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The concept of "self-esteem" plays a crucial but at the same time ambivalent role in contemporary educational discourse. On the one hand high self-esteem is put forward as a solution for educational problems. On the other hand philosophers of education argued that the concept of "self-esteem" is not doing justice to educational situations and thus an unjustified transfer of a psychological concept to the sphere of education. The paper at hand asks for the concept of "selfhood" that lies behind the different approaches to "self-esteem". What is the "self " we are esteeming? The paper formulates a philosophical reflection on the presuppositions inherent in both the "standard view" on self-esteem as well as in the criticism on it. Both proceed, as I want to show, from a one-sided and thus simplified concept of what it means to be a "self ". I will argue that a phenomenological approach to "selfhood" can be helpful in order to gain a better understanding of the role of the "self" in education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the influence of information technologies on education. Different viewpoints on information literacy education, which is often assimilated to media literacy education, are presented in the paper. The article investigates both advantages of media literacy, which involve its positive influence on education, and disadvantages, which encompass dishonest ideological purposes of media literacy that are hidden behind the notion of efficient teaching. This work defends the idea that media literacy education is inevitable in modern schooling and that it is step by step replacing traditional ways of learning. Several media education paradigms are discussed: protectionist, media arts education, media literacy education and critical media literacy education. Some of them teach how to utilize modern technologies and develop creativity, whereas others educate how to recognize ideologies and be publicly engaged. The paper evaluates media literacy in Lithuania by exploring the context of media education, i.e. by analyzing Wiki culture, didactic approach of media literacy, relationships among participants of learning process, and influence of information technologies on the development of educational techniques. Prominent questions about Lithuanian readiness for changes in schooling methods are asked. It is argued if the country has a clear and coherent media literacy education philosophy. Answers are found by investigating information literacy programs and media literacy projects in Lithuanian secondary schools. The article arrives to a conclusion that in Lithuania media literacy education is only at the early stage of development, but its progress is quite rapid and omits several stages which were underwent in Western countries. Nevertheless, the work determines that Lithuania lacks new and brave mindset which should be spread together with critical pedagogy and critical media literacy (i.e. transforming) education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses one of the most important aspects of linguistic activity, i.e. psycho-physiological fundamentals. The topic is of a great importance as there is no uniform theoretical concept of this issue, although there is a range of articles that analyze some of the aspects of the problem. The author has described physiological components of linguistic activity. From the psychological point of view, the author has accentuated two types of linguistic activity - the perceptive and the expressive - that are substantially analyzed in the present article. The author assumes that the implementation of linguistic activity as well as of any activity is possible by virtue of certain competences and skills. Linguistic competences and skills are thoroughly scrutinized and their distinctive features are pointed out in the current study. The paper also presents and analyzes the key stages of the nurturing of skills. The article could be useful both for theorists of linguodidactics and for language teaching specialists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper pursues a Kantian critique of Husserl's theory of moral consciousness as it is found in his lectures on ethics and other shorter pieces on political and moral philosophy from the interwar period. The critique centers on Kant's conception of moral personality (Persönlichkeit), arguing that Husserlfails to appreciate theforce of this idea, subsequently leaving himself open to the charge of moral perfectionism. The paper ends with a positive assessment of Husserl's thought, however, arguing that Husserl provides important resources for understanding moral consciousness as a sensibility for the possible, adding an important dimension to approaches in ethics that tend to center exclusively on questions of motivation and principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of electronic language portfolios has been preferable to the use of common paper portfolios for ease of application - there is no need for accumulating a number of files of written papers, which solves the problem of storing space and, to some extent, helps reduce students' and teachers' workload. The study investigated learners' perceptions of employing electronic language portfolios for conducting various assignments in English for Specific Purposes. The research involved university students of different specializations. Learners' experience of employing portfolios and opinions on their benefits for improving language skills have been analyzed and statistically treated using SPSS software. The results show that students are positive about application of electronic portfolios in ESP classes. The use of online portfolios for various assignments helps teachers foster students' learning, encourages critical thinking, develops creativity, motivates learners to use digital technology, encourages collaboration of learners, and in the long run, leads to lifelong learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the paper computer loanwords and tendencies of the use of Lithuanian equivalents among students were explored and the factors determining their choice were defined. The computer terminology is one of the newest sections of special terminology and thus has not yet been established. The larger half of computer terms are adopted from English, the spread of which is being tried to restrain, that is why barbarisms are being replaced by appropriate Lithuanian terms. However, suitable substitutes are not always to be found. Furthermore, not all of the new terms proposed by the specialists establish themselves in the Lithuanian language. The adoption or rejection of a particular Lithuanian term can be defined by various factors: brevity of term, sonority, comfort of use, clarity, fidelity, adoption of the loanword, etc. The paper analyses the data, provided in questionnaires by students of Kaunas University of Technology, about the use of 10 computer loanwords and the use of 1 equivalent and discusses the factors, defining the adoption or rejection of loanwords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to reconsider Hannah Arendt's most influential works from the point of view of her attitude towards democracy and analysis of the way it may contribute to the contemporary understanding and redefinition of the very notion of what democracy is. The paper begins with the reconstruction of Arendt's anthropology in order to ground her political reflections. The next part discusses the basic characteristics of counsel democracy informs of spontaneous, local organizations and associations in which every citizen could freely and equally participate, as they show through her analysis of revolutions. The last part deals with different and contradictory interpretations of Arendt's attitude towards democracy and the question whether her proposition is a practical, revolutionary proposition or an idealist utopia. The interpretation of Arendt's project emphasizing her democratic and reformative approach is defended. The conclusion states Hannah Arendt's important contribution to the contemporary reflection on democracy in view of her recognition of the power of grassroots collective actions and their role in contemporary political sphere and the necessity of such formed at grass-roots and spontaneous level actions and associations as a unique safety valve for the society, as well as a counterbalance for mass society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the frequency rate of occurrence of computer jargon in students' colloquial speech. The ratio of borrowings to their Lithuanian equivalents is also explored. The methods of the research include the analysis of the data obtained in the questionnaire survey and in the statistical processing. The results show that jargons prevail in students' colloquial speech. The reasons for rejecting Lithuanian equivalents are analysed. Most probably students are influenced by the environment in which they communicate. The paper aims to research and analyse terms for the purpose of promoting correct usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the questions centered around the interrelation of ethics, religion and aesthetics including the reflection upon such constitutive elements of human experience as faith, reason, poetry, experience and politics. The analysis explores S. Kierkegaard's understanding of the relationship between the ethical and the religious and the relationship of both to the aesthetic, explores many relevant themes resided in the works of S. T. Coleridge, W. Blake and others. Structured in this way the paper opens up new paths for better understanding of the fundamental presuppositions of ethics and religion as well as political realities in the age of fundamentalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countless differences between Hegel and Husserl notwithstanding, there is a common element in both of their accounts of the genesis of otherness. According to both, only if one delves into the interiority of self-consciousness, can one account for the rudimentary appearance of the Other. Following the Hegelian and Husserlian variants of such a strategy, this paper argues that: (1) at the primitive levels of self-consciousness, subjectivity is intersubjective through and through; (2) an irreducible distance separates the Other from the self, due to which plurality cannot be surpassed by totality. In contrast to the view which sees these claims as though they were irreconcilable with each other, this paper shows how each of them calls for its apparent opposite. While it is common to establish the unanimity of these claims in opposition to Hegel, or Husserl, or both, this paper shows how such a concordance itself emerges from an Auseinandersetzung between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the topic of social dualism through religion, morality and science. The paper refers to one of the most original works uncovering the social roots of religion - The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life by Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) who is considered to be the founder of modern sociology. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life develops the coherent theory of religion as well as ventilates different aspects of the religious life. The message of the paper is: is religion the generative essence of social aspect, does a state of constant dependence stimulate a sense of religious piety, is a moral social order able to stabilize dualism of human energy. The paper proposes an assertion that science as a social phenomenon reflects knowledge and the values of its perception which are impacted by imagination and classified codes of cultural forms. As a result a thesis is proposed - a cultural (influenced by environment) and a personal (influenced by internal factors) desire for differentiation and its provoked conflict is of a social character. The second part of the paper deals with relation between science and social phenomena with inherent dualism. A short discussion is presented on L'Année Sociologique (a group of scientists initiated by Durkheim) representing a new sociological paradigm, the beginning of scientific social culture giving sense to cooperation of sociological theory and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the historical and intellectual linkage between two fundamental spheres of culture - religion and ethics. The theistic ethical perspective and its most radical "supranaturalistic" form are explored. On the other hand, the atheistic position is also revised and the notion of anti-theism is introduced. After that critical analysis is presented on a substantial question concerning the kind of relation between religion and ethics: subordination, assimilation, complementarity or opposition. This question, in turn, demands a careful observance of various religious and secular perspectives, concerning the sources of morality, and poses the problem of faith and knowledge in a new light. Ethical norms constitute crucial part of various religious doctrines and to a certain degree correlate with major shift s in the history of secular culture. However, are these historical and theoretical testimonies sufficient for maintaining that ethics depends on religion and if so, what kind of dependence is it? In the last part of the paper the author formulates a sketch of an answer to a major theoretical concern on the way of reconciling religion and ethics beyond subordination or assimilation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the problem of interdependence between power and language is viewed. The authors point out that the problem may be investigated in two aspects: from the point of view of a conscious use of language as a political instrument and from the point of view of an unconscious dependence of an individual on language and ideology. In this context, the authors investigate the ideas expressed by Louis Althusser and Michel Pźcheux. The theory of Ideological State Apparatuses by Althusser is represented here as one of possible conceptual bases for defining gender distribution of power. In this paper the specificity of the Pźcheux's discourse analysis is revealed: discourse is viewed by Pźcheux as a sphere of intersection of language and extra-linguistic restrictions created by ideology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers some theoretical problems associated with the analysis of the coursebooks for teaching English for specific purposes. The author surveys scientific literature on the problem and the available coursebooks, stating that there are only a few good coursebooks for higher technical schools both in Lithuania and abroad. The author believes that the main shortcomings are as follows: 1) coursebooks are not adapted for higher technical schools methodically, psychologically and didactically; 2) they lack the required correlation between the varieties of linguistic activities; 3) teaching materials are not always based on statistical data and research. The aim of this present paper is to suggest effective methods of solving these problems. Practical recommendations concerning the preparation of quality coursebooks based on firm scientific principles for higher technical schools are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the problem of the evaluation of non-formal and informal learning at universities. The practice to evaluate the prior knowledge, the experience a person has gained in different environment: at work, different courses, training, etc. is used in many countries in the world. France has been using this practicefor about twenty years and has developed its own system of evaluation and recognition of non- formal and informal learning which is presented in this paper. A piloting experiment was conducted in our country to determine a need in Lithuania to develop such a system at universities. The statistical data of the piloting experiment is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors analyse some aspects of the language problem in the history and modern Belarus. The purpose of this paper is to define the role and place of the Belorussian language in the culture and art of Belarus in particular during the period of perestroika and formation of an independent state. The paper also presents a repetitive investigation which was conducted in Brest State Technical University. The results of this investigation show the interest of Belorussian students in the languages (culture) of neighboring nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper does not suggest an outline of a comprehensive theory of existential spatiality. Its aim is much moderate - to reveal those aspects of the constitution of meaning within the totality of being in the world which delineate the scope of the problematic under investigation. Since these aspects are addressed by various kinds of constitutional analysis of meaning, a special effort is devoted to overcoming discrepancies among three basic phenomenological discourses - hermeneutic phenomenology, existential psychiatry, and phenomenology of corporeity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A revival of interest in using a native language in the English classroom is caused by learners' needs of improving language accuracy and clarity. This paper aims at examining perceptions of the use of mother tongue and translation in various linguistic situations. The activities that help raise learners' awareness of language use are described. The findings demonstrate that all learners need support of mother tongue in English classes, but the amount of the native language needed depends on students' proficiency. The statistical significance of the research results was calculated by employing the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reflects on certain working assumptions of Husserlian phenomenological practice (notably, critique of presuppositions, retrieval from anonymity, and the radical reduction to the living present), using an investigation of interkinaesthetic affectivity as an example. I suggest that in some cases, Husserl's "stratificational" model (where "higher" levels are founded on "lower" ones, or "later" achievements rest on "earlier" ones) should be replaced with the notion of the ongoing dynamic efficacy of mutually co-founding, interpenetrating, and interfunctioning moments-"through"-which experience proceeds. Finally, I relate the latter model to Patocka's call for a genuine (re)integration of the three movements of embodied human life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the survey of idiomatic English business terms and their Lithuanian equivalents. The study was based on the theory of idioms and idiomaticity, highlighting the idea that idiomaticity can affect single words, word combinations, and longer text passages. Idiomatic business terms were taken from different English and Lithuanian general and special dictionaries, course books, as well as business texts. The analyzed terms were classified into distinct groups according to their meaning. The key problem encountered was the lack of Lithuanian translation equivalents to certain idiomatic English business terms. Possible Lithuanian translation was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to get acquainted with the types of journals used in education to help students to learn. The paper presents some ways of fostering student's learning through reflective journaling. It also describes the key aspects of a new method ARRIVE cycle in connection with teachers preparation to use reflective journals in a classroom. The article also presents self-assessment in reflective journaling and students' need to self-evaluate their learning process. Reflective journaling as central to students' self-evaluation is described as a means of fostering metacognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I look to the ancient Stoics in order to determine what a fullfledged phenomenological ethics could be said to consist in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thesis of this paper is that Husserl, in his later ethics, reinterprets the philosophical content that discloses itself in the Kantian conception of a "fact of practical reason". From 1917/18 on, Husserl increasingly ceases to pursue his initial idea of a scientific ethics. The reason for this move lies precisely in the phenomenological analysis of "Gemütsakte", through which two main features of the fact of practical reason impose themselves more and more on Husseris thought: the personal concernment/obligation and the primacy of the practical with the coeval call for universal validity. Husserl recognizes that the form of ethical facticity or entanglement cannot be grasped by a science of evidence, which speaks objectively and non-personally (apersonal) of acts of willing, valuing or preferring. Husserl thus gets to a reinterpretation of the fact of practical reason as the philosophical nucleus of his ethics, which is now a personal and affective ethics. He bestows a texture on this fact, however not as he would have thought in the first place: not as evident laws of a material a priori of "Gemüt". In the person and her ethical experience as absolute affection Husserl rather discovers that which is per se not objectifiable and not to be made rationally evident. By this, Husserl captures and phenomenologically explains the non-objectifiable source of obligation and the possibility of complying with it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenomenology was first an egology (Husserl), then an ontology (Heidegger). Today, it takes more and more the form of what we may call an "alterology," that is, an attempt to think the constitutive phenomenon of a radical alterity. This paper aims to put the resources of "alterology" to the test by way of a descriptive analysis of the alterity of other individuals. It first examines the texts of Levinas, stressing his (voluntary) conflation of the other person and absolute alterity. It then presents the thought of J. -L. Marion as an attempt to overcome some problems in Levinas' thesis concerning the relation to individuals. Yet in both cases, and in spite of their differences, once we gain access to the phenomenon of the alterity of the Other, we thus lose the sense of an other as an individual. An interest in alterity is therefore motivated by the aim of systematically providing a device with which one is able to diminish the constitutive power of subjectivity, as opposed to a phenomenological account of the way in which the other shows herself as something emphatically singular - i.e. her "style of appearing". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the problem of analytical reading at a non-linguistic university. The author considers this reading as one of the main forms while working with the text. She does not agree with the interpretation of analytical reading where this method of reading is turned into special analytical exercises. The aim and the main task of this reading is to help students develop their reading skills so that they could cope with any difficulty understanding the text. The article provides a thorough analysis of the methods of analytical reading and presents practical recommendations. In the author's opinion, this paper could be good for practical purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines one of the syntactic constructions used in French technical texts - the variety of expressions with the negative. Although universally used, it has been found out that the negative is scarce in French technical literature. Nevertheless, there are various means to express the negative both syntactically and grammatically. In the field of terminology, the most common way to express the negative is the prepositional word-formation. Attention is paid to expressions that cause difficulties while reading. It is suggested to bestow attention to the interrelation of the lexical and grammatical categories, the organization of linguistic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is found that the vacuum triode, transistor, monolithic circuit and microprocessor were the most important inventions of traditional electronics. Thus, the origins of the traditional electronics should be associated with the invention of the vacuum triode, but not with the invention of vacuum diode. It is shown that the science of electronics is not as young as computer science or up-to-date information technologies: electronics, including active electronics, had already celebrated the centenary, and the period of 2004-2008 is the period of numerous already solid jubilees. Thus, the terminology of electronics is not at initial stage of evolution as well - general terms should be already systematized and normalized. However, Lithuanian terms for electronic devices invented before tens of years and terms for old-defined notions associated with these devices are still varying, some are worsened. Especially, the incorrectly motivated terms used for variations of transistors and microcircuits are analyzed in the article. It is motivated which terms are preferable, systematic and exact. The paper is dedicated to the 50th anniversary of monolithic circuit, as well as the 60th anniversary of transistor, the 40th jubilee of microprocessor and centenary of electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies English and Lithuanian two-word terms of building and civil engineering with respect to their grammatical and semantic structures. By means of a comparative analysis common and diverse structures of the terms under discussion have been considered, and some main two-word parallel term structures are distinguished in these languages. Structural differences are characterized by the grammatical peculiarities of the two languages. Semantic equivalence or non-equivalence of some components of such terms is discussed, and the adequacy of the meaning of the terms compared is explained. The comparative study of such terms should add to quick recognizing of certain structures and to facilitating comprehension and use of the terms. The adequacy of the English and Lithuanian terms means the identity of their meaning, and namely, this is what matters in special-subject communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most needed ability in everyday communication is skills of listening. Ability to follow a speaker in a foreign language and respond appropriately needs to be taught like all other language skills. A novel approach to perfecting listening skills has emerged due to audio publishing online. It is known as "podcasting" and has become very popular because it offers language learners extra listening practice both inside and outside the classroom. Moreover, podcasting as online communication technology is a new way to inspire learning: it provides an exciting way for students and educators to explore and discover educational content. However, the applicability of podcasting to teaching English needs researching. This paper addresses research into learners' perceptions of online listening to podcasts, self-evaluation of one's performance in individual listening practice and reflections on practical ways of improving skills of listening and developing listening competence. Some implications of research are suggested including a blended learning, i.e. combination of multiple approaches to learning by harmonizing online listening with classroom audition activities in teaching / learning English for Specific Purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single physical terms, words which became terms, can be found in the papers of our standard language founders J. Bretkūnas, M. Daukša, D. Kleinas, J. Rėza, S. Vaišnoras, B. Vilentas in the 16th-17th cc. K. Sirvydas' trilingual (Polish-Latin-Lithuanian) dictionary "Dictionarium trium linguarum", the first edition of which appeared in1620, had a great influence on the development of standard language lexis. However, the terminology of physics began to develop much later. Its evolution can be divided in three stages: 1) the middle of the 19th c - the end of the 19th c, when the first articles, published in Keleivis (1849-1880) and Aušra (1883-1886), and the first Lithuanian physics textbook of P. Vileišis "Populiariszkas rankvedis fyzikos" (1899) appeared; 2) the beginning of the 20th c - the middle of the 20th c, when the terminology of this stage was influenced by Ig. Končius' manuscript of physics textbook for gymnasia, during preparation of which he consulted with K. Būga and J. Jablonskis in 1916-1919, Ig. Končius' dictionary "Terminai fizikos reikalams", published in Lithuania (1923-1924), K. Šakenis' "Fizika" (1920), V. Čepinskis' "Fizikos paskaitos" (1923-1926); 3) the middle of the 20th c - the beginning of the 21st c, when the majority of physical terms, which are still in use, were fixed. P. Brazdžiūnas' normative work, which was performed by preparing the textbook for higher schools and colleges "Bendroji fizika" (1960-1965) and preparing and editing with his colleagues FTŽ1, FTŽ2, which became the basis of the newest FTŽ3, had influenced it. FTŽ3 terms are standardized most strongly of all terminographic physical publications. It was influenced by the normative aspect of previous dictionaries of physical terms, which changed at the same time, because the conceptions of different notions and terms changed, there were a lot of fixed terms. Consequently, it can be concluded that present physical terminology is standardized fair enough, it corresponds to possible ideal cases of nomination, when a term names only one concept, and the concept corresponds to one term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the importance of international scientific networking as an element of political globalization. The significance of international co-operation in science for universities and academies of sciences is highlighted with special emphasis on the European Research Area. In this context, reference to the role of the Austrian Academy of Sciences is made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core of this article is the ancient question concerning the individual person in relation to his/her society. This fundamental question of ethics and political philosophy is approached from the perspective of phenomenological philosophy. Hence, this article is an attempt to conjoin two prima facie inconsistent (because of category mistake) types of attitude towards reality and action, e.g. democracy and phenomenology. The thesis states that there is a common ground between the basic features of phenomenological method and the fundamental values of democracy This paper explores the arguments that establish this parallelism between the values of democracy and phenomenology. One of the outcomes of this analysis will be the sketch of a new kind of virtue ethics and a new type of citizen, concerning new approaches to identity problem. In this respect method of phenomenology can be used as a technique (phronesis) for a future citizenship. On the other hand, this perspective helps to re-evaluate the treasures of antique democracy and compare them with contemporary transformations of democracy in political, social and everyday spheres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show by means of selected examples that the evolution of science, in a figurative sense, from the Babylonian confusion of tongues to a universal language is one of the most exciting chapters in the history of mankind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new information technologies and the on-line teaching are being applied to the process of teaching and learning more and more often since the beginning of the reformation of the education system of Lithuania. The use of these methods helps to increase the efficiency of studies: the less time is needed to fulfill the tasks, thus there is an opportunity to provide with more of them and different, there is a possibility to adjust to the individual specific needs of the learner. The present time is a new stage of Lithuanian as the official language, that is why the new status of language is defined, new programs and projects are prepared and being implemented. In the official documents concerning Lithuanian language it is being stressed that language reflects the culture, attitude of mind, language is concurrent with spiritual part of the culture, language is the guarantee of the identity and survival of the nation - that is why it is necessary to improve the teaching of Lithuanian and to strengthen the self-awareness of language, to apply the modern ways of teaching language in universities and colleges of the Republic. The course is taught in all universities and colleges of Lithuania that is why the on-line course is necessary as one of the modern ways of teaching and learning language. The paper presents the materials of the on-line course, the ways of managing teaching and learning are discussed and the results of experimental teaching in Vilnius College in Higher Education and Vilnius Gediminas Technical University are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The days of traditional drudgery-filled lexicography are long gone. Fortunately today, computers help in the enormous task of storing and analysing language in order to condense and store the found information in the form of dictionaries. In this paper, the way from a corpus to a small domain-specific collocational dictionary will be described and thus exemplified based on the example of the domain-specific language of mining reclamation, which can be duplicated for other specific languages too. So far, domain-specific dictionaries are mostly rare as their creation is very labour- and thus cost-effective and all too often they are just a collection of terms plus translation without any information on how to use them in speech. Particular small domains which do not involve a lot of users have been disregarded by lexicographers as there is also always the question of how well it sells afterwards. Following this, I will describe the creation of a small collocational dictionary on mining reclamation language which is based on the consequent use of corpus information. It is relatively quick to realize in the design phase and is thought to provide the sort of linguistic information engineering experts need when they communicate in English or read specialist texts in the specific domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the relation between religion and morality. It is argued that absolutistic theistic conception of morality, which transforms metaphysical issues into moral ones, despite being the most popular folk understanding of morality, is neither the only one possible nor the most effective one. Accepting Bernard Williams' remark that religion in the context of morality adds either nothing or a wrong sort of thing, a conclusion is drawn that philosophical issues of morality can and should be considered in isolation from religious issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show a common origin of religion and ethics in the philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. The concept of religion is closely related to metaphysics of being because it expresses the experience of a person facing the Source of being (God as Creator, actus essendi). By applying the aristotelian concept of justice and, at the same time, by pointing out its insufficiency to express the essence of religion, saint Thomas reveals the phenomenon of simultaneously metaphysical and religious desire. God is known as the Unknown, as absolutely Different, to which human being aspires. The structure of that phenomenon coincides with the structure of the origin of ethics: aspiration to the Source of being, imperceptible by the mind, forms the roots of natural good in the being of a person. With the help of synderese, which is one of the fundamental notions of ethics, saint Thomas clarifies the link that human being constantly maintains with his own ontological roots. The phenomenon of moral conscience, which links the deep heart of human being with the psychological level, is used as a basis to establish morals. Thus, common origin of religion and ethics occurs in the simultaneous real experience of the Source of being and of Good, experience which grants human being a particular purity called holiness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main factors in the overall quality of teaching and learning are learner's ability to self-assessone's progress and accomplishments, evaluation of learning outcomes and assessment of teaching quality. This paper addresses research into the idea of continuity of quality issues in teaching and learning through learner self-assessment of language skills and language knowledge, formal evaluation of learner performance in English for Specific Purposes, and evaluation of teaching by learners. The implications of the findings for learner and teacher development are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the main factors influencig the needs for the evaluation and recognitionofnon-formaland informal learning achievements: learning motivation, the level of learner's autonomy and a detailed analysis of individual learner's needs. The results of the experiment carried out at Mykolas Romeris university are presented. The efficiency of the pedagogical experiment is analysed and statistcal data analysisis presented. The results of the experiment prove that the participiants of the target group got acquainted with the possibilities to have their non-formal and informal learning achievemets assessed as well as with the main methods of presenting their knowledge for assesment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of assessment and recognition of non-formal and informal learning at the university has recently become an object of heated debates in academic communities in Lithuania. This paper analyses the concept of assessment at tertiary level, discusses the challenges that the assessment and recognition of non-formal and informal learning pose to universities, and proposes the format of portfolio for the assessment of non-formal and informal learning for academic credit. It presents the results of research into the usefulness of portfolio method in the process of adults' preparation for the assessment and recognition of their non-formal learning at the university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a pedagogical discipline glotoeducology is related to didactics, i. e. teaching theory. Three concepts of didactics are being distinguished: teaching, teaching principles and types of teaching activity. The authors limited themselves in their paper on one of them, namely: teaching principles that determine the usage of teaching regularities in the course of implementation of the objectives of teaching and education. The article also provides analysis of interaction of linguodidactical principles with general didactical principles, the impact thereof to teaching of foreign languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses classification of rumours. There were many attempts to classify rumours using different criteria. Some authors (A. Dmitrijev 1995) classify them in accordance with three main spheres of social life where they function: political, economic and ideological rumours. However, such a classification is rather conditional, thus it will always seem to be roughcast. Other authors (P. Sorokin 1991) classify rumours in accordance to social elements of interaction systems: the quality and quantity of communicating (interacting) individuals, type of interaction and character of information conveyors. This classification seems to be more sociological because it enables to identify which groups spread rumours and how they do it. However, this classification does not mention other important things: the content of a rumour, its relation to reality and so on. The American sociologists W. A. Peterson and N. P. Gist (1951) classify rumours into types according to their content (political, economic, etc.), time orientation (explaining past, predictive or foretelling), origin (spontaneous, purposive) or relation with reality (rational, fantastic). So there is not one classification of rumours. Partially it is conditioned by a multiple nature of rumours. On the other hand, it is important not only to classify rumours but also to have some mechanism which is able to reveal functioning peculiarities of a particular rumour. The author of this study supposes that every rumour despite its topics has certain features which can be set using a particular system of criteria. There are ten criteria which can describea rumour and name the peculiarities of its functioning and spread. They help to define any rumour and include the social actualness of a rumour (actual and unreal), the purpose of a rumour (popular, unpopular), the nature of a rumour (malicious or entertaining (jokes), the depth of a rumour (superficial or deep), the supplier (author) of a rumour (known, authoritative or unknown), the receiver of a rumour (activist or amateur), the object of rumour contents (individuals, social groups, institutions), the area of rumour spread (country, region, village, social group, professional group), the duration of rumour existence (short-lived, long-lived), the restrictions of rumour spread (juridical and moral sanctions for spreading the rumour or absence of them). Despite the fact that rumours spread in different original spheres of human activities, their influence and possible social consequences can be different. According to the mentioned criteria, they can be not only evaluated, but also the peculiarities of their expression can be set. In accordance to the above-mentioned criteria, the study analyses the cultural types of rumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is devoted to the problem of rule following which is a traditional problem of the philosophy of language. Language communication is represented as a rule submitted activity. Two strategies of rule following are described. One of them is considered as habitual. It is strictly correlated with a system of social institutions and practices. The concept of habitus, developed by P. Bourdieu, is used for fuller investigation of this strategy. The other strategy is based on reflection. Reflective act implies alternative rules of communicative action and is correlated with responsible choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with relation between reality and fiction. The project of phenomenology of creation is presented in this context. According to the author, reality is an environment of our becoming. We fill this environment with our objects, desires, and expectations. Reality and fiction make two poles of creative tension. Human creation, i.e. culture is developed between these two poles. The author links culture with existential creation, i.e. with creation of life story. It is stressed that life story is analogous not to a diary but to a novel where every event takes part in the existential whole. An existential novel is born in a particular spiritual environment which is renewed by its inscription into this environment. The author refers to existential events as phenomena which being inscribed into our living whole direct the stream of events. The author uses the metaphors of the theatre as a public space and the river as a reative stream. It is stated that our existence is developed as polyphonic interrelation between a part and the whole. Different modi of existential creation like realization, working, embodiment, spiritualization and their links are analysed. Working is connected with a private domestic environment the created works in which should be prooved in a public space of the city. It is discussed on an opinion that the national language is the main modus of nationality. It is stated that a multinational environment of a capitol is the best school of national existence. It is showed that a theoretical model of phenomenology of creation is useful in the interpretation of historical and cultural phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theological language as a problem under research is especially a controversial one. The question of language enerpsrise is crucial if we are willing to concider theology as a rational and/or critical discipline despite its „object‟ or „religious substance‟ which can be defined as irrational in the sense of divine mistery. The reflection of a specific referential system which is constituted by theological proposition sun cover speculiar logic of theological language which in turn is always in correlation with basic shifts in philosophy. The paper questions this mutuality as well as presents several characteristic controversies in contemporary theology, particularly in the protestant one. After these goals are achieved, it is possible to formulate concluding ideas about the problem of cognitive value of revelation, and, on the other hand, about the influence of concrete forms of knowledge (modern ontology) for the structures of faith. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of the formation of present-day scientific knowledge is viewed in the paper through the prism of language. Language is seen here not merely as an external form vis-a-vis the content of scientific knowledge, but rather as the mode of emergence and existence of scientific knowledge as a certain reality (Shverev 2001: 509), the one that evolves as a result of cognitive and communicative practices in transdisciplinary studies. The mutual influence of the language of synergy and the synergy of language leads to a new unity of scientific experience and gives rise to the philosophy of transdisciplinarity (KuЯЩeHKo 2006; 17). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Learner self-assessment of linguistic performance has been lately used due to its potential to activate the process of learning. Self-assessment raises learner awareness of language use and leads to developing learner responsibility and autonomy. However, usefulness of self-assessment for evaluation purposes has been scarcely researched. This paper examines some aspects of learners' self-assessment for evaluation purposes at tertiary level. Research focuses on self-assessment of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) vocabulary and some language skills relevant for vocabulary retention. Data on learner self-assessment are compared to actual results in tests. The analysis provided points to importance of self-evaluation in language acquisition and suggests practical implications of self-assessment for evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to demonstrate how weblogging can raise learners' language awareness and prepare them for communication in the networked world. The research included the application of the innovative technique for written and oral communication in English classes. The exploratory study of using a variety of Information Communication Technology activities at tertiary level was conducted. Class experiences of creating weblogs for learning purposes and using them for online activities with the students who learn English for Specific Purposes are described. The methods employed for data gathering consisted of administering specially designed questionnaires, analyzing students' responses, carrying out weblogging activities, providing feedback to learners, evaluating students' performance in various online activities, and finally assessing the utility of weblogging. Our results show that the experience of public writing provides an important opportunity for learning English. Despite a limitation of research - the data are received from a comparatively small sample of participants - some practical implications are indicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper explores the problem of assessment and recognition of non-formal and informal learning in university studies: it presents results of the analysis into European and world universities experience in assessing and recognizing adults' learning that occurs in different learning environments, general principles guiding the assessment and recognition of prior learning, models of assessment as well as results of a survey into adults' needs of assessment and recognition of prior learning in Lithuania. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper considers the problem of independent work while learning a foreign language at the final stage. The following aims of independent work are emphasired in the article: teaching students to use a foreign language in their professional activity, developing students' abilities and skills to improve their knowledge of a foreign language on their own. Analysing the problem of independent work, the conclusion has been drawn that appropriate methods mainly consisting of complex measures of teaching control should be developed. The structure of the above complex in discussed and the methodical principles of developing the abilities and skills of independent work are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]