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The article discusses the most-cited researches in history. Topics include topics of papers and citations that has allowed them to reach the top the most cited research like Bioinformatics, Phylogenetics and Statistics, a chart showing the top 10 most cited researches and information on the first systematic effort to track citations the Science Citation Index (SCI).

The article focuses on a research conducted by European Commission on online availability of research papers, which found that more than 50 percent research papers of 2011 are openly available online and 30 percent are available free. It reports that proportion of free online papers will increase in the next few years as from 2014 European Commission the results of all research funded by the Euro­pean Union must be open access.

The author presents several solutions to the problem regarding the replication of published scientific studies. One obvious solution is for journals to publish more papers that describe failures to replicate results. Scientific publishing's move online may be a big help, opening up new possibilities for sharing and commenting on papers and methods. Another possibility is to link to conversation happening elsewhere on the Web.

The article announces the standards for all research papers on cloning by "Nature." The periodical is asking the authors to provide nuclear and mitochondrial DNA fingerprints for all cloning papers submitted for publication. Nuclear DNA fingerprints of the lines should be presented for comparison with existing lines, in the case of papers disclosing new embryonic stem cell lines.

The article elaborates on the research conducted by Evan Eichler and colleagues at the University of Washington in Seattle regarding the genomic arrangements of chromosomes of human beings in Seattle, Washington. Researchers found that people with diverse symptoms including mental retardation, small head size, heart problems and cataracts have genomic rearragements on the same region of chromosome 1. They linked deletions and duplications in a region of chromosome 1 that is 1.35 million DNA bases long to the abnormalities and cases of autism and learning difficulties.

The article reports on the two papers which were linked to an extortion attempt and originated from the laboratory of Peter Schultz, a prominent chemist at the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, San Diego, California. The papers claimed to describe the successful incorporation of amino acids linked to sugars at specific positions in proteins made by the bacterium Escherichia coli. Related issues are further discussed.

The article reports on a study suggesting that older scientists had published more research papers than their younger counterparts. It was found that those in their 50s and 60s had published twice as many papers per year as compared to those who are in their early 30s. Yves Gingras, a historian of science, became interested in the topic when he read that the average age for first grants from the U.S. National Institutes of Health in Maryland had increased from 34 in 1970 to almost 42 in 2004.

The article reports on the retraction of a "Nature" research paper which was co-written by Nobel prizewinner and scientist Linda Buck. It claims that "Nature" editors have found some inconsistencies between its researchers' original data and their publication in 2001. Olfactory-neuron researcher Hitoshi Sakano, however, notes that the retraction would not affect much their field of interest because other researchers have affirmed the paper's results using other techniques. The retracted paper describes the tracing in neural pathways from scent receptors in the nose towards the olfactory cortex of the brain.

Reports on the publication of a research paper that argues in favor of intelligent design in the "Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington" in the U.S. Impact of the publication of the paper on the advocacy of getting intelligent design into the curriculum; Use of information theory and other techniques to argue that the complexity of living organisms cannot be explained by Darwinian evolution; Overview of the arguments of Stephen Meyer, the author of the paper.

The article features about the governments, that are giving financial rewards to scientists for publishing high-profile papers. In South Korea researchers get US$3,000 and in China the amount is ten times more, and in Pakistan it is in the form of research grant. But some critics fear this trend is dangerous, and ethics are compromised, by equating excellence with money. Some, view that the reward systems has some merit, partly because in involves anonymous peer reviewers.

Focuses on the retraction of a 1997 paper on genetic disorder called Cockayne syndrome and its implications for work on DNA repair. Revelations about the misdeeds of Tony Leadon, formerly a professor at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Finding of a university panel in 2003 that Leadon was guilty of fabricating and falsifying findings in his research on DNA repair.

Reports on the controversy created by a stem cell paper by a team of German biologists published in the 2004 issue of "Applied Physics". Public announcement of the research as a breakthrough in adult stem-cell technology; Protests against research using embryonic lines; Criticisms of the research.

Reports on the decline of international collaboration on scientific research papers according to the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). Measurement of the percentage of papers published in all scientific journals; Percentage decline of the world average of international papers published.

Reports on Great Britain's 1993 white paper `Realizing Our Potential.' Research reforms proposed in the white paper; Threat on the medical Research Council's institutes; Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council's funding of basic research; Privatization of public research laboratories.

Focuses on a retraction published in the May 29, 1992 issue of `Cell' which stated that data supporting a 1991 paper on mouse embryo development, written by four researchers from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) had been fabricated. Fabrication allegedly was the work of one author without the knowledge of the others; `Oct-3 is a maternal factor required for the first mouse embryonic division'; Problems of replicating the paper's results; Mitchell Rosner; More.

Reports that for the second half of 1989, Japanese research groups take two out of the top three positions in the lists of the most cited papers in biology and physics. Brief list of noted papers.

The article discusses the failure of U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) to fund the most impactful researchers in favor of more conformists scientists with interests similar to those of the grant reviewers.

Reports on European Union research commissioner Philippe Busquin's plan to publish a white paper early 2000 outlining his plans for the creation of a European Research Area.

Discusses reaction to the British government's White Paper (policy statement) on the organization of science and technology, `Realising our Potential,' published last week in London, England. The lack of radical change; Additional information. INSETS: Waldegrave gets help, by D.D.;A global search, by D.D..

Reveals a survey by the Washington-based `Science Watch' journal of the `hottest' research papers coming out of Japan. Japan appears to be strongest in basic research in biochemistry, molecular biology and pharmacology, and weakest in engineering technology and applied science.

The article details researcher Daniel Stark's research into distant galaxies. In 2006, co-author Ian Smail of Durham University and his collaborators had discovered a galaxy called the Cosmic Eye using gravitational lensing. In 2007, Star, co-author Mark Swinbank and their colleagues measured the galaxy's internal structure on Hawaii's Keck telescope.

This article discusses the neurobiological research of Geoffrey Schoenbaum, which is presented elsewhere in this issue. The experiments that Schoenbaum carried out concerned the question of whether animals pursued specific expectations with their behavior. The inspiration for Schoenbaum's work is explored.

The article describes the conduct of a study by researcher Rasmus Voss at Radboud University in Nijmegen, the Netherlands on the formation of one type of supernova. Voss and a colleague and theoretical astronomer Gijs Nelemans sought to develop a model which suggested that the presence of X-ray signals could precede a type Ia supernova, which is an exploding star astronomers use to measure the expansion of the universe. Their work may help supernova specialists to use X-ray data in the conduct of their research.

The article focuses on the experiments on lead titanate performed by Ronald Cohen of the Carnegie Institution of Washington Geophysical Laboratory and colleague Zhigang Wu. Their experiment started on the revelation of an expected property, substances that convert electrical energy to mechanical energy and vice versa. It then led Cohen and Wu to discover that lead titanate could undergo unexpected phase transitions never before seen in piezoelectric materials. They had tested this revelation by conducting another experiment to determine whether simple compounds could be developed for similar applications. And to further the research on these, Cohen shared that next experiments will be done in order to design a compound that would have similar electro-mechanical properties to lead titanate.

The article discusses the study conducted by planetary scientist Steven Miller and his colleagues, which identifies the changes in the Jupiter-like gas giant planets as they approach the Sun. The research team created a three-dimensional model to examine the Jupiter-like atmosphere of HD209458b. The study found that the change of Jupiter-like atmosphere to an expanded atmosphere with hydrogen gas escaping in a bulk outflow of planetary wind occurs over a very short orbital distance. At 0.16 astronomical units (AU) the atmosphere is stable. However, the hydrogen breaks down with catastrophic results when the AU drops at 0.14.

The article discusses the experimentation of the neurobiologist Guoping Feng and his colleagues concerning the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) through analyzing the mice which lacks one brain protein. The study has showed that the neurons of the mice have responded to glutamate which is different from the reactions of the neurons in human to dopamine or serotonin. The result of the research has illustrated significant implications for the discovery of drugs which has not focused on glutamate synapses.

The article presents a study by Oliver Höner and Bettina Wachter, who worked in Tanzania's Ngorongoro Crater, which found that female choices drive the dispersal of male spotted hyaenas. The study also revealed that dispersal of males is common in social and group-living mammals. According to the researchers, it is difficult to monitor the fate of dispersing individuals. The researchers investigated the factors that influence a young male's decision on where to start his reproductive career. Furthermore, they also found that male clan selection is influenced by the number of young females and not the number of unrelated adult females.

The article focuses on research investigating the chemical composition of the supergiant star VY Canis Majoris conducted at the University of Arizona's Steward Observatory in Tucson. Astronomers Lucy Ziurys, Nick Woolf and Stefanie Milam at the university, were discussing how gas clouds that surround old stars contribute to the origins of life. With the installation of a new receiver in their radio telescope they have explored into the oxygen-rich envelope of the said star.

The article focuses on the technique used by Karen Liu in completing her study on mouse embryonic development. She felt that she needed new tools for her to study more precisely of her subject, she later joined the Crabtree laboratory. The laboratory had developed an 89-amino-acid tag, the FRB, of which when drug rapamycin blends to the tag, it results to the stabilization of protein. To test the method, they set up mice containing FRB tagged glycogen synthase kinase which had been a success.

The article describes how Logan Grosenick, Tricia Clement and Russell Fernald developed an experiment to determine whether fish can know the social rank of other fish simply by observing how they interact. They employed a large, square tank which was partitioned into several compartments and the extremely territorial Astatotilapia burtoni.

The article describes how author Chad Nusbaum and his team of researchers finished their work on the mysteries of a human chromosome. Nusbaum and his team gathered chromosomes, including human chromosome 17. They used the sequence of the mouse chromosome, to unravel how chromosome 17 evolved, and they found out that the chromosome has undergone a radical shuffling.

The article reports on the experiment on the Sun conducted by Trevor Ireland and his colleagues at the Australian National University in Canberra, Australian Capital Territory. They studied the Sun by peering closely at microscopic metal gains grains collected from the Moon and they got results that contradict to theories of how the Solar System is formed.

Presents an article that assesses the work experiences of Ann Holbourn, a geoscientist at Christian Albrechts University in Kiel, Germany. Research study on Miocene epoch; Details of the study; Success of the drilling approach; Results of the study shows that Holbourn and her team found drastic changes in both oxygen and carbon isotopes.

Focuses on the work of Alison Smith, a plant scientist at the University of Cambridge in Great Britain, in exploring the idea that seaweed make Vitamin B12. Collaboration made with her constant collaborator Martin Warren to initiate the experiment; Inquiry made on the genomic sequences of the three types of algae; Examination on the mechanism by which the algae get the vitamin from the bacteria and also what the bacteria get from the transaction.

Reports that Robert Sauer and his colleagues offer an insight into what molecular machines work. Focus of the researchers on enzyme called ClpX; Interests of the groups in protein degradation to be unfolded by ClpX; Interpretation of the unfolding process of protein degradation.

Reports on the research study of molecular biologist Christopher Elvin for parasite vaccines in Australia. Culmination of a study focused on insect protein resilin; Elucidation of the resilience of the rubber-like molecule; Identification of the likely gene for resilin in fruitflies.

Examines the politics of scientific publication. Role of authors, reviewers and editors in protecting the quality of research; Trends in making decisions about the publication of a scientific paper; Implications for research and publication in biomedical science.

The article looks at research that uses online databases and network analysis to come up with some rules of thumb for productive collaborations. It discusses science's increasingly collaborative nature, and the factors that determine a team's success. The article highlights the results of a study by sociologist Brian Uzzi of Northwestern University in Evanston, Illinois and colleagues, which analyzed more than two million patents along with nearly 20 million papers published since 1955. It examines key issues relating to productive collaborations.

The article reports on the efforts of U.S. government to make scientific research available for all. It reports that the accessibility offered by the Internet has transformed science publishing over the past decade. The government of the U.S. is making efforts to make all federally funded research available for free. The new system will make huge numbers of scientific articles publicly available for all. It reports that such archives will basically contain the final versions of the manuscripts written by the authors. There was an increase in public access in late 2007 when the U.S. Congress passed a bill and made it compulsory for scientists funded by the National Institute of Health (NIH) to deposit their papers within 12 months of publication.

The author reflects on the paper by David Baker and colleague published within the May 8, 2008 issue of the journal "Nature." It has been noted by the author that the researchers set their sights on the a well-characterized reaction for proton transfer from carbon known as the Kemp elimination. Baker and his team have produced eight synthetic enzymes that could catalyze the process.

Focuses on the research spending of various nations. Output and outcomes from research investments during the 1990s; Quality of research on national scales; Ways of evaluating the quality of scientific research; Number of published research papers and reviews; Countries that top research output and quality evaluation.

The article discusses a research misconduct case that damaged the reputation of the RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology (CDB) in Kobe, Japan. Topics include papers on pluripotent stem cells in the journal "Nature" that discussed the use of the stimulus-triggered acquisition of pluripotency (STAP) technique by biochemist Haruko Obokata, a committee report led by materials scientist Teruo Kishi, and the impact of media scrutiny on the scandal.

The article discusses about the research in science done by North American countries. Topics include the researchers and budget allocated for nature science and life science in the U.S. and Canada, National Institutes of Health of the countries, and the research profiles of Harvard University in Massachusetts and University of Toronto in Canada. Several charts of the research efficiency and strengths of U.S. and Canada, and articles published in journals of the universities.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in Australasia and Pacific Islands to science and technology research. Topics include research output and science spending in New Zealand and Australia. Budget cuts in Australia and increase in research budget by New Zealand is mentioned. Institutions including University of Sydney and Monash University in Australia and University of Auckland in New Zealand are mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research papers are included.

The article focuses on a book about discoveries that changed science. The book A Century of Nature: Twenty-One Discoveries That Changed Science and the World, published by the University of Chicago Press have attracted researchers. The book provides a solid basis for scientific literacy than the many popular books that are devoted to the latest scientific discoveries. Some of the original papers like the report in 1925 by scientist Raymond Dart of his discovery of Australopithecus africanus, the first fossil link between apes and man, presents a personal narrative.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in East and Southeast Asia to science and technology research. Topics include investment in the science and technology research made in the East and Southeast Asia, total article count and research spending in China and Japan. Research in physical science and chemistry in institutions such as Peking University in China are mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research papers are included.

The article discusses contributions by researchers in Central and South Asia to science and technology research. Topics include research in physical sciences and chemistry and scientific output and investment in science and technology in India. Scientific institutions such as Indian Institutes of technology (IITs), L N Gumilyov Eurasian National University in Kazakhstan and Quaid-i-Azam University in Pakistan are mentioned. Charts presenting details of the research are included.

The article discusses about the scientific breakthroughs and research in West Asian countries. Topics include the science papers published by Israeli scientists, the budget allocated for research and development, and its weighted fractional count (WFC). The quality of research in Saudi Arabia, its university KAUST, and comments by its vice president Jean Frechet are included. Charts for research efficiency and research strengths of West Asian countries are also given.

The author reflects on the scientific research papers that are being retracted by periodicals. It states that the periodical "Nature" has published four retracted research papers in 2010. It mentions a survey which shows that the proportion of retracted research papers has increased tenfold since 1990, which was the time when the number of research papers has doubled. Furthermore, it says that "Nature" is well-aware of the damage that could be done to authors as a result of false allegations.

Focuses on the development of a rejected paper on involuntary unemployment into basic research. Occurrence of involuntary unemployment in a state of equilibrium in a free-market economy; Impact of fairness concerns with the functioning of the labor market; Implementation of the economic environment assumed in the theory paper.