34 results
Search Results
2. Mapping the historical development of research in physical activity and health: Providing a platform for future research.
- Author
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Friedenreich CM and McNeil J
- Subjects
- Forecasting, Policy, Exercise, Research
- Abstract
This editorial is a commentary on the review paper by Ramirez Varela et al. entitled "Mapping the historical development of physical activity and health research: a structured literature review and citation network analysis." This editorial highlights the significance and implications of this review, with a particular focus on future research and policy directions., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier Inc.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Integrating worksite health protection and health promotion: A conceptual model for intervention and research.
- Author
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Sorensen, Glorian, McLellan, Deborah L., Sabbath, Erika L., Dennerlein, Jack T., Nagler, Eve M., Hurtado, David A., Pronk, Nicolaas P., and Wagner, Gregory R.
- Subjects
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HEALTH programs , *HEALTH promotion , *BUSINESS enterprises , *PSYCHOSOCIAL factors , *HEALTH outcome assessment , *OCCUPATIONAL disease prevention , *WORK environment & psychology , *INDUSTRIAL hygiene , *LEADERSHIP , *OCCUPATIONAL health services , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *WORK environment - Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the value added by integrating traditionally separate efforts to protect and promote worker safety and health. This paper presents an innovative conceptual model to guide research on determinants of worker safety and health and to inform the design, implementation and evaluation of integrated approaches to promoting and protecting worker health. This model is rooted in multiple theories and the premise that the conditions of work are important determinants of individual safety and health outcomes and behaviors, and outcomes important to enterprises such as absence and turnover. Integrated policies, programs and practices simultaneously address multiple conditions of work, including the physical work environment and the organization of work (e.g., psychosocial factors, job tasks and demands). Findings from two recent studies conducted in Boston and Minnesota (2009-2015) illustrate the application of this model to guide social epidemiological research. This paper focuses particular attention on the relationships of the conditions of work to worker health-related behaviors, musculoskeletal symptoms, and occupational injury; and to the design of integrated interventions in response to specific settings and conditions of work of small and medium size manufacturing businesses, based on a systematic assessment of priorities, needs, and resources within an organization. This model provides an organizing framework for both research and practice by specifying the causal pathways through which work may influence health outcomes, and for designing and testing interventions to improve worker safety and health that are meaningful for workers and employers, and responsive to that setting's conditions of work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Support for vector control strategies in the United States during the Zika outbreak in 2016: The role of risk perception, knowledge, and confidence in government.
- Author
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Piltch-Loeb, Rachael, Merdjanoff, Alexis A., Bhanja, Aditi, and Abramson, David M.
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EMERGING infectious diseases , *VECTOR control , *COMPARATIVE studies , *DISEASE outbreaks , *HEALTH attitudes , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *PEST control , *PUBLIC administration , *RESEARCH , *RISK assessment , *TRUST , *EVALUATION research , *CROSS-sectional method - Abstract
Limiting the spread and impact of Zika was a major global priority in 2016, which required a variety of vector control measures. The success of vector control campaigns is varied and often dependent on public or political will. This paper examines the change over time in the United States population's support for vector control and the factors that predicted support for three vector control strategies (i.e., indoor spraying, outdoor spraying, and use of larvacide tablets) during the 2016 Zika outbreak in the United States. Data is from a nationally representative random digit dial sample conducted at three time points in 2016. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were used, treating data as a pooled cross-sectional sample. Results show public support for vector control strategies depends on both perceived risk for disease and knowledge of disease characteristics, as well is confidence in government to prevent the threat. Support varied based on vector control method: indoor spraying, aerial spraying, and use of larvacide tables. Results can aide public health officials in implementing effective vector control campaigns depending on the vector control strategy of choice. Results have implications for ways to design effective prevention campaigns in future emerging infectious disease threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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5. The dynamics of fresh fruit and vegetable pricing in the supermarket channel
- Author
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McLaughlin, Edward W.
- Subjects
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RESEARCH , *FRUIT , *VEGETABLES , *SUPERMARKETS - Abstract
This paper explains the major factors that contribute to the complicated price formation process, as several levels, of fresh fruit and vegetables in the US. Several factors are explored: marketing channels, market structure changes, pricing techniques and promotional impacts, retail responses to supply changes, and price versus value. The paper illustrates with recent examples and research findings that the fresh produce system is dynamic and that simplistic solutions to complex problems are not likely. The paper finishes by suggesting some areas for needed additional research. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2004
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6. Fruit and vegetable environment, policy, and pricing workshop: Introduction to the conference proceedings
- Author
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Seymour, Jennifer D., Ann Fenley, Mary, Lazarus Yaroch, Amy, Kettel Khan, Laura, and Serdula, Mary
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FRUIT , *VEGETABLES , *ECOLOGY , *RESEARCH - Abstract
Americans’ consumption of fruits and vegetables has increased slightly over the last 10 years, but most people still do not meet the Dietary Guidelines recommendation to consume 5 to 9 servings per day. New and innovative strategies are needed if we are to significantly increase the mean population intake of fruits and vegetables. To help formulate such strategies as well as to evaluate evidence and identify research gaps, the American Cancer Society and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention convened the Fruit and Vegetable Environment, Policy, and Pricing Workshop, which brought together experts in how environmental change, policy, and pricing affect fruit and vegetable consumption. The papers in this supplement consist of a review of environmental interventions to improve nutrition and papers covering pricing and consumer value and how fruit and vegetable consumption can be promoted at worksites, restaurants, grocery stores and other community settings, and schools. Conclusions from the workshop were that existing intervention strategies need to be evaluated, promising example programs need to be disseminated, and new innovative interventions and programs need to be created and evaluated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
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- 2004
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7. Gender-specific effects of physical activity on children's academic performance: The Active Smarter Kids cluster randomized controlled trial.
- Author
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Resaland, G.K., Moe, V.F., Bartholomew, J.B., Andersen, L.B., McKay, H.A., Anderssen, S.A., and Aadland, E.
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PHYSICAL activity , *ACADEMIC achievement , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *ACTIVE learning , *PHYSICAL fitness for children , *EXERCISE & psychology , *CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) , *COMPARATIVE studies , *HEALTH promotion , *MATHEMATICS , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *READING , *RESEARCH , *STATISTICAL sampling , *SEX distribution , *ACHIEVEMENT , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Active learning combines academic content with physical activity (PA) to increase child PA and academic performance, but the impact of active learning is mixed. It may be that this is a moderated relationship in which active learning is beneficial for only some children. This paper examine the impact of baseline academic performance and gender as moderators for the effects of active learning on children's academic performance. In the ASK-study, 1129 fifth-graders from 57 Norwegian elementary schools were randomized by school to intervention or control in a physical activity intervention between November 2014 and June 2015. Academic performance in numeracy, reading, and English was measured and a composite score was calculated. Children were split into low, middle and high academic performing tertiles. 3-way-interactions for group (intervention, control)∗gender (boys, girls)∗academic performance (tertiles) were investigated using mixed model regression. There was a significant, 3-way-interaction (p=0.044). Both boys (ES=0.11) and girls (ES=0.18) in the low performing tertile had a similar beneficial trend. In contrast, middle (ES=0.03) and high performing boys (ES=0.09) responded with small beneficial trends, while middle (ES=-0.11) and high performing girls (ES=-0.06) responded with negative trends. ASK was associated with a significant increase in academic performance for low performing children. It is likely that active learning benefited children most in need of adapted education but it may have a null or negative effect for those girls who are already performing well in the sedentary classroom. Differences in gendered responses are discussed as a possible explanation for these results.
Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov registry, trial registration number: NCT02132494. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
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8. Evaluating community health workers' attributes, roles, and pathways of action in immigrant communities.
- Author
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Islam, Nadia, Shapiro, Ephraim, Wyatt, Laura, Riley, Lindsey, Zanowiak, Jennifer, Ursua, Rhodora, and Trinh-Shevrin, Chau
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COMMUNITY-based participatory research , *HEALTH of immigrants , *HEALTH of minorities , *HEALTH promotion , *COMMUNITY health workers , *CLINICAL competence , *COMPARATIVE studies , *IMMIGRANTS , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL care research , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *QUALITATIVE research , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
Community health workers (CHWs) are uniquely positioned to improve health outcomes in immigrant communities; however, research on appropriate metrics for evaluating CHW attributes and mechanisms of effectiveness are limited. The objective of this paper is to characterize CHW attributes and pathways of action using adapted measures, develop a scale using these measures, and explore how findings can inform future CHW research and practice. The study analyzed pre- and post-intervention group data from one quasi-experimental and three randomized controlled-design parent trials assessing the impact of CHW-led group and individual health coaching on various health outcomes in four New York City immigrant communities. We conducted descriptive, bi-variate and principal components analysis to develop a 13-item scale assessing CHW attributes, roles, and pathways of action. The sample included 437 individuals completing the intervention arm of a CHW study. We found CHWs were reported to affect change through a number of mechanisms and participants expressed substantial communal concordance with the CHWs in terms of country of birth, language, and culture. Principal components analysis with promax rotation identified 13 items with three factors and high Cronbach's alphas: 1) valued interpersonal attributes of the CHW (alpha=0.784); 2) CHW as a bridge to health and non-health resources (alpha=0.857); and 3) providing accessibility beyond health providers (alpha=0.904). Socio-demographic characteristics and differences in CHW pathways of action were identified by community. Study findings can guide improved selection and training of CHWs. Further, measures identified in the principal components analysis can be used to guide future CHW evaluation efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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9. Medical male circumcision: How does price affect the risk-profile of take-up?
- Author
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Thornton, Rebecca and Godlonton, Susan
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HIV prevention , *CIRCUMCISION , *CONDOM use , *SEXUAL partners , *MONETARY incentives , *HIV infection epidemiology , *COMPARATIVE studies , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *MOTIVATION (Psychology) , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *RISK-taking behavior , *HUMAN sexuality , *EVALUATION research , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *ECONOMICS ,BUSINESS & economics - Abstract
Objective: The benefit of male circumcision is greatest among men who are most at risk of HIV infection. Encouraging this population of men to get circumcised maximizes the benefit that can be achieved through the scale-up of circumcision programs. This paper examines how the price of circumcision affects the risk profile of men who receive a voluntary medical circumcision.Methods: In 2010, 1649 uncircumcised adult men in urban Malawi were interviewed and provided a voucher for a subsidized voluntary medical male circumcision, at randomly assigned prices. Clinical data were collected indicating whether the men in the study received a circumcision.Results: Men who took-up circumcision with a zero-priced voucher were 25 percentage points less likely than those who took-up with a positive-price voucher, to be from a tribe that traditionally circumcises (p=0.101). Zero-priced vouchers also brought in men with more sexual partners in the past year (p=0.075) and past month (p=0.003). None of the men who were most at risk of HIV at baseline (those with multiple partners and who did not use a condom the last time they had sex) received a circumcision if they were offered a positive-priced voucher. Lowering the price to zero increased circumcision take-up to 25% for men of this risk group. The effect of price on take-up was largest among those at highest risk (p=0.096).Conclusions: Reducing the price of circumcision surgery to zero can increase take-up among those who are most at risk of HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2016
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10. Prevalence and trends in physical activity among older adults in the United States: A comparison across three national surveys.
- Author
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Keadle, Sarah Kozey, McKinnon, Robin, Graubard, Barry I., and Troiano, Richard P.
- Subjects
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PHYSICAL activity , *OLDER people , *PATIENT compliance , *HEALTH surveys , *AEROBIC exercises , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ETHNIC groups , *EXERCISE , *HEALTH behavior , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *POPULATION , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH funding , *RISK assessment , *SURVEYS , *EVALUATION research , *DISEASE prevalence - Abstract
This paper examined how many older adults (65+years) are meeting physical activity (PA) Guidelines (PAG; 150min/week of moderate-to-vigorous PA) using data from three leading national surveys (NHANES, BRFSS and NHIS). The proportion of individuals meeting aerobic PAG was determined for the most recent cycle available for each survey (NHANES 2011-12, NHIS and BRFSS 2013). We also assessed whether PAG adherence has changed over time. Predicted margins from multinomial logistic regression were computed after adjusting for age, race/ethnicity and gender and sample weights. The proportion of older adults meeting PAG was 27.3% for NHANES, 35.8% for NHIS and 44.3% for BRFSS. Across all surveys, men reported higher levels of activity than women, Non-Hispanic whites reported higher levels than Non-Hispanic blacks and Hispanics, activity declined with age and was lower in those with functional limitations, all P<0.05. The proportion of older adults meeting PAG in the NHIS survey, the only survey where PA questions remained the same over time, increased from 25.7% in 1998 to 35.8% in 2013 (P<0.01). Point-estimates for activity levels are different between surveys but they consistently identify sub-groups who are less active. Although older adults are reporting more activity over time, adherence to aerobic and strength training PAG remains low in this population and there is a need for effective interventions to prevent age-related declines in PA and address health disparities among older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
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11. 'Snacktivity™' to increase physical activity: Time to try something different?
- Author
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Sanders, James P., Biddle, Stuart J.H., Gokal, Kajal, Sherar, Lauren B., Skrybant, Magdalena, Parretti, Helen M., Ives, Natalie, Yates, Thomas, Mutrie, Nanette, Daley, Amanda J., and Snacktivity Study Team
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PHYSICAL activity , *GOAL (Psychology) , *RESEARCH , *HABIT , *EVALUATION research , *SELF-efficacy , *COMPARATIVE studies , *EXERCISE , *RESEARCH funding - Abstract
Evidence demonstrates that participation in regular physical activity (PA) reduces the risk of morbidity and mortality. However, current PA guidelines are focused on weekly accumulation of 150 min of moderate intensity PA as a threshold. Although recent developments of this guidance have discussed the merits of short bouts of physical activity, guidance that sets large behavioural goals for PA has not been successful in supporting the public to become sufficiently physically active and a 'one-size fits all' approach to PA guidelines may not be optimal. A complementary 'whole day' approach to PA promotion (i.e. incorporating PA throughout the day) that could motivate the population to be more physically active, is a concept we have called 'Snacktivity™'. The Snacktivity™ approach promotes small or 'bite' size bouts (e.g. 2-5 min) of PA accumulated throughout the whole day. Snacktivity™ is consistent with the small change approach which suggest that behaviour change and habit formation are best achieved through gradual building of task self-efficacy, celebrating small successes. Snacktivity™ also offers opportunities to "piggyback" on to existing behaviours/habits, using them as prompts for Snacktivity™. Moreover, small behaviour changes are easier to initiate and maintain than larger ones. A plethora of evidence supports the hypothesis that Snacktivity may be a more acceptable and effective way to help the public reach, or exceed current PA guidelines. This paper outlines the evidence to support the Snacktivity™ approach and the mechanisms by which it may increase population levels of physical activity. Future research directions for Snacktivity™ are also outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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12. The rapid anti-suicidal ideation effect of ketamine: A systematic review.
- Author
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Hochschild, Annabella, Grunebaum, Michael F, and Mann, J John
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ANTIDEPRESSANTS , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH methodology , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *SUICIDAL ideation , *SUICIDAL behavior , *COMPARATIVE studies , *MENTAL depression , *KETAMINE , *QUESTIONNAIRES - Abstract
In many countries suicide rates have been trending upwards for close to twenty years-presenting a public health crisis. Most suicide attempts and deaths are associated with psychiatric illness, usually a depressive disorder. Subanesthetic ketamine is the only FDA-approved antidepressant that works in hours not weeks-thus potentially transforming treatment of suicidal patients. We reviewed all randomized controlled trials of the effect of ketamine on suicidal ideation to determine if ketamine rapidly reduces suicidal ideation [SI] in depressed patients and how long the benefit persists after one dose and if the route of administration or dose affects the outcome. A systematic review was conducted as per PRISMA [preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses] criteria. PubMed search inclusive of "ketamine" and "suicide" yielded 358 results. Papers (N = 354) were then read by at least two authors, identifying 12 meeting eligibility requirements and eleven RCTs examining whether ketamine treatment ameliorated SI. Four of five RCTs examined racemic ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) given intravenously and found an advantage for ketamine over control for rapid reduction in SI in acutely depressed patients. Two studies examined intranasal esketamine in depressed suicidal patients and found no advantage over saline. One study examined outcome six weeks after a single intravenous dose of ketamine and found benefit for SI sustained relative to 24 h post-dose. Further research is warranted into: optimal dosing strategy, including number and frequency; and long-term efficacy and safety. Ultimately, it remains to be shown that ketamine's benefit for SI translates into prevention of suicidal behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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13. Integrating worksite health protection and health promotion: A conceptual model for intervention and research
- Author
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Deborah L. McLellan, Jack T. Dennerlein, Glorian Sorensen, Erika L. Sabbath, Gregory R. Wagner, Nicolaas P. Pronk, Eve M. Nagler, and David A. Hurtado
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Knowledge management ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Occupational Health Services ,Health Promotion ,Article ,Occupational safety and health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Workplace ,Occupational Health ,Health policy ,media_common ,business.industry ,Control banding ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,United States ,Occupational Diseases ,Leadership ,Health promotion ,Work (electrical) ,Occupational health nursing ,Conceptual model ,Health education ,business - Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the value added by integrating traditionally separate efforts to protect and promote worker safety and health. This paper presents an innovative conceptual model to guide research on determinants of worker safety and health and to inform the design, implementation and evaluation of integrated approaches to promoting and protecting worker health. This model is rooted in multiple theories and the premise that the conditions of work are important determinants of individual safety and health outcomes and behaviors, and outcomes important to enterprises such as absence and turnover. Integrated policies, programs and practices simultaneously address multiple conditions of work, including the physical work environment and the organization of work (e.g., psychosocial factors, job tasks and demands). Findings from two recent studies conducted in Boston and Minnesota (2009–2015) illustrate the application of this model to guide social epidemiological research. This paper focuses particular attention on the relationships of the conditions of work to worker health-related behaviors, musculoskeletal symptoms, and occupational injury; and to the design of integrated interventions in response to specific settings and conditions of work of small and medium size manufacturing businesses, based on a systematic assessment of priorities, needs, and resources within an organization. This model provides an organizing framework for both research and practice by specifying the causal pathways through which work may influence health outcomes, and for designing and testing interventions to improve worker safety and health that are meaningful for workers and employers, and responsive to that setting’s conditions of work.
- Published
- 2016
14. Burden of disease from second-hand tobacco smoke exposure at home among adults from European Union countries in 2017: an analysis using a review of recent meta-analyses.
- Author
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Carreras, Giulia, Lachi, Alessio, Cortini, Barbara, Gallus, Silvano, López, Maria José, López-Nicolás, Ángel, Soriano, Joan B., Fernandez, Esteve, Tigova, Olena, Gorini, Giuseppe, and TackSHS Project Investigators
- Subjects
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TOBACCO smoke , *SMOKING , *OBSTRUCTIVE lung diseases , *INJURY risk factors , *RESEARCH , *ASTHMA , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PASSIVE smoking , *ECONOMIC aspects of diseases , *ENVIRONMENTAL exposure , *QUALITY-adjusted life years - Abstract
Smoke-free legislation reduced second-hand smoke (SHS) exposure in public places, and indirectly promoted private smoke-free settings. Nevertheless, a large proportion of adults is still exposed to SHS at home. The aim of this paper is to quantify the burden of disease due to home SHS exposure among adults in the 28-European Union (EU) countries for year 2017. The burdens by gender from lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), breast cancer, ischemic heart disease (IHD), stroke, asthma, and diabetes were estimated in an original research analysis using the comparative risk assessment method. Relative risks of death/diseases by gender for adults exposed to SHS at home compared to not exposed ones were estimated updating existing meta-analyses. Prevalence of home SHS exposure by gender was estimated using a multiple imputation procedure based on Eurobarometer surveys. Data on mortality and disability adjusted life years (DALYs) were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries and Risk Factors Study. In 2017, 526,000 DALYs (0.36% of total DALYs) and 24,000 deaths (0.46% of total deaths) were attributable to home SHS exposure in the 28-EU countries, mainly from COPD and IHD. South-Eastern EU countries showed the highest burden, with proportion of DALYs/deaths attributable to SHS exposure on total higher than 0.50%/0.70%, whereas northern EU-countries showed the lowest burden, with proportions of DALYs/deaths lower than 0.25%/0.34%. The burden from SHS exposure is still significant in EU countries. More could be done to raise awareness of the health risks associated with SHS exposure at home. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. National implementation of HPV vaccination programs in low-resource countries: Lessons, challenges, and future prospects.
- Author
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Tsu, Vivien D., LaMontagne, D. Scott, Atuhebwe, Phionah, Bloem, Paul N., and Ndiaye, Cathy
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HUMAN papillomavirus vaccines , *MIDDLE-income countries , *MASS mobilization , *VACCINE development , *CERVICAL cancer , *RESEARCH , *IMMUNIZATION , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *MEDICAL protocols , *COMPARATIVE studies , *PAPILLOMAVIRUS diseases , *RESEARCH funding ,CERVIX uteri tumors ,DEVELOPING countries - Abstract
More than 90% of cervical cancer deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which have limited capacity to mount the comprehensive national screening and precancer treatment programs that could prevent most of these deaths. The development of vaccines against the human papillomavirus (HPV) has dramatically altered the landscape of cervical cancer prevention. As of mid-2020, 56 LMICs (41% of all LMICs) have initiated national HPV vaccination programs. This paper reviews the experience of LMICs that have introduced HPV vaccine into their national programs, key lessons learned, HPV vaccination sustainability and scale-up challenges, and future mitigation measures. As international guidance evolved and countries accumulated experience, strategies for national introduction shifted with regard to target groups, delivery site and timing, preparation and planning, communications and social mobilization, and ultimately monitoring, supervision and evaluation. Despite the successes that LMICs have been able to achieve in reaching large proportions of eligible girls, there are still considerable challenges countries encounter in overcoming rumors, reaching out-of-school girls, completing the vaccine series, estimating target populations, monitoring program performance, and assuring vaccination sustainability. New opportunities, such as the entry of additional vaccine manufacturers and ongoing studies to evaluate one-dose delivery, could help overcome the outstanding barriers to higher coverage and financial sustainability. Effective use of the experience to date and advances on the horizon could enable all LMICs to move towards the coverage levels that are needed to achieve eventual elimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
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16. Effect of the SafeCare© intervention on parenting outcomes among parents in child welfare systems: A cluster randomized trial.
- Author
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Whitaker, Daniel J., Self-Brown, Shannon, Hayat, Matthew J., Osborne, Melissa C., Weeks, Erin A., Reidy, Dennis E., Lyons, Matthew, Osborne, Melissa, Weeks, Erin, and Reidy, Dennis
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CHILD welfare , *CLUSTER randomized controlled trials , *PARENTING education , *PARENTING , *CHILD abuse , *CHILD psychology , *PREVENTION of child abuse , *RESEARCH , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *EVALUATION research , *COMPARATIVE studies , *RANDOMIZED controlled trials , *PARENT-child relationships , *STATISTICAL sampling , *PARENTS - Abstract
Child maltreatment has long-lasting negative impacts, and interventions are needed to improve caregiver's parenting skills to prevent maltreatment. This paper reports on a randomized trial comparing the SafeCare© model to services as usual (SAU) for child-welfare referred caregivers. SafeCare is an 18-session behavioral parenting program that teaches skills in positive parent-child interactions, home safety, and child health. SAU is generally unstructured and includes support, crisis management, referrals for need, and parenting education. Teams of providers at nine sites were randomized to implement SafeCare (19 teams; 119 providers) or continue SAU (17 teams; 118 providers). Two-hundred eighty eight caregivers (193 SafeCare; 95 SAU) with children aged 0-5 who were receiving services agreed to complete a baseline and 6-month assessment. Assessments measured positive parenting behaviors, parenting stress, protective factors, and neglectful behaviors using validated scales. Participants were primarily white (74.6%), female (87.0%), and low-income (68.6%), and had a mean age of 29. Latent change score models (LCSM) using a sandwich estimator consistent with the trial design were used to examine changes in 13 outcomes. Results indicated that SafeCare had small to medium effects for improving several parenting outcomes including supporting positive child behaviors (d = 0.46), proactive parenting (d = 0.25), and two aspects of parenting stress (d = 0.28 and .30). No differential change between groups was found for other indicators, including all indicators of neglect. Parenting programs such as SafeCare offer a promising mode of intervention for child welfare systems. Scale-up of parenting programs can improve parenting, improve child outcomes, and potentially reduce maltreatment. CLINICALTRIAL.GOV REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT02549287. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
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17. A gender-stratified, multilevel latent class assessment of chronic disease risk behaviours' association with Body Mass Index among youth in the COMPASS study.
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Hammami, Nour, Chaurasia, Ashok, Bigelow, Philip, and Leatherdale, Scott T.
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BODY mass index , *YOUTH , *BINGE drinking , *CHRONIC disease risk factors , *GENDER , *OBESITY , *SMOKING , *MARIJUANA , *CHRONIC diseases , *COMPARATIVE studies , *DEMOGRAPHY , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *RESEARCH , *RISK-taking behavior , *SCHOOLS , *STATISTICS , *SUBSTANCE abuse , *TEENAGERS' conduct of life , *EVALUATION research - Abstract
This paper sought to examine chronic disease risk behaviour latent classes and their association with Body Mass Index (BMI), assessing for gender differences. Participants were youth (n = 116,086; grades 9-12) enrolled in the COMPASS study (Ontario, Canada) during 2013, 2014, 2015. Multilevel latent class analysis was used to identify underlying, homogenous classes of youths' engagement in physical activity, smoking, binge drinking and marijuana use. Adjusted multilevel models regressed BMI on the latent classes controlling for ethnicity and grade. Three latent classes were identified: active experimenters (ACE), inactive clean youth (INC) and inactive substance users (INSU). This study found that gender differences are apparent in chronic disease risk behaviour latent classes and their association with BMI. INC males (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.78, 0.93) were associated with a lower odds of overweight/obesity relative to active males who experimented with substance use. As for females, the class with the highest proportion of youth using substances were associated with higher odds (Females: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.4) of overweight/obesity relative to their active experimenting peers. As such, youth in latent classes with substance use are associated with higher BMI and weight status. Successful interventions may include school policies/programs that limit screen time use, as they were seen to have a positive effect on PA engagement and including social-influences approaches for substance use. Future research and interventions should be gender-specific as our results show that different latent classes are associated with obesity across genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Monitoring the tobacco use epidemic IV. The vector: Tobacco industry data sources and recommendations for research and evaluation
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Cruz, Tess Boley
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RESEARCH , *TOBACCO , *TOBACCO advertising , *PUBLIC health - Abstract
Abstract: Objective: This Vector paper (IV of V on monitoring the tobacco use epidemic) presents the data sources and methods that can be used to monitor tobacco marketing and makes recommendations for creating a national surveillance system. Methods: In 2002, the Vector Work Group of the National Tobacco Monitoring, Research and Evaluation Workshop identified priority indicators of tobacco marketing: tobacco brand pricing strategies, retail environment advertising and promotional allowances, gray market or smuggling activities, lobbying, direct mail marketing, tobacco brand placements in films, Internet promotions, and sponsorship at bars and events. This paper reviews and identifies data sources and gaps for these priority indicators and for 12 other indicators of interest. Results: There are 38 commercial data sites and Internet sources, as well as individual research efforts that address the priority indicators. These sources are not integrated, often costly, and limited in standardization. Conclusions: Tobacco marketing could be more effectively monitored with the development of a national research network. Surveillance of the tobacco industry''s methods to push tobacco and pull consumers can help the public health community identify new markets and campaigns, justify and tailor effective tobacco control strategies, and evaluate existing counter-marketing efforts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2009
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19. Monitoring the tobacco use epidemic IV. The vector: Tobacco industry data sources and recommendations for research and evaluation
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Tess Boley Cruz
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Standardization ,Epidemiology ,Persuasive Communication ,Grey market ,Tobacco Industry ,Tobacco industry ,Advertising ,Medicine ,Humans ,Marketing ,health care economics and organizations ,Internet ,business.industry ,Health Priorities ,Information Dissemination ,Public health ,Data Collection ,Research ,Tobacco control ,Smoking ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Commerce ,Tobacco Use Disorder ,Pricing strategies ,Work (electrical) ,Population Surveillance ,The Internet ,business - Abstract
Objective This Vector paper (IV of V on monitoring the tobacco use epidemic) presents the data sources and methods that can be used to monitor tobacco marketing and makes recommendations for creating a national surveillance system. Methods In 2002, the Vector Work Group of the National Tobacco Monitoring, Research and Evaluation Workshop identified priority indicators of tobacco marketing: tobacco brand pricing strategies, retail environment advertising and promotional allowances, gray market or smuggling activities, lobbying, direct mail marketing, tobacco brand placements in films, Internet promotions, and sponsorship at bars and events. This paper reviews and identifies data sources and gaps for these priority indicators and for 12 other indicators of interest. Results There are 38 commercial data sites and Internet sources, as well as individual research efforts that address the priority indicators. These sources are not integrated, often costly, and limited in standardization. Conclusions Tobacco marketing could be more effectively monitored with the development of a national research network. Surveillance of the tobacco industry's methods to push tobacco and pull consumers can help the public health community identify new markets and campaigns, justify and tailor effective tobacco control strategies, and evaluate existing counter-marketing efforts.
- Published
- 2008
20. A comprehensive scoring system to measure healthy community design in land use plans and regulations.
- Author
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Maiden, Kristin M., Kaplan, Marina, Walling, Lee Ann, Miller, Patricia P., and Crist, Gina
- Subjects
- *
COMMUNITIES , *LAND use , *HEALTH equity , *GOVERNMENT regulation , *HEALTH , *PLANNING , *POPULATION , *COMPARATIVE studies , *ECOLOGY , *HEALTH promotion , *RESEARCH methodology , *MEDICAL cooperation , *PUBLIC health , *RESEARCH , *SOCIAL control , *SOCIOLOGY , *EVALUATION research ,RESEARCH evaluation ,PLANNING techniques - Abstract
Comprehensive land use plans and their corresponding regulations play a role in determining the nature of the built environment and community design, which are factors that influence population health and health disparities. To determine the level in which a plan addresses healthy living and active design, there is a need for a systematic, reliable and valid method of analyzing and scoring health-related content in plans and regulations. This paper describes the development and validation of a scoring tool designed to measure the strength and comprehensiveness of health-related content found in land use plans and the corresponding regulations. The measures are scored based on the presence of a specific item and the specificity and action-orientation of language. To establish reliability and validity, 42 land use plans and regulations from across the United States were scored January-April 2016. Results of the psychometric analysis indicate the scorecard is a reliable scoring tool for land use plans and regulations related to healthy living and active design. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) scores showed strong inter-rater reliability for total strength and comprehensiveness. ICC scores for total implementation scores showed acceptable consistency among scorers. Cronbach's alpha values for all focus areas were acceptable. Strong content validity was measured through a committee vetting process. The development of this tool has far-reaching implications, bringing standardization of measurement to the field of land use plan assessment, and paving the way for systematic inclusion of health-related design principles, policies, and requirements in land use plans and their corresponding regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Healthy Eating and Activity Across the Lifespan (HEAL): A call to action to integrate research, clinical practice, policy, and community resources to address weight-related health disparities
- Author
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Katie A. Loth, Amy Shanafelt, Amanda Trofholz, Steven D. Stovitz, Marilyn S. Nanney, Katherine Y. Grannon, Caitlin E. Caspi, Jerica M. Berge, and Margaret Adamek
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Aging ,Evidence-based practice ,Guiding Principles ,Epidemiology ,Population health ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,Obesity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Program Development ,Exercise ,Health policy ,030505 public health ,Health Equity ,Population Health ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Stakeholder ,Capacity building ,Public relations ,Health equity ,Call to action ,Evidence-Based Practice ,Diet, Healthy ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Despite intense nationwide efforts to improve healthy eating and physical activity across the lifespan, progress has plateaued. Moreover, health inequities remain. Frameworks that integrate research, clinical practice, policy, and community resources to address weight-related behaviors are needed. Implementation and evaluation of integration efforts also remain a challenge. The purpose of this paper is to: (1) Describe the planning and development process of an integrator entity, HEAL (Healthy Eating and Activity across the Lifespan); (2) present outcomes of the HEAL development process including the HEAL vision, mission, and values statements; (3) define the planned integrator functions of HEAL; and (4) describe the ongoing evaluation of the integration process. HEAL team members used a theoretically-driven, evidence-based, systemic, twelve-month planning process to guide the development of HEAL and to lay the foundation for short- and long-term integration initiatives. Key development activities included a review of the literature and case studies, identifying guiding principles and infrastructure needs, conducting stakeholder/key informant interviews, and continuous capacity building among team members. Outcomes/deliverables of the first year of HEAL included a mission, vision, and values statements; definitions of integration and integrator functions and roles; a set of long-range plans; and an integration evaluation plan. Application of the HEAL integration model is currently underway through community solicited initiatives. Overall, HEAL aims to lead real world integrative work that coalesce across research, clinical practice, and policy with community resources to inspire a culture of health equity aimed at improving healthy eating and physical activity across the lifespan.
- Published
- 2017
22. Mapping the historical development of research in physical activity and health: Providing a platform for future research
- Author
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Jessica McNeil and Christine M. Friedenreich
- Subjects
Focus (computing) ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Citation network analysis ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Research ,Public health ,Physical fitness ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Psychological intervention ,Physical activity ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Policy ,0302 clinical medicine ,Systematic review ,Medicine ,Engineering ethics ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Exercise ,Forecasting - Abstract
This editorial is a commentary on the review paper by Ramirez Varela et al. entitled "Mapping the historical development of physical activity and health research: a structured literature review and citation network analysis." This editorial highlights the significance and implications of this review, with a particular focus on future research and policy directions.
- Published
- 2018
23. Building a culture of health through research: The role of the physical activity research center
- Author
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Tina J. Kauh
- Subjects
Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Research ,010102 general mathematics ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Physical activity ,Context (language use) ,Public relations ,01 natural sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,Interinstitutional Relations ,0302 clinical medicine ,Humans ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Cooperative Behavior ,0101 mathematics ,business ,Exercise ,Research center - Abstract
This paper provides brief context for why the physical activity research center was created and how it supports the national movement to build a culture of health.
- Published
- 2020
24. Applying the concept of culture to reduce health disparities through health behavior research
- Author
-
Marjorie Kagawa Singer
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Operationalization ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Research ,Health Behavior ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cultural Diversity ,Health Status Disparities ,Public relations ,United States ,Health equity ,law.invention ,Conceptual framework ,law ,Cultural diversity ,Premise ,CLARITY ,Humans ,Medicine ,Element (criminal law) ,business ,education ,Ethnology - Abstract
Culture is often cited as an underlying cause of the undue burden of disease borne by communities of color along the entire life cycle. However, culture is rarely defined or appropriately measured. Scientifically, culture is a complex, integrated, and dynamic conceptual framework that is incongruent with the way it is operationalized in health behavior theories: as a unidimensional, static, and immutable character element of a homogeneous population group. This paper lays out this contradiction and proposes a more scientifically grounded approach to the use of culture. The premise is that if the concept of culture were better operationalized, results from studies of diverse population groups would produce findings that are more scientifically valid and relevant to the community. Practitioners could then use these findings to develop more effective strategies to reduce health disparities and improve the health of all population groups. Six steps are proposed to increase our ability to achieve greater clarity on what culture is and to identify how it impacts health behavior and ultimately health outcomes, enabling researchers to build a stronger science of cultural diversity.
- Published
- 2012
25. The prevention of alcoholism and economic alcoholism
- Author
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Don Faris
- Subjects
Injury control ,Alcohol Drinking ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Economics ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Legislature ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Saskatchewan ,Social Control, Formal ,Alcoholism ,Advertising ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Humans ,business ,Alcohol consumption ,Health Education - Abstract
In this paper the author presents the social-health approach to the prevention of alcoholism which was recommended by the Liquor Regulations Committee of the Saskatchewan Legislature. This approach very strongly suggested the need for a pricing policy to reduce overall alcohol consumption and thereby reduce alcoholism. The paper deals with the Erroll Committee's references to pricing policy. The author concludes with reference to the government-industrial complex which must be overcome if alcoholism is to be controlled in North America and expresses concern that we have entered an era of “economic alcoholism” in North America.
- Published
- 1974
26. Behavioral Research Contributions and Needs in Cancer Prevention and Control: Adherence to Cancer Screening Advice
- Author
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Robert A. Hiatt
- Subjects
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Health Behavior ,Medically Underserved Area ,Translational research ,Health Services Accessibility ,Neoplasms ,Health care ,Cancer screening ,medicine ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Cervix neoplasm ,Health policy ,Mass screening ,Gynecology ,Health Services Needs and Demand ,Medical education ,Cancer prevention ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Research ,Managed Care Programs ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Community-Institutional Relations ,Patient Compliance ,Managed care ,business - Abstract
Background.Research has been critical in understanding human behavior related to the early detection of cancer. Methods.Based on the literature and the author's experience, this paper reviews behavioral research accomplishments in the past decade and needs for the future. Results.Accomplishments have included an improved understanding of the barriers to screening, methods to improve the provision of tests by practitioners, and progress in the development and application of community interventions. Outstanding needs are summarized in 12 areas that include a continued focus on underserved populations and an examination of the use of screening tests in the presence of incomplete evidence of efficacy, translational research that explores the behavioral consequences of genetic susceptibility testing, continued development and use of computer-based technologies in the delivery of preventive services, and studies of the potential negative consequences of screening. Critical changes in the delivery of health care in the era of managed care call for increased behavioral research in health services and health care policy. Conclusion.Although this review of research needs is not exhaustive, it is clear that the challenges and opportunities for behavioral research are substantial, and this effort will be a critical part of the overall national research agenda for cancer control.
- Published
- 1997
27. Behavioral Research Contributions and Needs in Cancer Prevention and Control: Dietary Change
- Author
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Karen Glanz
- Subjects
Dietary Fiber ,Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Health Behavior ,Psychological intervention ,Alternative medicine ,Health Promotion ,Nutrition Policy ,Promotion (rank) ,Neoplasms ,Intervention (counseling) ,Environmental health ,Humans ,Medicine ,Diet, Fat-Restricted ,media_common ,Cancer prevention ,Health Priorities ,business.industry ,Research ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Feeding Behavior ,United States ,Clinical trial ,Health promotion ,business - Abstract
This paper summarizes key behavioral research contributions to the promotion of healthful diets and identifies the outstanding behavioral research needs that could lead to positive dietary changes in the United States. Nutrition plays an important role in the initiation, promotion, and progression of cancer. Dietary guidelines for health promotion and cancer prevention recommend diets that are lower in fat and higher in fiber, fruits, and vegetables. Behavioral research on dietary change has become more rigorous and sophisticated in the past decade, with noteworthy contributions in four areas: behavioral research within clinical trials, self-help or minimal contact intervention strategies, school nutrition programs and services, and advances in the development of measures. Work in progress includes large-scale randomized intervention trials, with the majority of funding for studies to increase fruit and vegetable consumption. There are many needs for further research. Six priority areas for behavioral research are identified and discussed: (1) determinants of dietary behavior and change processes; (2) policy, environmental, and organizational interventions; (3) studies of dietary change and exercise and interventions with persons at high risk for diet-related cancers; (4) methodological research; (5) research on diffusion and dissemination; and (6) systematic behavioral research on dietary change in clinical trials. A concerted research effort in the area of dietary change has great potential benefits for cancer prevention and control and for public health in general.
- Published
- 1997
28. Directions for Future Research in Drug Abuse Prevention
- Author
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M.A. Pentz
- Subjects
Information Services ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Substance-Related Disorders ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Research ,Perspective (graphical) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Alternative medicine ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Supply and demand ,Primary Prevention ,Substance abuse ,Risk groups ,National Institutes of Health (U.S.) ,Intervention (counseling) ,medicine ,Technology transfer ,Drug and Narcotic Control ,Humans ,Engineering ethics ,Social science research ,business - Abstract
This paper describes future directions for research in drug abuse prevention from six perspectives that are relevant to NIH: integrated demand and supply reduction, strategic prevention that addresses whole populations and high risk groups, comprehensive or extended prevention that includes multiple channels and periods for intervention delivery, technology transfer, prevention research methods development, and finally, the overarching perspective of interfacing basic and social science research approaches. Specific research questions are summarized that represent each perspective, with implications for NIH policy.
- Published
- 1994
29. The cancer information service research consortium: a brief retrospective and a preview of the future
- Author
-
Alfred C. Marcus
- Subjects
Information Services ,Service (systems architecture) ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Interprofessional Relations ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cancer ,Library science ,medicine.disease ,First generation ,United States ,Service research ,Neoplasms ,Medicine ,Humans ,Organizational Objectives ,Research questions ,business ,Program Evaluation - Abstract
The Cancer Information Service Research Consortium (CISRC) was initially funded by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in 1993 to examine seven key research questions. In this paper, the final results pertaining to these seven research questions are briefly reviewed, as well as several key lessons that have been learned from this unique research collaboration. Also described is the second generation of CISRC research that was recently funded by the NCI and is now in its first year of development. The results obtained from the first generation of research should provide the Cancer Information Service, as well as other organizations and agencies, with several viable programmatic options for the future.
- Published
- 1998
30. Balancing research and service: the experience of the cancer information service
- Author
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Marion Morra, JoAnn A. Ward, Marsha Woodworth, William Stengle, Sharon Davis, Linda Fleisher, Sherri L. Darrow, Susan K. Baum, and Rosemarie Slevin-Perocchia
- Subjects
Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Interprofessional Relations ,Consistency (negotiation) ,Resource (project management) ,Cancer control ,Neoplasms ,medicine ,Humans ,media_common ,Information Services ,business.industry ,Communication ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health Plan Implementation ,Cancer ,Public relations ,Focus Groups ,medicine.disease ,United States ,Service research ,General partnership ,Service (economics) ,business ,Staff training - Abstract
Background. The National Cancer Institute's Cancer Information Service (CIS), the nation's foremost resource for cancer information, has supported cancer control research throughout its 22-year history. The Cancer Information Service Research Consortium (CISRC) is a consortium established to fully involve the CIS in theory-based cancer control research. Methods. This paper focuses on the experiences of the CIS Project Directors in the development and implementation of three research projects within the CIS program. Conclusions are drawn from discussions that have taken place over time in such venues as conference calls, CISRC Members Council meetings, and project advisory meetings. Results. Overall, the CISRC/CIS collaboration has been successful. A number of factors have contributed to this success, including the perceived value of the research within the CIS and the mechanisms and structures established to foster collaboration. The lessons learned, based on the challenges and opportunities of implementing these intervention research projects within the operations of the regional CIS offices, are discussed. Conclusions. Integration of research within a service program requires careful planning and preparation. Mutual benefit, shared ownership, consistency with current practice, staff training, and the value of research to each partner were essential ingredients to the success of this collaboration.
- Published
- 1998
31. Prevention of HIV and STD infections
- Author
-
Margaret A. Chesney
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Epidemiology ,Health Behavior ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,Sexually Transmitted Diseases ,HIV Infections ,urologic and male genital diseases ,medicine.disease_cause ,Risk Factors ,medicine ,Humans ,Health Education ,business.industry ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,virus diseases ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,United States ,Important research ,Family medicine ,Immunology ,Research questions ,Female ,business - Abstract
The objective of this paper is to identify the key research questions that need to be addressed in order to improve our prevention efforts in the areas of HIV and other STDs. First, the dimension of the problem posed by HIV and other STDs will be summarized. Second, evidence of an epidemiologic synergy between HIV and other STDs will be reviewed. Finally, important research questions and innovative strategies for prevention of HIV and STD infections will be outlined.
- Published
- 1994
32. Prevention of oral complications in cancer patients
- Author
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Douglas E. Peterson
- Subjects
Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Epidemiology ,Context (language use) ,Antineoplastic Agents ,Myelosuppressive therapy ,Oral cavity ,Pharyngeal cancer ,Neoplasms ,Medicine ,Humans ,Intensive care medicine ,Aged ,Radiotherapy ,business.industry ,Research ,Pharynx ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Cancer ,Pharyngeal Neoplasms ,medicine.disease ,Surgery ,stomatognathic diseases ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Research strategies ,Female ,Mouth Neoplasms ,business ,Consensus development ,Mouth Diseases - Abstract
This paper identifies future research strategies relative to prevention of oral complications of cancer and its treatment, with specific emphasis on radiation and/or myelosuppressive therapy. Data relative to both oral/pharyngeal cancers and cancers the treatment of which profoundly affects the oral cavity are highlighted. The basis for the presentation is: (a) the report that emanated from the 1989 National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference on "Oral Complications of Cancer Therapies: Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment," the proceedings of which were published in 1990; and (b) the Statistics Review Monograph "Cancers of the Oral Cavity and Pharynx, 1973-1987," published in 1991. In this context, discussion on preventive research strategies relative to surgical therapy of the cancer patient is minimal. Emphasis is placed on prevention of oral complications in the older adult cancer patient.
- Published
- 1994
33. The teaching of preventive medicine in American medical schools, 1940–1980
- Author
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William H. Barker and Steven Jonas
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Biometry ,Epidemiology ,education ,Alternative medicine ,Primary care ,Medical care ,medicine ,Curriculum development ,Humans ,Preventive healthcare ,Medical education ,Education, Medical ,Primary Health Care ,business.industry ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Health Services ,History, 20th Century ,United States ,Family medicine ,Comprehensive Health Care ,Preventive Medicine ,Biostatistics ,business ,Residency training - Abstract
The concept of incorporating prevention into clinical medicine has been addressed by academic medicine since the 1940s. Results reflect the dominant interests of academic medicine over time. This paper reviews this experience, as reflected in national conferences and related activities largely sponsored by the Association of Teachers of Preventive Medicine, and assesses implications for the 1980s. The consensus of the 1940s was that medical education should focus upon quantitative disciplines. Clinical applicability was considered important, but little was developed. Convening in 1952, deans, clinicians, and preventive medicine faculty strongly recommended teaching clinical prevention in “comprehensive care” programs. This movement was eclipsed by research and specialization. Academic preventive medicine focused on residency training and research, culminating in a major conference in 1963. Epidemiology and biostatistics flourished, while teaching clinical prevention received little attention. By 1970, dominant interest shifted to health services policy and research. Currently, some preventive medicine departments have affiliated with primary care training programs, and policy makers are focusing upon prevention. A number of nationally sponsored curriculum development projects deal with preventive aspects of primary care. Under these circumstances, incorporation of prevention into medical practice seems likely to succeed at the academic level. This may in turn stimulate similar occurrences in the medical care system.
- Published
- 1981
34. The renewed dialogue between science and labor
- Author
-
Jacob Clayman
- Subjects
Occupational Medicine ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Research ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Legislature ,Environmental Exposure ,Data application ,United States ,Occupational Diseases ,Course of action ,Government Agencies ,Community support ,Common cause and special cause ,Neoplasms ,Carcinogens ,Medicine ,Joint (building) ,Engineering ethics ,Preventive Medicine ,business - Abstract
This paper proposes a concrete course of action upon which a renewed dialogue and a common cause can begin between Science and Labor. The necessity for expeditious and consistent application of scientific information in the solution of environmental problems facing Labor is outlined. A joint approach to these problems, focusing on data application, is proposed which, if generally acceptable to Science, would attract broad legislative and community support from Labor.
- Published
- 1972
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