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Jambu (Acmella oleracea [(L.) RK Jansen]) is a vegetable of great importance in the Amazonian region; it can be found in the daily life of the citizens of the State of Pará (Brazil), since it is part of traditional dishes such as duck in tucupi and tacacá sauce. Although jambu is widely cultivated, agronomic information about its management remains scarce. The aim of the current study was to analyze the physiological potential of jambu seeds stored in different packages and environments. The investigated packages comprised glass, Eppendorf tubes, plastic bags and paper bags conditioned in refrigerator and under natural conditions in Castanhal, Pará, for 360 days. Seed germination, first germination count, emergence seedlings, germination and emergence speed index, and seedling dry weight and length were the variables evaluated at 40-day intervals. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates of 50 seeds per treatment. Jambu seeds were only influenced by the environment where they were stored; the ones stored under natural conditions recorded decreasing behavior for the investigated variables until they reached zero, after 280 storage days. It was possible to conclude that the physiological potential of jambu seeds stored in refrigerator was better conserved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper presents a review on hydrogels applied to agriculture emphasizing on the use of natural fibers. The objectives were to examine, trends in research addressed to identify natural fibers used in hydrogels development and methods for modifying natural fibers, understand factors which determine the water retention capacity of a hydrogel. Consequently, this paper shows some methodologies used to evaluate the hydrogels efficiency and to collect in tables, relevant information in relation to methods of natural fibers modification and hydrogel synthesis. It was found that previous research focused on hydrogels development processed with biodegradable polymers such as starch, chitosan and modified natural fibers, cross-linked with potassium acrylate and acrylamide, respectively. In addition, current researches aimed to obtaining hydrogels with improved properties, which have allowed a resistance to climatic variations and soil physicochemical changes, such as pH, presence of salts, temperature and composition. In fact, natural fibers such as sugarcane, agave fiber and kapok fiber, modified with maleic anhydride, are an alternative to obtain hydrogels due to an increasing of mechanical properties and chemically active sites. However, the use of natural nanofibers in hydrogels, has been a successful proposal to improve hydrogels mechanical and swelling properties, since they give to material an elasticity and rigidity properties. A hydrogel efficiency applied to soil, is measured throughout properties as swellability, mechanical strength, and soil water retention. It was concluded that hydrogels, are an alternative to the current needs for the agricultural sector.

In the majority of developing countries the research on the cellulolytic microorganisms has been scarcely oriented to the transformation of organic solid waste into compost, ignoring their enormous industrial potential. The main objective of the present investigation was to generate information on the capacity and diversity of the cellulolytic bacteria isolated from three different habitats. The study included soil samples from native forests and cereal producing farms as well as from compost piles. From each sample, a serial dilution until 10-4 was prepared and from each dilution test tubes containing liquid mineral medium and a strip of filter paper as a source of cellulose were inoculated. After three weeks of incubation, the population density of the cellulolytic microorganisms was estimated and from the filter paper strips streaks were made on nutrient agar medium and then on solid mineral medium, supplemented with cellulose. The bacterial growths were submitted to the Congo Red test and the ones with the greater potential were identified. In comparison to the soils the compost piles harbor a higher population density of cellulolytic microorganisms. In respect to the cellulolytic bacteria, in total were obtained 20 isolates, 19 from the native forests and 1 from a compost pile. Isolates 1, 2, 6, 7 and 14 showed a higher cellulolytic capacity with halos of hydrolysis between 0.65 and 0.30 cm. Isolate 1 was identified as Bacillus sp, isolate 7 as Pseudomonas sp, and isolate 6 as Erwinia sp. This information is useful to explore with confidence the potential of the cellulolytic bacteria in the industry.

This paper presents the conceptualization, methodological adjustment and experimental application of the micrometeorological technique eddy covariance - EC, to measure energy, water vapor and CO2 fluxes in two coffee agroecosystems: the first under full sunlight, and the second under shade, both with equatorial Andean hillslope conditions. With a footprint and fetch calculation, the required distance from the edge of the field in the prevailing wind direction to the EC tower is three times higher under shade than full sun. The shaded agroecosystem reached maximum average carbon fixation rates of 21.26 ± 2.469 μmolCO2.m-2s-1 (= 0.05) (61% higher than under 100% sunlight) which gives a high carbon sink capacity to the association of coffee plants with shading Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L). The average evapotranspiration rate was 2.33 ± 0.0102 mm.d-1 0.05) and 2.08 ± 0.00732 mm.d-1 under shade and 100% sunlight, respectively. The proportion of net radiation that reached the soil was 2% under shade and 4% under 100% sunlight. Likewise, the soil energy loss during the night was lower under shade, indicating less day-night temperature range in the latter agroecosystem. The methodological adjustment and the results of this first work using EC in Colombian coffee plantations, contribute to the development of reliable research regarding gas and energy exchanges between the atmosphere and ecosystems in conditions of the equatorial Andean hillslope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical control of Asian soybean rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd.) using different tips and spray nozzles under controlled conditions. Rooted trifolia placed inside an acrylic box containing macronutrients, micronutrients and vitamins were treated with epoxiconazol + pyraclostrobin, ciproconazol + azoxystrobin and tebuconazol fungicides. These fungicides were sprayed at a height of 0.5 m with two knapsack sprayers pressurized with CO2 gas (drop generator in four spray tips spaced by 0.5 m from each other) and another rotating nozzle (drop generator through a rotating nozzle). Untreated trifolia were controls. Water sensitive paper was placed next to each acrylic box to obtain median volume diameter (MVD), number of droplets.cm-2 and coverage (%). Trifolia were inoculated 24 hours after that these were treated with fungicide, using a spore concentration adjusted to 2 x 104 uredospores.mL-1. Then, the number of lesions and uredia.cm-2 in central leaflets were quantified. Lower number of lesions and uredia.cm-2 were observed in leaflets treated with two fungicide mixtures using an AIRMIX 11001 tip. A lower VMD was found in leaflets sprayed with the fungicides azoxystrobin + epoxiconazol and tebuconazol, when compared to the leaflets treated with another mixture. The Asian rust control, as well as the number of droplets.cm-2 and coverage, seems to be dependent on the interactions among fungicides and tips or nozzles.

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this paper is to build a supervised intelligent classification model of food products such as Biscuits, Cereals, Vegetables, Edible nuts and etc., using digital images. The Correlation-based Feature Selection (CFS) algorithm and 2nd derivative pre-treatments of the Morphological, Colour and Texture features are used to train the models for classification and detection. The best prediction accuracy is obtained for the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), Support Vector Machines (SVM), Random Forest (RF), Simple Logistic (SLOG) and Sequential Minimal Optimization (SMO) classifiers (more than 80% of the success rate for the training/test set and 80% for the validation set). The percentage of correctly classified instances is very high in these models and ranged from 80% to 96% for the training/test set and up to 95% for the validation set.

For each vegetable species, there is a specific environment conditions to occur the seed germination process. However, there is a little information regarding the necessary conditions for Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds germination. The aim of this research was to evaluate the influence of different temperatures and types of light on Niger (Guizotia abyssinica (L.f.) Cass.) seeds germination. Seeds were sown on two sheets of “germitest” paper inside plastic box type “gerbox” and placed on B.O.D. Treatments were constituted of two constant temperatures (15 ºC and 25 ºC, respectively) and an alternating temperature (20-30 ºC) under 10 hours for the lowest temperature and 14 hours for the highest temperature and they were associated to the wavelengths as follows: blue (440 nm), green (560 nm), red (660 nm), extreme red (730 nm), white light and dark. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with four replicates of 50 seeds. Effects of different temperatures and qualities of light were evaluated by seeds germination and vigor. Higher germination of Niger seeds is observed in temperatures of 25 and 20-30 ºC and they can be considered as non-photoblastic.

This paper presents the conceptualization, methodological adjustment and experimental application of the micrometeorological technique eddy covariance - EC, to measure energy, water vapor and CO2 fluxes in two coffee agroecosystems: the first under full sunlight, and the second under shade, both with equatorial Andean hillslope conditions. With a footprint and fetch calculation, the required distance from the edge of the field in the prevailing wind direction to the EC tower is three times higher under shade than full sun. The shaded agroecosystem reached maximum average carbon fixation rates of 21.26 ± 2.469 μmolCO2.m-2s-1 ( = 0.05) (61% higher than under 100% sunlight) which gives a high carbon sink capacity to the association of coffee plants with shading Pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan L). The average evapotranspiration rate was 2.33 ± 0.0102 mm.d-1 ( = 0.05) and 2.08 ± 0.00732 mm.d-1 under shade and 100% sunlight, respectively. The proportion of net radiation that reached the soil was 2% under shade and 4% under 100% sunlight. Likewise, the soil energy loss during the night was lower under shade, indicating less day-night temperature range in the latter agroecosystem. The methodological adjustment and the results of this first work using EC in Colombian coffee plantations, contribute to the development of reliable research regarding gas and energy exchanges between the atmosphere and ecosystems in conditions of the equatorial Andean hillslope.

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several studies about juçara palm fruit (Euterpe edulis) have emphasized its high antioxidant capacity. However, there is a lack of studies comparing the effects of conservation technologies on the physicochemical and sensory quality of juçara pulp. This work aimed at evaluating the effects of gamma radiation (60Co) and pasteurization process on the physicochemical and sensory quality ofjuçara pulp. The irradiated (2.5 ± 0.06 kGy) and pasteurized (80°C/5 minutes) pulps were stored at 6°C, 90% RH, for 30 days (3 periods of analysis) and were analyzed for their microbiological, physicochemical (titratable acidity, soluble solids content, color, phenolic compounds, anthocyanin content, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activity) and sensory parameters (acceptance test). The physicochemical results were submitted to ANOVA for the 'F' test and the statistical difference of averages (P < 0.05) was determined by the Tukey's test. The results of the sensory analysis were submitted to Principal Component and Cluster Analysis. The gamma radiation did not show satisfactory results in the preservation ofjuçara pulp since there was a significant decrease in total phenolics and anthocyanin content. The pasteurized pulp maintained its physicochemical and sensory characteristics during storage. Therefore, we recommend the pasteurization as a good conservation technique to this kind of product, which presented a shelf-life of around 15 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Agronómica is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)