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The paper identifies and analyzes the main problems in the accounting and cost control system at the enterprise. Cost management of an enterprise is of great importance to ensure its stable and efficient operation. The imperative of effective cost management is the automation of this process applying information computer technologies and electronic document management. The study proposes a new system of advanced accounting and cost control with the accompanying introduction of electronic document management. It is necessary for solving the problem of untimely cost control already at the stage of planning work/services in the context of responsibility centers, cost centers, budget items. The authors substantiate the advantages of the system. The proposed system will help avoid cost control upon the provision of primary documents to operational control of planned costs. Moreover, anticipatory cost control at an earlier stage will help redistribute the workload of specialists at later stages and save the time of responsible persons for a full detailed analysis of cost management. It is a prerequisite for effective cost management. The integrated system is proposed by the author based on 1C: Enterprise software. It will help the enterprise implement the transition to a full circulation of primary documentation confirmed in paper form at the accounting stage (without double approval of the responsible specialists). Thanks to the introduction of the integrated cost accounting and control system, the company will eliminate such disadvantages as untimely cost control, disunity of forms of planning of works and services, accounting and control of costs, lack of a unified information base as an operational source for the development of funds at the time of application creating for work and services, the time limit for complete and comprehensive cost analysis, paperwork that requires time and transportation costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Verification activity in a streamline manufacturing system is one of the most important activity to make sure that the design requirements and the actual product specifications are met. It helps designer or manufacturing engineer as a feedback by detecting issue at early stage. However, we have to select the most effective verification method that will lead to low cost and relatively fast production. Many industries make machined components that are mounted to welded frame, the locations of the components may float with a larger tolerance to the welded frame than the feature to feature tolerance needed for mounting hole pattern. The composite tolerance is needed for this particular case. The most suitable method for gathering measurement data for small batch production is either automatically using CMM or manually using pin gages and size measurement devices. While, the data processing step can be done by graphic analysis or paper gage method for inspecting composite positional tolerance. The innovation of this journal is changing the way of data processing method by reducing the papers (coordinate grid and polar overlay) required for graphic analysis and converting them into mathematical model that can be processed by computer. Hence, we call this virtual graphic analysis. The benefits of using virtual graphic analysis are reducing cost and time of overall inspection process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental sustainability is the study of how a natural system functions, remains diverse and produces everything it needs for the ecology to remain in balance. Sustainability considers how we might live in harmony with the natural world around us, protecting it from damage and destruction. Today, we live in a modern and largely urban existence throughout the developed world and consume a large amount of natural resources every day. Sustainability and sustainable development focuses on balancing that fine line between competing needs to move forward technologically and economically, and the needs to protect the environment in which we and others live. While Malaysia has been pegged among the top Electric & Electronic manufacturer worldwide, E-waste has continued to become a known problem across the globe. The objective of this paper is to identify the impact of the environmental sustainability implementation as well as to determine specific collaboration between vendor and suppliers in handling the environmental issue in a case study, named Company A. A series of interview session were conducted for data collection in the company. The narrative content of interviews and open-end survey questions was then analyzed for key patterns. From the data obtained, it was observed that major contributions towards sustainability come through strategic collaboration between both vendor and suppliers in maintaining their environmental requirement aspects. A positive data trend was identified to conclude the efficiency of this collaboration. The analyzed data revealed that effective implementation of environmental sustainability in industry will not only be advantageous to the earth as a whole, but it will also prove to be highly beneficial for the company itself. One of the obvious advantages for the company is the cost reduction when recycling and reusing processes are being implemented. Reducing the environmental impact of business will improve the sustainability in business. If a company is less dependent on natural resources as compared to its competitors and has means to deal with rising costs due to climate change, the business will have a greater chance of long-term survival and success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The implementation of the Industry Revolution (IR) 4.0 has become one of the topical issues but limited studies have been carried out in maritime transportation industry. While many previous studies have addressed the success factor in various industry, this paper in the first attempt, provide the new body of knowledge by looking on sustainable aspect. The motivation behind this research is beyond the success stage where IR 4.0 application may be successfully implemented yet the sustainability after the implementation is remained unanswered. This paper studies the critical sustainable factors (CSFs) of IR 4.0 implementation in Malaysian seaport sector. The first objective is to identify the most significant CSFs that affecting the implementation of IR 4.0 towards Malaysian seaport sector through previous literatures. Secondly, to prioritizes the most dominant CSFs by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). A pairwise comparison-based questionnaires were used to collect the subjective judgments from 38 maritime domain experts. Potentially, there are six main dimensions and 36 CSFs which are identified as critical to IR 4.0 implementation. The result has shown that the economic value was ranked as the critical dimension and according to the global weights measurement. It highlighted that cost reduction through the interconnection factor is the most important that could encourage the industry to implement the IR 4.0. The outcome of this study will help to develop a critical sustainable framework to guide and sustain the implementation of IR 4.0 in the Malaysian seaport sector in decision-making method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multilevel inverters are widely used due to their advantages such as better waveform quality. As new switches are added to the converter, the cost and complexity of control also increases. To overcome these issues, a multi-level start-up inverter with reduced switching topology for stand-alone solar PV systems will be implemented. In this paper, the level-shifted sinusoidal pulse-width modulation technique is chosen as the control scheme to control the switches of the multi-level inverter. Comparison of the performance of a multi-level single-phase inverter and a cascaded H-bridge inverter at different values of THD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lean manufacturing was broadly implemented to reduce waste. This paper aims to design a simulation modelling to measure waste and cost reduction in lean manufacturing. This paper used integration of dynamic and agent based modelling to design a simulation model of waste measurement. The conceptual model was applied with data from a case study taken small and medium sized of Batik in Madura. A simulation model was then built to translate the conceptual model into a practical application. The simulation model was used to predict levels of total waste cost in different scenarios. The model was verified and validated through the construction simulation model with input from historical data from case study. This model aided decision makers in predicting level of waste cost by changing the value of variables in the interface on monitor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmaceutical industry It is a genuinely global industry that is the principal supplier of products and clinical devices for hospitals all over the world. Pharmaceuticals, being the heart of the hospital, deals with a wide range of issues. This sort of issue occurs because they do not employ or do not have a structured methodology to follow. The research of several authors here represents a very significant part of the medical inventory, namely cost reduction and stockouts, which have been tackled using various techniques. The paper explains how classic statistical approaches may be used to anticipate the proposed methodology i.e., weather conditions, and to identify which limited-inventory items should be bought to reduce inventory costs and overstocking. The report concludes with a thorough assessment of the proposed technique. Using the technique proposed in this study, the overall inventory level of the concerned medical distribution organization could be lowered to a minimum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective behind initiating this paper lies behind the problem that is being solved with respect to designing a commuter e-motorcycle that best suits for covering long range and also for Indian road Conditions. In this case study we focus on the betterment of battery management for long range by using primary and secondary (swappable) battery thereby improvising swapping battery concept. The swapping battery concept results in the reduction of cost of EV as battery ownership is replaced by battery leasing which make an impact on the business approach in market of E-motorcycles. The design of the vehicle is made possible using the software Autodesk fusion 360. The basic literature survey is done in prior to understand the current market statistics and analysis of competitive approach have been studied. Sustainability is one such another factor that is taken into consideration when it comes to manufacturing of Electric Motorcycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BIM-Building Information Modeling is a 3-D digital representation of physical and functional characteristics of a facility. The AEC (Architecture, Engineering, Construction) industry is an information intensive industry and all related processes employed during different phases of a project, including planning, designing, building, manufacturing, occupying, and maintenance, involve vast amounts of data that is used for a wide variety of purposes. Building information modeling (BIM) is a powerful shared knowledge resource which stores this data to support decision making about a facility through all these different phases in its life cycle. The primary purpose of review paper is to discuss the various research done till date by researchers and understand the future scope and analyze the current state of interoperability among architecture, engineering, and construction software applications utilized in Building Information Modeling and implication of standards in this area. This application is widely accepted throughout the industry in many countries for managing project information with capabilities for cost control and facilities management [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, a method to avoid system failure, information leakage, and vendor-lock-in has been proposed by bundling storage services of multiple cloud vendors using a broker system. We have proposed an efficient content sharing system that can shorten upload and download times by dividing the data held by each cloud vendor into chunks and redundantly distributing them in RAID. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce the management cost and at the same time suppress the damage at the time of system failure by improving this and selecting the RAID level according to the usefulness of the contents. In addition, the effectiveness of the proposed method is confirmed by computer simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Project Management Information System (PMIS) is a digital platform for collecting various types of data, recording, storing, and disseminating it for various construction processes for the smooth functioning of a construction enterprise or project. In today's scenario, PMIS in the civil engineering industry is not widely known in India due to a lack of proper guidance, application methods, and knowledge about the advantages of effective management systems and control over a project, both in terms of personnel and material. PMIS in the construction industry can help in various ways, such as real-time tracking of a project, risk elimination, handling human resources, procurement, cost reduction, and maintaining the standard quality of a project in a given time period with a proportional cost index. In this paper, through a design thinking approach, an economical PMIS for MCE's (Micro-construction Enterprises) is proposed for design and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of the most efficient layout of the inlet of the power plant of a supersonic business aircraft was carried out based on the results of an experiment - blowing in a supersonic wind tunnel and using the construction of an electronic model. The study presented in this paper allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of the selected layout for the given engine parameters, to evaluate the impact and future prospects of using an air intake when upgrading or installing a new engine. What is especially important from the point of view of costs for further research, since the use of a correct mathematical model leads to a reduction in the cost of experimental blowing of more complex calculation cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malaysia is now ready to adopt Industry 4.0 as a vital tool for transitioning to a new industry. The major focus of this article is on Industry 4.0's challenges and benefits. Inadequate time and effort, higher investment, lack of expertise and knowledge, and lack of internet coverage and IT facilities are some of the challenges associated with adopting Industry 4.0. Many other benefits of Industry 4.0 implementation include higher productivity, increased competitiveness, increased opportunities for collaborative working and knowledge sharing, cost reduction, flexibility and agility, and improved customer experience. As a result, this article contributes to a more realistic knowledge of Industry 4.0. As a final note, this paper offers some directions for firms wishing to implement Industry 4.0 with great success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The overall goal of this work was to determine the relationship between percentage (Change Order +) (CH+) (which causes an increase in the contract price) and (Change Order -) (CH-) (Which causes a surplus in the contract price) from a cost point of view. On the other hand, investigate the influence of the change order on the type and price of the project. Survey data were collected from government institutions that implement building projects. This study collected data from 23 projects (University, school, health, and industrial), in which prices amounted to (0.880-65.000) billion Iraqi dinars. To investigate this statistically, the descriptive statistics and (Superman correlation, Mann-Whitney, and Kruskal-Wallis) tests were used to determine the significance of the data. Our results demonstrated a strong positive correlation (0.865) between (CH+) and (CH-). Nevertheless, the different types and prices of project buildings (University, school, health, and industrial) do not affect the occurrence of a change (CH+), (CH-). From these results, it is clear that (CH+) is the most significant amount of (CH-) because reserve (10%) according to the terms of the contract. This paper recommends that the government sector use effective change management to decrease the cost impact and reduce corruption and suspicion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managing the variation order cost of projects is a challenge in most countries around the world. Each year, there is a huge amount paid in variation orders, which has burdened approved budgets with extra costs. The most likely consequences of this issue are the delay of the handovers of projects and the increase in the total costs of the projects. Moreover, this issue places a more significant burden on the approved budgets from the government and consequently may withhold the stakeholders from the project's main benefits. This paper highlights the Scope Management Review tool for controlling variation order cost in government projects in the Sultanate of Oman. The tool is an output of mixed-method research to investigate and explore the relationship between the variation order costs and project management success factors to develop an effective framework to manage project scope in government projects in the Sultanate of Oman. More than 200 questionnaires were distributed to project department employees in the government ministries, and a total of eight managers in the project departments were interviewed. The Scope Management Review tool is part of the framework developed in this research, which may be used as a control measure to manage the size of the variation order costs in future projects. The government project management system is a critical field, which requires more attention due to its massive amount of expenses and the need for improvements based on the context of respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of the machinability of the work piece material leads to reduction of cost. In addition to get better revenue, it is required to bridge quality and productivity. This paper is about optimization of the process parameter while machining the CF8M steel material in 3-axis Vertical Machining Centre by using two end mill cutters viz. Mstar End Mill-MSMHDD1200 and Smart Miracle End Mill-VFMHVD1200 from Mitsubishi. In this work, milling process with various combinations of input parameters like cutting speed (Vc), cutting feed (Fz) and depth of cut (Ap) were varied, and the value of surface roughness Ra (output process parameter) was measured and analyzed for optimization. One of the Design of Experiments [DoE] method, full factorial method was used for designing and conducting the experiments. Further, control factor analysis was done with the help of the response table to analyze and identify the contributing nature of the process parameters. Optimized parameters for both the end mill cutters were validated and based on the surface roughness obtained, the best one is proposed for the stated optimum operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of modern production processes in Automotive industries has resulted in several advantages in terms of time reduction, cost reduction, increased quality of the product, part and process consolidation. Hydroforming is one such process which is widely adopted in automotive industries for achieving the above said targets. This paper discusses on the control of cavity pressure in the sheet hydroforming process to manufacture defect free components. The control of cavity pressure avoids the defects such as wrinkling and rupture in the component produced. The control module developed by the authors monitor the pressure inside the cavity and directs the process to be inside the safe region. The rupture and wrinkle curves were established in terms of related parameters using the equations available from the literatures and two materials were used for the experiment. The results show improved control on the process and making of defect free products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on production costs management in the planning stage of a complex production process. In the case of production companies supporting their production process by external entities, it is important to consider cooperation in terms of service costs. It is also important that the subcontractor's production plans are included in the operational production schedule. The method of using the FlexSim software to optimize production costs in a fruit processing plant has been presented. The basic stages of creating a simulation model for an exemplary production process supported by external companies are discussed. The obtained results show the effect of selected simulation scenarios on the level of production costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, 3D printing technology considered one of the fastest-growing technologies in the world presently, its advantages make it one of the most promising technologies in the construction sector with many advantages compared to the traditional construction methods. The technology of 3D printing could be very much applied to the construction of contemporary vernacular buildings. This paper focuses on the exploring of the 3D printing construction technology-which using the earth as the main construction material, but more broadly to engage with a vernacular approach through digital technology as a sustainable strategy of building construction. Hence, the methodology is based on a theoretical approach supported mainly by the outcomes of the last researches review and case study analysis. The integration of earthen materials with 3D printing technology will be effective for cost reduction, energy efficiency, climatic adaptive design, less waste, reduce time, high levels of accuracy and the ability to make informed decisions, 3D printing robots advantages make this technology solutions in achieving the goals for a sustainable, environmental and contemporary building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solar Thermal Electricity (STE/CSP) Tower Plants with single towers are limited in size as the heliostat field efficiency decreases significatively when the plant becomes larger. As plant size is an important driver in reducing the generation costs of STE plants - due to the relative high impact of the power block - this fact represents a great disadvantage for tower plants as compared with parabolic through ones, which might have unlimited size of the mirror field thanks to the modular loop concept. This effect is much stronger in locations with high atmospheric attenuation factor. This paper points out the optical and conceptual advantages of designing the future solar tower plants with a modular approach. Until now, the only approach was to optimize the field layout and the tower height of single units. Keeping the same central storage system and power block improvements in plant efficiency close to 25% can be achieved by splitting the single surrounding heliostat field into several polar field units. But perhaps the most important impacts in the necessary reduction of cost could be twofold: first, finding out a kind of standard module – perhaps between 30 – 50 MW – which can make designs easier and standardize important components like receivers and heliostats to produce their main parts in large series and second, being able to build STE tower plants in the 500 MW range with single power block units. This would provide a wide range of advantages and can position solar tower technology as a competitive concept for plants of unlimited size, boosting the deployment of STE/CSP tower plants in a standard, modular and cost-efficient way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) which is also known as micro-lubrication, micro-dosing, mist coolant and near-dry machining is a process that came into existence due to the cost involved in cutting fluids as well as for environmental concern and reduction of health risks for machine operators. Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) is a process of sprinkling the mixture of air which is compressed and optimum cutting fluid is fed to the interface of the workpiece and the cutting tool either internally into and out of the tool or through the external system. This paper gives a review on some of the papers publicized with reference to MQL technique and its implementation with different cutting fluids for various machining processes of titanium based alloy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article was written as part of the general work on the development of a methodology for conducting scientific and technical support during the construction of unique high-rise buildings, related to organizational and technical measures in the implementation of scientific and technical support for the construction of high-rise buildings. This article describes the process of determining the effectiveness of scientific and technical support in the construction of unique high-rise buildings. Due to the fact that the methodology for conducting scientific and technical support for construction is not fixed in the regulatory documents of the Russian Federation, the process of conducting scientific and technical support at construction sites is often formal and does not affect the reduction of construction time, cost reduction, risk reduction, etc. indicators. In order to streamline the process of conducting scientific and technical support for construction, this work is developing a methodology for generating a list of organizational and technical measures that have lists of criteria for the possibility of applying these measures for various unique high-rise buildings. Due to the fact that unique high-rise construction objects are considered, individual organizational and technical measures should be applied to each object, taking into account various geological, environmental, and natural conditions at the objects. The paper presents a calculation of the effectiveness of conducting scientific and technical support, this calculation allows you to determine how effective scientific and technical support will be at the facility in the event of certain organizational and technical measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new searching technique is proposed in this paper for unstructured Peer-to- Peer file sharing system which uses the search path result sharing concept and also uses the friend concept. As per this new concepts, a friend set or groups are formed by joining the closely neighbor nodes in the unstructured peer to peer network system. Many friend sets can be formed and each friend set has one Head node, heading all other nodes. This head node is not a centralized node and just maintains a list of all other nodes in that friend set and their meta data in its own table. The friend set can be formed within certain radius and the head node contains the IP addresses of all nodes in own friend group or friend set. The search radius is seven hop count distance. Since the head node contains the meta data of all nodes in its friend set, it knows which resource or file is available in which node in its own group. Whenever a source node finds a resource by sending queries, it stores that path information of that resource in its own path table and also shares that path information with all other nodes in its friend set and head node. When searching, if the source node itself has the searching resource, it will directly display that resource or file to user so that he can use it or if at least it has that path information of that resource in its own path table, it will take that path information from the table and display that link on the screen so that user download it. If not, it will route the query messages only to all head nodes in the network simultaneously. The head nodes, send query to all nodes in its own set and will response to the source node on behalf of all other nodes in their own set. Inside the network, the generation of query messages is greatly reduced. Similarly, as far as reply is concerned, the head node bundled all the reply messages belong to its set and send to source as a single response message. Thus the response message going back to source is also reduced. But if a head node fails due to some reasons, the entire set of nodes in that friend set cannot be searched. So this algorithm uses dynamic search algorithm to search the uncovered nodes. The main advantage of this algorithm is all nodes in friend set gets information about resources from their friend nodes without searching. This algorithm also reduces the search time, search cost and bandwidth consumption. This algorithm achieved 75 % reduction of query messages, 50 % reduction of response messages, 50 % reduction in bandwidth and 50 % reduction in search cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a novel design of V-trough Solar Concentrator (VSC) for low concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) applications. The conventional VSC design comprises of two flat reflectors slanted by an angle and attached to a PV module. The maximum reported concentration ratio (CR) and optical efficiency (OE) of this concentrator are 2x and 89.91%, respectively. This paper demonstrates the process of improving the VSC. The geometrical and optical performance of the conventional VSC were optimized by the theoretical image technique. The experimental CR and OE are increased by 43.50% and 4.32%, respectively. Then, a crossed V-trough design “Pyramid” is suggested to increase the concentrated radiation. Pyramid concentrator boosted the CR, but the OE is dropped. Eventually, a new VSC geometry is proposed and resulted in CR of 4.70x and OE of 91.83%. The new design demonstrates the possibility of obtaining the same CR using a smaller reflector area than conventional and pyramid V-trough configurations, leading to a reduction in production cost. The results show the potential to further improve this type of solar concentrator for photovoltaic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is dedicated to the building and investigation of mathematical models and numerical methods of human resources management. First, we consider cooperative game theoretic models of reward allocation. An algorithm of solution of the problem basing on different optimality principles is proposed. Then dynamic models of administrative and economic control of the working time are studied. It is assumed that each employee divides his working time between the main work and other kinds of labor activity. A supervisor can bound the share of main work from below (that incurs administrative control cost) or propose the coefficients of reward. These managerial methods are formalized as dynamic Stackelberg games with phase constraints that are solved by means of simulation modeling. At last, the discrete optimization models of staffing are considered. A computational analysis of sensitivity of the solutions to the change of model parameters is made, and an interpretation of the results is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes policies and market drivers that are relevant to long-duration energy storage (LDES). U.S. federal and state policies, as well as a few international policies, are described and categorized under the following market drivers: 1) LDES needs to solve a grid problem; 2) LDES needs to support a safe and reliable grid; and 3) LDES needs to make money and be cost competitive. Equity and justice policies are also described regarding clean-energy initiatives. In addition, a survey of nearly 500 energy storage stakeholders is summarized, providing perceptions of LDES regarding duration, use cases, technologies, and challenges. Statistical differences observed in the responses from different sectors (e.g., industry, academia, national labs, utilities) are reported. Key findings of the survey include a consensus that key challenges facing LDES include cost disparities, concerns about degradation/losses, deficits in reliability and materials, and a persistent gap in LDES policies that could be used to address these concerns. Survey recommendations are that governmental entities (i.e., regulating agencies and other policymakers) should focus on larger-scale demonstrations, cost reductions, and policies that enable LDES development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the challenges of pioneering molten salt towers (MST), it remains the leading technology in central receiver power plants today, thanks to cost effective storage integration and high cost reduction potential. The limited controllability in volatile solar conditions can cause significant losses, which are difficult to estimate without comprehensive modeling [1]. This paper presents a Methodology to generate predictions of the dynamic behavior of the receiver system as part of an operating assistance system (OAS). Based on this, it delivers proposals if and when to drain and refill the receiver during a cloudy period in order maximize the net yield and quantifies the amount of net electricity gained by this. After prior analysis with a detailed dynamic two-phase model of the entire receiver system, two different reduced modeling approaches where developed and implemented in the OAS. A tailored decision algorithm utilizes both models to deliver the desired predictions efficiently and with appropriate accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen (H2) has the best combustion efficiency and for this reason it is considered the ideal energetic vector for present and future generations. From all possible sources of H2 generation, the cleanest one is the generation from water through electrolysis processes [1]. This process is highly energy demanding and the development of new H2 generator systems based on renewable sources (Green Hydrogen) is one of the main global objectives to tackle global CO2 emissions. In this line, HCPV presents the best energy conversion efficiencies among the solar technologies and its high current generation capacity makes it an ideal candidate to hybridize with an external electrolyzer for Green Hydrogen generation. Similarly, a PEM (Proton Exchange Membrane) electrolyzer is selected due to its high efficiency conversion, low temperature and low gas pressure required. Hence, making a tandem of CPV and PEM electrolyzer naturally offers improved STH (Sun To Hydrogen) efficiencies and, consequently, cost reduction in Green H2 production. This paper shows the results obtained in the CPV4H2 project, after 3 years of development, resulting from the combined efforts of the companies ISFOC as measurement and engineering expert, BSQ Solar as expert in CPV assets and high precision trackers and H2B2 as expert in hydrogen generator devices. During the project, we have carried out a preliminary study to detect the strengths and weakest points of the system and later we have finalized with the implementation and testing of a newly H2 generator prototype using exclusively solar resources (off-grid). We have obtained a preliminary value of 11.1% for the STH efficiency in permanent operation conditions and maximum H2 generation, which is very promising in real operating conditions [2,3,4], being the theoretical maximum achievable a 20%, considering that all the components of the system operating at the optimum conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Desktop Virtualization is an extensive cloud service technology in the Information Technology sector. This isa new paradigm in which users can access the new computing technologies and operating system. Users may reduce the expense of regular updates to the client's mobile or static operating system with the help of desktop virtualization. Use virtualization to allow users to access data from costly mainframes that can be easily shared within IT environments between different applications. Virtualization technology for desktops comes as a blessing for a big or small company which has to update its computer systems with modern technology, as it is a very expensive and difficult operation. This works minimizes the complexity associated with the implementation and maintenance of customer computers, which eventually helps to reduce the cost of desktop management by IT departments. Desktop virtualization allows end-users, without being connected to a particular hardware computer, to access all their data and applications. It also helps IT divisions, along with capital expenditures for desktop hardware, to minimize management and support costs. We presenta study of desktop virtualization and problems in this article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the ongoing energy transition in India, ground mounted photovoltaic (GM-PV) plays a crucial role which becomes evident when looking at both governmental PV targets and recent developments. Despite cost-effectiveness speaking in favor of GM-PV, generally, a major drawback of GM-PV is the high land usage. One possibility to overcome conflicting interests of land use is agrivoltaics – a combined land-use for food and electricity production. This paper summarizes the findings of a feasibility study on a 50 MWp agrivoltaic project in Maharashtra conducted by Fraunhofer ISE in 2018/2019 focusing on social impact and economic viability. The analyses indicate that an agrivoltaic system appears economically feasible with expected levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of INR 2.02 (EUR 0.0243) already including cost on water management, rainwater harvesting, water storage, and irrigation. Depending on the institutional arrangement between the farming community and the investor, the social impact is expected to vary from high benefits to risk of severe poverty among affected farmers. Further findings indicate that the use of bifacial glass-glass PV modules raises electrical yield by 6.4% compared to mono facial modules. Regarding land use, the study suggests that the analyzed agrivoltaic system is likely to almost double average land use efficiency measured by the combined output of electricity and agriculture per unit of land (+94%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of Industry 4.0, also known as the "fourth industrial revolution" is called a "smart factory". Smart factories have Cyber-Physical Systems, Big Data and Internet of Things, which help in monitoring the processes. Traditional production processes are different from Industry 4.0. This new system helps in increasing the capabilities of the new generation factories. Industry 4.0 results in advancements in the company are manufacturing methods. Industry 4.0 helps in implementing innovative technologies to improve productivity and working systems. Since the internet is used as an essential source for communication and information transformation, it is an evident aspect in Industry 4.0. With the help of this internet source, the information systems are developed. Factories have also seen a change in the production processes by implementing Industry 4.0 and continue to grow. Industry 4.0 simplifies the data management, cost management, project management and also manages the labours. Industry 4.0 has resulted in transform and change in engineering careers and business as well. One such career is the project manager, which has transformed from traditional strategies to industry 4.0 strategy, and it is a challenging job for the project managers. The strategically transformed technologies include challenges such as automation, big data analysis, digitisation etc. Projects in a company can be managed by digitalisation. This paper shows the importance of implementing Industry 4.0 in project management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper verifies an observer system of satellite attitude estimation via Extended Kalman Filter. This work can contribute as a backup or an alternative system during unavailable sensor measurements due to malfunction sensor or for cost reduction by reducing the number of sensors for future mission. In this work, the observability test for any possible combination of output measurements is carried out using Lie derivative technique. Then, verification of the observer system is performed through full state observer by using real in-flight telemetry data of RazakSAT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we consider a differentiated-good Stackelberg model, when the follower firm engages in an R&D process that gives an endogenous cost-reducing innovation. The aim is two-fold: the first is to study the case when there is no technology transfer between the innovator and the non-innovator firm (the benchmark case); the second is to study the case when there is a technology transfer between the innovator and the non-innovator firm based on a per-unit royalty licensing contract. The main results are relieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enterprises. The cost control is of vital importance to the construction enterprises. It is the key to the profitability of the transmission line project, which is related to the survival and development of the electric power construction enterprises. Due to the long construction line, complex and changeable construction terrain as well as large construction costs of transmission line, it is difficult for us to take accurate and effective cost control on the project implementation of entire transmission line. Therefore, the cost control of transmission line project is a complicated and arduous task. It is of great theoretical and practical significance to study the cost control scheme of transmission line project by a more scientific and efficient way. Based on the characteristics of the construction project of the transmission line project, this paper analyzes the construction cost structure of the transmission line project and the current cost control problem of the transmission line project, and demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of studying the cost control scheme of the transmission line project more accurately. In this way, the dynamic cycle cost control process including plan, implementation, feedback, correction, modification and re-implement is achieved to realize the accurate and effective cost control of entire electric power transmission line project [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic order quantity (EOQ) model has been used extensively over a century. Many studies have altered the model to imitate the actual inventory problem. This paper extends the traditional EOQ model and considers an inventory condition where items received are partly with imperfect quality and noninstantaneous deterioration after inspection. We assume the imperfect quality items are discarded immediately by the end of the 100% screening process. A mathematical model is developed and numerical examples along with graphical representation and sensitivity analysis are provided to illustrate the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building information modeling (BIM) has popularly grown among construction, enabling cross-disciplinary collaborations across the whole life cycle of building construction. Using BIM could improve cost estimates and control, more efficient construction planning and administration, higher design and project quality. However, there are some barriers towards BIM adaptation, including tolerance issues which are the main problems that slow the process of BIM implementation. Thus, this study objective is to identify decision criteria involved in determining the tolerance during BIM-based clash resolution. To do that, the study involves interviewing twenty industry practitioners with experience in managing BIM-based design coordination. The data collected were analyzed using thematic analysis. The analysis results concluded that two criteria groups affect acceptable tolerance: existing standard and project involved categories. The existing standard categories include 'standard,' and 'value.' While the project involved categories include 'experience,' 'discipline," process,' and 'system.' The research findings would help researchers and industry practitioners determine the tolerance and assist in the BIM implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the recycling of industrial waste leads to achieving sustainable development of reducing the use of materials from nature, also ridding the environment of harmful waste, the controversy still exists regarding the economics of this process. After the first and second world wars, the idea of recycling began, where countries were suffering from a severe shortage of some basic materials. This encouraged her to recycle the waste and use it again. As a result of the increased consumption of resources, it is necessary to find alternatives characterized by quality, as well as being of lower cost and achieving sustainability. So, the following questions will be discussed to reduce costs and achieve sustainability, Does the waste recycling process achieve cost reduction? Does the waste recycling process achieve environmental improvement through cleaner production and sustainability? Among the most important of these alternatives are reused of waste and how to reduce the cost of recycling and benefit from it in achieve environmental efficiency for products. The waste recycling process achieves a reduction in production costs, the process of waste recycling achieves environmental improvement and sustainability. As waste is characterized as inexhaustible because a person cannot stop consuming. The research aims to achieve reducing the cost of waste recycling in industrial companies and achieving sustainability for the purpose of achieving environmental efficiency for industrial products as a result of technological change and the use of waste recycling by reducing production costs as well as using statistical analysis through questionnaires distributed to specialists in universities, laboratories and Environmental department to reach results that can be benefited from environmental improvement by reducing the cost of recycling waste as an economic resource and achieving cleaner production to produce environmentally friendly products. The results of the research were analyzed using the (SPSS) statistical program, where the results of the research indicated a cost reduction and thus achieving sustainability by preserving the environment as a result of producing environmentally friendly products. The most important recommendations were to recycle waste as an alternative energy, as it contributes to improving the environmental efficiency of products, reducing costs, achieving cleaner production and environmental improvement. It also contributes to the process of disposing of toxic waste in a healthy manner at a lower cost and achieving economic returns, as well as helping to provide job opportunities and reduce the unemployment rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Semiconductor fabs have long been pressured to manage capital costs, reduce energy consumption and increasingly improve efforts to recycle and recover resources. Ion implant tools have been high-profile offenders on all three fronts. They draw such large volumes of air for heat dissipation and risk reduction that historically, they are the largest consumer of cleanroom air of any process tool-and develop energy usage and resource profiles to match. This paper presents a documented approach to reduce their energy consumption and dramatically downsize on-site facilities support for cleanroom air manufacture and abatement. The combination produces significant capital expenditure savings. The case entails applying SAGS Type 1 (sub-atmospheric gas systems) toxic gas packaging to enable engineering adaptations that deliver the energy savings and cost benefits without any reduction in environmental health and safety. The paper also summarizes benefits as they relate to reducing a fabs carbon emission footprint (and longer range advantages relative to potential cap and trade programs) with existing technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The "High Performance Thermosolar Plants based on PV-Hybrid Autonomous Heliostats and Tailored Receivers" project (aka PHOTON project) aims to make substantial progress in cost reduction and performance for concentrating solar tower systems. The project counts with the financing support from Eurostars2 program, part of the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Program for Research and Innovation. Within the project, Tewer Engineering (Spain) is leading a consortium in close collaboration with project partners ACCIONA Industrial (Spain), Aalborg CSP (Denmark) and Protech-MetSolar (Lituania) to design optimized smart autonomous heliostat technology that enables new field-receiver designs and plant optimization strategies. The PHOTON heliostat combines intelligence and mechanical innovations that reduce the solar field construction complexity as well as it greatly simplifies commissioning operations through an automatic self-calibration feature. This paper focuses on one of the key findings of the project, the incidence of the high optical quality on the resulting optimized solar field layout, and its potential utilization for the benefit of the overall plant performance and economics. The simulation results have been compared to reference base cases representative of the State-of-the-Art technology at the project start. At the time of writing, the EPC cost reduction has reached a level of 14.41%, and the combination of the solar field, solar receiver and power block optimization has increased the global efficiency of the solar thermal electric plant 2.96%. An important reduction in LCOE in the range of 13% has been achieved for the best case evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mine drainage system can be a complicated process, although it has been done a lot of time. It depends on the conditions of the location and requirements of the dig with the purpose to get into the mine are not interfering with mining activity. This paper investigates and analyzes the costs of mine water management at the Pit B of PT Darma Henwa Bengalon site, using the variable costing method. Based on the study result, it founds that the cost of forming an open channel with the geometry of the upper width = 5.17 m, lower width = 2.6 m, channel height = 2.24 m, sloping channel length = 2.57 m, is Rp 36,808,096. The cost to make the Panels 1 and 2, Panels 2 and 4, and the Panel 3 Sumps that use PC1250 and HD465 are Rp 3,920,833,504. The costs for investment, the installation of pipes and pumps, and an operational cost at the beginning of mine dewatering is Rp 63,426,709,520. In the form of open channel cost sump formation, and pumping cost consists of components in the form of employee salaries, asset equipment costs, material costs, and indirect costs. Decision making with pump investment is more profitable than the rental concept because the mine life is over five years, but if the mine life is less than five years, the concept of rental is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review paper deals with, Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) which contains as tiny as half clinker by utilizing calcined clay and limestone. The generation of clinkers is the fundamental cause of CO2 emission, LC3 is the new technology used to reduce the clinker factor by replacing it up to 50%. The usage of supplementary materials will be greater advantage to reduce CO2 emission, therefore the major part of utilizing limestone and calcined clay because it is abundantly available and economically viable. LC3 can be substituted for clinker which has similar mechanical properties and will increase durability, therefore the use of limestone and calcined clay with these will blends and control both the cost and environmental impacts. The refinement limit will reach faster with higher calcined content, slowly the formation of carbo-aluminate hydrates will get limited after it reaches its refinement limit. Here, the use of LC3 as supplementary material, gives equal strength which is similar to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), therefore to attain the greater strength the use of high range of clay isn't necessary, here the initial setting time of LC3 get delays when compared to OPC. Generally, the use of limestone above 15% is entirely limited in the development field but in different nations, it can be permitted up to 35% according to the temperature condition of the field. In this context, the goal is to study about why LC3, the use of LC3 as supplementary and described about the properties of limestone and calcined clay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Externally fired gas turbines represent one of the investigated solutions for the electrical production starting from heat at relatively high temperatures, such as from biomass combustion or high concentration solar power. This solution is particularly attractive for small and micro-scale plants, because they do not require many auxiliary components such as condensers, circulation pumps and so on, thereby showing a large potential for cost reduction. A further cost reduction may be obtained by converting automotive turbochargers into stationary powerplants. This paper tries to focus some issues, which need to be well discussed, such as the capability of extracting mechanical power from a turbocharger. Particularly, the proposed solution relies in a free turbine working in parallel to the main shaft instead than in series. The paper shows the modelling of the system in the AMESim environment and the results from the use of different thermodynamic parameters and turbocharger models. Gross efficiencies between 8 and 17% were found for plant sizes between 2 and 15 kW of mechanical power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

n the paper we review applicability of an optimized block search method for network packets routing tasks in high-speed computer networks by means of reconfigurable computer systems. To provide the highest data transfer rate, it is necessary to perform real-time packets routing. According to an existing solution, several routing devices are to be used simultaneously, and each device is to perform record retrieval in the routing table independently, using the half-interval method. If the routing table contains a great number of records, it leads to significant hardware costs, and as a result, limits scalability. For hardware costs reduction we have suggested to use an optimized block search method, which differs from the traditional approach by a parallel–pipeline form of search. The route table is divided into two sets of parallel blocks, and record retrieval is performed in a pipeline in two steps. We have evaluated minimum FPGA hardware costs for the network packets routing task. The parameters of the task were the following: the channel speed was 10 Gb/s, and the table contained 220 records. Analysis of the results proved efficiency of the suggested method in comparison with existing solutions: hardware resource can be reduced by a factor of 5.We have developed a program model of a routing device. Owing to the program model, we have detected and correct exceptions, caused by dividing routing table into blocks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transportation is one of the important elements in solid waste management. Effective transportation by selecting the shortest route can save time and cost in handling the waste. Thus, this paper presents a case study on deciding the shortest waste transportation route from Seberang Prai industry area to a sanitary landfill in Pulau Burung, Nibong Tebal district handled by Seberang Perai Municipal Council (MPSP). The shortest transportation distance was determined using ArcGIS software on the basis of coordinate tracking, data collection for network analysis and fuel consumption estimation. The case study focuses on municipal solid waste collection routes from Phase 1 (8 Companies), in Seberang Prai district to Pulau Burung sanitary landfill. The study found that MPSP could save up to 25% by following the effective new routes for transporting solid waste to Pulau Burung sanitary landfill. The findings could assist in MPSP saving management cost and keep the environment cleaner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European project called by the acronym “INDeT” brings together major European aircraft manufacturers and Information Technologies (IT) developers for 3 years (Start: June 2002). This project contributes to improve inspection conditions, reliability and cost reduction by implementing IT tools in NDT maintenance activities. Main objectives concern: replacement of paper documentation by a digital support, change of information transfer, and evolution of NDT environment. © 2005 American Institute of Physics [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper both summarizes and explores the literature published between 1995 and 2015 on enhancing and extending hydroforming technology. Many different research areas have been proposed, all of which try to enhance the well-established manufacturing process by either improving formability or reducing costs. Each of the technological variations are first described and then their uses, benefits, drawbacks, and applications are discussed and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first commercial CSP Central Receiver System has been in operation since 2007. The technology required for such a central receiver system is quite new. The determining factor of the price of electricity is the capital investment in the heliostat field. The cost level per square meter of the heliostat field is rather high. Sun2point is questioning the market development, which is trying to get the cost level down by aiming at large heliostats. Sun2Point aims at mass manufacturing small heliostats to achieve low prices. Mass manufacturing off-site and transport over long distances is possible for small heliostats only. Calibration on the spot is a labour-intensive activity. Autonomous, factory calibrated and wireless controlled heliostats are the solution to lower installation cost. A new measurement method that directly reports the orientation of the heliostat in relation to the earth and the sun can solve the calibration problem when the heliostats are installed. The application of small heliostats will be much cheaper as a result of this measurement method. In this paper several methods for such a measurement are described briefly. The new Sun2Point method has successfully been tested. In this paper Sun2Point challenges the CSP community to investigate this approach. A brief survey is presented of many aspects that lead to a low price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considerable as well as thriving demand and challenges of transportation industry such as cost cutting measures, new environmental conservation regulations and the impressive growth in terms of transport volumes open windows for ingenious joining technologies for new materials that possess high fracture toughness, better environmental resistance characteristics and recyclability. But materials and their conversion into products play the major role in the applicability. Escalation of thermoplastic usage in large structural components also faces similar ambiguity for joining multi-material structures. Friction assisted riveting technology called ‘Friction riveting’ is the cogent joining technology in tackling these challenges. Processing of materials is the key research area where the required outcomes are expected in terms of performance, strength and durability. Typical studies are discussed in this review article. A study on the influences and impacts of process parameters such as rotational speed is presented in this paper which provides a new gateway for the further betterments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke is one of the most common killers in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. The mortality rate due to stroke in Indonesia is around 192/100.000, 84/100.000 and 47.9/100.000 for Malaysia and Singapore respectively in last 5 years. Treatment time, cost and quality are believed as main factors contributing to high mortality and disability caused by stroke. This paper presents the relation between stroke management cost, mortality rate and disability rate in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. We used stroke epidemiological data in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore for last 12 years. This includes stroke prevalence, incidence, mortality and disability. Normalized clinical pathway for stroke management is used to define cost, quality and treatment duration. Administration, imaging, diagnosis, medication, intensive care, in ward recovery and outpatient rehabilitation are parts in stroke management system. We consider also country specific Gross Domestic Product (GDP per capita) and percentage of national health expenditure to justify the stroke management cost level. All related factors contributed directly and indirectly to the cost are connected through relationship trees model. The model has been simulated to produce normalized country specific cost, mortality-prevalence ratio, and disability-prevalence ratio. Simulation results show that normalized country specific costs for stroke management each one day care are 2.52% for Malaysia, 0.65% for Singapore and 3.88% for Indonesia. Based on this cost, Malaysia is able to have mortality-prevalence ratio and disabilityprevalence ratio of 0.12 and 2.11 respectively. As country with highest GDP per capita, Singapore has successfully managed to have 0.01 and 0.22 mortality-prevalence ratio and disability-prevalence ratio respectively. Indonesia, however, with stroke management cost higher than Malaysia, is only able to suppress the mortality-prevalence ratio up to 0.16 and disabilityprevalence ratio up to 2.80. This shows that stroke management system in Indonesia needs to be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Novel power supply is proposed for the electrostatic precipitators for all kinds of industries having the pollution control issues. This paper proposes a converter for THD elimination and cost reduction in the ESP power supply. It is obtained using the voltage doubler and active switch combination as modules. The cost can be reduced by limiting the number of switches with a minimum number and the THD can be reduced by using the voltage multiplier. The idea is designed mathematically and analysed using MATLAB Simulink for verification purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]