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This paper aimed to determine the characteristics of physical and mechanical properties of rice straw hand sheet and investigated the optimal conditions for making rice straw paper. The chemical composition of rice straw determined with the TAPPI standards. The conditions of making paper hand sheet composed of pulping time: 2 hours, 4 hours, pulping temperature: 100°C, 130°C, pulping solvent: 2 wt% NaOH, 4 wt% NaOH and bleaching: unbleached pulp, bleached pulp with 2% H2O2. The paper hand sheet was tested based on TAPPI methods, basic weight TAPPI- T410-om-93, thickness TAPPI- T411-om-89, moisture content TAPPI- T412-om-93, brightness TAPPI T452 om-92, opacity TAPPI standard T 425 om-91, burst strength TAPPI T403 om-97, tensile strength TAPPI T494 om-01, and tear strength TAPPI-T414-om-88. The results showed that the optimal conditions of rice straw hand sheet including pulping time: 2 hours, pulping temperature: 100°C, pulping solvent: 2 wt% NaOH, and bleaching: unbleached pulp gave the highest the physical and mechanical properties form other conditions. This conditions showed as the basic weight 62.27 g/m2, thickness 259.30 µ, opacity 93.34 ISO%, burst strength 64.75 kPa.m2/g, tensile strength 95.33 N.m/g, and tear strength 473.55mN.m2/g. In this condition, the paper hand sheet used at the lowest concentration of pulping solvent and non-bleached, which reduces environmental pollution.

Anode surface plays important role for extracellular electron transfer (EET) of exoelectrogenic microbes in microbial fuel cell (MFC). In this report, the electrochemical performance of a TiO2nanorod array modified carbon paper electrode (TiO2NRs/CP) is greatly improved by controlled chemical etching process. The etching process keeps the array morphology but yields obvious hollows on tops of TiO2nanorods. The etched electrode (TiO2NRs-HOT/CP) exhibits better hydrophilicity than carbon paper (CP) and TiO2NRs/CP electrode as seen from smaller contact angle (CA) and more attached microbes S.loihica PV-4. Meanwhile, the hollows allow higher local concentration of microbial self-secreted flavins that can act as electron mediators for interfacial electron transfer of PV-4 through in-direct pathway. Accordingly, PV-4 produces larger current density at TiO2NRs-HOT/CP electrode with maximum current density of 0.038 mA cm–2, which was much higher than that at CP electrode, and almost five times higher than that at un-etched TiO2NRs/CP electrode.

Panicum repens is a species of grass known by many common names, including torpedo grass, creeping panic, panic rampant, couch panicum, wainaku grass, quack grass, dog-tooth grass, and bullet grass. The paper has been made from non-wood materials for long times. This research was used Panicum repens for made grass pulp as non-wood fiber. The influence of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) concentrations on properties of pulp from Panicum repens was investigated under room temperature. NaOH concentration levels were varied at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%, respectively. Moreover, Paper pulp from Panicum repens was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). This research has controlled the length of fiber approximately 0.5-2.5 cm before soaked with NaOH concentration at 1 hour and soak with water for controlled pH value at 7-8. Paper pulp was formed on a sieve. The result showed that color of paper pulp made from Panicum repens was light brown and green. SEM showed that NaOH concentration affects the physical properties of paper pulp. Moreover, true density of paper pulp was also investigated in this research.

In this study, 12 commercially available paper towels were collected from the local market. Their tensile properties were investigated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). Four tensile properties namely: (i) extensibility (EMT), (ii) tensile energy (WT), (iii) tensile resilience (RT) and (iv) linearity of WT (LT) were evaluated. Experimental results revealed that the tensile properties varied within the products. EMT was used as the key property for discussing the tensile properties of paper towels. However, when the different tensile properties were correlated, it was found that WT/RT, WT/EMT and RT/EMT had strong Pearson correlation. In addition, there was no significant statistically relationship between weight and thickness to EMT. Based on this study, it can provide some information about the tensile properties of paper towels in local market which may help the industry for further improving the product quality.

In this study, we chose 12 commonly available paper towels from the local market. The compression properties of the paper towels were examined by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). Three compression properties namely: (i) compressional linearity (LC), (ii) compression energy (WC) and (iii) compressional resilience (RC) were examined. The experimental results revealed that the compression properties varied within the different paper towels. RC vlaue was used as the key property for discussing the compression properties of paper towels. When different compression properties were correlated and analysed, it was found that no relationship was noted within different compression properties. On the other hand, there was not significant statistically relationship between weight and thickness to RC. It is hope that the results from this study can help the indurstry to improve the compression properties of paper towels for local market.

In this paper, we collected 12 commercially available paper towels from the local market and their shearing properties were evaluated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). Three properties namely: (i) shear rigidity (G), (ii) shear stress at 0.5º (2HG) and (iii) shear stress at 5º (2HG5) were studied. Experimental results revealed that the shearing properties varied within the products. G was used as the key property for discussing the shearing properties of paper towels. However, in correlating different shearing properties, it was found that 2HG and 2HG5 had strong Pearson correlation. However, no significant statistically relationship between weight and thickness to G was found. This study may provide data for the industry for the improvement of shearing properties of paper towels for local market.

12 commercially available paper towels were collected from the local market and studied in this paper. Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F) was used for evaluating their bending properties. Two bending properties namely: (i) bending rigidity (B) and (ii) bending moment (2HB) were evaluated. Experimental results indciated that the bending properties varied within the products. B was used as the key property for discussing the bending properties of paper towels. When the correlations of different bending properties were investigated, it was found that no significant was found between B and 2HB. However, there was significant statistically relationship between weight and B but no relationship between thickness and B. With the use of the results, the product developer could improve the bending properties of the paper towels.

In this study, 12 commercially available paper towels were collected from the market. Their shearing properties were evaluated by Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabric (KES-F). Three properties namely: (i) coefficient of friction (MIU), (ii) deviation of MIU (MMD) and (iii) geometric roughness (SMD). Experimental results revealed that the surface properties varied within the products. When different properties were correlated, it was found that there was not significantly relationship between MIU, MMD and SMD. However, weight and thickness had well statistically relationship to SMD.

Examples of solid and liquid electrical insulations for power transformer are mineral oil and cellulose based paper. As transformers performed their function to step-up or step-down voltage level, its’ insulations will be degraded. Paper insulation is considered the most critical component in a transformer insulation system because it is not easily replaced if compared to oil where it is easily reconditioned in-order to remove water and contaminants. Studies show that temperature, moisture contents and oxygen contributed to paper insulation degradation. Moisture and furanic compound were produced from these deterioration processes. This paper is focused on the formation and effect of moisture to Kraft paper’s life. Levels of moisture contents were obtained from in-service power distribution transformers. These data then is used to assess the Kraft paper’s life by means of Weibull plot. This study shows that level of moisture contents can be used to assess the life of Kraft paper insulation.

As a kind of environmentally friendly material, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) has the following advantages: renewable raw materials, easy recycling, biodegradable, safety and so on. It can be combined with antibacterial agents to prepare the antibacterial packing materials for food. In this paper, the nano-ZnO was modified by titanate coupling agent TM-38s at first,determines the best dosage of TM-38 is 3% in the modification process,the dosage of the isopropyl alcohol for 40ml,improving its dispersibility. And then added in the MFC suspension to formulate the antibacterial coating for antibacterial coated paper preparation. The changes of antibacterial properties of the paper before and after coating were investigated in this study. The results showed that the paper had a significant antibacterial activity to e. coli and staphylococcus aureus (the antibacterial circle was bigger than 15 mm).When the nano-ZnO dosage was 2.5wt%, the antibacterial properties of the coated paper could reach the best situation. Application of the antibacterial caoated paper to the food packaging could restrain and kill the microorganisms on the food surface effectively, prolong the shelf life of food, and improve the food safety.

As an important document for the description and communication of transport policies, transport white papers have drawn special attention in western countries. This paper studies European transport white papers with the aim to explore their merits for reference. Firstly, the paper reviews the chronological development of European transport white papers to give a holistic view. Then, three European transport white papers that have critical historical meanings are analyzed in details, inspecting their issue background and policy objectives. Moreover, the features of European transport white papers are summarized, which include the concentration on chief problem, thorough action plan and flexible content system. These features deserve learning for other authorities when developing transport white papers.

Noise is one of the problems that often occur in urban areas due to the traffic condition. Noise in a building design depends on the choice of materials as sound absorbers. The type of sound dampening material that already exists is a porous material, a resonator, and a panel. The material often used as an absorber is porous materials, because it is relatively cheaper and lighter, especially to reduce the noise in the narrow spaces such as housing and offices. Various substitutes are made from cheap materials, such as the use of recycled materials of egg tray paper with the size of 40 x 40 centimeters. This is a quantitative research that will measure the place of egg tray paper in reducing noise, using a Sound Level Meter. The use of the egg tray paper is able to show an adequate acoustic quality as noise absorbers, with the average value of NR 22-26 dB.

This paper defines the efficiency similarity of different motor driving devices. Based on the efficiency function characteristics which can be approximately considered a concave, non-negative function through the origin, we present a kind of optimal control method for a felt driven by three different motors in paper machine. It gives the minimum total power consumption. The optimal control method is to keep the same torque rate for each motor driving device. This method is independent of the linearity or nonlinearity of the system and has no need for the system’s state equation or transfer function. Since the shapes of efficiency functions in nature are similar, the conclusion can also be applied to the energy optimization of other general devices.

This paper mainly discuss the effect of beating on OCC pulp fiber morphology and paper physical Strength. After the treatment with PFI, the beating degree were ranged from 25 ° SR rises from 56 °SR, the fiber morphologies were greatly changed, and appeared splitting and brooming. Physical results showed that beating can improve strength properties of OCC pulp in the proper degree, 46°SR was the best result in this study.

Noise pollution is a workplace hazard which causes loss of hearing, depending on the sound pressure level and duration of exposure. Because duration of exposure is usually uncontrollable, sound absorbers are used to reduce the value of sound pressure level. A common method to reduce noise is to use porous sound absorbers made out of mineral wools or glass fibres. However, these materials pose health risks and are non-recyclable. This project aimed to fabricate a sound absorber using recycled paper which is in the form of egg cartons as an alternative to the abovementioned fibres. Paper fibres posses high fibre porosity and can be manufactured in a manner which the properties can be easily controlled, making them ideal to be made into sound absorbers. Furthermore, they are biodegradable, do not pose health risks and can be manufactured into different shapes easily. Recycled paper was first turned into pulp, blended and poured into moulds. Different amounts of pulp was compressed until the sample size was approximately 20 mm thick and then dried in a furnace dryer at 600C for 12 hours. The samples were tested using a two-microphone, transfer function impedance tubes according to the ISO 10534-2 standard. Its porosity was determined using a modified wash basin method. The results indicate that the optimum panel has an average noise reduction coefficient, (NRC) of 0.50, which qualifies it to be used as a sound absorbing material. It also encounters its maximum value of 0.98 which occurred at the 1575-1675 Hz range. When compared to other materials, recycled paper has similar properties as coir fibre and is quite comparable to other commercial sound absorbers at the same thickness.

The feasibility of pulp and paper mill wastewater sludge as substrates for biogas production was evaluated in labrotory scale. Also the influence of pre-acidification, feeding modes and sludge concentration on anaerobic digestion system were studied.

In order to satisfy the strong demands of learning paper-cut from the public and paper-cut lovers and the needs of art education and training to practical ability for children and teenagers.Taking full use of the advantages and features of 2D interactive animation, we designed and implemented a virtual interactive system based on the classification of paper-cutting technique. Learners without paper-cutting experience can master the basic techniques of paper-cutting, and appreciate the integrity of the production process of paper-cutting through this system, which will promote the inheritance and development of folk paper-cut product techniques.