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This article presents information on the manifesto issued by the international communist congress after its meeting on 2 March, 1919. The said meeting was attended by thirty-two delegates representing eighteen Communist or Left Socialist parties, together with representatives of fifteen organizations of Europe and Asia who attended the meeting in an advisory capacity. The manifesto appeals to labor men and women to fight against imperialist barbarity, against monarchy, against the privileged classes, against the bourgeois state and bourgeois property, against all kinds and forms of social and national oppression.

This article focuses on various issues related to politics. The coal shortage which confronts the U.S., and which threatens to bring on a fuel famine next winter for more than one community and even for large sections of the country, is only the American phase of a problem which is staring in the face every country in Europe and bids fair to interfere seriously with the conduct of military operations. As far back as August 20, 1918, the Coal Controller Guy Calthrop, in an address at the conference of the British Miners' Federation, stated that he was faced with a shortage of 36,000,000 tons a year.

The unexpected and decisive victory for woman suffrage in New York is reason for the most heartfelt rejoicing. Democracy has taken a great step forward, all the more gratifying because it has occurred in war time. The Empire State, it was felt, would be the last to surrender. Conservatism, plus the German-American vote, plus the influence wielded by the liquor interests, would, it was believed, make this the last State north of Mason and Dixon's Line to accept this notable reform. But the victory is here, stunning in its surprise, far-reaching in its influence, for it breaks the backbone of the Northern opposition and will have a tremendous effect not only throughout the U.S., but in Europe as well.

The Socialist party in the United States has not escaped the sword which the war thrust into the vitals of organized Socialism in Europe. Here, too, there have been sharp divisions. The Socialist candidate for the Presidency, last year, along with several other leaders of the party, has issued a statement in support of the war against Germany. Reaffirmation by Socialists of internationalism, and of the solidarity of workingmen everywhere, has necessarily to-day a melancholy sound. It echoes the failure of high hopes at the beginning of the war in Europe.

Presents letters to the editor on various political and cultural issues and developments. Reasons which render doubtful a permanent and durable peace in Europe; Views on sending troops from British Empire of India for England's aid, to Europe; Arguments advanced in support of peace propaganda.

Focuses on political conditions in the U.S. during the 1970's. Influence of Watergate scandal on political career of U.S. President Richard Nixon; Reasons for reducing troop strength of the U.S. in Europe; Others.

The United States and continental Europe are engaged in a titanic subsurface economic struggle, primarily over the role of U.S. investment in Europe. The outcome may determine whether Europe can survive as an independent entity. Respective roles of gold and the dollar in the world economy are at the focus of this struggle. Mechanics of the struggle are such that its resolution may be determined in the end, not by nations involved but by individual speculators on both sides of the Atlantic, with potentially disastrous consequences for all.

The article presents information on politics. There is extension of governmental powers in war time. The U.S. Civil War saw this on a great scale. The sole question is whether, after exigencies of war have passed, the Government machine may be got back to its old working. The common saying that the death of Pope Pius was hastened by the grief and profound dejection with which he was filled by the terrible war in Europe has at least the plausibility that it goes well with the known qualities of the man.

Presents several letters to the editor concerning various political and social problems issues discussed in previous issues of this periodical. Focused on the upholding of the Turkish Empire in Europe; Views on the publication of a letter concerning the management of the American Historical Association; and Desire to know about Dutch marine painter, Albertus Van Beest.

The death of the Mikado will evoke no change in Japan's domestic policies or her foreign relations. Mutsuhilto's reign of forty-four years was an era of extraordinary national development, but the Emperor's personal share in the notable historic process was probably not a very important one. An absolute monarch in theory, the Mikado exerted less direct influence upon public affairs than most constitutional rulers of Europe. He did not so much rule through other men as he was used by them. The established native tradition looks upon the Emperor as the source of a spiritual authority which is translated into action by professional statesmen and warriors.

The article focuses on various socio-political issues. The sudden death of Chief Justice Melville Weston Fuller on Monday comes as a fresh reminder to thoughtful people of the critical days which the U.S. Supreme Court is facing. One-third of its membership has gone to the Great Assize since William Howard Taft became president. Close on the heels of the U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission's decisions reducing rates to points in the Far West, comes the announcement by the same body that it will stand by the official classification of freights announced some time ago, affecting all that part of the country north of Potomac and Ohio, and east of Mississippi. In many countries of Europe, the old cry about clericalism is reëchoed.

The article presents some political updates as of September 16, 1909. One of the updates focuses on the political condition of Europe. The recent announcement of issuing a Turkish loan of $30,000,000 draws attention afresh to the extraordinary changes, which the past year has wrought, on the European equilibrium. Some other events include the restoration of the Turkish Constitution, the proclamation of Bulgarian independence and the annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Another update reports on the appointment of a new tariff commission by U.S. President William Howard Taft.

This article focuses on various political issues in the U.S. and Europe. The renomination of U.S. President Stephen Cleveland by the National Convention of his party has been so much expected, and so little doubtful at any time, that criticism and comment are for the most part-superfluous. The nomination of Allen G. Thurman for vice-president illustrates anew the weakness of electoral system in the U.S., so far as it affects that office. The political aspect of Europe has not been for many years as dark as it is now, and the uncertainty of the future is greater than is ever known. This uncertainty is owing to several causes, but the most important of all is probably the sudden and unexpected development of a crisis in France which is as mysterious in its causes as it is in its character.

This article reports on political developments in the year 1887. The conduct of the foreign-born Anarchists in declaring war against society, and of the Knights of Labor in trying to set up an organization which was to overshadow both the Federal and State authorities, and substitute a government by strikes and boycotts for that of the Constitution and the laws, has naturally excited a good deal of interest in the possibility of sifting the immigrants from Europe, so as to let in none but such as are likely to prove good citizens. Home-rulers all over the country, in village Liberal associations as well as in higher political circles, are making up their minds to a patient struggle, which may be of some duration.

The article presents information on mountaineering as an adventure sport. There is no doubt that mountain climbing or, more properly, mountaineering, adds a comment on the cultural development of the West in roughly the last hundred years. The "conquest" of the Western Hemisphere necessitated a certain amount of mountain-climbing, but the true dilettantes did not appear until toward the end of the nineteenth century and chiefly in Europe where the Alps mountains were physically handy to the important population centers.

Team members of the San Francisco, California-to-Moscow, Russia Walk for Peace tell how sometimes in the Eastern countries a crowd at the roadside would surge out to meet them, offering followers, singing songs, expecting from them the kind of talk about peace they were accustomed to. But then the walkers plea for unilateral disarmament, their plea to resist as individuals the military policies of their own government, would so take people by surprise that there would be a stunned and prolonged silence. The walk across Europe sharply dramatizes the world's dilemma.

This article focuses on various socio-economic developments of the world. The taxation muddle at Albany, New York is rather worse than usual this year. Invain do party caucuses, in vain does the Governor, plead for harmony and appeal for new revenue. Formidable objections are offered to every proposed additional tax, and the legislature seems almost at its wits' end to know how to provide the money to meet the expenses which it has authorized. No phenomenon of our time is more significance for the future than the simultaneous outflow of nearly all the civilized European peoples into new countries.

The article comments on the banking and debt crises in Europe. In the author's view the crises stem from excessive borrowing followed by a recession, rather than profligate government spending. He further argues that Europe has been hindered in its ability to address the crises by a lack of government institutions capable of responding quickly and forcefully to them. In his opinion austerity measures adopted by some nations including Greece are counterproductive and serve to diminish economic growth.

In this article the author discusses aspects of the 2010 financial debt crisis in Europe. The central focus of the article is an examination of tax cuts that have been made in a variety of European nations. These personal and corporate tax reductions are at the root of the crisis and have caused a great deal of inequality in the countries where they have been enacted. Among other issues the article examines the impact of tax cuts in Germany, the support for tax reductions by the center-left political parties, and the benefits accruing to the wealthy.

At a time when neo-Fascist ministers are returning to government in Europe, when creeping revisionism is gaining ground, when items from Soviet archives are cleverly selected to blur the past and convince people that Communist and Nazi, resister and collaborator, victim and executioner were all the same, it is important both to say "No, it wasn't so," and to ponder the purpose of such manipulations. The reactions to D-day in Occupied Europe were, naturally enough, contrasting. At one extreme, among the resisters and the victims, the Allied invasion buoyed hopes and strengthened the conviction that, whatever cruel damage the enemy might still inflict, it was the beginning of the end.

The article examines the causes of Russia's weakness and of Europe's abject abdication, and to seek behind these failures the political and social forces that may be capable of challenging U.S. President George Bush's "new world order," which is as old as capitalism and as modern as a laser-guided missile. While the warmongers gloat, the struggle must go on, with its hours of hope and moments of despair. This time around the U.S. establishment had an easier task, since it confronted not a revolutionary people in arms but an allegedly mighty regular army, driven to disaster by a madman.

The article discusses the drug policy of some European countries including Great Britain, the Netherlands, Germany and Italy. It is said that behind whatever policies are being adopted and implemented by Western Europe, there is less moral fundamentalism about drug taking and less demonization of drug takers than in the U.S. Driven by an awareness that many users of illicit drugs don't want to stop and by a concern that the stigma attached to drug use keeps people from getting medical care and information, public health agencies are taking their clients as they find them, helping them become drug-free if they wish and, if they don't, guiding them to drug use that is safer for them and for society as a whole.

The article comments on political and social developments all round the world. A tentative response to labor's pressure was made last fall by Jacques Delors, the European Commission's socialist president, backed by Vasso Papandreou, its socialist Commissioner of Social Affairs. Delors called on the European Community to enact a social charter that would mandate Europewide minimum standards of employment protection, workplace health and safety, unemployment benefits, pensions and social security. In auto and machine tool factories, at chemical and construction sites and in union headquarters across Europe, the proposal for a unified market has not been given so bland a reception.

The article focuses on the chance of Europe going to World War II. People refuse to learn from the past and persist in the fallacious conception that no war will come until the nations of Europe are ready for it. National Socialism became a power in the Reich chiefly for the reason that it guaranteed a political and diplomatic offensive against the restrictions imposed on Germany by the post-war treaties. But German dictator Adolf Hitler and those behind and above him are not fools rushing blindly to certain destruction. They know Germany's military, economic, and financial weaknesses and recognize them for the handicaps they are.

Little Austria is the bung of a vinegar barrel. The vinegar is German fascism. If the bung is forced out, the vinegar would begin pouring over southeastern Europe. The vinegar, to be sure, has eaten into the bung; Austria is itself a fascist country. But as long as the liquid is held in check some people bless the bung. In effect, they are blessing the Italian dictator Benito Mussolini. Austrian independence is Mussolini's contribution to European peace. Mussolini does not want Austria. But he wants to make sure that Germany will not absorb it and then look down menacingly on Italy from the Brenner Pass, which would thus become the common frontier of the two fascist states.

The report that French politician Pierre Laval is considering an agreement giving Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler a free hand in the East in return for a definite pledge safeguarding France's eastern frontier may be wholly without foundation, but its persistence illustrates the fundamental instability of present-day European alignments. For it need scarcely be pointed out that a Franco-German rapprochement would change the entire map of Europe. It would mean that France and presumably England and Italy, would back Hitler in his avowed program of expansion at the expense of Memel and the Soviet Ukraine, on the understanding that Hitler would renounce his ambitions in Austria and Alsace-Lorraine.

This article presents information regarding political development in the U.S. and the world. The astonishing celerity with which the League has defined and voted economic sanctions against Italy is somewhat offset by the policy of France as mediator and the peace terms which Pierre Laval is supposed to be sponsoring. The activity in Europe now falls into two separate compartments. Last year at the San Francisco convention of the American Federation of Labor, John Lewis of the miners, Charles P. Howard of the Typographers, Sidney Hiliman and David Dubinsky of the needle trades, and others led a fight more or less behind the scenes for industrial unionism as against the decrepit craft system which now divides American labor. While the attention of the world was centered on the problem of stopping a war in Africa, Japanese military leaders gathered at Dairen recently to lay plans for renewed hostilities in Asia.

Europe now is treading gingerly upon the floor of a long-dreaded experience. A great power has committed an aggression, and the League of Nations must perform its obligations to mete out punishment under the Covenant. It will do this, barring unforeseen incidents, with forbearance bordering upon timidity. The principle of gradualism, officially adopted for just such a contingency in 1921, has been seized upon with relief, it makes it possible for the League states to feel their way, and to test out first of all the possibility of applying economic sanctions effectively without their leading to war. It is obvious that, more than anything, the League members shrink from taking steps which would transfer the conflict from Africa to their own soil and waters.

This article focuses on economic issues in the U.S., Soviet Union and Europe. The U.S. has agreed to reduce its duty on Cuban sugar by six-tenths of a cent a pound, and to make substantial concessions in the duty on leaf tobacco-the two most important Cuban exports. But in both cases import quotas are to be imposed restricting Cuban sales to a specified amount. The Soviet policy in any case is to reduce short-term indebtedness. Most of it was contracted under the emergency of the Five-Year Plan, and at a time of expanding world trade. By joining the International Labor Organization, the U.S. has aligned itself with fifty-eight other nations in the common task of improving working conditions throughout the world.

In an essay published some years ago poet M. Paul Valéry pointed his trembling finger at a map of the world and called attention to the fact that Europe is-from the standpoint of geography-merely a rather small promontory upon the vast and mysterious continent of Asia. He then went on to marvel at the predominant part which the inhabitants of this restricted area had played in the history of mankind, and expressed a fear lest its civilization should succumb in no very distant future to the merely numerical strength of those who are alien to it.

If war were to break out today in Europe, it would not come as a surprise to anyone. This fact is of the most profound importance. It illustrates the interest in preparedness for war of the peoples of Europe as well as the war psychology now prevalent among them. Any war in Europe today would be simply the armed expression of the silent and bitter economic war that has been going on for the last ten years. This war has manifested itself in tariff barriers, inflated currencies, government subsidies to national industries and commerce. It has been waged with the same savagery and ruthlessness as the World War, and it has accomplished as little.

The article presents information various political developments related to Russia. Every intellectual and Communist in Europe has either used or heard the argument that the Soviet government should have adopted a more hostile attitude toward German dictator Adolf Hitler's regime. When all the world condemned the Nazi persecutions of Jews, the Soviet press printed the facts without comment. When thousands of German Communists were being arrested, tortured, and killed, the Russian Communists refrained from any public protest, and normal relations between Berlin and the Kremlin continued undisturbed.

Commercial aviation in Europe today is an industry that violates all accepted principles of profit and loss and yet curiously continues to expand. A growing network of air lines now covers the north of Europe, carrying thousands of passengers and tons of freight. All this is being done in spite of the fact that commercial aviation has never been profitable in the past, is now operating at a loss, and holds no prospect for improvement in the immediate future. Commercial aviation in Europe is a state ward, rationed in part from the public treasury through subsidies.

Presents letters to the editor. Information on Jewish situation in Europe; Solution for rehabilitation of Jews in Palestine; Criticism of the journal "The Nation," by the editors of the journal "America."

Presents letters to the editor. Happenings in France; Development in newspaper diction; Americanization of Europe.

The article presents information on various developments. Germany's answer to the French security notes is another step toward peace. A long vista of negotiations opens ahead, but Europe is on the right road. And vastly more important than the phrases of the diplomatic notes is the fact that the French troops are out of the Ruhr. That mischievous invasion of German territory plunged Europe anew into a haze of war talk. Drums beat, troops marched, men talked angrily. Hate boiled on both sides of the Rhine.

The article presents information on various issues related to politics and social life. Some militarist once called China a "jellyfish nation." The spineless nation that will not fight is showing the West the vast power of non-violent resistance. There is, of course, sporadic violence in China. Inch by inch Europe moves toward peace. The new peace-pact proposals are an advance on those discussed three years ago, as those marked progress over peace-conference days. In plain words France is willing to be polite now, but not to promise to act decently future. The favorite food of New York City, according to a poll conducted by the United Restaurant Owners' Association, is corned beef and cabbage.

The connection between civil war in China and European imperialism and the responsibility of the British Labor Government for the continued disorder and the suppression of the liberal movement of politician Sun Yat-sen are discussed in this article. British policy in China illustrates some of the difficulties of constitutional as opposed to revolutionary socialism. It is impossible for anyone in England, even the prime minister, to know the truth about any event in China until six weeks after it has happened.

This article focuses on the prevailing political conditions in the U.S. and around the world. It has taken more than six months to force the British Government out of almost benevolent neutrality into this avowed pessimism. In those months unemployment has grown in England, the French franc has fallen and in Germany the results, which Prime Minister of Great Britain Stanley Baldwin now predicts, have already occurred. The time to predict them has passed. Germany is in economic chaos today. Social and industrial ruin is following. The mark has dropped, since the poilus entered the Ruhr, from one-tenth to four ten-thousandths of a cent. The sober basis of national economic life in Germany has gone.

The article discusses international warfare. When Irish Republican raiders wrecked the cable terminals in Ireland, commercial cable traffic between Europe and the United States was sadly upset. Before the war, such an interruption would have meant only an extra heavy burden for the German cable which reached from Emden via the Azores to New York. The British seized that cable during the war, which was perhaps legitimate as a war measure; they went further, however, and diverted it to run from Penzance to Halifax. It is now used primarily for British cables to Australasia.

This article presents information on the flagelling economic status of the European countries. It is opined that few of the European countries can ever repay their debts to the U.S. It is informed that countries like Great Britain and France might be able to clear their debts. But it seems highly unlikely that countries like Italy and Romania will ever be able to clear their debts to the U.S. Talk of refunding is mere camouflage; it means postponement of the payment of interest, which in turn means increasing the debt still further and making it still more impossible to pay it.

It is well that the churches should observe the day of the opening of the Armaments Conference at Washington as a day of prayer. Some of them might recall an illustration of effective prayer popular in the youth. The proposed agenda is just the vague, general sort of document with which the elder statesmen like to play in secret conference to the mystification of the people. If American newspaper correspondents in Europe had a real grasp of the background and intricacies of European politics they might know precisely what is behind the curious series of threatening notes being fired at the Soviet Government, instead of being compelled to guess.

The party coming into power in the U.S. is drafting plans for a tariff built to put up one more obstacle for a tottering Europe. The party going out of power celebrates peace by keeping Debs in prison and propaganding violently, with all its machinery, about red hobgoblins, a course of action which sooner or later, if continued, will bring results such as people are now seeing in France. At home is reaction, in greater intensity than several decades have seen. Abroad are confusion and distrust blocking the path. Disillusion, nevertheless, and disappointment, does not excuse discouragement. However evil the circumstances, the work of rebuilding must be carried along.

The article presents information on socio-political conditions of several countries across the world. The African American success in assuming a prominent position in the political arena seems to be in the inverse ratio of the earnestness with which it is sought to suppress him and put him out of sight. Everybody is heartily tired of discussing his condition and his rights, and yet little else is talked about, and none talk about him so much as those who are most convinced of his insignificance. The news from Europe is unimportant, unless people except the doubt which rest upon Napoleon's course in regard to Mexico.

For over a quarter of a century the author has lived in Europe, and, perhaps because of the physical distance between him and his century, when other aspects of American were lost in vagueness, America's tradition of individual freedom-remained singularly clear. During those years his forbears acquired a special stature and perspective lent them a meaning possibly greater than was actually theirs. But by 1949 a change had come into the faces of Europeans when they spoke of America, and his forbears seemed to feel uneasy in their revolutionary roles. In 1951 scattered editorials appeared in the foreign press, and Europeans asked seriously, incredulously, about the democratic tension", in the U.S.

This year's American Big Show is a disenchanting spectacle for Europeans. They are shocked by the tone of the campaign, distressed by the issues, and dis-illusioned with the man for whom they once felt so much enthusiasm. In a way this is Act III in an election melodrama. Act I, "Hail to Ike," began last May. It was a story of infatuation with General Dwight David Eisenhower, the savior of Europe. The villain was U.S. Senator William Howard Taft, a-dark isolationist figure out of the wilderness of the Middle West, who apparently felt that the United States should prosper in its own juice without wasting any more money on Europe.

The article discusses the possibility for a radical change in the entire political structure of Europe as the creation of ultimately, a United States of Europe. The present scenario in which the world is dominated by great powers, Europe can maintain itself as an independent entity between the two giants, the United States and the Soviet Union but only if it represents a third great power itself. This development would probably be welcomed both by Americans and majority of Europeans outside the Russian orbit. Though United Europe is a desired goal, still there happens to be disagreements. American policy at present favors closer "integration" of Europe as a major step towards Federation.

In the last fifty years science has advanced more than in the two thousand previous years and given mankind greater powers over the forces of nature than ancients ascribed to their gods. In the same period the idea of rights of an individual, which caused such changes in Europe, has spread among the colored races and they have become dynamic, demanding freedom and a political status and standard of living equal to those of the White race. The present worldwide revolution is due to the difficulty of adjusting human society to the terrific impact of modern science. Changes commensurate with the magnitude of the new forces are inevitable.

This article focuses on the ideological crisis faced by Western Europe, and the threatened disappearance of the so-called Third Force. The "Third Force" has been much discussed as an ideological, a political, and a military concept. There was a time-about three or four years ago when one frequently heard it said that Western Europe, under the inspiration of the Labor Party of Great Britain, would develop a social and ideological system of its own which would be different from both American capitalism and Soviet communism. The military, or geographical, Third Force was the brain-child of French political thinkers. But, long before the signing of the Atlantic Pact, which finally turned Western Europe into part of the American military sphere, this concept of the Third Force went up in smoke.

This article focuses on prevailing political conditions in the U.S. and around the world, as of April 22, 1897. The protests against the Dingley bill by European countries are based upon the idea that the U.S. is abandoning the policy of non-discrimination in foreign tariff, notwithstanding its treaties, and that the way to meet this action on the part of the U.S. is for the various European Governments to lay their duties so as to keep out American products whenever possible. Another development focuses on the teaching methods of English language in the schools of the U.S. and Great Britain.