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Abstract: In this article, we will attempt a broad exploration of new literary forms in order to gain an overview of how literary work has taken hold of new digital technologies. We will then attempt to identify the problematic relationship between electronic and digital literature and examine the definitional issues that arise. Finally, we present an overview of the different types of digital poetry, highlighting the relationship of continuity or rupture between traditional and digital literary forms. Keywords: Literature, Digital, Electronics, Hypertextuality, Interactivity

This article distinguishes the role of hexagonal motifs in close-packed solid-state structures and in graphite and graphene; we then illustrate how hexagonal cells in the nests of honey bees and paper wasps minimize construction materials while optimizing space and achieving a robust architecture from delicate materials

Numerous academics addressed the violence against the Serbs and Jews within the Independent State of Croatia. In addition to identifying research gaps in this regard, this paper analyses the letters of Georges Gueyraud, a Vichy diplomat in Zagreb, along with several other documents sourced from the French Diplomatic Archive. Primarily focused on the violence against the Serbs, this paper delves into the period when the violence reached its peak, namely the summer of 1941. It contains Gueyraud’s analysis of the atmosphere of violence in Zagreb that he had witnessed, as well as testimonies of violence from various parts of Croatia that he had acquired. Furthermore, this paper examines the reactions of the Croatian authorities and the press in response to these atrocities. In addition to analysing the content of Gueyraud’s letters, this article evaluates his handling of the information he received, examining the presence of a critical approach. Furthermore, it assesses the accuracy of his information by cross–referencing it with sources and literature.

The paper chronicles the life of Karl von Krempler, a war criminal who was a Yugoslav “Volksdeutscher”. The emphasis is on the period of the Second World War, when he attained high positions within the structure of SS and police in the occupied Serbia. Besides his pre-war, war and post-war career, the attention is devoted to the analysis of Krempler’s intriguing personality. The paper is prepared on the basis of the archival documentation preserved at: the Archives of Yugoslavia, The State Archives of Serbia, Historical Archives of Belgrade, the Military Archives, Historical Archives “Ras” in Novi Pazar, Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, The Political Archive of the Federal Foreign Office of Germany and Federal Archives in Berlin.

The article is devoted to the problem of attributing monuments of medieval nomads from the Ukrainian steppe in the period of X-XIV centuries on the example of three burials from the Novosilsky Kurgan group located in the North-Western Black Sea coast. The attribution of such burials is problematic for the archaeology of Ukraine. The number of modern studies on this topic is rather small, which is determined by the somewhat biased attitude of scientists towards the monuments of medieval nomads of the 10th-14th centuries as those left by a certain homogeneous community, as evidenced by the still used term „late nomads”. However, such a strong generalization does not reflect reality. During the Middle Ages, the steppe of Ukraine was replaced one after another by waves of multi-ethnic nomads who migrated here from Central Asia. The ethnic diversity of the Pechenegs, Torks, Cumans, and the Central Asian peoples who came with the Mongols, but also their similarities, including the significant similarity of funeral rites, made it difficult to attribute and identify features for certain ethnocultural groups and chronological periods. The purpose of this paper is to trace possible solutions to this problem. Modern technologies can also help with this – namely, 3-D modelling of artefacts from burials, which allows us to learn the detailed parameters of each object and visualize it in high resolution. For this work, three 3-D models were created – one object from each burial site, which will be characterized in the paper. The models also perform an important task of preserving cultural heritage, because unfortunately, since 2014, because of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation, nomadic monuments from the medieval steppe of Ukraine have been destroyed.

This research accumulated a representative source base on the history of military education institutions in Asian Russia in the XIX – early XX centuries. It featured the complex and contradictory processes that accompanied the first years of the Neplyuev military school in the first quarter of the XIX century. The paper introduces a wide source base that includes some previously unstudied documents from the Russian State Military Historical Archive and the Russian State Historical Archive. The author used a systematic approach that combined standard scientific techniques with special chronological, genetic, comparative, and functional historical methods. The paper describes the early years of the military school, i.e., prerequisites, opening, military governors’ contribution, the first teaching staff, financial issues, etc. The military school was unique in its international composition as it accepted sons of the Central Asian nobility. According to the curriculum, foreign languages were one of the main competences to acquire. The school trained not only officers for irregular Cossack troops, but also translators for the Orenburg Border Commission that provided international relations between Russia and the Turkic peoples of Central Asia. The school educated the indigenous population and developed its national intelligentsia while consolidating Russian influence in Central Asia. The school was an important step towards the development of the Russian Empire as a Eurasian power. The Orenburg Military School became the most important institution of military education in Asian Russia as it laid foundations for the formation of the local military and teaching personnel.

This research paper sheds the light on the meaning of the term 'Hybridity' according to Young as shown in the OED and during the nineteenth century which is dominated by colonialism. The spread of the British imperial powers across the different countries lead to the mixing of the various races together. So, Young discusses the prominent ideas that lead to the emergence of racial hybridity such as immigration, diaspora, displacement and others. He also focuses on the debates of the nineteenth century that highlight the theme of racial hybridity in order to determine the specific race of the English nation as it consists of hybrid races. A close reading to Young's analysis to these arguments reveals themes grounded in racism and class distinction. Young in this study resists against the racist theories that are set against the colonized countries during the nineteenth century.This research paper sheds the light on the meaning of the term 'Hybridity' according to Young as shown in the OED and during the nineteenth century which is dominated by colonialism. The spread of the British imperial powers across the different countries lead to the mixing of the various races together.

Collaboration between technical and professional (TP) writers in English as a second language is important for successful communication. This is evident in legal documents in both English and Spanish, where accuracy and clarity are paramount. However, achieving this is challenging because law students often lack effective writing tools, and translation students may lack the required encyclopedic knowledge. The present paper describes a co-designed exchange project between U.S. students in business and law and students of legal translation at a university in Spain. This paper aims to determine potential improvements in students’ encyclopedic and conceptual knowledge of this specialized language and their translation performance after the collaboration intervention. To evaluate these aspects, three textual items were targeted: terminological, nominal and, what we call, substitutional density. Our results indicate that peer collaboration helped Spanish students acquire encyclopedic knowledge in the field and avoid repetitive terms in their translations, leading to greater textual cohesion through the use of general language, synonyms and hypernyms. Other aspects of this peer collaboration as well as follow-up approaches to consolidate the observed effects are needed.

The paper analyzes gardens and landscapes of the Renaissance, Mannerism and Baroque with particular attention to moral themes and Christian symbols. I follow the development of moral topography in the gardens by examples of Villa Hadriana, Villa d’Este in Tivoli, Versailles, Tsarskoye Selo, Désert de Retz, Sanspareil, Regaleira. The two types of gardens are identified: architectural (Castelo Branco, Bom Jesus do Monte in Braga) and landscaping (Bomarzo, Cetinale, Esztergom, Buçaco, Kuks, Valsanzibio). The paper then turns to “sacred mountains” created in the foothills of Italian Alps as a symbolic barrier at the border of Protestant lands. The interplay of gardens themselves and their descriptions, such as in “The Path of Purification”, the treatise by Francesco de’ Vieri on Pratolino, 1587 and in the inscriptions in Valsanzibio, is also discussed. Further in the paper I wonder about how moral programs of gardens can be studied and incorporated in the history of ideas and religiosity. The work is based on the materials of author’s travels and is illustrated with his photographs. Translations into Russian are by B. Sokolov. В работе анализируются садовые и ландшафтные памятники Ренессанса, маньеризма и барокко, программа восприятия которых основана на моральной тематике и христианских символах. Прослежено сложение моральной топографии в саду (вилла Адриана, вилла д’Эсте в Тиволи, Версаль, Царское Село, Дезер де Ретц, Санпарей, Регалейра), описаны ансамбли двух типов – архитектурные (Каштелу Бранку, Бон Жезуш ду Монте в Браге) и ландшафтные (Бомарцо, Четинале, Эстергом, Бусаку, Кукс, Вальсанзибио). Рассмотрена идеология создания «священных гор» в предгорьях итальянских Альп как символического барьера на границе протестантских земель, показано взаимодействие сада и текста о нём (трактат Франческо де Вьери «О чудесных устройствах в Пратолино», 1587; «путь очищения» и надписи в Вальсанзибио). Поднимается вопрос о способах изучения моральных садовых программ и включения их в контекст истории идей и религиозной жизни. Работа выполнена по материалам путешествий автора и иллюстрирована его фотографиями. Переводы текстов сделаны автором.

The Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) field is evolving in Canada, with CVE teams offering psychosocial disengagement interventions in the provinces of Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Saskatchewan and Quebec. This article is written as a case study to detail the evolution of the city of Toronto’s CVE program, called Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA), housed in the community mental health centre Yorktown Family Services (“Yorktown”). Toronto – the largest Canadian city, provincial capital of Ontario, and one of the most multicultural cities in the world – has seen several high-profile cases of violent extremism and terrorism over the past few years. For example, there were two “Incel” attacks that together killed eleven people, including nine women, in 2018 and 2020. In 2022, hate crime occurrences reported to the Toronto Police Service were 74% higher than pre-pandemic levels, and 40% higher than the 10-year average. Clearly, there was a need for a structured and multi-sectoral response which led to the inception of ETA in 2020. Against this backdrop, this paper outlines ETA’s program components and operational design. Various data points such as client age range, ideological affiliation, and services rendered are provided to demonstrate trends for the period of April 2022 to March 2023. As this paper will demonstrate, ETA’s services are grounded in engagement, outreach, case management (multi-agency service delivery), psychotherapy, religious counselling, peer support and forensic consultation, which is reflected in the evolving CVE literature and evidence-base.

In the domain of PVE as well as reintegration, the most interesting studies are arguably based on material collected first-hand from the individuals involved in the phenomenon of political violence or terrorism. As more individuals from the 2013-2016 wave of foreign terrorist fighters are exiting the criminal justice system, young individuals with no memory of that period are sympathizing with ISIS and others again are joining right-wing groups with violent agendas. Understanding the motives behind such engagement will always lead a portion of the scholars to pursue interview-based studies. This paper describes the research protocol used for a study which dealt with politico-ideological mobilization and violence in relation to causes and conflicts in the Arab World. More than one hundred interviews were conducted in Lebanon, Switzerland and Canada with individuals involved in politico-ideological mobilization or violence of different ideological orientations. Besides interviews, complementary material in the form of ethnographic fieldnotes and voice recordings via instant messaging were collected. The data was compiled into a MAXQDA database and coded according to the principles of Grounded Theory, using open, selective, axial and theoretical coding. The paper further discusses epistemological and ethical considerations.

In the twenty-first century, several negative moments have accompanied many positive technological progress events. With the development of the digital world, criminals with special knowledge – cybercriminals have become active and have developed many means in the depths of cyberspace, with the help of which they achieve their criminal and illegal goals. The presented paper aims to analyze in detail and in-depth the system and working principles of digital black markets created by cybercriminals on the dark side of the Internet. The paper also looks at what tools and products are available on the digital black market and why digital black markets are hazardous to operate successfully. The paper analyzes practical cases, legal studies, and other interdisciplinary studies to present the problems in the legal struggle against digital black markets as of the day it was written. The paper’s primary purpose is to show why the unimpeded functioning of digital black markets on the dark web is dangerous – both for the ordinary citizen and the state structures. In the final part of the article, based on the analysis of the processed literature and practical cases, recommendations will be presented, the use of which is of particular importance to make the legal fight against digital black markets successful and to prevent such a dangerous phenomenon as digital black markets from existing in any part of the digital world.

Abstract Tyrant Pericles. Approach to the management of the health crisis during the plague of Athens (430-426 BC) The aim of this paper is to analyse the political and religious consequences of the Athenian plague of 430 BC. Regarding the political aspects, the work is focused on the popular judgement on the epidemic’s management and the consequent Pericles’ loss of political prestige. Moreover, the paper concludes that this popular response leads to the adoption of religious measures such as the introduction in Athens of Asclepius’ cult (421 BC). The facts mentioned above provide an alternative point of view of Thucydides’ epidemic main account.

This paper examines the constructivist turn in political representation from the perspective of Nadia Urbinati’s diarchic model of democracy. To properly assess the significance of Urbinati’s work, it is necessary to situate diarchy within constructivism. While constructivism aims to create new representation spaces for the excluded and marginalized, this endeavour faces challenges in allegations of elitism and manipulation. This paper compares democracy as diarchy with two prominent constructivist approaches, Saward’s claim-making, and Laclau’s hegemonic representation, and it suggests that both fail to address these allegations because they see procedures as external to democratic will formation. This paper concludes that Urbinati’s understanding of how procedures are inherent to democracy provides a valuable synthesis of proceduralism and constructivism, thus providing a novel way of thinking about democratic legitimacy within the constructivist turn.

The review is devoted to the main topics and events of the international conference organized by the Department of Ibero-Roman Linguistics at the Faculty of Philology of Moscow State University — “The Second Latin American Readings” (November 23–24, 2023). The work of the conference took place in two plenary sessions and four panels, one of which was devoted exclusively to the literature of Latin America. A total of 52 papers were presented, covering a wide scope of problems of Latin American studies, including linguistic, literary, cultural, art, and historical aspects. The plenary sessions included reports on significant phenomena and general trends in the development of Latin American culture, such as the characteristics of the Latin American world view formation in literature, the emergence of a national school of artistic translation in Mexico, and the genesis and formation of abolitionist prose in Cuba. The panels shed light on specific aspects of the continent's literature: issues of individual poetics, the history of individual works, artistic types and genres, as well as illuminating examples of cultural ties between our country and Latin America. The papers were chiefly accompanied by vivid presentations, and the meeting ended with a concert of Latin American music.

The paper concerns the contribution given by Calamandrei with the Mexican conferences to the transformative constitutionalism that spread in Latin America. In particular, it dwells on the role of the judge as an engine of social transformation. After a brief introduction on the role of the judge in pre-1944 works, the Author emphasizes the liberal-socialist culture as the matrix of the social justice promised in the Republican Constitution. Secondly, the Author focuses on the inaugural conference of the 1950 International Congress, in which Calamandrei invites us to read the trial in the light of the constitutional principles of the welfare state. The Mexican conferences, in which the judge becomes an engine of social transformation, are then analysed. The paper concludes with an analysis of the legacy of the Mexican conferences in Latin America: the ‘transformative constitutionalism’.

The subject covered in the paper is the origins, structure and workings of the Scottish Law Commission created, along with its English counterpart, under the Law Commissions Act of 1965. The author of the article outlines the course of conceptual and legislative work to constitute the new commission, the extent of its relationship with and dependence on public authorities, as well as the key differences between the legal position of the two commissions, symbolically highlighted by the English commission’s gaining a stronger mandate under the 2009 Law Commission Act. The final part of the paper is devoted to an attempt to assess the achievements of the Commission to date, the reasons for the failure of the premise of the grand codification endeavour, and the successes that the Commission claim in terms of reforming specific institutions and branches of law.

Bali, one of the world’s tourism destinations, is now facing a paradoxical situation because the increasing number of tourists visiting Bali is going hand in hand with the gradual reduction in productive agricultural land due to land conversion. This paper analyzes the massive practice of converting productive farmland for tourism in Bali. It offers a human rights law lens, particularly the rights to land, food, and tourism, to view the problem discussed in the paper. Legal research primarily reads international legal instruments, Indonesia’s laws and regulations, and some secondary materials. The paper suggested that although the Bali provincial government has issued rules and policies to prevent the practice of land conversion, the government cannot fully control it because many agricultural lands have ownership status. Therefore, there is an urgent need to increase awareness of local communities as landowners to prevent such a practice. This paper also proposes using subak, a traditional farming system, as the basis for ecotourism and agrotourism activities to tackle the problem of land conversion in Bali.

The paper surveys domestication, one of the characteristic features of a number of translations in the early period of the Czech National Revival in the first decades of the nineteenth century. At that time, translations played a role of enormous cultural significance in the development of Czech literature, making up for as yet unrepresented genres and providing models to enrich the corpus. A particular set of circumstances developed due to the social and political conditions of the Czech nation: after a period of gradual decline of the Czech language following the Thirty Years’ War, the Czech language was gradually regaining the status of a language of literature and science. From the twenties onwards the rising middle-class reading public demanded entertaining belles-lettres in Czech. Many of these translations were freely adapted mainly from contemporary popular German prose without crediting the original author and at times even plagiarized, as the writer Karolina Světlá, well-read in both literatures, later recorded in her memoirs. This paper presents two typical examples of localization of English pieces of literature. In his translation of Thomas Gray’s An Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Josef Jungmann replaced the English historical figures (Hampden, Milton and Cromwell) with Czech ones (Thurn, Rokycana and Žižka), while Jan Kaška replaced the London characters and setting with Prague in his translation of a piece from Charles Dickens’s Sketches by Boz. These examples show how domesticated poems and tales typically preserved the original plot with localized characters and setting. At present we can see an increase in scholarly research of the original and translated literature of the period.

This paper reflects upon the relevance of the ideas of Peter Newmark to legal translation. Even though legal translation was not the focus of Newmark’s interest, he makes several references to legal translation in his writings, mostly in relation to authoritative statements, which is a broad category of texts introduced by Newmark and including legal and administrative texts. The paper provides a critical analysis of his ideas and puts them into today’s legal translation studies context. The second part of the paper includes a brief and non-exhaustive overview of Newmark’s con-cepts that have been echoed in legal translation studies, namely his list of translation techniques, and his dichotomy of semantic and communicative translation.

This paper discusses the 17th-century Latin translation of Proclus’ Commentary on the First Book of Euclid’s Elements, preserved in Madrid, Biblioteca Nacional de España, MS 9871, produced by the Spaniard Vicente Mariner. The author examines the historical context, sources, and motivations behind Mariner’s translation, his intellectual profile, and the potential reasons for translating a mathematical text given his background in literature. Via a comparison of Mariner’s text with the original Greek, this paper delves into Mariner’s translation choices and linguistic nuances to highlight the challenges he faced while translating it. Transcriptions of the collated passage both from Grynaeus’ 1533 editio princeps of Proclus’ text and Mariner’s manuscript are provided in the Appendix. Overall, this paper attempts to shed light on Mariner’s contribution to the Latin reception of Proclus’ work in the early modern period.

Decades of decline, disinvestment, and racism have left Detroit with an abundance of abandoned buildings, ruins, vacant lots, and illicit trash dumps. Though these structures and materials might have forfeited their previous purposes, they can act as catalysts, substances, and co-creators of artworks. The paper is thus interested in examining the intricate interplay between art, space, and materiality in Detroit further. Drawing from the practices of local artists Olayami Dabls and Scott Hocking, the paper adopts a new materialist framework to investigate the dynamic agency of matter in the artistic process. By considering materials as active participants in the production of art and space, the paper seeks to add to the emerging interest in the emancipation and meaning making of material in art as well as cultural geography's engagements with new materialism.

The epistemological problem of scientific confirmation is about determining or comparing the degree of confirmation of scientific hypotheses (i.e., the level of epistemical value we can give them) with respect to empirical evidence. This problem is mainly discussed from an inductivist and probabilistic point of view, particularly by the means of Bayesian theories of confirmation. In this paper we suggest that Popper’s theory of corroboration should be considered as an alternative theory of scientific confirmation, which would reject both induction and probabilities. More specifically, in opposition to some interpretations of Popper, this paper will support the idea that Popper’s concept of corroboration can be understood as a form of confirmation. We will try to establish what could be the rules of this kind of Popperian theory of confirmation. We hope to be able to compare Bayesian and Popperian approaches to the problem of scientific confirmation, and highlight their different methodological contributions to scientific research.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the use of Spanish and Korean reformulation markers against the backdrop of a contrastive / intercultural rhetoric approach (Kaplan, 1966; Hinds, 1987; Clyne, 1994; Connor, 2008, 2011). In order to carry out the analysis, following a line of previous research papers in Murillo (2007, 2012), an empirical study using Spanish and Korean journalistic corpus was performed. The results obtained demonstrate significant disparity between the use of Spanish and Korean RMs when approached from a linguistic-intercultural rhetoric perspective, more specifically as to the use of double reformulation -the repetition of the Korean markers (jeuk… jeuk… / got… got…)-, some particular rhetorical patterns of the Korean marker got, denoting its cultural idiosyncrasy, and the discourse processes, such as ‘definition’, ‘denomination’, and ‘conclusion’, utilizing the selected markers in the two languages.

This paper addresses the unemotionality of Josephus’ narrative of the Flavian triumph in the Jewish War in light of other passages from the BJ in which Josephus’ writing is expressly emotional. Examining several instances in which the recollection of trauma leads Josephus’ author-persona to express grief, pity, or other allied emotions, this paper argues that a lamentation of this type is to be expected on the occasion of the triumph. However, none is given. This absence, it is argued, results from an expectation on the part of the Flavians that their triumphal procession is to be a celebratory occasion and not a traumatic one. However, the triumph pericope is not celebratory, and signs of discomfort are present between the lines, reminding the reader of other scenes where Josephus’ author-persona is explicit about his lamentation. From this evidence it is argued that Josephus’ author-persona intentionally removed himself from the narration of the triumph in order to compose a scene that would pass muster with the Flavians while still expressing the trauma that the triumphal procession inflicted.

This paper explores the prosaic deductive style developed by Melissus and Zeno. It first emphasizes the authors’ use of a systematic and reduced vocabulary solely dedicated to a priori deduction. In a second time, the paper delves into the systematic role of reductio ad absurdum in their reasoning and distinguishes several kinds of reductio employed by the authors. Through this analysis, the study shows how Melissus and Zeno not only developed and systematized certain aspects of Parmenides’ style but also introduced original features that significantly influenced the philosophical writing style.

This paper delves into the evolution of materialism from its origins with Democritus to its development by Karl Marx. It begins with Democritus' atomism, which proposed that everything is made up of indivisible atoms, laying the groundwork for a materialist worldview. The study then explores how Epicurus expanded on these ideas, focusing on sensory experience and the pursuit of a tranquil life. Moving into the Enlightenment, the paper examines the mechanistic materialism of thinkers like Hobbes and La Mettrie, who viewed humans as complex machines governed by physical laws. Finally, it addresses Marx's dialectical and historical materialism, which combined materialist philosophy with Hegelian dialectics to explain the influence of material conditions and economic structures on society and history. This analysis highlights the enduring significance of materialist thought in understanding social and historical processes.

Abstract: The current study aims to identify and investigate writing grammatical errors in the written exams, which are written by students of English at the University of M’hamed Bougara, Boumerdes. The researchers used a mixed-methods approach. This approach is both descriptive/qualitative and quantitative in nature. The data were collected from 84 student exam papers from the writing exam administered in January 2023 at the department of English at M'hamed Bougara University of Boumerdes. The data sources are the exam papers of the writing exam for both groups, and every group contains 42. The results of the study revealed that students employed 387 errors, which can be divided into eight types, which are: spelling, word usage, subject-verb agreement, articles, tense, passive and active voice, prepositions, and conjunctions. According to the findings, spelling errors were the most frequently occurring type of mistake in the learners’ corpus of both groups and they constituted 43.41%. Furthermore, the findings also demonstrated that although both groups shared high frequencies of spelling errors, word usage and article errors were more prevalent amongst second-year students, while third-year students made more subject-verb agreement errors. These findings might be due to the amount of time spent in learning a foreign language. Keywords: Errors, error analysis, writing, and foreign language

Abstract: Attaining proficiency in a foreign language entails more than just learning a subject for academic grounds; it is more convenient to centralise on acquiring a communication contrivance. And as culture permeates most contexts, communication in real-world frames is seldom culture-free. This paper pores over an acute facet of culture referred to as ‘conventions’. More definitively, the end of the paper is to review one category of these conventions which is ‘idioms’. As a broader covet, the present paper scrutinises the import of teaching contexual idioms to raise EFL learners’ cultural awareness. Keywords: conventions, formulaic language, idioms, culture, cultural awareness, context.

Abstract: Attaining proficiency in a foreign language entails more than just learning a subject for academic grounds; it is more convenient to centralise on acquiring a communication contrivance. And as culture permeates most contexts, communication in real-world frames is seldom culture-free. This paper pores over an acute facet of culture referred to as ‘conventions’. More definitively, the end of the paper is to review one category of these conventions which is ‘idioms’. As a broader covet, the present paper scrutinises the import of teaching contexual idioms to raise EFL learners’ cultural awareness. Keywords: conventions, formulaic language, idioms, culture, cultural awareness, context.

Abstract: This research paper tries to examine the implementation and impact of English Language Teaching (ELT) education through the Competency-Based Approach (CBA) at the Algerian school levels. Therefore, the study is a theoretical exploration the pedagogical strategies, teacher preparedness, and student outcomes associated with CBA in the context of ELT. The research identifies the benefits and challenges of integrating CBA into the Algerian educational system. The findings suggest that while CBA offers a more holistic and student-centred learning experience, it requires substantial support and training for teachers to be effectively implemented. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy-makers and educators to enhance ELT practices within the framework of CBA, aiming to improve language proficiency and educational outcomes in Algerian schools. Keywords: Algerian Education; ELT; CBA; Pedagogical Strategies; Teacher Training.

Abstract: Based on the summary and review of the pedagogical application of Singing as primary Chinese teaching method in the University of N'Djamena, the Republic of Chad, this paper illustrates the problem of "what to sing and how to sing" in learning Chinese. It also demonstrates that it is feasible to use singing Chinese songs as the main teaching tool in teaching oral Chinese at the basic level by combining theoretical demonstration and case analysis. With regard to the compilation of the lyrics of Chinese songs for teaching, this paper puts forward the principle of "concise and practical, harmonious rhyme and artistic conception". For the music arrangement, the author puts forward the method of using new words to modify old songs. This paper illustrates with examples that "learning Chinese by singing" still has broad development space and requires further study. Keywords: Learning Chinese through songs; Singing as primary Chinese teaching method; Theoretical basis; Lyrics compilation; Music orchestration.

One of the most important goals of foreign language teaching is to enable students to use the target language in everyday situations. Developing lexical competence in foreign language learning can play an important role in achieving this goal. The aim of the present study is to call attention to the importance of teaching collocations in foreign language education. The first part of the paper gives an overview about collocations and collocational competence. In the second part of the paper, I would like to focus on principles of phraseology and foreign language teaching methodology that can be used for teaching collocations in the classroom.

Keen observers of Kenyan English usage will agree that idiomatic expressions such as put into consideration, rather than take into consideration, are certainly common in daily usage. The author of this paper set out to establish if that was indeed the case by having a sample of 122 respondents, all fourth-year university students, to choose between put and take. 77% of them chose put, which suggests that the expression put into consideration is indeed quite familiar to Kenyan English speakers. It was tested alongside another 19 idiomatic expressions. 17 out of the 20 were found to be familiar, though to varying degrees. But this familiarity was not reflected in corpus data from the International Corpus of English and the Corpus of Global Web-based English, where they were found to be rare. The same corpus data showed that this familiarity of the 20 expressions to Kenyan English speakers did not mean that they used them more frequently than their Standard International English counterparts. For example, the data showed that the “less familiar” take into consideration had more tokens in the Kenyan English components of the two corpora than the “more familiar” put into consideration. Nevertheless, the paper concludes that so-called Kenyan English idioms can still be claimed to be typical of Kenyan English, since they are practically absent from e. g. British English, its colonial ancestor.

The drastic language shift that Algeria has witnessed in recent years, notably towards English, has gained significant ground. This paper examines the evolving dynamics of scientific discourse translation in Algeria. Since gaining independence in 1962, Algeria has been closely associated with Francophone networks, with the French historically dominating scientific communication. However, in recent decades, English has gained predominance in scientific discourse, surpassing French. Through a comprehensive review of academic literature, this paper explores the historical context that has shaped Algeria’s linguistic landscape, leading to this significant transition. The study delves into concepts such as language shift, domain loss, terminology, and translation to understand their impact and relationship within multilingual research contexts. By examining these concepts, the paper seeks to illustrate how they have influenced the shift towards English in Algerian scientific communication. Additionally, the paper investigates the underlying motivations for the increased adoption of English as the primary language of scientific discourse among Algerian researchers and institutions. Key factors include the influence of international scientific norms, the availability of extensive English language resources, participation in global research collaborations, and the enhanced visibility that English provides in the global scientific arena. While this transition to English offers numerous opportunities for Algerian researchers, such as improved access to international research networks and increased publication potential, it also presents challenges. Linguistic and cultural barriers may hinder effective communication and collaboration, potentially impacting the quality of research and its dissemination. The paper concludes by analyzing the intricate ramifications of these translation trends and their implications for Algeria’s scientific research landscape. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for developing strategies to support researchers through this transition and ensuring their successful integration into the global scientific community.

This paper examines activist subtitling practices in light of the two sociological concepts of narrativity and liminality. With particular focus on online contemporary activist communities that counter extremism, subtitling is studied as part of the cultural liminoid practices that produce and disseminate alternative narratives challenging the rigid frames of global jihadism. Launched as reactions to the repercussions of the Arab Spring and the establishment of the so-called Islamic State in Iraq and Syria, ضايعة الطاسة Daya alTaseh and ذا بيج دادي شوو The Bigh daddy Show are two activist online media initiatives that spread counter-jihadist narratives in Arabic subtitled in English. The study attempts to investigate the narratives mediated in the subtitles and their reflections of liminality. The subtitling in both initiatives is scrutinised and compared using a two-fold theoretical framework combining the socio-narrative theory in translation studies and theories on activist translation. Guided by this framework, the paper applies a descriptive qualitative analysis to data collected from observations and interviews. The data analysis reveals the distinct liminoid stories of Daya alTasehand The Bigh daddy Show as narrated in the English subtitles, pinpointing the similarities and differences between them. User interaction with both initiatives is also highlighted as a contributor to the development of the subtitling process.

Techno-solutionism (Ts) amplifies academic integrity issues endemic to using Generative AI in Open and Distance education (ODE). It (Ts) induces in Higher education (HE) the disposition that technology can and should be employed in every aspect of teaching, learning, and assessment. The prevalence of Ts in ODE and the consequence of undermining academic integrity is found in the surge in published papers. A 2023 study by Nature of over 1600 scientists reports that nearly 30% use GenAI to write papers, and 5% use it in grant applications. A 2024 Originality.ai report on 13,000 analysed papers on arXiv indicates a sudden increase of 200.42%, 44.68% and 22.04%, respectively, in Computer Science, Physics and Mathematics in papers published in Jan. 2019 and those published in Nov. 2023. Apr. 2024 paper on arXiv notes Computer Science to be the most prolific in LLM usage with up to 17.5% increase. The problem this study addresses is balancing the challenges and opportunities of GenAI in ODE. Is there a limit to AI use in ODE? How can we upsurge academic integrity in the age of AI? How might we rethink the culture of publish or perish in the age of AI? Adopting the scoping review methodology and discourse analysis, this paper analyses the gains and pains of AI in ODE. Leveraging the critical theory of technology, it recommends clear green and red lines on using AI in teaching, research, and assessment.

The paper distinguishes between philosophy and culture and explains the reasons why it is preferable to investigate the relationships between Spinoza and the Italian culture (rather than philosophy) of the twentieth century. Italian culture is characterized by five prevailing forces: Roman Catholicism, the neo-idealism of Croce and Gentile, fascism, Marxism, the mass media. Spinoza’s conceptual world has remained foreign to Italian culture, where it has not been expressly opposed, as, for example, by the Catholic side. The paper then examines some of the main philosophical interpretations of Spinoza (as advanced by Giovanni Gentile, Piero Martinetti, Augusto Guzzo, and Antonio Banfi) showing the relationships between them, the philosophy of their authors, and some salient characteristics of the Italian culture of the century. The theologizing attitude of these philosophers (except Banfi), although expressed in different forms, led them to often misleading interpretations that contributed to nullifying a possible encounter between Spinoza and Italian culture. Finally, mention is made of the historical, philological and exegetical research which, over the last thirty years, has offered a new and significant contribution, with an international impact, to Spinoza studies.

This study systematically investigates the primary issues and obstacles impeding the establishment of a functional and credible judiciary in Kosovo, adopting an international perspective. The research methodology includes a combination of qualitative and empirical analytical approaches to concrete actions based on a review of relevant literature, reports, and legal documents. This paper concludes that Kosovo should be ready to reach compromises, strengthen the independence, pro­fessionalism, transparency and accountability of judges and prosecutors, and increase public confidence in justice, to achieve a successful reform in the judicial system. The paper offers several recommendations for improving the quality and efficiency of justice in Kosovo, such as promoting cooperation and coordination with international factors in this field.

This article explores the intersection of 19th-century philosophy with historical events, spotlighting Nietzsche, Bentham, Kierkegaard, and Schopenhauer and their distinct perspectives on suffering as a positive element, reflective of the era's cultural and historical nuances. The first part of the paper is a summary of the 19th century and its noteworthy events. The second part argues that suffering is a constant element of human existence by highlighting conceptual similarities between all four philosophers when they describe the challenges that humans must face. The third part of the paper analyzes the relationship between suffering and self-knowledge. The fourth and last part of the paper explores the mechanism of suffering as an epiphenomenon.

This paper constitutes an encompassing account of the Madonna of Orsanmichele in all its historical instances. As source of the first miracle ever recorded in the city-state of Florence, in 1292, the Orsanmichele Madonna generated a cult that lasted centuries. Considering the extravagant artistic commissions on the site of the granary-turned-church, Orsanmichele became a place of religious worship, and, more importantly, grown into being equated with the political and spiritual identity of Florence. The panel by Bernando Daddi and the tabernacle designed by Andrea Orcagna have generated, I argue, a parallel cult – one revering the exquisite artistic draughtsman ship of the painting and that of its monumental shrine. In this paper I aim to present the dialogue between the Marian cult located at Orsanmichele, starting in the thirteenth century, and the artistic patronage prompted by the popularity of the miracle-making image of the Virgin. My study represents a critical re-visitation of the prominent book by Megan Holmes, The Miraculous Image in Renaissance Florence, published in 2013.

The paper analyses the process of textbook selection and materials adaptation in the context of ESP (English for Specific Purposes) courses and in the context of English for Nursing course. Textbooks and materials are essential components of ESP course design, which frequently contribute to the success or failure of the course in completing the course objectives. However, the process of selecting a specific textbook for the course, which will address the course objectives, is not straightforward or simple. In the ESP literature, the views about the need of using textbooks in ESP courses are polarised. The study will examine the benefits of using textbooks in ESP context, which include available sources for the students and facilitate the class preparation for the teachers, as well as the drawbacks which include the impossibility of finding a textbook which corresponds entirely to learners’ needs. The research includes the evaluation of the selected textbook in the context of English for Nursing. The evaluation is based on the literature review on the topic of textbook evaluation in ESP and language teaching and learning context in general. The evaluation described is based on the set of criteria provided by Miekley (2005), which includes the following criteria: content, vocabulary and grammar, exercises and activities, attractiveness of the text, the quality of the teacher’s manual and the context. Two textbooks are examined and compared, in order to select the appropriate one. Apart from the textbook analysis, the paper aims to provide suggestions and recommendations regarding materials adaptation and development of materials which can be used in English for Nursing and Medical English Courses.

Irony is a complex linguistic phenomenon that plays an important role in children’s literature. The use of irony in a children’s literary text opens up new possibilities for interpreting the text and also brings about an important change in the level of reception of the work, as it awakens not only the curiosity of the children but also the interest of the adults. The aim of this paper is to examine the forms of irony based on Erich Kästner’s fairy tale “Puss in Boots” and to discuss the role of morphology and syntax in generating irony. A detailed analysis of the morpho-syntactic elements of irony should show that Kästner’s text can be classified in the category of crosswriting. The paper also deals with the writing style of Kästner. Typical of the German author is that he has often made adaptations of famous works of children’s and young people’s literature. “Till Eulenspiegel”, “Münchhausen” and “Die Schildbürger” are adaptations that show that Kästner is interested in works that have the potential to be humorous. Earlier versions of the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” are also briefly mentioned in this paper to illustrate the popularity of the pre-text. Because Kästner’s text is an adaptation of the fairy tale of the Brothers Grimm, the following important terms are also to be explained: irony, humour and intertextuality. However, the article focuses mainly on the morpho-syntactic peculiarities of Kästner’s adaptation. Different grammatical categories such as modal particles, modal verbs, attributes and punctuation are examined in the paper and this analysis tries to determine to what extent they play a role in the manifestation of irony. Such an analysis opens up new perspectives and possibilities of interpretation of the fairy tale “Puss in Boots” by Kästner.

The aim of this paper is the language analysis of an online-YouTube-interview, where the politeness is defined as a sociocultural entity. In this paper, the most influential theories of politeness are presented and the concept of face is explained. In addition to this, it presents in detail the difference between the positive and negative politeness. The data shows that politeness influences the choice of language means and how the language means can change the communicative situation where the functions of language means in adapting language are illustrated and shown.The results are based on an online-YouTube-interview which is analyzed linguistically by defining and showing the relationship between the participants in the given communication. It also shows how the speakers adapt the politeness forms in relation to the conversation partner. The analysis of the language of the moderator and the guest confirms the assumption that the language is related to the situational context and that the speakers adapt their language depending on the communicative situation, which has been shown by the tendency of the moderator and the interviewed guest to reduce distance, through the use of interpersonal discourse markers as well as other language means.

The focus of the paper is on the fate of a special police unit and its members. Before World War II, the civilian response work in the present sense took place within the framework of the police in Hungary. Within the framework of the Budapest Metropolitan Police Commissariat, the task of the Political Police Department was to carry out the prevention work. By the end of the 1930s, it was clear that Germany, an ally on paper, was active in Hungary. Thus, when the Wehrmacht occupied Hungary on March 19, 1944, one of the first steps the invading SS and SD units have taken was to arrest the police officers working against the Germans. At the same time, many police officers have anticipated the continuation of their careers, moreover, a progress in it after the German occupation. The State Security Police, established at that time, served the occupiers and participated in the Holocaust. Typically, they continued to work in 1945 to wrap up an anti-state conspiracy. The mentioned German-arrested police officers were detained for weeks and then deported. In 1945, they were liberated by US troops and then entered the CIC to find the Hungarian war criminals. Finally, the study dealt with the post-war fate and career of the policemen featured in the article.

Yugoslav and German “questions” emerged in the early 1950s as specific issues in international politics marked by the Cold War. Through them, the strengths of the opposing blocs led by the superpowers, the USA and the USSR, were measured in various ways and with different intensities. This paper attempts to reconstruct and analyze the initial phase of the relationship between Yugoslav Communists and German Social Democrats, from the establishment of closer contacts to the change in the foreign policy situation after Stalin’s death. The paper is mainly based on research using unpublished archived materials from domestic sources and relevant domestic and foreign literature.

Renewable energy infrastructures, such as wind and solar farms, require land on which they can be deployed. While politics and conflicts over accessing land for renewables are well documented, the role, conditions and potential agency of landownership have been often overlooked or oversimplified as a powerful terrain in the field of renewables development. In this paper, we explore the relationship between landed property and community renewable energy projects. In particular, we focus on how landed property variously influences the development modes of renewables by acting as a mediator, barrier and enabler for different types of wind energy projects. We show how this takes place through appropriation of rents in processes of assetisation and value grabbing by landowners. In this way, value grabbing acts as a vital intermediary process to understand green grabbing and wider processes of capital accumulation through renewables. We draw on insights from the Netherlands and Scotland to illuminate different mechanisms, social and historical conditions, and policies through which landed property constrains or enables community wind energy projects. The paper finishes by sketching out some alternative ways of allocating land for the deployment of renewable energy projects, which could help shift the balance of power in favour of community energy developments.

The 14th-century Dominican theologian and philosopher Durand of Saint-Pourçain was among the intellectuals who took part in the medieval debate on virginity, especially on the relationship between virginity and marriage. This paper discusses a question of his Sentences Commentary (Super Sent., II, d. 20, q. 2), in which Durand poses the question of “whether or not there would have been a loss of virginity in marriage” (utrum in actu matrimoniali fuisset amissio virginitatis) both in statu innocentiae and in statu post peccatum. This paper shows how Durand’s solution to the problem is in opposition to Augustine’s and Thomas Aquinas’s views, based on formal and material aspects of virginity.

The paper describes the state of legal interpreting training in the Czech Republic, which, as it currently stands, focuses on legal terminology rather than specific interpreting techniques. Against this background of the existing training opportunities, the paper presents a pilot course on legal interpreting, including court interpreting, for BA and MA students of English for Translators and Interpreters at Palacký University Olomouc. It describes the design of the course, its content and the methodology applied. Specifically, it describes the different settings addressed in the courses and the materials and activities used to train interpreters for these settings, including a mock trial. Finally, the paper also discusses the challenges and potential room for further development.