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2. Maritime Southeast Asian Studies in the United Kingdom. A Survey of their Post-War Development and Current Resources. By Peter Carey. JASO Occasional Paper No. 6; 51 Banbury Road, Oxford OX2 6PE; 1986. Pp. vii, 115. £5.50; $11.50
- Author
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Lionel Carter
- Subjects
History ,Kingdom ,Sociology and Political Science ,Political science ,Political economy ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic history ,Post war ,Southeast Asian studies - Published
- 1986
3. The Decline and Fall of the Jobber System in the Bombay Cotton Textile Industry, 1870–1955
- Author
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Rajnarayan Chandavarkar
- Subjects
General strike ,History ,Textile industry ,Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic history ,business ,Pulp and paper industry - Abstract
In 1981, on the eve of the general strike that convulsed the Bombay cotton textile industry, millowners, managers and workers alike acknowledged that the jobber was a thing of the past. The jobber system, they agreed, had been dismantled decades previously.
- Published
- 2008
4. The Development of British Commercial and Political Networks in the Straits Settlements 1800 to 1868: The Rise of a Colonial and Regional Economic Identity?
- Author
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WEBSTER, ANTHONY
- Subjects
COMMERCE & politics ,MERCHANTS ,ECONOMIC history ,BUSINESS networks ,BRITISH colonies ,HISTORY - Abstract
This paper examines the growth of the British commercial communities in the Straits Settlements in the first half of the nineteenth century. It describes how they emerged as a coherent commercial and political interest group, separate from the Indian empire, with their own network of allies and commercial partners in Britain. As such, the Straits merchants emerged as a significant political lobby in their own right. It contends that in the process, they revived earlier notions of Southeast Asia as a discrete geographical region, in which political and ethnic diversity was bridged by the flourishing of maritime commercial networks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Industrialisation and Handicraft Cloth: The Jiangsu Peasant Economy in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries.
- Author
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JUNYA, MA and WRIGHT, TIM
- Subjects
CHINESE textiles ,AGRICULTURAL economics ,ECONOMIC conditions in China ,HANDICRAFT -- History ,HISTORY of industrialization ,HISTORY ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
This paper analyses the trajectories of handicraft cloth production in three major sub-regions of Jiangsu Province in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In contrast to traditional focus on the bankruptcy of rural handicrafts in the face of competition from the modern industry, it argues that the fate of handicrafts depended on the specific characteristics of each sub-regional economy. Thus in Song-Tai, handicraft weaving declined as labour was drawn off into modern industry. In Tong-Hai the availability of machine-spun yarn in the market enabled the development of a commercialised handicraft weaving sector. Finally, in Xu-Huai-Hai machine-spun yarn enabled the inhabitants to substitute their own subsistence handicraft production for cloth purchased from elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Indigenous trade and European economic intervention in...
- Author
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Cleary, M.C.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Focuses on the shifts in trading patterns that followed the emergence of political units in north-west Borneo, and on trading patterns between late 19th century, when European intervention began, and 1930, when trading patterns were disrupted by global economic depression. Creation of Sarawak due to result of dismemberment of Brunei in late 19th century; Three territories that became British Protectorates in 1888; Details of shifts in Borneo economy.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Discipline and Morale of the African, British and Indian Army units in Burma and India during World War II: July 1943 to August 1945
- Author
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Kaushik Roy
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,World War II ,Interwar period ,Colonialism ,Nationalism ,Frontier ,Flamethrower ,Political science ,Development economics ,Economic history ,Commonwealth ,Front (military) - Abstract
Towards the end of World War II, the morale of British units stationed in Burma and India was on a downslide. In contrast, the morale of Indian units was quite high. In fact, after the 1943 Arakan Campaign, the morale of Indian units rose slowly but steadily. The morale and discipline of Indian troops are also compared and contrasted with another colonial army: the African troops. By making a comparative study of the Commonwealth troops deployed in Burma and India, this paper attempts to show how and why the contours of morale and discipline changed among the various groups of troops at different times. The study of morale and discipline of the troops deployed in these two regions represents two extreme conditions: while Burma remained a war front, India did not experience any actual warfare except for some skirmishes with Indus tribes at the northwest frontier. In general, bad discipline is partly responsible for bad morale and vice versa, which adversely affects the fighting power of armies. This turns to the issue of ‘why do men fight’? The ‘will to war’ is directly proportional to good discipline and strong morale amongst troops. This paper will look for the causative factors shaping discipline and morale of both metropolitan and colonial soldiers, based mainly on military intelligence reports on morale. We will see that rather than grand ideas like nationalism and anti-fascism, mundane factors like the supply of good rations, access to sex and service conditions, influence the morale and discipline of soldiers, and hence their combat-worthiness.
- Published
- 2010
8. The Impact of the Cultural Revolution in China on the Mongolians of Inner Mongolia
- Author
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David Sneath
- Subjects
History ,geography ,education.field_of_study ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Sociology and Political Science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Fell ,Population ,Subject (philosophy) ,Public policy ,Power (social and political) ,Politics ,Economic history ,education ,China ,Period (music) - Abstract
A number of papers have been written in the west on the subject of the Cultural Revolution in Inner Mongolia. Hyer and Heaton's (1968) account of the period in the China Quarterly deals with events up until 1968, and relies heavily upon an analysis of the news reports broadcast by Radio Inner Mongolia at that time. The paper focuses upon the fate of Ulanhu, the Chairman of the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region who fell from power during the Cultural Revolution. Hyer and Heaton are concerned primarily with the power struggles within the political apparatus, and they include no first-hand or eyewitness accounts. The paper gives no indication of the effects of the Cultural Revolution upon the great bulk of the population of the I.M.A.R., either Mongolian or Han Chinese. However, the article does carefully document the rapidly changing tide of Inner Mongolian government policy and the emergence of populist groups which challenged the political establishment, over the period 1965 to 1968.
- Published
- 1994
9. Die for the Boycott and Nation: Martyrdom and the 1905 Anti-American Movement in China
- Author
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Sin Kiong Wong
- Subjects
History ,Boycott ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Modern history ,Nationalism ,Immigration policy ,State (polity) ,Xenophobia ,Political science ,Law ,Economic history ,HERO ,China ,media_common - Abstract
On July 16, 1905, an overseas Chinese, Feng Xiawei, committed suicide in front of the American consulate in Shanghai. The impetus for Feng's sacrifice was a labor treaty being negotiated with the United States, which had placed obstacles to the Chinese who would like to go to the United States to make a living. Two months before Feng's suicide, merchants in Shanghai had asked Americans to revise their immigration policy or face a boycott in two months. The Americans showed no sign of yielding. Four days before the deadline, Feng killed himself. This previously unknown individual became a hero in the 1905 boycott movement. For an overview of the boycott movement see Zhang Cunwu, Guangxu sayinian Zhong Mei gongyue fengchao [The Chinese Boycott of American Goods, 1905-1906] (Taipei: Institute of Modern History, Academia Sinica, 1966); Margaret Field, “The Chinese Boycott of 1905”, Papers on China 11 (1957): 63-98; Edward J. M. Rhoads, ‘Nationalism and Xenophobia in Kwangtung (1905-1906): The Canton Anti-American Boycott and the Lienchow Anti-Missionary Uprising’, Papers on China 16 (1962): 154-97; Delber L. McKee, Chinese Exclusion versus the Open Door Policy, 1900-1906: Clashes over China Policy in the Roosevelt Era (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1977), especially chapter 7; Sin-Kiong Wong, ‘The Genesis of Popular Movements in Modern China: A Study of the Anti-American Boycott of 1905-06’. Ph.D. Dissertation, Indiana University, 1995.
- Published
- 2001
10. Liberal Leviathan or Imperial Outpost? J. S. Furnivall on Colonial Rule in Burma.
- Author
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ENGLEHART, NEIL A.
- Subjects
COLONIAL Period, Myanmar, 1824-1948 ,MYANMAR politics & government, 1824-1948 ,HISTORIOGRAPHY ,LIBERALISM ,IMPERIALISM ,ECONOMIC history ,BRITISH colonies ,HISTORY - Abstract
J. S. Furnivall, in his influential account of the impact of British rule in Burma 1824–1948, argues that British officials laid down a Liberal administration that exposed the colony to market forces, monetized the economy and devastated communities. However, there is little evidence that British administrators actually thought in Liberal terms: they relied heavily on institutions inherited from the Burmese monarchy, and when they introduced new administrative methods these were drawn from other parts of British India and only indirectly influenced by Liberalism. Furnivall's view of the ideological origins of British administration, in turn, distorts his reading of the impact of British rule, as illustrated by recent work on the pre-colonial economy showing that it was in fact more monetized and commercialized than he claims. If his account of the pre-modern economy is not viable, Furnivall's claims about the impact of British colonialism in Burma demand re-evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The Co-ordinating State and the Economy: The Nizamat in Eighteenth-Century Bengal.
- Author
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MUKHERJEE, TILOTTAMA
- Subjects
SOCIAL classes ,LITERATURE ,ECONOMIC history ,INDIAN economy - Abstract
The article discusses the place in which the indigenous state, the Nizamat, played in the economy of Bengal, India, during the 18th century. Direct and indirect ways in with the Nizamat were involved with Bengal are discussed, such as being involved with trade and the public policies regarding the economy. The way in which the ruling class was portrayed in the literature of the day as being very prosperous is mentioned. The economic conditions that Bengal experienced during the 18th century are discussed.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The Manchurian Economy and the 1930s World Depression.
- Author
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Wright, Tim
- Subjects
ECONOMIC history ,TARIFF ,SOYBEAN industry & economics ,CRISIS management ,GROSS domestic product ,ECONOMIC indicators ,GREAT Depression, 1929-1939 ,ECONOMIC conditions in China - Abstract
The article discusses the economic history of Manchuria during the Great Depression in China between 1929 to 1936. It presents four arguments based on its GDP between 1924 to 1937, including its use of silver currency to protect the Manchurian economy from global downturn, the impact of Depressions in the soybean trade, the decline in output levels such as in agriculture due to climate and military disasters, and the Keynesian policies that led to the rapid growth of its modern sector and the recovery of its economy.
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta Qiaoxiang.
- Author
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Williams, Michael
- Subjects
HISTORY ,RIVERS ,CIVILIZATION ,SOCIAL sciences ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Focuses on the history of links between people from the Pearl River Delta with the countries of South-East Asia and the Pacific. Examination of the role and contribution of Hong Kong to the Pearl River Delta links over the period 1842 to 1942; Impact of Pearl River Delta on Hong Kong's history; Brief overview of the nature, historical background and examples of the links that developed between the Pearl River Delta counties and various overseas destinations.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Distant Thunder: The Regional Economies of Southwest China and the Impact of the Great Depression.
- Author
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Wright, Tim
- Subjects
DEPRESSIONS (Economics) ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Examines the impact of the 1930 Great Depression on Southwest China. Drop in the demand of silk in the United States and the world market; Reduction in employment brought by the fall in prices; Decrease in the prices of rice between 1931 and 1933; Factors contributing to the Chinese economic performance; Regions affected by the economic depression.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. The babbling Brookes: Economic change in Sarawak 1841-1941.
- Author
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Kaur, Amarjit
- Subjects
ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Focuses on the economic change in Sarawak during the period 1841 to 1941. Review of the `Brooke's approach' to development; Description of the geographic setting; Discussion of the political and economic framework; Monopoly of the mineral industry by James Brooke; Effects of the shift to commercial farming; Fulfilling the growing labor needs with migrant laborers; Impact of poor transportation and communications.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. `Hantu' and highway: Transport in Sabah 1881-1963.
- Author
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Kaur, Amarjit
- Subjects
TRANSPORTATION policy ,ECONOMIC history - Abstract
Examines three aspects of transport development in Sabah. Focus on river, road and rail as transport agencies; Role of transport in contributing to the emergence of an export-oriented economy; Impact of land transport on the local economy and society.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The Quasi-War in East Asia: Japan's Expedition to Taiwan and the Ryūkyū Controversy
- Author
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Edwin Pak-wah Leung
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Sovereignty ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic history ,Tribute ,East Asia ,Orient ,Political status ,Treaty ,China ,Settlement (litigation) - Abstract
The 1870s witnessed mounting tension among East Asian countries. In 1874,. Japan sent an expeditionary force to Taiwan to punish the aborigines there who had, in 1871, killed fifty-four shipwrecked Ryūkyūans (Liu-ch'iuans). By doing so, according to many scholars today, Japan was able to claim retroactively that the Ryūkyūan castaways were legally Japanese subjects, thereby ending the Sino-Japanese dispute over the ambiguous political status of the Ryūkyū Islands (the Chūzan Kingdom of Ryūkyū paid tribute to both China and the Satsuma-han of Japan before the 18705).This paper is a reappraisal of this episode of the ‘Quasi-war’ in East Asia. By going into the Chinese, Japanese, Ryūkyūan, and Western sources, it unfolds some unknown events which directly and indirectly led to the Japanese decision to send forces to Taiwan, as well as the Chinese reactions. The conclusion of this paper refutes the customary view which holds that China had in 1874 ‘renounced her claim over Ryūkyū and yielded to the Japanese claim she had earlier disputed.’ As this paper will show, neither Soejima Taneomi nor Ōkubo Toshimichi had succeeded in securing any Chinese endorsement of Japan's sovereign right over Ryūky¯. Nor did the Sino-Japanese Treaty of 1874, concerning the settlement of the Taiwan crisis, legally settle the Ryūkyū problem, since Ryūky¯ was never mentioned in the Treaty. As a result, the issue continued to trouble Peking and Tokyo in the years that immediately followed.
- Published
- 1983
18. Bureaucracy and Control in India's Great Landed Estates: The Raj Darbhanga of Bihar, 1879 to 1950
- Author
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Stephen Henningham
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Colonial administration ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,North india ,Asian studies ,Consolidation (business) ,Political science ,Development economics ,Economic history ,Bureaucracy ,Estate ,Uttar pradesh ,Social control ,media_common - Abstract
In north India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries several great landed estates played a crucial part in the consolidation of imperial rule and in the support of the social and economic order. These estates have attracted considerable scholarly attention, but previous research has concentrated primarily on their relations with the colonial administraton and on their general intermediary role in north Indian society. The only study directly concerned with their internal affairs is Dr. P. J. Musgrave's ‘Landlords and Lords of the Land: Estate Management and Social Control in Uttar Pradesh 1860–1920’ (Modern Asian Studies, 6, 3 (1972), pp. 257–75), in which official sources are used as the basis for an account of the internal operations of the great estates in the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. Hitherto the major obstacle to the examination of the administration of the great estates has been the absence of comprehensive estate records. Fortunately the extensive and well-organized archives of the Raj Darbhanga of Bihar recently have been opened to scholars. In this paper the Raj archives have been drawn upon to provide evidence for an account of the structure and operation of the administration of the Raj Darbhanga during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The paper argues that despite substantial difficulties the Raj Darbhanga effectively pursued its interests by means of a bureaucratic system of management and that therefore Dr Musgrave's conclusions concerning the limited power of the great landed estates need substantial qualification and correction.
- Published
- 1983
19. Business and Politics in the 1930s Lancashire and the Making of the Indo-British Trade Agreement, 1939
- Author
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B. Chatterji
- Subjects
History ,Government ,Sociology and Political Science ,Indian nationalism ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Tariff ,Context (language use) ,Trade agreement ,Nationalism ,Politics ,Economy ,Depression (economics) ,Political science ,Economic history - Abstract
During the inter-war years there were significant developments in Indo-British economic and political relations. It is in the context of these developments that this paper will seek to study the complex relationships between the different fractions of businessmen, British and Indian, the Government of India, the Home Government and the Indian National Congress. The major theme of this paper is the attempts made in the 1930s by governments and businessmen to reorganize the economic relations between Britain and India to take account of changes wrought by the first world war, the world depression, and the ascent of Indian nationalism. One question which dominated these negotiations was the long-standing issue of duties on cotton goods imported into India. This issue served to bring into sharp focus the different views of the imperial rulers, British businessmen in India, Indian businessmen of different sorts, and nationalist politicians, on the immediate future of the economic link between Britain and India. The question of cotton duties dogged the talks on economic cooperation from the tariff negotiations of the early 1930s, through the period of the Ottawa agreement and Lees-Mody pact, to the Indo-British Trade Agreement of 1939.
- Published
- 1981
20. British ‘Country’ Trade and Local Trade Networks in the Thai and Malay States, c. 1680–1770
- Author
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D. K. Bassett
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,International trade ,Indigenous ,language.human_language ,Independence ,Southeast asia ,Indonesian ,Monarchy ,language ,Economic history ,business ,Malay ,media_common - Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to supplement existing knowledge of British and Asian ‘country’ trade to selected parts of Southeast Asia by drawing upon British private papers and the records of Fort St George, Madras. The 1680s marked the peak of international trade in Siamunder king Narai before the wars and revolution there of 1687–88. The decade also saw the elimination of the last great independent entrepot, Banten, on the Java Sea in 1682, as well as the final, ultimately-futile, Dutch efforts to control the Malayan tin-trade north of Perak. The Dutch also began in 1685 and 1689 their intermittent attempts to monopolize key commodities in the Johor–Riau–Lingga sultánate at the southern end of Malacca Strait. In one sense, given Dutch success or at least pretensions, the region from Pegu and Tenasserim–Mergui through certain Malay ports and Aceh to Ayudhya and Tongking constituted what might loosely be called the free-trade zone of maritime Southeast Asia. It was also one in which, with the exception of Perak after 1745, the indigenous monarchies retained complete or extensive independence from European supervision. Into this zone, with occasional ventures to the smaller Indonesian ports, British country traders sailed for over a century, from Bowrey and Dampier in the 1680s to Light and Scott in the 1770s. What were the principal features of the markets they frequented?
- Published
- 1989
21. The Effect of Export Cultivations in Nineteenth-century Java
- Author
-
Robert Van Niel
- Subjects
History ,Pride ,Sociology and Political Science ,Java ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Colonialism ,Genius ,Power (social and political) ,Economy ,Sovereignty ,Economic history ,computer ,computer.programming_language ,media_common ,Theme (narrative) ,Ancestor - Abstract
When in 1913 Count van Hogendorp edited the letters and papers of his ancestor Willem, who had served in Java as one of the secretaries of the Commissioner General Du Bus from 1825 to 1829, he characterized the early nineteenth century in Java as a time of ‘systems.’ His use of this word was not meant to be complimentary. Ancestor Willem had taken great pride in being the inspirational genius behind one such ‘system’; one, incidentally, which was not adopted.The characterization of the time seems to me particularly relevant as an opening wedge into the contents and theme of this paper, for all 'systems' relative to nineteenth-century Java had at their core the stimulation of export commodities derived from the agricultural process. A system, as I use the term here and as it was used by nineteenth-century policy planners, was an orderly andlogical arrangement of thoughts and objects into a complex .whole according to some scheme which drew its inspiration from fundamental economic and social principles. Such systems for Java were devised bypersons in positions of high authority either in Europe or in Java on the basis of what they had seen or heard about Java. Invariably the purpose of the system was to make the island of Java profitable to its European‘possessor’; the prevailing colonial theory holding that through treatyand conquest the European power had gained sovereign rights over the land and its people and should make use of them in accordance with its best judgment. Such judgment was embodied in a ‘system’ which hopefully provided benefits for both the possessor and the possessed.
- Published
- 1981
22. Mr Upjohn's Debts: Money and friendship in early colonial Calcutta
- Author
-
Peter Robb
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic shortage ,Colonialism ,Friendship ,Argument ,Capital (economics) ,Debt ,Law ,Economic history ,Support system ,Economic stress ,Sociology ,media_common - Abstract
The paper discusses the effective operation of money and credit among Europeans in Calcutta around 1800, arguing for the importance of informal processes and ties of friendship that facilitated, regulated, and enforced agreements, helping both to tide over individuals in times of economic stress and to underwrite the provision and transfer of capital. The argument is advanced by a detailed case-study of debts owed by one resident—Aaron Upjohn—to another, the diarist, Richard Blechynden, amid a web of acquaintance, officialdom, and law that variously ensured that the debts were honoured. It is defined as a support system among acquaintances, necessitated in part by shortage of money and abundance of risk.
- Published
- 2013
23. An Information War Waged by Merchants and Missionaries at Canton: The Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China, 1834–1839
- Author
-
Song-Chuan Chen
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Conceptualization ,Metaphor ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Media studies ,Empire ,Power (social and political) ,Spanish Civil War ,Rhetoric ,Economic history ,Artillery ,China ,media_common - Abstract
This paper explores the efforts and impact of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge in China (1834–1839), which existed during the five years before the First Opium War. It contends that the Society represented a third form of British engagement with the Chinese, alongside the diplomatic attempts of 1793 and 1816, and the military conflict of 1839–1842. The Society waged an ‘information war’ to penetrate the information barrier that the Qing had established to contain European trade and missions. The foreigners in Canton believed they were barred from further access to China because the Chinese had no information on the true character of the Europeans. Thus, they prepared ‘intellectual artillery’ in the form of Chinese language publications, especially on world geography, to distribute among the Chinese, in the hope that this effort would familiarize the Chinese with the science and art of Westerners and thereby cultivate respect and a welcoming atmosphere. The war metaphor was conceived, and the information war was waged, in the periphery of the British informal empire in Canton, but it contributed to the conceptualization of war against China, both in Canton and in Britain, in the years before actual military action. Behind the rhetoric of war and knowledge diffusion in Canton, lay a convergence of interests between merchants and missionaries, which drove both to employ information and military power to further their shared aim of opening China up for trade and proselytizing.
- Published
- 2011
24. Remember History, Not Hatred: Collective Remembrance of China's War of Resistance to Japan
- Author
-
James Reilly
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,History of China ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Gender studies ,Hatred ,Spanish Civil War ,Rhetoric ,Economic history ,Official history ,Narrative ,China ,Resistance (creativity) ,media_common - Abstract
Chinese leaders have repeatedly insisted upon the contemporary relevance of the ‘War of Resistance to Japan’ (1937–1945). However, the content of the official history of the war and the lessons drawn from it have changed dramatically from 1949 through 2010. This paper begins by reviewing theories of collective remembrance and then covers four historical periods: China's ‘benevolent amnesia’ on Japan's wartime atrocities before 1982; China's patriotic education campaign from the mid-1980s; the rise of history activism in China in the late 1990s; and the post-2005 reversal in official rhetoric on Japan and the wartime past. It concludes that, while the party-state retains an impressive capacity to shape the narratives of critical periods of modern Chinese history, Chinese leaders are likely to find themselves increasingly constrained by domestic forces and by external events beyond their control.
- Published
- 2011
25. The China-Russia-Japan Military Balance in Manchuria, 1906–1918
- Author
-
Asada Masafumi
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Distrust ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Empire ,Power (social and political) ,Intervention (law) ,Spanish Civil War ,Alliance ,Political science ,Economic history ,East Asia ,China ,media_common - Abstract
Even after the Russo-Japanese War, Manchuria remained the powder keg of East Asia. In the war's aftermath, three empires, the Qing, the Russian and the Japanese, stationed their troops in Manchuria, in a struggle for military supremacy there. There has already been a considerable amount of research on these military activities. However, previous works have not discussed them from a triangular relationship. This paper contends that the history of modern East Asia cannot be understood until one examines the shift in the military balance in Manchuria from a triangular comparative point of view. The results of such examination show that, in Manchuria, each empire was unable to establish military domination alone, and therefore needed an alliance partner. During the Xinhai Revolution, the Russia-Japan ‘alliance’ wielded overwhelming military power against China. However, after the Russian Revolution in 1917, Japan renounced cooperation with a weakened Russia and built a new partnership with China to advance the Siberian intervention. The military triangle of Russia, China and Japan was unable to create a comprehensive regional security system in Manchuria because what was established was based on mutual distrust and fear.
- Published
- 2010
26. Sardars, Jobbers, Kanganies: The Labour Contractor and Indian Economic History
- Author
-
Tirthankar Roy
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Unfamiliar environment ,HC Economic History and Conditions ,Traditional authority ,Traditional economy ,Emigration ,Intermediary ,Scholarship ,Framing (construction) ,Economics ,Economic history ,Economic problem - Abstract
A figure in part a foreman, in part a headman, and in part a recruiting contractor, formed an indispensable part of labour organization in mills, mines, ports and plantations in nineteenth-century India, and in the tropical colonies where Indian emigrants went for work. Historians have explained the presence of such a figure by the needs of capital for intermediaries, or needs of labour for familiar relationships in an unfamiliar environment. The significance of the labour agent for economic history, however, seems to go beyond these needs. The universal presence of a worker who embodied a variable blend of roles prompts several larger questions. Was the labour agent an institutional response to an economic problem? Were modern forms of agency rooted in older modes of labour organization? The scholarship discussed the gains for employers. Were there costs too? This paper is a preliminary attempt at framing these larger issues. I suggest here that the agent had roots in the traditional economy, and represented an incorporation of putting out and the authority of the headman inside modern work sites, and that this incorporation of traditional authority in a modern setting gave rise to contradictions.
- Published
- 2008
27. War, Changing Patterns of Warfare, State Collapse, and Transnational Violence in Afghanistan: 1978–2001
- Author
-
H. Sidky
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,World-system ,Afghan ,Spanish Civil War ,State (polity) ,Law ,Rhetoric ,medicine ,Economic history ,Asymmetric warfare ,medicine.symptom ,Collapse (medical) ,Period (music) ,media_common - Abstract
The war in Afghanistan was one of the most brutal and long lasting conflicts of the second half of the twentieth century. Anthropologists specializing in Afghanistan who wrote about the war at the time reiterated the United State's Cold War rhetoric rather than provide objective analyses. Others ignored the war altogether. What happened in Afghanistan, and why, and the need for objective reassessments only came to mind after the September 11th attacks. This paper examines the genesis and various permutations of the Afghan war in terms of causal dynamics embedded in the broader interstate relations of the world system and its competing military complexes during the second half of the twentieth century and changes in that system in the post-Cold War period.
- Published
- 2007
28. Chinese and Filipino Seafarers: A Race to the Top or the Bottom?
- Author
-
Minghua Zhao and Maragtas S.V. Amante
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Subject (philosophy) ,Empire ,language.human_language ,Indian ocean ,Economic history ,language ,Portuguese ,China ,Race to the Top ,media_common - Abstract
All countries with significant coastlines and groups of islands inevitably produce seafarers at some time or other in the course of their economic development, and the two countries which are the subject of this paper are no exceptions. Chinese ships and seafarers were famously exploring the Indian Ocean more than a century before the arrival of the Portuguese and once the Spanish Pacific empire was established in the sixteenth century, the ships linking Mexico to Manila were mainly crewed by Filipinos. And it need hardly be said that Chinese and Filipinos have both been employed by foreign ship-owners throughout the twentieth century. What is unquestionably new is the magnitude of Filipino seafarers' employment in the world's merchant ships and the extraordinary growth of China as a nation with a major stake in the shipping industry, both as ship-owner and as a source of seafarers.
- Published
- 2005
29. Sinews of Panic and the Nerves of Empire: the Imagined State's Entanglement with Information Panic, India c.1880–1912
- Author
-
D. K. Lahiri Choudhury
- Subjects
Political radicalism ,History ,Boycott ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Empire ,Nationalism ,Politics ,State (polity) ,Law ,Terrorism ,Elite ,Economic history ,Sociology ,media_common - Abstract
This is a narrative of events and panics in India in 1907: the fiftieth anniversary of 1857. After the East India Company's political ascendancy in 1757, the uprisings and insurrections of 1857 shook the very foundations of British rule in India. In the summer of 1907, several different strands of protest came together: the nearly all-India telegraph strike was barely over when a revolutionary terrorist network was unearthed, bringing the simmering political cauldron to the boil. The burgeoning swadeshi and boycott movement splintered, partly through the experience of Government repression, into political extremism within the Indian National Congress and revolutionary terrorism via secret societies. The growing radicalism within nationalist politics culminated in the split of the Congress at the meeting at Surat in 1907. Through this process the Indian National Congress changed from its constitutional and elite politics of reform into a more popular and mass-oriented organization. Though much has been written about this period of Indian politics, this paper delineates the larger international technological and informational entanglement through a case study of India, and in particular, Bengal.
- Published
- 2004
30. ‘The Real Value of the Lands’: The Nawabs, the British and the Land Tax in Eighteenth-Century Bengal
- Author
-
T. R. Travers
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Landed property ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Empire ,Colonialism ,Agrarian society ,Economy ,Political science ,BENGAL ,Private property ,Economic history ,Revenue ,Tax assessment ,media_common - Abstract
Ever since the late eighteenth century, no subject has been more prominent in histories of ‘the transition to colonialism’ in south Asia, than the issue of taxation. In particular, the complex system of agrarian taxation that was developed under the Mughal empire, and further elaborated by various post-Mughal regimes, has often been seen as the defining institution of both the pre-colonial and colonial states. What the British called ‘land revenues’, which included taxes on land proper (mal) and taxes on trade and markets (sair), were the main source of income for both Indian and British rulers. Assessments of the impact of colonial rule have often depended on supposed changes in the tax regime. Since the nineteenth century historians have tended to focus their attention on the relationship between the land tax and structures of agrarian property. They have generally argued that British rule both substantially increased the tax burden, and modified structures of agrarian tenure by splicing together rights of revenue collection and private property in land. But they have focused much more on early colonial policies with regard to private landed property, and less on the issue of the actual tax assessment. This paper takes up the issue of the land tax demand (known as jama in the terminology of Mughal and post-Mughal administration) tracing British debates about tax assessments through the first three decades of colonial rule in Bengal.
- Published
- 2004
31. The Making of a Dream: The Sino-American Expedition to Mount Amne Machin in 1948
- Author
-
Shiwei Chen
- Subjects
History ,Government ,Sociology and Political Science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Adventure ,Modernization theory ,Making-of ,Politics ,Foreign policy ,Law ,Economic history ,East Asia ,Sociology ,China - Abstract
For centuries, China has remained as a place in many Americans' shadowy dreams where fortunes and careers could be made through commerce, industry, religion, education, and adventure. American businessmen and their domestic backers appreciated China's richly endowed natural resources and its untapped market of 400 million customers, looking forward to making immense profits from business investment and commercial establishments. Since the arrival of the first American merchant ship, Empress of China, in Canton in 1784, generation after generation of American businessmen and adventurers landed in the Middle Kingdom to begin their enterprises by foreseeing a promising future for mercantile advantage. In this China drive, individual businessmen outside the U.S. government played a significant role in linking the two countries and peoples through a variety of activities. Some of them were particularly responsible for conveying their ideas, directly or indirectly, to government policy makers in Washington, exerting profound influence on the U.S. foreign policy toward East Asia. Some of them made great efforts to assist in the modernization of China by devoting their lives and resources, turning themselves into friends of China. Some of them, however, played games as adventurers seeking power and wealth in a fraudulent way and creating unexpected occasions for political confrontations and diplomatic conflicts in Sino-American relations. In all of these multi-dimensional interactions, China, a Acknowledgement: This essay is part of my Ph.D. dissertation, Government and Academy in Republican China: History of Academia Sinica, 1927-1949 (Harvard University, 1998). For the private documents and interview materials presented in this paper, I particularly thank Dr. Bradford Washburn, Honorary Director of Boston Museum of Science, who provided me with invaluable personal information on the research subject. I would also like to thank the Second National Historical Archives in Nanjing, P.R. China, for allowing me to use the Academia Sinica Archives.
- Published
- 2003
32. Violence and Ethnicity on a Qing Colonial Frontier: Customary and Statutory Law in the Eighteenth-Century Miao Pale
- Author
-
Donald S. Sutton
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Corporate governance ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Social change ,Ethnic group ,Colonialism ,Frontier ,Statutory law ,Law ,Economic history ,Bureaucracy ,China ,media_common - Abstract
No less than in modern times, law under imperial systems can do many things. Its enactment can be a focus for bureaucratic debate and struggle. Its implementation may provoke bitter resistance or creative adaptations. It can be ignored or it can spur unpredictable social change. In eighteenth-century southwestern China, law did all this: issues of law are paramount in the burst of Qing (1644–1911) expansion and Han Chinese colonization which brought many local non-Han societies directly under imperial governance for the first time. This paper examines both its development and its effects in the remote region of the Eastern Miao (Hmong) (see map), a group based on settled agriculture in the Hunan/Guizhou provincial border zone west of the Yuan river. It begins with administrative incorporation (which occurred in two stages in 1703–4 and 1727–32) and ends on the eve of the Miao uprising and its suppression in the 1790s.
- Published
- 2003
33. Ordinary Farmers Living Anarchist Time: Arishima Cooperative Farm in Hokkaido, 1922–1935
- Author
-
Sho Konishi
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Modernity ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Colonialism ,Modernization theory ,Democracy ,Frontier ,Politics ,Economy ,Social transformation ,Political science ,Economic history ,Mutual aid ,media_common - Abstract
This paper offers a fresh anarchist history of modern rural experience at the heart of Japan's modernization project in Hokkaido. The rationalization of agricultural methods and the establishment of big farms in Hokkaido worked by tenant farmers served the dual purpose of both colonizing and modernizing Japan's northern frontier. Against the idea of progress imbued in that colonial project, the anarchist and celebrity writer, Arishima Takeo, liberated his tenant farmers by dissolving his tenant farm in Niseko in 1922. The farmers were made the new cooperative owners. Members of the farm, made famous during widespread tenant-farmer disputes, believed they stood at the heart of progress. ‘Sōgo fujō’ (mutual aid) was viewed as an ethic for social transformation, democracy and elimination of hierarchy that linked the farmers with the wider world. It was the farmers’ consciousness of working in a new era, better than ever before, that made them modern. Their community offers us a case study of the imagination and experience of modern temporality amongst the most unlikely subjects of the modern, ordinary agricultural laborers in rural Asia in the early twentieth century. This anarchist history challenges the conceptual framework that has categorized rural Japan as the seat of conservative politics, nativism and traditionalism, and the antithesis of modernity.
- Published
- 2013
34. Growing Mountain, Shrinking Mouse? Indian Poverty and British Bilateral Aid
- Author
-
Michael Lipton
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Poverty ,Poverty reduction ,Five year plan ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economy ,Work (electrical) ,Political science ,Economic history ,Commonwealth ,Resizing ,Monopoly ,Shadow (psychology) - Abstract
In the book compiled by Mervyn Jones after Kingsley Martin's death in 1969, Asa Briggs recalled that 'no country meant more to Kingsley Martin than India'. Martin's writing, campaigning and travelling all confirm this. His life also confirms his priorities for development and poverty reduction. Famously, however, he was not an economist, and he does not seem to have brought these concerns together, or to have asked how aid might best be used to help. This paper, in a small way, aims to fill that gap. The need to do so is brought out by two extracts from Martin's London Diary in a single month, during the euphoric early years of India's industrializing Second Five Year Plan. On 2 November 1957, Martin rightly praised Commonwealth aid under the Colombo Plan for putting training before hardware [New Statesman and Nation 1957: 556]. Yet a fortnight later [ibid.: 638] he commends the USSR for aiding India 'to erect a heavy machine and building plant ... to manufacture her own machinery for iron and steel work', and chides the West for (so far) denying similar aid. By the mid-196os the costs, to India's poor, of a growth path 'heavy' on forced rural extraction for protected monopoly industries were only too clear. Yet a decade's misdirection of investment-and of supporting, competitive Cold War aid-cast a long shadow. Poverty-orientation in aid may nowadays be a near-cliche; but how does British aid to India really function?
- Published
- 1996
35. British Literary Travellers in Southeast Asia in an Era of Colonial Retreat
- Author
-
Clive J. Christie
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Tourism geography ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Development economics ,Economic history ,Colonialism ,Tourism ,Period (music) ,Cultural tourism ,Southeast asia - Abstract
Some write because they travel, and some travel because they write. A large number of progessional writers, not just travel-writers, have derived inspiration from travel: equally, a large number of travellers, who are not professional writers, have nevertheless often felt compelled to encapsulate their experience in literary form. It is the aim of this paper to survey such British travel literature relating to Southeast Asia during the period of massive transformation dating approximately from the ‘20S to the ’ 50S of this century. It is not intended to be comprehensive, but representative of the major landmarks of that literature along with some lesser-known works of particular interest.
- Published
- 1994
36. The Mughal Fiscal System in Surat and the English East India Company
- Author
-
Farhat Hasan
- Subjects
History ,Virtue ,Sociology and Political Science ,Fiscal system ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic history ,Business ,Port (computer networking) ,Common view ,media_common - Abstract
In this paper an attempt is made to outline the basic structure of taxes on trade and commerce at the Mughal port of Surat during the seventeenth century. This is explored chiefly from documents relating to the English East India Company. By the very nature of the Company being a foreign corporate body, it did not represent a typical ‘peddling’ tax-payer. But the system in so far as the ordinary merchants were concerned, can be restored for us indirectly by considering how far the Company was favoured in taxation matters. We may also reconsider the common view that the English enjoyed ‘invidious trading privileges’ by virtue of the orders of the imperial court, and that it was their privileges that explain their ultimate success in India.
- Published
- 1993
37. ‘The Habitual Nobility of Being’: British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century
- Author
-
Douglas M. Peers
- Subjects
History ,Ethnocentrism ,Sociology and Political Science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Caste ,Empire ,Colonialism ,Archaeology ,Nobility ,Mutiny ,BENGAL ,Economic history ,Institution ,media_common - Abstract
The ethnocentric and racialist overtones of the Victorian empire have long been acknowledged. Most work in this field has generally centred on the mid to late nineteenth century and, by emphasizing the intellectual and cultural currents in domestic society, has focused our attention on the metropole. This reveals only part of the equation; British attitudes towards the outside world arose from a complex matrix of ideas, assumptions and contacts that linked the metropole and colonial environments. In order to understand more fully British responses to non-European societies, and the impact these had on imperial developments, this paper will examine the Bengal army in the 1820s and demonstrate that it was during this period, and under this institution, that many of the assumptions were established under which the later Raj would operate. Of great importance were experiences in the Burma War (1824–26) and the simultaneous mutiny at Barrackpore which, by bringing to the surface doubts about the loyalty and reliability of the Bengal army, hastened a transition from an army modelled on caste lines to one that rested principally on race. This transformation from a caste-based army to an army of martial races was not fully completed, although the foundations were laid, in the years before the Indian Mutiny of 1857, largely because even those who rejected Bengal's dependence upon the highest castes could not bring themselves to argue for the recruitment of the lowest castes no matter what ‘race’ they were drawn from.
- Published
- 1991
38. James Mill's ‘The History of British India’ and Utilitarianism as a Rhetoric of Reform
- Author
-
Javed Majeed
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Cultural identity ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Imperial unit system ,Conservatism ,Politics ,Political economy ,Rhetoric ,Utilitarianism ,Economic history ,Mill ,Sociology ,Relation (history of concept) ,media_common - Abstract
This paper is about the emergence of new political idioms in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries in Britain, and how this was closely involved with the complexities of British imperial experience in India. In particular, I shall concentrate on the radical rhetoric of Utilitarianism expressed by Jeremy Bentham, and especially by James Mill. This rhetoric was an attack on the revitalized conservatism of the early nineteenth century, which had emerged in response to the threat of the French revolution; but the arena for the struggle between this conservatism and Utilitarianism increasingly became defined in relation to a set of conflicting attitudes towards British involvement in India. These new political languages also involved the formulation of aesthetic attitudes, which were an important component of British views on India. I shall try to show how these attitudes, or what we might call the politics of the imagination, had a lot to do with the defining of cultural identities, with which both political languages were preoccupied.
- Published
- 1990
39. Hewers and Haulers: A History of Coal Miners and Coal Mining in Malaya
- Author
-
Amarjit Kaur
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Coal mining ,Economic history ,Coal ,Unrest ,business - Abstract
The history of coal mining in Malaya is synonymous with the history of Malayan Collieries and Batu Arang town since coal was only ever economically mined in this small area in Ulu Selangor. The town of Batu Arang, the Malayan Collieries and the mines left an indelible mark on Malayan history. Previous accounts of the history of coal mining are restricted to mentions in general works on labour and the labour unrest of 1936–37 and 1946–47. This paper outlines the role of coal mining in the Malayan economy in the first half of the twentieth century. It also focuses on the history of labour at the collieries and the significant role that labour played in the development and growth of industrial activism in Malaya.
- Published
- 1990
40. Sardars, Jobbers, Kanganies: The Labour Contractor and Indian Economic History
- Author
-
Roy, Tirthankar
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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41. Britain and the Emperor: The Foreign Office and Constitutional Reform in Japan, 1945–1946
- Author
-
Roger Buckley
- Subjects
History ,Government ,Sociology and Political Science ,biology ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Conventional wisdom ,biology.organism_classification ,Blank ,Politics ,Political science ,Law ,Economic history ,Emperor ,Period (music) - Abstract
British history on the occupation of Japan is largely a blank. Government publications on the Far East, political biographies, regimental histories and diplomats' memoires offer slim pickings. Historians interested in postwar Japan have tended to conclude from the apparent paucity of evidence that British influence on the conduct of the Allied occupation was negligible. Standard works on the period have repeated the conventional wisdom and then moved on. Those who were involved at a policy level rarely made any concentrated attempt to correct this picture. Cabinet ministers certainly did not spend any time confiding in their diaries and have not preserved private papers to indicate any particular fascination with the subject. Diplomats have been equally unforthcoming in print. Consequently, any research into British diplomacy and Japan before the opening of the British archives for 1945 and 1946 would have been an endless disappointment. The position has recently changed. Indeed, with a Thirty Year Rule also applying to the Japanese Diplomatic Record Office and with the material available at the Washington National Records Centre, there is suddenly an abundance of material.
- Published
- 1978
42. French Far Eastern Policy in the 1930s
- Author
-
John F. Laffey
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,Geography, Planning and Development ,World War II ,French ,Public opinion ,language.human_language ,language ,Economic history ,East Asia ,business ,Documentary collection - Abstract
The completion in 1986 of the Documents diplomatiques français, 1932–1939 permits a review of French Far Eastern policy during that troubled time characterized by J.-B. Duroselle as ‘la décadence.’ This massive documentary collection, however, still dose not provide a full picture of the forces which shaped French East Asian policy in the years before the outbreak of the Pacific War. Understandably focused upon European developments, it begins and ends, from the Far Eastern perspective, in medias res; that is, after the outbreak of the Manchurian crisis and before the Japanese occupation of Indochina. Moreover, like other compilations of what statesmen and diplomats said to each other, this one slights economic factors and, though to a lesser extent, the role of public opinion. Even taken in their own terms, the documents perhaps reveal more about what others said and did to the French than about what they themselves accomplished. That points to a more fundamental problem, for one can question whether anything so gelatinous as the French responses or lack thereof to developments largely beyond their control can even be described as ‘policy.’ Still, although much more work in archives and private papers will be necessary before the entire story can be pieced together, these documents do shed light on what passed for French policy in East Asia during the years before the outbreak of World War II.
- Published
- 1989
43. Japanese Export Art of the Edo Period and its Influence on European Art
- Author
-
Oliver R. Impey
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic history ,Subject (philosophy) ,The arts ,Meiji period ,Period (music) - Abstract
The opening up of Japan to the west and the consequent influences of the west and of Japan upon each other are remarkable for many reasons, not least of which is the interchange of styles and techniques of the arts and crafts one to the other. The export of Japanese works of art, and the influence upon European artistic production during the Meiji period (though often of works produced during the Edo period) have all but obscured the remarkable effects Japanese export art had upon the west during the period of self-imposed semi-isolation. Of course Japan was also greatly influenced by western art; that is not the subject of this paper, but it is a subject of great interest, worthy of considerable attention.
- Published
- 1984
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