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In the final decades of the 20th century, territorial political economy was influenced by both urban and regional economy. The first called attention to the "triumph of the cities" and the second to the importance of consolidating "a new regionalism." Over the course of the 21st century, on the other hand, urban and regional economies have been conceptually articulated as a result of the "metropolitan revolution." The central objective of this article is to reflect on the characteristics of this process, the possible impacts and the great challenges. To conclude, this paper suggests that regional cohesion is determined by a functional polycentric territorial structure, a productive and sustainable economy and a multilevel and multi-scale governance model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop a benchmark method to identify best practices in higher education across the country, in relation with management practices of academic productivity gender gaps and their impact on family responsibilities. This paper uses a qualitative approach to collect relevant information from official web pages from sixteen international universities previously selected. All information related to best practices policies implemented in each university was charted and assigned to one of the following categories for further analysis: ranking, gender policies, gender gaps, academic productivity, and childcare responsibilities. Results from this study revealed that the main best practices implemented in the included universities were practices related to harassment prevention, gender equality at college admission, development of protocols, leadership training, scholarships for study and research programs, adequate infrastructure, childcare financial support, flexible work schedules, family leave policies, improvement of the work environment and the development of departments in charge of follow-up and regular assessment of the proposed strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a method for the analysis of codes of ethics driven by the strategic interests of the organization. For the review of codes of ethics it is important understand your value structure. The first step consists in a statistical analysis of terms that denote values. The second step consists in a semantical network analysis of the code. This method is presented on the example of the code of ethics of the Fiscalía General de la Nación, Colombia (2008). The proposed method is able to detect, in a detailed manner, emphasis as well as biases in the values' structure of codes of ethics. Thus, it is possible to propose revisions of codes of ethics that are guided by the organization's strategic values. The proposed method fills a void in the literature in relation to general methods for the analysis of codes of ethics with strategic goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the design of public policies has gathered diverse disciplines to propose new ways to build knowledge destined to heed society's needs and opportunities. In Latin America, the multicultural and pluriethnic character of the societies has supposed special interest to their design. The case studies allow to locate experiences and to build comparisons and detailed and complex readings of the phenomena present within the territories. Through the compared analysis of four experiences led by the National University of Colombia, with a social innovation approach, this paper describes the contrasts and nuances found in the interaction of local ecosystems of collaboration. Morin's complex thinking, and the social innovation approach are proposed to analyze the contributions of the academy in the scenario of peacebuilding, through the role of mediation in the interaction of local knowledge. This is fundamental for the consolidation of territorial communal processes, and to establishing potential recommendations for the multi-stakeholder design of public policies in the pos-accords scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ten years after the creation of the National System of Response to Climate Change (snrcc for its acronym in Spanish) in Uruguay, this paper examines the perceptions among local actors about the impacts of climate change on the Northeast region of the country (Departments of Rivera, Tacuarembó and Cerro Largo). It also analyzes their visions about policies and mechanisms of climate governance defined at the national level, focusing some aspects such as articulation and participation. This way the paper aims to generate relevant inputs for the discussion about the design of policies for mitigation and adaptation to this phenomenon in the specific territory considered here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of the State in Argentina in the last three decades, based on oil policies, in order to understand its different transformations. The 90s were characterized by an abrupt referential change in the role of the state but especially in the productive and regulatory capacity on hydrocarbons. Despite of the neoliberal paradigm crisis on the beginning of the new millennium, energy policies on hydrocarbons still maintained the previous referential sector strategies. From the analysis of documentary sources and quantitative data, this paper aims to demonstrate how oil policy remains managed by market forces despite the fact that 51 % of Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales (YPF) shares were purchased by the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite more than twenty years of implementation of Conditional Cash Transfers (ccts) inequality and poverty remain being one of the main problems of Latin America. These programs seek to stimulate consumption and reduce poverty and have become the axis of articulation of social protection in most of the countries of the region, incorporating logics of resource management and financing, and new actors and discourses on poverty. This paper critically presents the recent literature on ccts and analyzes the trajectories and approaches of the programs. The paper also analyses changes and continuities in the perspectives on poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there are analysises of human rights' guarantees in Colombia, there are few studies focused on the historical reconstruction of policies in this area. This paper is based on the recognition that public action is dynamic because it is the product of communication between institutions and condenses dissent in the understanding of human rights' concepts. Thus, intervention priorities and their scope are the result of institutional choices that may vary or last over time. In this context, based on the analysis of the dialogue between entities involved in human rights policies, the article documents the way in which the concept of human rights has been consolidated and supports action on the matter, specifically, in Barco's government, which announces solutions and, above all, current problems in the public agenda and in current social revindications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses different theoretical perspectives on emotions and their implications for political communication, campaigns and the vote. It reflects on the use of both positive and negative emotions in political ads, and on the different types of appeals aimed to the electorate in order to influence their electoral behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes "Concejo a la casa", the initiative developed by DemoLab, the Open Council Laboratory of Bogota, as the first case of political innovation in Colombia that uses lottery as a selection mechanism for a process of citizen participation. It builds upon both the conceptual framework based on political innovation and lottery, and the descriptive analysis of the data collected by "Concejo a la casa" to explore the relationship between the descriptive representation of randomness and the conditions that enhance the reduction of some barriers and bias related to participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to identify the public innovation generated through the "Full Time Schools Program" in Mexico, particularly for the 2018-2019 school year in the schools of the State of Puebla, evaluating the generation of public value through a survey perception answered by 612 principals of schools benefited from this program in the state. The research shows that although the program's operating rules point out the criteria for generating public value, there are sections of political control in the operation that could be improved in the state public management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the process employed to implement an innovation culture, within the Banca de Desarrollo Territorial, Findeter, through the use of a development management model that also accounts for service and product improvement; since innovation is a key aspect for value generation and competitive differentiation in organizations. Initially, a literature review is conducted to identify the development bank's actions that configure innovation practices. Later, the methodology and management model is described; this incorporates the practices and activities that allow the adoption of a new innovation culture. Finally, a summary is given for the development and validation process of four (4) solution prototypes, formulated to previously identified requirements, which are characterized by its innovation focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governance reflects the transformation of relations between government and society, starting with the emergence of a more active role for civil society in public action by detaching it from traditional dependency from government. However, although governance as a concept has been used vigorously in the discursive strategies of the doctrines of New Public Management (NPM) in conjunction with discourses of innovation as a justifying purpose; it is also possible to trace discourses that can be grouped in a framework called Post-New Public Management (P-NGP) which proposes new conceptions about governance and innovation; Conceptions that articulate a shift in the ways of conceiving and understanding organizational forms, public management and the State itself in its interaction with society. This paper analyzes the changes in the concept of governance brought by the P-NGP, which implies taking as a starting point the governance descriptions of NPM discursive areas, and then contrasting these descriptions with references to the P-NGP. This implies a reflection on the reconstruction of the dynamics of public action that, from the approach of governance based on P-NGP discussion referents, propose new logics for the implementation of policies from public innovation, such as the emerging case of public and private organizational forms like crowdsourcing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses orthodox and heterodox development streams, by bringing about and comparing their core conceptual building blocks. The paper builds mainly on an economic disciplinary approach, but briefly discusses other views. Therefore, the paper will be divided into three parts. First of all, a brief introduction about the notion of development; Secondly, a theoretical view of the characteristics of the interpretation orthodoxy; Thirdly, the theory of heterodoxy development. Finally, an analysis beyond economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the increasing institutionalization of public policy as a field of study, there has been little reflection on the teaching in this field. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the characterization of public policy teaching in Colombia based on the case of a handbook-type text on public policy. A citation analysis was carried out and surveys applied to students and graduates of a master program in public policy. A rationalistic oriented use of the book was identified, with a focus on the implementation phase at different territorial levels. The popularization of the field and the operational definition of public policy are some of the main contributions of the book. The profile of the public policy apprentice was identified and some opportunities and challenges are outlined in the end. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has as its objective to analyze how the relationship between public administration and public policy research is rethought when conceiving the latter as governmentality technologies. As a central argument, it claims that public policies are inscription by technical mediations, and their effects, in the order of governmentality are, at the same time, technologies affecting the comprehension of public policy field, State, public administration and society. The following section: methodology and results, was mapped based on "Corruption and fight against corruption in Colombia. Case analysis" study. Finally, we conclude that research in public policies, studied as governmentality technologies, must start by questioning the epistemic and ontological postulates of what has been conceived, from classical interpretations, such as public administration and the State/society relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on the regulation, the border of a Nation-state can be classified as a barrier or a contact point. The notion of security stems from territorial defense and sovereignty. Globalization has made an impact in border regions with a major influx of people, goods, services, money and crime. Border, security and development concepts have merged to guarantee border policy practices in those spaces, strengthening surveillance and control. This paper examines the current situation of the boundary between Venezuela and Colombia from a postmodernist political geography approach, by using documental and newspaper records. Notable aspects of this border are: that both States leave border areas unattended; the clash of two States with an internal crisis and different political, jurisdictional and economical systems; a lack of integral border policies and an ever growing surge of violence and crime that affects areas closest to the borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present work consists, from a review of the current reality of the migration situation between Colombia and Venezuela, to carry out an analysis of the various administrative advances of border management. Despite the great importance that Venezuelan migrations have aroused in Colombia over the past five years, understanding the various political, economic and social elements of the internal affairs of both countries can provide the basic elements for understanding the correct logic for the proper administrative management of the border. It is expected that the reader achieves with this paper, in addition to having a vision about the state of bilateral migrations between Colombia and Venezuela, develop a deeper perspective on the challenges to governance of the Colombian-Venezuelan border. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the initial Colombian decentralization path marked by the empowerment at local level through the notion of autonomy, and provides a prospective reflection related to the new and emerging post-conflict phase, which focuses on inclusive territorial multi-level governance for the good management of regional development using the new public policy tool - Contrato Plan (Planning Contract). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to explore the characteristics of populism from the experience of Ecuador, one of the countries in Latin America that has had more processes of this type. The idea is to identify similarities in the way that the populist style of leadership is exercised from four cases despite the existing differences between these political leaders: Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra, Abdala Bucaram Ortiz, Alvaro Noboa Ponton, and Rafael Correa. The argument is that, unlike the prevailing approaches in Ecuadorian literature, populism must be understood as a style of leadership that occurs between leader and follower, which has a series of characteristics that are maintained throughout time, regardless of the contextual and systematic differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a number of years now, analyses of the political participation of women have warned of a very low presence of these in the various parliaments of the world. The diagnosis of female underrepresentation was a warning sign for different international organisms, which initiating from successive calls started to plan a review of the situation so that various countries would commit themselves to adopt measures to modify it. This paper has the goal of describing the current outlook of women and politics in Latin America, with special attention paid to the Colombian case, focusing fundamentally on the adoption of gender quotas as a strategy of positive discrimination that might contribute to a larger participation of women in the politics of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents some theoretical components of comparative historical institutionalism components compared. It begins with an overview of the theory and the importance its followers give to institutions in the construction of the modern state, liberal democracy and economic development. Two analyses of Latin America are compared with Korea and Taiwan during the decades in which the development model predominated, while the second shows the progress undergone by the State in the region during the twentieth century. In addition to this, the return of the state is presented with a series of measures with a content that is different to its actions in Latin America is presented. Finally, some of the limitations of comparative historical institutionalism are shown to understand the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Guatemala, El Salvador and Nicaragua underwent a series of internal conflicts, largely as a result of economic and social inequalities and repressive political regimes, fueled by the policies of the two main superpowers at the time. Since 1996 when the peace agreements were signed the presence of private security companies in Guatemala has increased significantly, given the climate of insecurity and demand for protection by society at large. The provision of security by the private sector is challenging the state's role as the main actor responsible for the security and safety of citizens and the protection of their assets. In the absence of an efficient legal system or regulatory structure, these private sector activities raise issues of legality, legitimacy, and accountability in the area of security policy. This paper seeks to analyze the state of control and supervision of the private sector in the field of public security in Guatemala. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper inquires about the discourse of extractive development, which is facilitated by juridical frameworks of illegality. This discourse collides with views and practices of local development in the Remanso Chorrobocon Indigenous Mining Area. The theoretical framework intersects critical development studies, political ecology and legal pluralism. And the methodology complements media coverage, norms review, primary and secondary literature review, participant observation, and field work in Inirida and the Indigenous Mining Area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is intended to develop the construction of an alternative approach regarding the reality of mining in Colombia. In contrast to its stigmatization, this article highlights the existing potential of inhabitants of the mining territories. In order to do this, the starting point is the study of trust as a trigger for social change. Then, the generalities of the political economy of gold mining are described and the problem of the supplying of gold to jewelers is addressed, in order to propose cooperative solutions with economic and social benefits for the mining community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the concept of negative campaigning, and discusses its risks and potentials as a political communication strategy. Then, a codification matrix is proposed which has been designed by integrating a set of variables, and its respective dimensions and indicators. The purpose was to generate a tool that would allow researchers to gain precision when analyzing any negative campaign as a study subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the problem of the orchestration of communication, understood as the constant and systematic repetition of one or various issues by means of different propaganda tools, and its adecuation to diverse publics. In this case, the concepts are applied the electoral communication domain. For this purpose, three critical moments in the design of a general strategy of communication were selected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an instrument of the Colombian market-led land reform, the Comprehensive Land Subsidy (SIT) provides for land entitlement to poor peasants and smallholders tied to the development of rural production projects, through a communal property regime in certain cases. Through the case study of Sandrana y Samaría, this paper seeks to analyze the extent to which this land reform instrument and its implementation conditions create the necessary framework for productive and community development based on the acquisition of a land title. To that end, the study focuses on the logic of the main aspects of this policy instrument in the context of the Colombian land reform policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The political reform of 2003, has been the most important in electoral matters made after the 1991 Constitution. The phenomena of "microempresas electorales", "operación avispa" and personalization, brought about a need to reform and reorganize the system and political parties with two fundamental changes: the electoral formula and the electoral barrier. Since the adoption of the reform there have been four elections in Colombia, two regional (Assembly and Council in 2003 and 2007) and two national (Senate and House of Representatives in 2006 and 2010), which have had mechanical effects on the party system at both the national and sub-national levels, and have "reorganized" the political forces in each legislature. The overall objective of this paper is to observe the effects of the reforms on the national party system in both the first (2006) and second (2010) wave of elections, specifically about the representativeness of the system, taking into account their context and political situation. We conclude that the change in the electoral formula and the imposition of the electoral barrier managed to reorganize the parties and therefore political competition without affecting system proportionality, as its detractors had claimed. Although this aspect had no significant variation, factors such as electoral density lead to other questions over the Colombian electoral system such as the necessity (or not) to think about a new reform that points to a change in the electoral districts and therefore in the levels of representation of the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explains the determinants of legislative action; furthermore it is a study of the Colombian Senate from 2006-2010 where the goal is to discuss the factors that influence the initiation of national bills. In Colombia, the political reforms of 1991, 2003 and 2009 have sought to overcome the particularistic legislation and transform in some way, political representation. In this sense, we estimate the propensity of legislators to initiate national bills as a function of the party structure, the party genesis including the existence of closed lists and seniority. The analysis suggests that the regional anchor of the traditional parties, departmental chiefs and the election system have discouraged national proposals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of the research during my master that focused on analyzing the structure of patronage networks in implementing the "Families in Action program" as spaces for the accumulation of symbolic and political capital for benefit of internal and external stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new institutionalism has become a dynamic field of work in political science. This paper shows how the new institutionalism, in its heterodox version, has taken up the research program of old institutionalism, while orthodoxy has incorporated the methodological developments of behaviorism and rational choice. The result is an approach that provides a framework for analyzing the multiple problems of politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is a natural resource fundamental for quality of human life. Nevertheless, there are more than one billion people in the world without access to safe drinking water. The water crisis is mainly a crisis of governance, and corruption is one of the principal underlying factors. Due to the characteristics of water supply, the sector must be regulated. However, there are informational asymmetries in regulation, which are a cause of regulatory failures and make the sector more prone to corruption. In Colombia, water supply regulation has a legal structure that aims at stimulating participation, transparency, accountability and integrity. But, there is a significant gap between legal provisions and practice. This paper reviews the Colombian regulatory framework with the aim to identify such gaps and propose ways to strengthen the framework in order to safeguard the delivery of an efficient service to the users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a current picture of the inhabitants of Bogota, in the light of three main areas: Democratic Culture, Citizen Culture and Policy Culture, which converge on a concept we refer to as the Public Cultures. The analysis of the Public Cultures stems from the Fifth Biennial Survey of Cultures, an instrument developed by the Bogotá city government through the Observatory of Cultures, a bureau of the Secretary of Culture, Recreation and Sports. The response of over 13000 inhabitants in the 19 burroughs of the city are depicted in the 2009 survey. The article presents findings on the degree of tolerance, respect for differences, civic and democratic values, perceived conflicts and political participation of the people of Bogotá. Readers may take this information and subsequent analysis to deepen their knowledge and commitment to building a sense of belonging in the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of landmines is commonplace in countries with armed conflicts. In the Colombian case, the use of these weapons by terrorist groups such as FARC, has noticeably increased in recent years, particularly since the implementation of the Democratic Security Policy. Clearly, terrorist groups in Colombia have found that landmines are a useful and effective method to contain the military offensive and to protect, among others, areas where illegal coca crops number. Indeed, this strategy has placed Colombia among the countries with the highest incidence of accidents and incidents related to landmines. This paper examines the problem of landmines in Colombia, and reviews mine clearance experiences in other countries in an effort to seek useful alter- natives applicable to the Colombian context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some nations criticize Colombian efforts to fight against the violence. However, Colombia doesn't have real support from some of its neighbors (Nicaragua, Ecuador and Venezuela) as well as other actors to combat guerrillas or paramilitary groups which, in turn, are related to the drug traffic. It is necessary that the international community understand the Colombian effort to carry out its struggle against ilegal drugs as well as the violence that results there from. Colombia has increased its spending in Security and Defense during the last decade especially against narcotrafficking. Does Colombia have real support from its neighbors and allies to combat this crime? This paper evaluates the cooperation that Colombia has obtained from other actors in this struggle not only in economic terms, but also in terms of institutional support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a few years of implementation, the Bolsa Familia Program, which covers more than 12 million families, has become the largest program of income transfer in the world and confirmed the distribution of money as the predominant form of social policy in Brazil. Despite the evidence of the effectiveness of such intervention in the economic sphere, when we look at the relationship between the beneficiaries and the agents responsible for the policy, other research questions emerge. When analyzing the trajectory of this policy from the federal sphere to the beneficiary, one can recognize the diverse paths the implementation of this program takes. This paper inquires about the impacts of this program on citizenship, through the organization and participation (or absence) of the beneficiaries in politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1981 Chile began a wave of privatization and market-friendly reforms of social security systems in Latin America; Argentina did the same in 1993. In 2008, Chile and Argentina reformed their pension systems again. Chile maintains the private capitalization system complemented with a basic pension and solidarity payments while Argentina eliminated the capitalization pillar and replaced it by a single integrated delivery system publicly administered. This paper analyzes the policy reforms of pension systems as a result of the comparison between countries, as well as between market and state led reforms and state led reforms: Chile (1981 and 2008) and Argentina (1993 and 2008). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Policy evaluation is, in a general sense, a function of techniques and methods upon which to assess the objectives, efficiency and impact of public action. This paper identifies a new dimension, notably politics, which provides improved social results despite the fact that it remains hidden, rather than emerging as a key asset for improved governmental performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distinction between "evaluation" and "analysis" within "EPPPAL: an endogenous model for public policy originating in, and directed toward Latin America", is a crucial issue because it gives balance, complements and questions the generous Anglo-Saxon (English) proposal and the friendly French offer on how to make policy public in Latin America. This paper begins with a brief description of the difference between public policy "Analysis" and "Evaluation". The first part presents the evolution of evaluation literature, its functions, conceptual references, typology, and models. q-he second section presents an analysis of its components, its basic assumptions, characteristics, emphases and tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the implementation of the decentralization policy (empowerment of local authority) from the 1991 Constitution to 2002. It does so through the analysis of executive regulatory activity as well as congressional legislation (some fifty legal texts) and twenty two decisions of the High Courts, all of which deal substantive questions on decentralization and/or the autonomy of the territorial governments. Analysis of these decisions allows us, directly and indirectly, to interpret the challenges of territorialization of public policy action as well as changes in belief systems (referentiel). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to illustrate different approaches to collective action and their relation with particular types of public policy. We analyze the impact of econonomics and non-economics collective action driven perspectives on public policy theory. The former perspective is conducive to a rational approach to policy. However, as reciprocity enters into collective action reasoning, then public policy becomes interested in understanding behavioural change in terms of such relations. Finally, we conclude on the relevance of collective action for the study of public policy and highlight the circumstances that may foster such analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) theories focus primarily on phenomena such as systemic robustness against perturbation, self-organization, and on emergence, transformation, and dissolution of organizational entities or action patterns in nature understood as biological systems, the metaphorical resonance of CAS work is not easily translated into careful scientific results in public administration in the environment of globalization. It can be very difficult to identify the right level at which to develop more precise theoretical generalizations with well specified domains of applicability in public administration. This paper demonstrates an approach to this problem. We systematically investigate how emergence new features in a self organized process known as Public Administration.self-orgs [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notions of governability and Populism have been used increasingly in political sciences papers on Latin America. The lack of precision in theirs meanings increased the same way. In this article, we argue that such difficulty lies in theirs uses in three ideal types of speech registries: the academic speech, the bureaucratic speech, and the political speech. We consider that these three uses of Populism and governability, with theirs respective logics, can generate much confusion. We propose therefore some reflections that try to clarify theses notions from the logic of the academic speech, but taking into account the uses that are made in both other registries of speeches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to many analysts, the Nation-State is undergoing a deep crisis, because the effectiveness of its power is being broken up in three directions: upward, as a consequence of globalization and supranationalization; horizontally due to the dismantling of the Welfare State, privatization and deregulation; and downward, because of decentralization and the empowerment of the regional and local entities. According to these interpretations, the joint action of such trends would be eroding the traditional competences of the Nation State and determining the irrelevance of this political entity in the global dynamics of power and the economy. This paper analyses the impact of the above mentioned trends in the Andean countries. It concludes by stating that in this context the processes aimed at reducing the role of the State, have paradoxically turned into the widening of its sphere of action in other fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Aldo Olano stresses that modern day Peru has to be understood as the result of different circumstances where historical and political aspects coincide with different development models and changes within society. The main idea of this paper is that the recurrent lack of governance in Peru is the result of an anti institutional culture but not necessary an anti state one. It is argued that this is also the result of strict social orders that are politically exclusive regardless of modernizing liberal and protectionist projects that date to the last century. The article questions some of the paradigms based on which development programs were implemented and consequently it establishes that current day Peru is the result of a mismatch between the ideological and the institutional. As such, the lack of governance and the preeminence of populist practices is the final result of three inconclusive projects: a military reform government (1968 - 1975), a democratic liberal one (1980-1990, 20002006) and the paternalistic authoritarian (1992-2000). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper seeks to determine whether the use of Private Military and Security Companies strengthens military institutions and the provision of security or, on the contrary, questions the monopoly of the legitimate use of force and generates new challenges to the current role of the military. It analyzes three main realms within the military sphere where the presence of PMSCS may have a direct impact: the exercise of the monopoly of the use of violence, the professionalization of the military, and the process of enrollment of new recruits. The paper highlights that the presence of PMSCS does not affect the continuity of the state's monopoly of the legitimate use of force. It also argues that although PMSCS perform certain activities that enhance the provision of security in a state, the military should always be prepared to overtake those activities delegated to PMSCS and should avoid becoming excessively dependent on private companies to execute them. Likewise, the paper sustains that the privatization of security distorts the conception of professionalism put up front by CMR theorists. Finally, the paper states that the presence of PMSCS obliges today's military to strengthen its recruitment strategies and consolidate a sound enrollment process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]