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The world has witnessed the cruelty of COVID-19 disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The association of COVID-19 with other secondary and bacterial co-infections has tremendously contributed to lung infections. An increased probability of having a secondary lung infection was observed among the post-COVID patients. The treatment of antibiotics has ameliorated the mortality rate. However, the stewardship of antibiotic treatment was linked to increased organ failure. Therefore, the paper discusses the interactions between the virus and host through the ACE2 receptors that contribute to COVID-19 development. Furthermore, the paper provides an invaluable compendium history of SARS-CoV-2 genomic composition. It revolves around most classes of antibiotics used to treat COVID-19 disease and post-COVID lung infections with the complete mechanism. This binds with the exertion of the antibiotics for bacterial infection associated with COVID-19 patients and how beneficial and effective responses have been recorded for the treatment. The application of nanotechnology and possible approaches of nanomedicines is also discussed to its potential usage. • COVID-19 with other secondary and bacterial co-infections has contributed to lung infections. • The treatment of antibiotics has ameliorated the mortality rate. However, the stewardship of antibiotic treatment was linked to increased organ failure. • Most classes of antibiotics are used to treat COVID-19 disease and post-COVID lung infections with the complete mechanism. • The application of nanotechnology and possible approaches of nanomedicines is also discussed to its potential usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanomaterials containing tungsten (TNMs), characterized by diverse nanostructures had been extensively used in biomedical sector. Despite numerous reports focusing on TNM applications in specific biomedical areas, there is a noticeable absence of comprehensive studies that focused on detailed characterization of nanomaterials along with their biological applications. The present work described the structural, morphological, and antimicrobial properties of tungsten oxide (WO 3) nanoparticles coated by antibiotics (nanobiotics), and their application on single and mixed bacterial culture. The nanobiotics included in this study were WO 3 coated with ampicillin (W+A), WO 3 coated with penicillin (P+W), and WO 3 coated with ciprofloxacin (C+W). Techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Rrman spectroscopy, and UV–visible spectroscopy were used to characterize synthesized nanoparticles. The minimum inhibitory concentration of C+W nanobiotic against S. aureus , E. coli , and mixed culture (S. aureus + E. coli) was lower than that of P+W and A+W. The impact of incubation period showed significant differences for each of nanobiotic against S. aureus , E. coli , and mixed culture. However, there were also non-significant differences among incubation periods for antibacterial activity of nanobiotics. It was pertinent to note that percentage variation in susceptibility of S. aureus with respect to mixed culture remained higher as compared to E. coli, indicating it stronger candidate imposing resistance. This paper thus suggested the strategy of coating of antibiotics with with WO 3 nanoparticles as an ideal combination for resistance modulation against single and mixed culture bacteria. [Display omitted] • Tungsten oxide nanoparticles successfully coupled with antibiotics. • Nanoparticles coupled antibiotics revealed appealing characteristics. • Ciprofloxacin coupling proved to be significant antibacterial compared to others. • S. aureus showed highest sensitivity compared to E. coli & mixed culture infection. • E. coli showed higher resistance than to S. aureus in mixed culture infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerative outgrowth of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) and Proteus mirabilis ( P. mirabilis ) was mainly due to incessant relentless influence of antibiotics thereby increasing incidence and death rate which was obvious from the survey of ESBLs producing bacteria related health problem. In the present paper, we synthesized and characterized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) employing using Camellia japonica leaf extract, bactericidal action of these NPs against extended spectrum β lactamases (ESBLs) positive E. coli and P. mirabilis clinical strains owing the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) percentage 83, 81% at 100 μg/mL concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) final inhibiting concentration at 150 μg/mL. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) results evident for loss of viability, cell shrinkage, disarrangement of cell membrane, and cell wall lysis activity of ZnO NPs against ESBLs positive E. coli BDUMS3 (KY617770) and P. mirabilis BDUMS1 (KY617768) strains. From the results, it was observed that the biologically synthesized ZnO NPs has stronger antibacterial effect against ESBLs producing bacterial strains. Nevertheless, current date there is no reports of antibacterial activity of metal oxide (ZnO) NPs against ESBL producing gram negative bacteria. Consequently, this finding is the first report in this respect and it shows band gap energy and ROS accumulation to damage the cell wall and inhibit the growth of ESBL producing gram negative strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we have reported the synthesis, characterization, and evaluation of antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of monodispersed Zinc Oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles synthesized by the room temperature precipitation (aqueous phase) and polyol method (organic phase). ZnO nanoparticle synthesized by both the methods had shown excellent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging, metal chelating (MC), ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis; 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), hydroxyl radical and superoxide radical scavenging activity (SAS). Scavenging activities were assayed within a concentration range of 25–75 ng ml −1 . The antibacterial activities with MIC were investigated against two Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus mutans (MTCC 497) and S. pyogens (MTCC 1926); three Gram negative bacteria Vibrio cholerae (MTCC 3906), Shigella flexneri (MTCC 1457) and Salmonella typhii (MTCC 1252). ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by the polyol method showed better MIC values against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as compared to particles synthesized by aqueous precipitation method. Present study demonstrates the successful synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles with antioxidant property and significant broad spectrum antibacterial activity against several clinical bacterial pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial activity of sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) was compared with elemental sulfur and sulfur-containing salts (sodium thiosulfate and sodium metabisulfite) against bacteria (Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (Aspergillus flavus , Candida albicans) using the paper disc, broth microdilution, and time-kill assay methods. The results of the paper disc and MIC tests showed stronger antimicrobial activity of SNPs compared to the elemental sulfur and sulfur-containing salts. SNPs showed more potent activity against bacteria than fungi. Among the test microorganisms, E. coli (Gram-negative) was the most susceptible to SNPs, followed by S. aureus (Gram-positive), C. albicans (yeast), and A. flavus (mold). Scanning electron micrographs of microorganisms treated with SNPs showed different cell disruption patterns depending on the type of microorganisms. Image 1 • Chitosan-capped sulfur nanoparticles (SNPs) were prepared by the reduction of sodium thiosulfate. • Antimicrobial activity of SNPs was compared with elemental sulfur and S-containing salts. • Agar diffusion, MIC/MBC(MFC), time-kill assay for bacteria and fungi were determined. • SNPs showed stronger antibacterial and antifungal activity than elemental S and S-salts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria have increased at an alarming rate over recent decades and cause serious problems. The emergence of resistant infections caused by these bacteria has led to mortality and morbidity; consequently there is an urgent need to find solution for combating bacterial resistance. In the present paper, first, some mechanisms of antibiotic resistance such as changing the antibacterial agent's uptake and biofilm formation are discussed. Following, for removing the antibacterial resistance, a wide range of approaches like developing new generations of antibiotics, combination therapy, natural antibacterial substances and applying nanoparticulate systems have been explained. Among them, antibiotic delivery via nanoparticles, has been attracted more attention recently, so discussed in present review, separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]