juvenile offenders more leniently than adult offenders?
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Pyne, Derek
- Subjects
JUVENILE delinquency ,IMPRISONMENT ,JUSTICE ,CONDUCT of life ,HUMAN capital - Abstract
This paper provides a rationale for two characteristics of juvenile justice systems. First, juvenile justice systems tend to be more lenient in terms of both incarceration rates and time incarcerated. Second, higher expenditures are made to incarcerate a juvenile offender than an adult prisoner. It does this by examining the effect juvenile incarceration has on human capital acquisition and in turn, later incentives to commit crime as adults. In the process, it also offers an explanation of the empirical finding that individuals arrested as juveniles are more likely to be arrested as adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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163. “Worse than Being Married”: The Exodus of British Doctors from the National Health Service to Canada, c. 1955–75.
- Author
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Wright, David, Mullally, Sasha, and Cordukes, Mary Colleen
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PUBLIC health ,PHYSICIANS ,HEALTH insurance ,LABOR mobility ,TRANSNATIONALISM ,EMPLOYMENT in foreign countries ,FOREIGN workers ,EMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Despite a sizeable literature on the evolution of health insurance in Britain and Canada, there is virtually no research on the transnational migration of physicians between these countries in the immediate postwar period. This article hopes to address this neglected subject. Three inter-related topics will be examined. First, the paper will summarize the debate over physician emigration from the National Health Service (NHS) in postwar Britain. It will demonstrate how British social scientists and politicians began to come to grips with a major demographic exodus of British-trained doctors in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Second, it will analyze the changing health human resource situation in 1960s Canada, which focused, for practical and cultural reasons, on General Medical Council of Britain licensed practitioners. Third, through oral interviews of British-trained physicians who settled in Canada during the 1960s, it will examine the professional and personal reasons why physicians left Britain for Canada. It reveals that, among a myriad of personal issues that motivated a physician to leave the NHS, the inflexibility and hierarchical nature of British medicine loomed very large. The paper will conclude by reflecting on the contemporary significance of this fascinating historical phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2010
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164. A COMPARISON OF HEALTH-RELATED EXPENDITURES: A MULTI-COUNTRY COMPARISON.
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Yasin, Jehad and Helms, Marilyn M.
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MEDICAL care costs ,REGRESSION analysis - Abstract
This paper uses panel data regression models, to empirically examine the determinants of health expenditure in six countries: the United States, Canada, Mexico, the United Kingdom, France, and Germany over a ten year period. Empirical findings emphasize the role of various demographic and economic variables on health expenditures including income level, fertility level, mortality rate, population above age 65 (or old-age dependency), and rural population. The regression results for North America and Europe found the fixed effect- model and the random- effect model are favorable over the pooled model. This paper contributes to the existing literature both in terms of the sample studied as well as variable considered. The results reveal that per capita income and the percent of population over age 65; these factors have significant effects on total health expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
165. Teaching cultural diversity: current status in U.K., U.S., and Canadian medical schools.
- Author
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Dogra, Nisha, Reitmanova, Sylvia, and Carter-Pokras, Olivia
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CULTURAL pluralism ,MEDICAL schools ,MEDICAL students ,CULTURAL awareness - Abstract
In this paper we present the current state of cultural diversity education for undergraduate medical students in three English-speaking countries: the United Kingdom (U.K.), United States (U.S.) and Canada. We review key documents that have shaped cultural diversity education in each country and compare and contrast current issues. It is beyond the scope of this paper to discuss the varied terminology that is immediately evident. Suffice it to say that there are many terms (e.g. cultural awareness, competence, sensitivity, sensibility, diversity and critical cultural diversity) used in different contexts with different meanings. The major issues that all three countries face include a lack of conceptual clarity, and fragmented and variable programs to teach cultural diversity. Faculty and staff support and development, and ambivalence from both staff and students continue to be a challenge. We suggest that greater international collaboration may help provide some solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
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166. Migrant workers, migrant work, public policy and human resource management.
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Connell, Julia and Burgess, John
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MIGRANT labor ,GOVERNMENT policy ,PERSONNEL management ,ABILITY - Abstract
Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the key issues related to migrant workers, work, public policy and HRM while introducing the five articles included in the special issue. Design/methodology/approach - The paper reports on the issue which is made up of articles that present research based on surveys, interviews and longitudinal census data. Findings - It is evident that high-performing economies attract migrants from lower-performing economies. However, with influxes of migrant labour there are a number of challenges that need to be met at the organisational and policy levels. Research limitations/implications - The indications are that some economies are beginning to slow and this means that migrant flows will also slow or reverse. The implications for migrant-dependent sectors and countries are not clear, although all five papers indicate areas for further research. Practical implications - Each article includes practical implications depending on the sector, skill and country being examined. Practical implications include the role of day labour centres as HR mediators between organisations and employees, the need for culturally sensitive and tailored training programs to assist professional migrants and the need for policies geared towards the assimilation of migrants and return migrants in order to assist their integration into the labour market. Originality/value - The five articles presented here represent a wide range of approaches, skill levels and sectors within the five counties examined: the USA, UK, Australia, Canada, and Finland. Some, such as the US paper which includes the first national survey of day labour worker centres, present findings from a highly under-represented area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
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167. GRAND CHALLENGE No. 4: CURRICULUM DESIGN - Curriculum Matters: Case Studies from Canada and the UK.
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Welch, John R. and Corbishley, Michael
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ARCHAEOLOGY ,CURRICULUM planning ,PROTECTION of cultural property ,NUCLEAR families ,NATIONAL curriculum ,MASTER'S degree ,CLASSROOMS ,CRITICAL thinking - Abstract
Archaeology in the 21st century faces outward more than inward, with many archaeologists working on projects that actively involve young people, descendant communities, diverse colleagues and clients, and the general public. The ways and means of learning and teaching about the past, as outlined in the curricula of primary, secondary, and post-secondary schools, always reflect the prevalent pedagogies of the age. Our paper comments upon two different ways of learning about archaeology. First, it presents an online university graduate program in Canada for post-Baccalaureate Cultural Resource Management (CRM) practitioners and a module on archaeology and education, which may form part of a variety of Master's degrees in the UK. Second, it examines the ways in which archaeology has been introduced into a range of subjects in the National Curricula of the UK. Our goal is to inspire critical reflection upon the connections between the social milieu in which we teach and learn and the scope and focus of curricula and pedagogy in archaeology. We conclude with comments on current dynamics and desired futures at the fascinating interface of archaeology and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
168. Openness in Malting Barley Value Chains: The Case of Adoption of new Varieties in Canada and the United Kingdom.
- Author
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Zmazhenko, Tetiana, Hobbs, Jill, and Micheels, Eric
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VALUE chains ,BARLEY ,OPEN innovation ,CASE studies - Abstract
Development of new malting barley varieties depends crucially on value chain acceptance. A case study analysis of the adoption of new varieties in malting barley value chains in Canada and the United Kingdom (UK) indicates that openness in value chains is a major contributing factor to a faster adoption rate for new varieties, even if firms conduct R&D in-house. Drawing upon the open innovation literature, this paper applies four degrees of openness framework across two dimensions: a firm's level of openness in innovation strategy, and its degree of openness with the rest of the industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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169. Do disasters predict international pharmacy legislation?
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Watson, Kaitlyn E., Singleton, Judith A., Tippett, Vivienne, and Nissen, Lisa M.
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DISASTERS -- Law & legislation ,VACCINATION policies ,RELOCATION -- Law & legislation ,EMERGENCY management ,EMERGENCY medical services ,HOSPITAL pharmacies ,INTERNATIONAL relations ,POPULATION geography ,LOGISTIC regression analysis ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,DATA analysis software ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics - Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to explore whether a relationship exists between the number of disasters a jurisdiction has experienced and the presence of disaster-specific pharmacy legislation. Methods: Pharmacy legislation specific to disasters was reviewed for five countries: Australia, Canada, UK, US and New Zealand. A binary logistic regression test using a generalised estimating equation was used to examine the association between the number of disasters experienced by a state, province, territory or country and whether they had disaster-specific pharmacy legislation. Results: Three of six models were statistically significant, suggesting that the odds of a jurisdiction having disaster-specific pharmacy legislation increased as the number of disasters increased for the period 2007–17 and 2013–17. There was an association between the everyday emergency supply legislation and the presence of the extended disaster-specific emergency supply legislation AH19093_IE1.gif. Conclusions: It is evident from this review that there are inconsistencies as to the level of assistance pharmacists can provide during times of crisis depending on their jurisdiction and location of practice. It is not a question of whether pharmacists have the skills and capabilities to assist, but rather what legislative barriers are preventing them from being able to contribute further to the disaster healthcare team. What is known about the topic?: The contributing factors to disaster-specific pharmacy legislation has not previously been explored in Australia. It can be postulated that the number of disasters experienced by a jurisdiction increases the likelihood of governments introducing disaster-specific pharmacy legislation based on other countries. What does this paper add?: This study compared five countries and their pharmacy legislation specific to disasters. It identified that as the number of disasters increases, the odds of a jurisdiction having disaster-specific emergency supply or disaster relocation or mobile pharmacy legislation increases. However, this is likely to be only one of many factors affecting the political decisions of when and what legislation is passed in relation to pharmacists' roles in disasters. What are the implications for practitioners?: Pharmacists are well situated in the community to be of assistance during disasters. However, their ability to help patients with chronic disease management or providing necessary vaccinations in disasters is limited by the legislation in their jurisdiction. Releasing pharmacists' full potential in disasters could alleviate the burden of low-acuity patients on other healthcare services. This could subsequently free up other healthcare professionals to treat high-acuity patients and emergencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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170. THEORETICAL FUNDAMENTALS OF FUTURE LAWYERS’ PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AT THE UNIVERSITIES OF CANADA AND GREAT BRITAIN.
- Author
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MUKAN, NATALIYA and STOLIARCHUK, LESIA
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SERVICE learning ,EDUCATIONAL planning ,ACTIVE learning ,CONCEPT learning ,TRAINING of lawyers ,LAWYERS - Abstract
The article presents the results of analysing the main theoretical fundamentals underlying future lawyers’ professional training in the context of university education in Canada and Great Britain. It shows that the development of educational and professional training programs in the field of law in the higher education system of the countries under study is based on a combination of such philosophical and pedagogical theories as cognitivism, constructivism, pragmatism and progressivism. The essence of the abovementioned theories is revealed and their influence on the organization of educational activity for training highly qualified lawyers is emphasized. The paper identifies and characterizes the principle ideas and concepts that are effectively implemented in the process of legal specialists’ professional training at Canadian and British universities, namely: active learning, student-centred learning and service learning. In this respect, attention is focused on the transformation of the role and functions of a teacher and a student in the educational process. The importance of applying a student-centred approach to training future lawyers, which shifts the emphasis from teaching to learning, is highlighted. It is established that the strategy of active training of law students at the universities in Canada and Great Britain is implemented through the use of discussion, problem-solving methods, case method and various types of simulations. It is noted that the concept of service learning is embodied by combining classroom learning with participation in the work of legal clinics and volunteer programs in these countries. The expediency of conducting further comparative and pedagogical research on this issue to outline the possibilities of using constructive ideas and to improve the future legal specialists’ training in higher legal educational establishments in Ukraine is substantiated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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171. Developing evidence-based guidance for assessment of suspected infections in care home residents.
- Author
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Hughes, Carmel, Ellard, David R., Campbell, Anne, Potter, Rachel, Shaw, Catherine, Gardner, Evie, Agus, Ashley, O'Reilly, Dermot, Underwood, Martin, Loeb, Mark, Stafford, Bob, and Tunney, Michael
- Subjects
SOFT tissue infections ,MEDICAL microbiology ,RESPIRATORY infections ,GENERAL practitioners ,MEDICAL specialties & specialists - Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to update and refine an algorithm, originally developed in Canada, to assist care home staff to manage residents with suspected infection in the United Kingdom care home setting. The infections of interest were urinary tract infections, respiratory tract infections and skin and soft tissue infection.Method: We used a multi-faceted process involving a literature review, consensus meeting [nominal group technique involving general practitioners (GPs) and specialists in geriatric medicine and clinical microbiology], focus groups (care home staff and resident family members) and interviews (GPs), alongside continual iterative internal review and analysis within the research team.Results: Six publications were identified in the literature which met inclusion criteria. These were used to update the algorithm which was presented to a consensus meeting (four participants all with a medical background) which discussed and agreed to inclusion of signs and symptoms, and the algorithm format. Focus groups and interview participants could see the value in the algorithm, and staff often reported that it reflected their usual practice. There were also interesting contrasts between evidence and usual practice informed by experience. Through continual iterative review and analysis, the final algorithm was finally presented in a format which described management of the three infections in terms of initial assessment of the resident, observation of the resident and action by the care home staff.Conclusions: This study has resulted in an updated algorithm targeting key infections in care home residents which should be considered for implementation into everyday practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2020
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172. Using the Kano model to display the most cited authors and affiliated countries in schizophrenia research.
- Author
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Lin, Chien-Ho, Chou, Po-Hsin, Chou, Willy, and Chien, Tsair-Wei
- Subjects
- *
MEDICAL subject headings , *SCHIZOPHRENIA , *SOCIAL network analysis , *PSYCHOLOGICAL typologies , *RESEARCH , *BIBLIOMETRICS , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *COMPARATIVE studies , *AUTHORSHIP - Abstract
In order to improve individual research achievements (IRA), this study investigates which affiliated countries and authors earn the most cited IRAs and whether those types of articles are associated with the number of cited papers on schizophrenia from a leading journal in the field. The Kano model was used for displaying the IRAs. Clusters of medical subject headings (MeSH) were applied to explore the core concepts of a given journal. This study aimed to apply social network analysis (SNA) and an authorship-weighted scheme (AWS) to inspect the association between MeSH terms and IRA. About 2,008 abstracts published between 2012 and 2016 in the journal Schizophrenia Research were downloaded from Pubmed Central using the keyword (Schizophr Res)[Journal] on September 20, 2018. The MeSH terms were clustered by using SNA to separate the core concepts and compare the differences in bibliometric indices (i.e., h, Ag, x and author impact factor or AIF). Visual dashboards were shown on Google Maps. Results indicate that (1) the US, the UK, and Canada earn the highest x-index; (2) the top one author from the US has the highest x-index (= 5.73 with x-core at cited = 16.44 and citable = 2); (3) the article type of schizophrenic psychology shows distinctly higher frequencies than others; and (4) article types are associated with the number of cited papers. Four approaches of the Kano model, SNA, MeSH terms, and AWS can be accommodated to display IRAs, classify article types, and quantify coauthor contributions in the article byline, respectively, and applied to other scientific disciplines in the future, not just in this specific journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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173. Recent trends in UK cross-border mergers and acquisitions.
- Author
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Mohammad Faisal Ahammad and Keith W. Glaister
- Subjects
MERGERS & acquisitions ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,STRATEGIC planning - Abstract
Purpose - This paper seeks to outline the driving forces behind the acceleration of cross-border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs) and to review the recent trends involving United Kingdom (UK) companies. Design/methodology/approach - The paper draws on data available from Thomson One Banker and the Office of National Statistics, to examine the trends in CBMAs between 1996 and 2005. Findings - The driving forces underlying the trend of CBMAs are complex and vary by sector. One of the most significant driving forces is technological change. In addition, changes to government policies influence CBMAs by opening up opportunities and increasing the availability of favourable targets for mergers and acquisitions (M&As). Other forces are market drivers, industry-level drivers and firm-level drivers. The scale of CBMAs involving UK companies has increased rapidly in recent years. The area analysis shows that European Union (EU) companies are the most significant target for UK companies followed by the USA and Canada. In terms of distribution within sectors, UK companies tend to acquire more manufacturing companies in the EU, the USA and Canada than in the Asia-Pacific region. In contrast, UK companies tend to acquire more service sector companies in the Asia-Pacific region than in the EU, the USA and Canada. Originality/value - The paper provides an accessible account of drivers of CBMAs and considers in detail the value and scale of activity relating to UK CBMAs. The paper will be of value to academics and practitioners interested in CBMAs as an important element of firm strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
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174. One to one interventions to reduce sexually transmitted infections and under the age of 18 conceptions: a systematic review of the economic evaluations.
- Author
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Barham, L., Lewis, D., and Latimer, N.
- Subjects
TEENAGE pregnancy ,SEXUALLY transmitted diseases ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,MEDICAL care costs ,MEDICAL economics ,PREVENTION of sexually transmitted diseases ,PREVENTION of teenage pregnancy ,EPIDEMIOLOGY of sexually transmitted diseases ,DATABASES ,FERRANS & Powers Quality of Life Index ,COUNSELING ,MEDICAL care for teenagers ,BENCHMARKING (Management) ,COST effectiveness ,QUALITY-adjusted life years - Abstract
Objective: To systematically review and critically appraise the economic evaluations of one to one interventions to reduce sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and teenage conceptions.Design: Systematic review.Data Sources: Search of four electronic bibliographic databases from 1990 to January 2006. Search keywords included teenage, pregnancy, adolescent, unplanned, unwanted, cost benefit, cost utility, economic evaluation, cost effectiveness and all terms for STIs, including specific diseases.Review Methods: We included studies that evaluated a broad range of one to one interventions to reduce STIs. Outcomes included major outcomes averted, life years and quality adjusted life years (QALY). All studies were assessed against quality criteria.Results: Of 3,190 identified papers, 55 were included. The majority of studies found one to one interventions to be either cost saving or cost effective, although one highlighted the need to target the population to receive post-exposure prophylaxis to reduce transmission of HIV. Most studies used a static approach that ignores the potential re-infection of treated patients.Conclusion: One to one interventions have been shown to be cost saving or cost effective but there are some limitations in applying this evidence to the UK policy context. More UK research using dynamic modelling approaches and QALYs would provide improved evidence, enabling more robust policy recommendations to be made about which one to one interventions are cost effective in reducing STIs in the UK setting. The results of this review can be used by policy makers, health economists and researchers considering further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2007
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175. What is child care? Lessons from time-use surveys of major English-speaking countries.
- Author
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Folbre, Nancy and Jayoung Yoon
- Subjects
CHILD care ,SURVEYS - Abstract
This paper examines the definition and measurement of time devoted to child care in the diary-based surveys administered by the United States, Canada, Australia, and Great Britain. Detailed analysis of the relationship between measures of care activity and supervisory care in the American Time Use Survey (ATUS) illustrate the larger conceptual issues at stake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2007
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- View/download PDF
176. Can we sustain sustainable agriculture? Learning from small-scale producer-suppliers in Canada and the UK.
- Author
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Maxey, Larch
- Subjects
SUSTAINABLE agriculture ,ORGANIC farming ,AGRICULTURE - Abstract
There has been particular interest in ‘alternative’ food over the last 10 years, with many policymakers and researchers throughout the Minority World following a growing number of consumers and producers in supporting organic farming and a host of ‘alternative’ food networks. To date, there has been a tendency for theory and policy to emerge somewhat divorced from the grounded practices and experiences of producer-suppliers themselves within these networks. Urging a shift from ‘alternativity’ to ‘sustainability’ as a more critical and valuable tool to analyse food networks, this paper draws upon in-depth ethnographic research with small-scale producer-supplier case studies in south Wales and southern Ontario. In so doing it explores often overlooked voices and stories within sustainable food discourses. Focusing on the value of farmer-led understandings and responses, the paper highlights important implications for policymakers and consumers and outlines future research on sustainable food networks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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- View/download PDF
177. Risk disclosure: An exploratory study of UK and Canadian banks.
- Author
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Linsley, Philip M., Shrives, Phillip J., and Crumpton, Mandy
- Subjects
CREDIT risk ,RISK assessment ,DISCLOSURE ,BANKING industry ,STAKEHOLDERS - Abstract
It is important that stakeholders receive relevant information to be able to understand the risk profile of any financial firm they have an interest in. This study examines risk disclosure practices within annual reports of Canadian and UK banks; these being chosen because of the relatively advanced state of the risk disclosure debate within the respective countries. The paper analyses and classifies the risk information communicated by the sample banks and discusses the nature of the risk disclosures. The usefulness of current disclosures is questioned as relatively little quantitative risk information is disclosed and there is a very strong bias towards disclosing past rather than future risk-related information. Risk disclosure is still evolving within the academic literature and therefore suggestions are made for further empirical research, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
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178. Strengthening the Bonds of the Commonwealth: the Imperial Relations Trust and Australian, New Zealand and Canadian broadcasting personnel in Britain, 1946–1952.
- Author
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Potter, SimonJ.
- Subjects
PUBLIC service radio programs ,RADIO broadcasting ,BROADCASTING industry ,MASS media - Abstract
This paper focuses on the years immediately following the Second World War, a period in which imperial factors also continued to shape broader migration patterns and policy in Great Britain and the Dominions. It looks in particular at the experiences of public service radio broadcasting officers who traveled to Great Britain from the Dominions with the support of bursaries provided by the Imperial Relations Trust (IRT). This scheme ran for over a decade, and also funded bursars from India, Pakistan and Ceylon, and visits by British broadcasting officers to other Commonwealth countries. The experiences of all these bursars are of similar historical interest, but are not dealt with here, as they raise questions and involve historiographical debates that reach beyond the scope of a short paper. This paper focuses on the men and women from Canada, Australia and New Zealand who traveled to Britain in the early years of the scheme’s operation.
- Published
- 2005
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179. Multiple Institutional Paths of Multicultural Education: Comparing the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
- Subjects
MULTICULTURAL education ,INDIGENOUS peoples ,ETHNIC groups ,HISTORY ,GOVERNMENT policy ,CULTURAL pluralism - Abstract
Why has multicultural education developed differently in the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom, politically and culturally similar countries? I address this question with a historical and comparative study of how these three nations responded differently to the same global institutional trends. I show how not only did the existing institutional and ideological architecture of each country filter how it adopted the logic of pluralism that spread multiculturalism throughout the Anglo-American world in the 1960s and 1970s but that the resulting institutional settlement in each country was in turn unsettled by the neoliberal market logic that reshaped national education systems in the 1980s and 1990s, in turn altering domestic multicultural policies. Overall, this paper shows that not only do nation-level differences shape institutional change but do so through the accumulation of solutions to particular framings of domestic problems in the context of the global institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
180. Mechanisms of poverty alleviation: anti-poverty effects of non-means-tested and means-tested benefits in five welfare states.
- Author
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Nelson, Kenneth
- Subjects
WELFARE state ,SOCIAL policy ,POVERTY - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of European Social Policy is the property of Sage Publications, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2004
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181. THE IMPERIAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CANADIAN-AMERICAN RECIPROCITY PROPOSALS OF 1911.
- Author
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Potter, Simon J.
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL relations ,INTERNATIONAL alliances ,POLITICAL science - Abstract
This article builds on the recent willingness among British, Canadian, and imperial historians to question older national histories, and to re-examine how the divergent societies, economies, and polities of the empire once interacted in a wider 'British world'. It argues that the press acted as a key mechanism for the transmission of political ideas through the permeable internal boundaries of empire. This is demonstrated through analysis of contemporary debate over the Canadian American reciprocity proposals of 1911. This controversy provided an opportunity for political groups in Britain and Canada to use the press to forge alliances with each other and work together on a specific issue. Two key forces made this possible. In Britain, constructive imperialists had since 1903 sought to rally Dominion support for tariff reform, initially with limited success. In Canada, neither western farmers nor eastern manufacturers seemed interested in imperial preference. It was the reciprocity proposals that changed the situation, providing the second driving force. Canadian manufacturing interests, seeking to prevent the lowering of tariff barriers against United States rivals, began to court British constructive imperialists. As a result political conflict was reshaped both in colony and metropole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
182. Health care priority setting: principles, practice and challenges.
- Author
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Mitton, Craig and Donaldson, Cam
- Subjects
MEDICAL care ,RESOURCE allocation ,DECISION making ,RATIONING - Abstract
Background: Health organizations the world over are required to set priorities and allocate resources within the constraint of limited funding. However, decision makers may not be well equipped to make explicit rationing decisions and as such often rely on historical or political resource allocation processes. One economic approach to priority setting which has gained momentum in practice over the last three decades is program budgeting and marginal analysis (PBMA). Methods: This paper presents a detailed step by step guide for carrying out a priority setting process based on the PBMA framework. This guide is based on the authors' experience in using this approach primarily in the UK and Canada, but as well draws on a growing literature of PBMA studies in various countries. Results: At the core of the PBMA approach is an advisory panel charged with making recommendations for resource re-allocation. The process can be supported by a range of 'hard' and 'soft' evidence, and requires that decision making criteria are defined and weighted in an explicit manner. Evaluating the process of PBMA using an ethical framework, and noting important challenges to such activity including that of organizational behavior, are shown to be important aspects of developing a comprehensive approach to priority setting in health care. Conclusion: Although not without challenges, international experience with PBMA over the last three decades would indicate that this approach has the potential to make substantial improvement on commonly relied upon historical and political decision making processes. In setting out a step by step guide for PBMA, as is done in this paper, implementation by decision makers should be facilitated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2004
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183. DEVELOPING HEALTH IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE FUTURES IN SMALL ISLAND STATES AND TERRITORIES.
- Author
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Douglas, Calbert H.
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL impact analysis ,SUSTAINABLE development ,ENVIRONMENTAL health ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
This paper argues that small island states and territories provide a case for the application of health impact assessments. Their characteristic ecological fragility, vulnerability, relatively small size and limited resources give cause for environmental impact concerns. The tendency, therefore, is for decision-makers and developers to focus upon the economic benefits of proposed development projects while mitigating their environmental impacts, paying little attention to health impacts. The paper defines health status and health determinants and provides a toolkit of guidelines for carrying out health impact assessment in small islands. It discusses the approaches and lessons from the UK and Canada by which assessors in small islands can develop health impact assessment processes within their own contexts. The paper identifies the positive and negative health impacts that assessors should consider in assessing the impacts from tourism. The conclusions point to policy implications and the need for decision-makers to incorporate health impact assessment into their respective island's planning and regulatory frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
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- View/download PDF
184. Some international evidence on the stability of aggregate import demand function.
- Author
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Matsubayashi, Yoichi and Hamori, Shigeyuki
- Subjects
INTERNATIONAL trade ,INTERNATIONAL economic relations - Abstract
This paper empirically analyses the stability of the aggregate import demand function for G7 countries. The standard cointegration test and a test developed by Gregory and Hansen are performed. The results of standard cointegration tests suggest that there is no stable cointegrating relation between real import, real GDP and relative import price for all G7 countries. The cointegrating relation is empirically supported for France and Germany if structural change for cointegrating vector is explicitly taken into consideration. The cointegrating relation is empirically rejected for Canada, Italy, Japan, the UK and the USA. Thus, the stimulation of domestic business conditions will not necessarily link the quantity of imports for these five countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2003
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185. What Went Wrong? The Downfall of Arthur Andersen and the Construction of Controllability Boundaries Surrounding Financial Auditing.
- Author
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Gendron, Yves and Spira, Laura F.
- Subjects
AUDITING of corporations ,ACCOUNTANTS ,GOVERNMENT policy - Abstract
This paper aims to improve understanding of the construction of controllability boundaries surrounding the financial audit function through a set of interviews with former members of Arthur Andersen reflecting on the collapse of their firm. Our focus is how members, in light of their firm's downfall, assess the abilities of public accounting firms to control financial audit work and auditor behavior (i.e., organizational controllability), and the abilities of outside, nonaccounting bodies to regulate financial auditing (i.e., regulatory controllability). The investigation is predicated on interviews with 25 former partners and employees of Arthur Andersen, mostly in Canada and the United Kingdom. Our qualitative analysis indicates that a majority of interviewees adheres to the view that financial auditing can best be controlled by means of a network of bureaucratic and clan controls established within accounting firm organizations, without any direct involvement on the part of regulators. A number of interviewees consider that reinforcing outside regulation is necessary to discipline financial auditors. In spite of these differences, the vast majority of interviewees consider that financial auditing is controllable (by organizational or regulatory control), which is of interest, given their spatial and emotional proximity to the controversial collapse of their firm. Also, most participants do not see the professional association as a useful or relevant party in helping the professional accounting community maneuvering in times of turmoil. Important governance issues, ensuing from our analysis, are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
186. Library and Information Professionals as Knowledge Engagement Specialists. Theories, Competencies and Current Educational Possibilities in Accredited Graduate Programmes
- Author
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Prado, Javier Calzada and Marzal, Miguel Angel
- Abstract
Introduction: The role of library and information science professionals as knowledge facilitators is solidly grounded in the profession's theoretical foundations as much as connected with its social relevance. Knowledge science is presented in this paper as a convenient theoretical framework for this mission, and knowledge engagement services--knowledge brokering, knowledge readiness and knowledge promotion--as an area that might serve to reframe and expand traditional services such as reference, information literacy and outreach and cultural programming. A key competency for knowledge engagement specialists is mastering instruction, aimed at the efficient fostering of innovation and the creation of new knowledge within organizations and society. The purpose of this paper is to analyse current supply of courses covering instructional related competencies in accredited graduate programmes. Methods: Main professional competency standards and courses currently offered in accredited graduate programmes (United States, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia) are analysed. Results: Results suggest that although some relevant competencies have been included by professional associations in their competency standards for all types of information professionals, instructional competencies have not received much attention in graduate educational programmes other than in concentrations or tracks targeted at future school or academic librarians. Conclusion: It is concluded that further research on competencies and education for knowledge engagement is required in order to fully develop this role within the profession. [This paper was published as part of: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Conceptions of Library and Information Science, Copenhagen, Denmark, 19-22 August, 2013.]
- Published
- 2013
187. 6. Conclusion.
- Author
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Schmidt, Julia, Pilgrim, Graham, and Mourougane, Annabelle
- Subjects
NATURAL language processing ,OCCUPATIONS ,INDUSTRIES ,INTERNET advertising ,JOB postings - Abstract
The article presents the conclusion of a research which developed an natural language processing (NLP) approach to estimate the data intensity of occupations and sectors in Great Britain, Canada and the U.S. Topics include the use of online job advertisements, the advantages and limitations of the NLP approach, andn the other possible applications of the NLP approach such as capturing concepts outside the realm of traditional occupation classifications.
- Published
- 2023
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188. Demographics and Education: The 20 Richest Countries
- Author
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Marchant, Gregory J. and Johnson, Jessica J.
- Abstract
This paper explores the PISA [Programme for International Student Assessment] achievement of twenty countries in light of some of their demographic differences. SES [student socioeconomic status], nuclear family, gender, home language, and native status were predictive of achievement for every country. Demographics accounted for as little as 8 percent to as much as 22 percent of individual score variance depending on the country and subject. Being male was almost a universal advantage in math, but was a far greater disadvantage in reading for every country. The relative performance of some countries changed when scores were adjusted for demographic differences; however, the Asian countries and Finland remained on top. Instructional strategies related to countries performing above expectations were explored.
- Published
- 2012
189. Two Cultures, Two Dialogists and Two Intersecting Theories
- Author
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Ravenscroft, Lesley
- Abstract
This paper presents some possibilities for applying the linguistic and psychological theories of two dialogists, Mikhail Bakhtin and Jacques Lacan, to the classroom. There is a short summary of how the two theories may interact with each other and then a discussion of their two opposing views of identity formation. Bakhtin was a Russian, coming from the collectivist paradigm and Lacan's theories were arcane combinations of Freud's emphasis on the needs of the individual and French post-Revolutionary individualism. Lacan insisted that one could only become "whole" at the cost of incompleteness for another. Bakhtin opined that completeness could only be achieved within experiences shared and co-constructed by others. This paper concludes with the question of how teachers can ensure the positive experience of co-construction rather than one person paying a cost for the other's identity-formation and whether it is possible to fully implement insights from a collectivistic paradigm in an education system where the stated aim is to enable each individual to meet his/her potential. (Contains 1 figure and 1 footnote.)
- Published
- 2012
190. The Gendering of Mathematics among Facebook Users in English Speaking Countries
- Author
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Forgasz, Helen, Leder, Gilah, and Tan, Hazel
- Abstract
Using an innovative recruitment tool, the social network site Facebook, survey data were gathered from samples of the Australian general public and from around the world. Views on the gendering of mathematics, science, and ICT were gathered. In this paper we report the findings from six of the 15 questions on the survey, and only from respondents in predominantly English-speaking countries. The findings reveal that the majority was not gender-stereotyped about mathematics and related careers. However, if a gendered view was held, it was overwhelming to endorse the male stereotype. Male respondents' views were more strongly gendered than were females'. [For the complete proceedings, see ED585874.]
- Published
- 2011
191. Articulating Connections between the Harm-Reduction Paradigm and the Marginalisation of People Who Use Illicit Drugs.
- Author
-
Souleymanov, Rusty and Allman, Dan
- Subjects
HEPATITIS C prevention ,HIV prevention ,DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) ,DRUG addiction ,DRUGS of abuse ,HEALTH policy ,NEEDLE exchange programs ,PARADIGMS (Social sciences) ,PHILOSOPHY ,PRACTICAL politics ,PUBLIC welfare ,SOCIAL case work ,SOCIAL change ,SOCIAL work research ,SOCIAL stigma ,SUBSTANCE abuse ,HARM reduction ,DRUG abusers - Abstract
In this pa per, we argue for the importance of unsettling dominant narratives in the current terrain of harm-reduction policy, practice and research. To accomplish this, we trace the historical developments regarding the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and harm-reduction policies and practice. We argue that multiple historical junctures rather than single causes of social exclusion engender the processes of marginalisation, propelled by social movements, institutional interests, state legislation, community practices, neo-liberalism and governmentality techniques. We analyse interests (activist, lay expert, institutional and state) in the harm-reduction field, and consider conceptualisations of risk, pleasure, stigma, social control and exclusionary moral identities. Based on our review of the literature, this paper provides recommendations for social workers and others delivering health and social care interested in the fields of substance use, HIV prevention and harm reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
192. Lone parents, health, wellbeing and welfare to work: a systematic review of qualitative studies.
- Author
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Campbell, Mhairi, Thomson, Hilary, Fenton, Candida, and Gibson, Marcia
- Subjects
SINGLE parents ,QUALITATIVE research ,POVERTY rate ,HIGH-income countries ,COMPARATIVE studies ,EMPLOYMENT ,HEALTH status indicators ,RESEARCH methodology ,MEDICAL cooperation ,POVERTY ,PUBLIC welfare ,RESEARCH ,RESEARCH funding ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,EVALUATION research - Abstract
Background: Lone parents and their children experience higher than average levels of adverse health and social outcomes, much of which are explained by high rates of poverty. Many high income countries have attempted to address high poverty rates by introducing employment requirements for lone parents in receipt of welfare benefits. However, there is evidence that employment may not reduce poverty or improve the health of lone parents and their children.Methods: We conducted a systematic review of qualitative studies reporting lone parents' accounts of participation in welfare to work (WtW), to identify explanations and possible mechanisms for the impacts of WtW on health and wellbeing. Twenty one bibliographic databases were searched. Two reviewers independently screened references and assessed study quality. Studies from any high income country that met the criteria of focussing on lone parents, mandatory WtW interventions, and health or wellbeing were included. Thematic synthesis was used to investigate analytic themes between studies.Results: Screening of the 4703 identified papers and quality assessment resulted in the inclusion of 16 qualitative studies of WtW in five high income countries, USA, Canada, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, covering a variety of welfare regimes. Our synthesis found that WtW requirements often conflicted with child care responsibilities. Available employment was often poorly paid and precarious. Adverse health impacts, such as increased stress, fatigue, and depression were commonly reported, though employment and appropriate training was linked to increased self-worth for some. WtW appeared to influence health through the pathways of conflict and control, analytical themes which emerged during synthesis. WtW reduced control over the nature of employment and care of children. Access to social support allowed some lone parents to manage the conflict associated with employment, and to increase control over their circumstances, with potentially beneficial health impacts.Conclusion: WtW can result in increased conflict and reduced control, which may lead to negative impacts on mental health. Availability of social support may mediate the negative health impacts of WtW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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- View/download PDF
193. Deriving health utilities from the MacNew Heart Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire.
- Author
-
Chen, Gang, McKie, John, Khan, Munir A., and Richardson, Jeff R.
- Subjects
CORONARY heart disease treatment ,QUALITY of life ,ALGORITHMS ,STATISTICAL correlation ,GOODNESS-of-fit tests ,NONPARAMETRIC statistics ,QUESTIONNAIRES ,REGRESSION analysis ,RESEARCH funding ,STATISTICAL sampling ,STATISTICS ,SURVEYS ,VISUAL analog scale ,INTER-observer reliability ,DATA analysis software ,MANN Whitney U Test ,KRUSKAL-Wallis Test - Abstract
Introduction: Quality of life is included in the economic evaluation of health services by measuring the preference for health states, i.e. health state utilities. However, most intervention studies include a disease-specific, not a utility, instrument. Consequently, there has been increasing use of statistical mapping algorithms which permit utilities to be estimated from a disease-specific instrument. The present paper provides such algorithms between the MacNew Heart Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (MacNew) instrument and six multi-attribute utility (MAU) instruments, the Euroqol (EQ-5D), the Short Form 6D (SF-6D), the Health Utilities Index (HUI) 3, the Quality of Wellbeing (QWB), the 15D (15 Dimension) and the Assessment of Quality of Life (AQoL-8D). Methods: Heart disease patients and members of the healthy public were recruited from six countries. Non-parametric rank tests were used to compare subgroup utilities and MacNew scores. Mapping algorithms were estimated using three separate statistical techniques. Results: Mapping algorithms achieved a high degree of precision. Based on the mean absolute error and the intra class correlation the preferred mapping is MacNew into SF-6D or 15D. Using the R squared statistic the preferred mapping is MacNew into AQoL-8D. Implications for research: The algorithms reported in this paper enable MacNew data to be mapped into utilities predicted from any of six instruments. This permits studies which have included the MacNew to be used in cost utility analyses which, in turn, allows the comparison of services with interventions across the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
194. Scoping review on mental health standards for Black youth: identifying gaps and promoting equity in community, primary care, and educational settings.
- Author
-
Martínez-Vega, Ruth, Maduforo, Aloysius Nwabugo, Renzaho, Andre, Alaazi, Dominic A., Dordunoo, Dzifa, Tunde-Byass, Modupe, Unachukwu, Olutoyosi, Atilola, Victoria, Boatswain-Kyte, Alicia, Maina, Geoffrey, Hamilton-Hinch, Barbara-Ann, Massaquoi, Notisha, Salami, Azeez, and Salami, Oluwabukola
- Subjects
TREATMENT of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder ,MENTAL illness treatment ,TREATMENT of autism ,MEDICAL care standards ,HEALTH services accessibility ,CULTURAL awareness ,MEDICAL information storage & retrieval systems ,MENTAL health services ,DIVERSITY & inclusion policies ,INSTITUTIONAL racism ,RESEARCH funding ,PRIMARY health care ,CINAHL database ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,MEDLINE ,PSYCHOLOGY of Black people ,LITERATURE reviews ,HEALTH equity ,ONLINE information services ,DATA analysis software ,ASPERGER'S syndrome ,PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems ,RACIAL inequality ,MENTAL depression ,ADOLESCENCE ,CHILDREN - Abstract
Background: Youth mental health is a growing concern in research, practice, and policy. Practice standards, guidelines, or strategies provide an invisible infrastructure that fosters equity, quality, and safety, potentially addressing inconsistencies and more effectively attending to the mental wellness of Black youth as a particular population of concern. This scoping review aimed to address the following question: What standards exist for the delivery of mental health services to Black youth in community, primary care, and educational settings? Due to a limited initial search yield on publications about standards for the delivery of mental health services for Black youth population, our goal was then to identify and map mental health standards, recommendations, or guidelines for the delivery of mental health services using the same settings to all youth. Methods: Searches were conducted in various databases, including PubMed/MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Embase, SocINDEX, CINAHL, Gender Studies Database, Social Services Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Screening was independently conducted by two reviewers, with disagreements resolved by a third. Information extraction was performed by two independent reviewers. Results: Out of the 2,701 screened publications, 54 were included in this scoping review. Among them, 38.9% were published between 2020 and 2023, with 40.7% originating from the United States of America, 20.4% from the United Kingdom, and 13% from Canada. Concerning the settings, 25.9% of the publications focused on primary care, 24.1% on health care services, 20.4% on educational settings, and 3.7% on the community. Additionally, 25.9% were classified as general because recommendations were applicable to various settings. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (11.1%) was the most frequently considered specific condition, followed by autism spectrum disorder (9.3%) and depression (9.3%). However, 31.5% of the included references addressed mental health in general. Only three references provided specific recommendations for the Black population. Conclusions: Recommendations, guidelines, or standards for Black youth mental health services in community, primary care, or educational settings are scarce and limited to North American countries. This scoping review emphasizes the need to consider ethnicity when developing guidelines or standards to improve racial equity and reduce disparities in access to mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
195. Characterizing barriers to care in migraine: multicountry results from the Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes – International (CaMEO-I) study.
- Author
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Lanteri-Minet, Michel, Leroux, Elizabeth, Katsarava, Zaza, Lipton, Richard B., Sakai, Fumihiko, Matharu, Manjit, Fanning, Kristina, Manack Adams, Aubrey, Sommer, Katherine, Seminerio, Michael, and Buse, Dawn C.
- Subjects
MIGRAINE diagnosis ,MEDICAL care use ,HEALTH services accessibility ,RESEARCH funding ,DESCRIPTIVE statistics ,CHI-squared test ,POPULATION geography ,PROFESSIONS ,PHYSICIANS ,MEDICAL needs assessment ,MIGRAINE ,MEDICAL referrals - Abstract
Objective: To assess rates of traversing barriers to care to access optimal clinical outcomes in people with migraine internationally. Background: People in need of medical care for migraine should consult a health care professional knowledgeable in migraine management, obtain an accurate diagnosis, and receive an individualized treatment plan, which includes scientific society guideline-recommended treatments where appropriate. Methods: The Chronic Migraine Epidemiology and Outcomes-International (CaMEO-I) Study was a cross-sectional, web-based survey conducted from July 2021 through March 2022 in Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States (US). Respondents who met modified International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, criteria for migraine and had Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS) scores of ≥ 6 (i.e., mild, moderate, or severe disability) were deemed to need medical care and were included in this analysis. Minimally effective treatment required that participants were currently consulting a health care professional for headache (barrier 1), reported an accurate diagnosis (barrier 2), and reported use of minimally appropriate pharmacologic treatment (barrier 3; based on American Headache Society 2021 Consensus Statement recommendations). Proportions of respondents who successfully traversed each barrier were calculated, and chi-square tests were used to assess overall difference among countries. Results: Among 14,492 respondents with migraine, 8,330 had MIDAS scores of ≥ 6, were deemed in need of medical care, and were included in this analysis. Current headache consultation was reported by 35.1% (2926/8330) of respondents. Compared with the US, consultation rates and diagnosis rates were statistically significantly lower in all other countries except France where they were statistically significantly higher. Total appropriate treatment rates were also statistically significantly lower in all other countries compared with the US except France, which did not differ from the US. All 3 barriers were traversed by only 11.5% (955/8330) of respondents, with differences among countries (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Of people with migraine in need of medical care for migraine, less than 15% traverse all 3 barriers to care. Although rates of consultation, diagnosis, and treatment differed among countries, improvements are needed in all countries studied to reduce the global burden of migraine. Trial registration: NA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
196. Lessons for implementing AMT.
- Author
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Burcher, Peter, Lee, Gloria, and Sohal, Amrik
- Subjects
MANUFACTURING industries ,HIGH technology industries ,COMPETITION ,INVESTMENTS ,INDUSTRIALIZATION ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
With increasing global competition for manufacturers, interest has grown among researchers and practitioners in the role of advanced manufacturing technologies (AMT) in assisting firms to maintain their competitive edge. To contribute to the debate, this paper presents three case studies, one each from Australia, Britain and Canada, of companies investing in one type of AMT, computer numerical controlled (CNC) machines. The findings reported in this paper draw on the experiences of companies in developed economies but which are geographically dispersed and have different histories of industrialisation. Nevertheless when it comes to implementing AMT, there are far more similarities than differences in their experiences. The message is that for successful implementation of AMT, companies need to ensure that a broad, market driven perspective is taken to these investments, that attention is given to integration across systems and that people issues require as much attention as those directly relating to the actual technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
197. A Systematic Narrative Synthesis Review of the Effectiveness of Genre Theory and Systemic Functional Linguistics for Improving Reading and Writing Outcomes within K-10 Education
- Author
-
Clarence Green, Iain Giblin, and Jean Mulder
- Abstract
This paper reports a systematic narrative synthesis review conducted on the educational effectiveness of genre theory/systemic functional linguistics pedagogies for improving reading and writing outcomes in K-10 education within mainstream classrooms in Australia, the UK, the USA, New Zealand, and Canada. This framework has significant influence on reading and writing curriculum, teacher training, and literacy practices. However, its evidence base has never been systematically reviewed. An exhaustive database search sourced 7846 potentially relevant studies, which were screened according to guidelines for evaluating evidence through systematic narrative synthesis reviews and standardly applied criteria for educational evidence (e.g., The Centre for Education Statistics and Evaluation, What Works Clearinghouse). Very few peer-reviewed intervention studies with control groups and quantitatively measured outcomes were found. A surprising result. Those studies showing positive effects had flaws in research design and quality that preclude their use as educational evidence. This systematic review indicates that there is insufficient rigorous evidence of the benefits, or lack thereof, of genre theory/systemic functional linguistics--based approaches to teaching reading and writing within K-10 education, at least in terms of measurable outcomes for students. More high-quality research needs to be undertaken as the current research record is not sufficient to prove or disprove the value of this approach.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
198. Multi-party competition with exit: A comment on Duverger's Law.
- Author
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Humes, Brian D.
- Subjects
POLITICAL parties ,BALLOTS ,VOTING - Abstract
Contrary to Duverger's Law, there exist multi-party systems in conjunction with simple majority single-ballot systems. At least three exceptions exist to this "law". Rae (1971) and Riker (1976; 1982) offer explanations for two of the most prominent exceptions, i.e. Canada and India. I also discuss another exception. Great Britain. In this paper, I use a simple one-dimensional spatial model to show that a multi-party system can be supported under a simple majority single-ballot system. This explanation depends on the way political parties exit the system. If parties decide sequentially whether or not to exit, a multi-party system can not be maintained. If political parties make this decision simultaneously, a multi-party system may be able to sustain itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
199. Business Power in Australia: The Concentration of Company Directorship Holding Among the Top 250 Corporates.
- Author
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Alexander, Malcolm, Murray, Georgina, and Houghton, John
- Subjects
CORPORATE directors ,EXECUTIVES ,CORPORATE governance ,INTERLOCKING directorates ,AUSTRALIAN corporations - Abstract
This paper presents results from a comparative study of company directors of the top 250 Australian companies. The paper analyses the concentration of directorship holding in Australia and New Zealand in 1991 and compares this with other Australian, New Zealand, British, Canadian and American studies. The paper argues that while the density of interorganisational interlocks in Australia is quite normal by international standards, such comparisons are substantially affected by the relatively small number of board positions characteristic of Australian companies. When we allow for this external parameter by considering the concentration of directorship holding by persons, there is evidence of a significant concentration of available positions in the hands of relatively few persons in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The paper suggests that the organisation of business power in Australia reflects a continuing tension between principles of regulation derived from the larger economies of Britain and the United States and practical concerns of business leadership in Australia generated by the geopolitical realities facing Australian business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
200. Religious-based discrimination in the commercial context on the basis of sexual orientation: A comparative perspective.
- Author
-
Gray, Anthony Davidson
- Subjects
- *
FREEDOM of religion , *HOMOSEXUALITY , *SEXUAL orientation , *EQUALITY - Abstract
This paper considers how three jurisdictions, Canada, the United States and the United Kingdom, have sought to reconcile freedom of religion with equality rights, particularly in the commercial context, and particularly in relation to sexual orientation. The recent decisions of the United Kingdom Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court form the backdrop for that discussion. It is argued that the former made piecemeal, and misleading, use of American case law, and a fuller consideration of that jurisdiction's position was warranted, and would have led to a different view of the recent American decision. It argues that the United Kingdom Supreme Court was in error in viewing a message on a cake ordered from a baker as an example of the baker's expression, leading it to an incorrect conclusion at odds with statutory mandates in the commercial sphere around refusals of service. Both high court decisions risk undermining progress on the equality front. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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