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This consensus paper introduces a classification of headache care facilities on behalf of the German Migraine and Headache Society. This classification is based on the recommendations of the International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) and the European Headache Federation (EHF) and was adapted to reflect the specific situation of headache care in Germany. It defines three levels of headache care: headache practitioner (level 1), headache outpatient clinic (level 2) and headache centers (level 3). The objective of the publication is to define and establish reliable criteria in the field of headache care in Germany.

In Germany, there is currently no guideline for pain assessment in elderly people. Pain management in nursing home residents is, however, legally required. For this particular group, especially for people with dementia, suitable interdisciplinary orientations for health care are lacking in Germany. The working group "Pain and Age" of the German Pain Society ("Deutschen Schmerzgesellschaft") in conjunction with the German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases ("Deutschen Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen"), Witten, has embarked on the development of interdisciplinary S3-Guideline for "Pain Assessment in Elderly People in Nursing Homes", based on the methodology suggested by the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies ("Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften e. V."), the German Agency for Quality in Medicine ("Ärztliche Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin"), and that described in the DELBI ("Deutschen Leitlinien-Bewertungsinstrument"). Delegates of the 38 scientific societies and interest groups currently participating can contribute to the contents on three different levels. The present article outlines the methods for developing the guideline.

Background: Chronic pain, with a prevalence of at least 17%, is a costly health problem associated with a high burden of disease. Musculoskeletal chronic pain is particulary common, which in many cases is treated with physiotherapy., Aim: The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of innovative, promising physiotherapy interventions in pain management, to present their effectiveness and to discuss their implementation in healthcare., Methods: A narrative review was conducted. The Cochrane, Medline (via PubMed) and PEDro databases were searched using the search terms chronic pain, physiotherapy, prevention, pain education, behavioural intervention, eHealth, and systematic review as well as chronic pain, guideline and relevant synonyms., Results: One guideline review, two guidelines and ten systematic reviews were included. Chronic pain prevention, digital health apps, lifestyle interventions and behavioural approaches were identified as promising and effective interventions for people with chronic pain, showing the potential to meaningfully complement pain physiotherapy and improve quality of care., Conclusions: Despite the predominantly positive results from systematic reviews, implementation in everyday care is difficult due to conditions of care and the contemporary education system for physiotherapists in Germany. Health services research can play an important role in accelerating the transfer of innovations into practice., (© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature.)

Background: Endometriosis is one of the most common diseases in women of reproductive age. Despite characteristic symptoms such as dysmenorrhea, chronic abdominal pain, dysuria, dyschezia and dyspareunia, the average latency until diagnosis is around 10 years. In addition to the individual limitations, the disease also has economic and health policy relevance. The complaints are followed by reductions in working hours, cyclically recurring short-term sick leave or presenteeism with reduced performance., Objective: An overview of the main recommendations of the S2k guideline on the diagnosis and treatment of endometriosis., Material and Methods: For the S2k guideline "Diagnostics and therapy of endometriosis", a systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane according to a defined algorithm and over a period of more than 5 years, from 01.01.2014 to 31.12.2018. For the evaluation, 322 publications, including systematic reviews, meta-analyses and randomized controlled trials were considered and these were assessed by 41 mandate holders and representatives from 25 Association of the Scientific Medical Societies in Germany (AWMF) and non-AWMF professional societies, organizations, associations and working groups of the German Society for Gynecology and Obstetrics (DGGG), as well as two patient target groups., Results: In a structured consensus process, 48 recommendations and 27 statements were formulated, which are presented in extracts in this paper., Discussion: Interdisciplinary cooperation is essential in the treatment of patients with (suspected) endometriosis. This team should include all necessary disciplines in a cross-sectoral network. This is most likely to be achieved in a certified structure.

A great deal of progress has been made in the field of postoperative pain therapy in the last 20 years. Beginning from clinical trials on the effectiveness of individual procedures, such as epidural anesthesia and patient-controlled analgesia, a wide range of healthcare services research as well as basic research with human and animal experiments has been established. Whereas health services research in the 1980s and 1990s focused more on the implementation of acute pain services, outcome-oriented research approaches are nowadays the center of attention. Acute pain registries and pain certification projects initiated in Germany have to be mentioned particularly in this respect. Basic research papers from recent years increasingly address specific aspects of acute postoperative pain and have provided translational approaches that are applied around the world for studying neurobiological mechanisms of postoperative pain. At the same time, interdisciplinary cooperation in research projects has led to a better understanding of complex correlations regarding predictors and mechanisms (including psychosocial aspects) of acute and in recent times also chronic pain after surgery. In parallel, evidence-based medicine has found its way into acute pain medicine in Germany. In 2007, clinical acute pain therapy in Germany was enhanced by S3 level guidelines for the first time; however, the implementation is still incomplete. In future, questions concerning mechanism-based therapy of acute pain need to be equally in the center of attention of research, such as prevention of persisting pain after surgery and acute pain of different origins.

According to evidence-based German national guidelines for non-specific low back pain, a broad multidisciplinary assessment is indicated after persisting pain experience of 6 weeks in order to check the indications for an multi- and interdisciplinary pain therapy program. In this paper the necessary topics, the content and the disciplines involved as well as the extent of the multidisciplinary assessment are described as developed by the ad hoc commission on multimodal pain therapy of the German Pain Society.

The Drug Commission of the German Medical Association has decided to develop treatment guidelines for palliative care. A series of systematic reviews was commissioned to evaluate the evidence for interventions of common symptoms that burden patients and care givers. A common methodology for all reviews is described in this paper. The methodology was based on the work of the European Palliative Care Research Collaborative. Standardized search strategies were identified in PubMed and Embase and these templates were then adapted by the authors of the reviews according to their needs. The template included the target group (patients and disease entities), indications (symptoms) and interventions (medicines and classes of medicines). Target groups included search terms on palliative or hospice care, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, HIV/AIDS as well as cardiac and pulmonary failure. The number of relevant hits was surveyed in the first 40 hits in some exemplary searches. This was used for fine tuning the search templates and to optimize the search strategy in order to achieve the highest possible yield with the minimum possible effort. The review series was performed using this search strategy. Every review graded the quality of the included evidence following categories of the Drug Commission of the German Medical Association. Based on these results and recommendations the treatment guidelines will be formulated which will offer concise and evidence-based guidelines for general palliative medicine, offering primary care givers guidance for adequate palliative care in severely ill and dying patients. The English full text version of this article will be available in SpringerLink as of November 2012 (under "Supplemental").

The care of patients, suffering from acute, chronic, or malignant pain, requires systematic and interprofessional collaboration between all team members to ensure a holistic approach to pain management. In doing so, the different professions are often in a competitive, tense, or dependent relationship resulting from a lack of precise definitions and concepts regarding their responsibilities in the wide field of pain management. Considering pain management as a whole, we can define numerous interfaces concerning competencies and tasks which may open up some new perspectives on concepts of interprofessional education (IPE). Internationally, there have been many attempts to establish concepts of interprofessional education, and it is considered a great challenge to improve continuing medical education. However, interdisciplinary subjects like pain management may benefit from it. Apart from enhancing specialized knowledge, interprofessional education aims to consider the different roles, skills, and responsibilities as well as interprofessional strategies of decision-making. In Germany, only a few efforts have been made with regard to interprofessional pain education. In the following paper, different challenges, tasks, and roles within the field of pain management are discussed in the sense of potential areas of collaboration in the context of interprofessional education. Against this background, the Regensburg model for interprofessional pain management education is described as one national program to enhance the effectiveness of pain management.

This paper examines a new approach to managed healthcare where a network of care providers exchanges patient information through the internet. Integrating networks of clinical specialists and general care providers promises to achieve qualitative and economic improvements in the German healthcare system. In practice, problems related to patient management and data exchange between the managing clinic and assorted caregivers arise. The implementation and use of a cross-spectrum computerized solution for the management of patients and their care is the key for a successful managed healthcare system. This paper documents the managed healthcare of chronic headache patients and the development of an IT-solution capable of providing distributed patient care and case management.

This paper gives a comparative overview of the current clinical care of patients experiencing pain in the musculoskeletal system in Austria and in Germany. The questionnaire used in this study was modified from one used in a survey carried out in Germany in 2002. In our version we asked specifically about pain in the musculoskeletal system. In all 228 health care facilities were reviewed, 56.6% of which offer at least one option for pain therapy. In Austria, the majority of patients with pain in the musculoskeletal system are treated by specialists in the departments of anaesthesiology, internal medicine, and orthopaedics. In 17.4% of the clinics in Austria there are plans to extend the pain therapy they offer, but in over half of the hospitals that responded facilities for pain therapy are considered to be vulnerable. The study highlights a significant higher percentage of in-patient pain therapy services in Austria, while in Germany, in contrast, there are more outpatient options for pain therapy. The quality of pain therapy could by further improved by more intense cooperation between the inpatient and outpatient sectors and by the establishment of interdisciplinary and multimodal solutions.

Objective: Conflicting or ambivalent findings on the effectiveness of body acupuncture in pain treatment are often attributed to flaws in study methodology. The paper describes the methodology used for the German Acupuncture Trials (gerac), which demonstrates that it is possible to design acupuncture studies in accordance with the standards of good clinical practice., Method: Approximately 1000 chronic pain sufferers per indication (migraine, tension-type headache, low back pain (cLBP), or gonarthrosis) are randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups (verum acupuncture, sham acupuncture, or established conservative therapy). Patients are blind to the type of acupuncture. All patients receive ten sessions of treatment (two per week) with an option of adding five more treatments in cases of slight but insufficient improvement (number of headache days or von Korff pain score). Participating physicians are in private practice, representing a variety of specialties. All have completed at least a 140-hour training course in acupuncture. Mandatory and optional verum and sham points are predefined. The point selection is individualized according to the criteria of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Primary outcome measures are number of headache days per month, von Korff Graded Chronic Pain Scale or Hannover Functional Ability Questionnaire (cLBP), or WOMAC scores (gonarthrosis). Data are assessed by trained telephone interviewers not involved in treatment and blind to types of acupuncture., Present Status: Over 500 participating physicians in ten urban areas of Germany. Patient recruitment for cLBP and gonarthrosis was completed in November 2003 and March 2004 respectively. Recruitment for chronic headaches will be completed in autumn 2004., Conclusions: The gerac trials prove that it is possible to design and carry out acupuncture studies in accordance to stringent standards of methodology and clinical practice. The results will form a basis for the assessment of acupuncture effectiveness in Germany and abroad.

Friedrich Wilhelm Sertürner was born near Paderborn in 1783. At the age of twenty he passed examinations as a pharmacist's assistant in Paderborn. In a letter to the editor of Trommsdorffs Journal der Pharmacie Vol 13 (1805) he reported on the isolation of a substance from opium which showed alkaline character and was later called by him "morphine". In 1806, Sertürner moved to Einbeck where he first worked as assistant to the tenant of the magistrate's pharmacy. In 1809, he became pharmacist and, since the tenant was already 75 years old, he intended to take charge of the pharmacy. However,he was not successful. During the invasion of Napoleon Bonaparte's troops into Europe, French legislation became valid in those parts which fell under French government. According to French law, Sertürner was allowed to open a second pharmacy. In Einbeck, Sertürner continued research work on morphine and published the results in two papers. In one of these (1817), he introduced observations made with the drug in humans and for the first time called it "morphine". The French chemist Gay-Lussac showed interest in that publication and ordered a translation into French which earned Sertürner the scientific break-through. His was the first achievement in alkaloid research, and for that he received a doctor degree from the university of Jena in 1817.When Napoleon was finally defeated, Sertürner had to close his pharmacy in Einbeck and found another one in Hameln. When asiatic cholera spread in Germany in 1831, he postulated that cholera is caused by a poisonous,animated reproducing organism and made suggestions to avoid infection which are still valid today.Sertürner was honoured by many institutions but still felt not properly esteemed. His behavior become odd and he debilitated. He died in 1841 and was buried in Einbeck.