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Two new isoindolin-1-ones (1 and 2), were isolated from the stems of Nicotiana tabacum (a cultivar of sun-cured tobacco with high resistance to black shank diseases, which originated from Huize local sun-cured tobacco by ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis). Their structures were elucidated using spectroscopic methods, including extensive 1D and 2D NMR techniques. Interestingly, both compounds showed high antibacterial activity with bacteriostatic diameter within the range 18.2 ± 1.4–25.8 ± 2.2 mm against five pathogenic strains, and they have the potential values for use as an antiseptic agent for Heat Not Burning cigarette-tipping paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to historical documents, the identity of a nation or ethnic group in each period is determined. Maintain these documents according to their structural nature that was so vulnerable to deterioration of the utmost importance. What factors should be considered Identify damaging agents and attempts to reduce it. Biological degradation is the main cause of damage to paper documents. To solve this problem, various methods were used. The most common method is using chemical antiseptic such as thymol, para chloro benzene dioxide, ethylene oxide etc. But what this study will examine the effects of abuse on the structure of these materials is cellulose paper such as ethylene oxide, indicating improper methods to remove the erosion and provide a convenient method, including freezing in order to reduce these damages. In this paper, 673 paper samples were studied, of the type of documents, which were identified first by the chemical laboratory method and then based on the information obtained from the results of tests with laboratory devices (FTIR, pH-meter). as well as by other methods. Aging, acidity and the effect of disinfectants on the structure of documents and fibers have been analyzed. In this research, which was tested on 673 paper samples, the type of dough was first identified by chemical laboratory method and then with the information obtained from the test results by laboratory devices (pH, FTIR meter) as well as methods. Aging, acidity and the effect of disinfectants on the structure of documents and fibers have been analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Seventy-five dogs were subjected to the surgical procedures of scaling and dental extraction using conventional antibiotics and antiseptics preventive treatment or double-distilled ozonated water. Sampling by bacteriological buffer was carried out to evaluate the bacterial count in the oral cavity and evaluate the anti-bacterial efficacy of intra-operative ozone as an alternative to pre-surgical antibiotic treatment. This paper aims to assess the disinfecting capacity of a double-distilled ozonated water solution as an alternative to common antibiotic and antiseptic devices. Seventy-five dogs were subjected to the surgical procedures of scaling and dental extraction and included in three study groups: Group 1 subjected to antibiotic pre-treatment (association amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and ampicillin + metronidazole) and disinfection with chlorhexidine, and Group 2 and 3 devoid of preventive anti-microbial treatment in which disinfection was performed, respectively, with ozonated water and chlorhexidine. Sampling by bacteriological buffer was carried out to evaluate the bacterial count in the oral cavity. The analysis of the samples determined the total mesophilic bacterial count by seeding on the culture medium via the inclusion of PCA (Plate Count Agar). The results highlighted the anti-bacterial efficacy of intra-operative ozone as an alternative to pre-surgical antibiotic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: To evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of an ophthalmic formulation containing hexamidine diisethionate (HD) 0.05%, polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) 0.0001%, and edetate disodium (EDTA) 0.01% (Keratosept®, Bruschettini, Genova, Italy) on the microbial flora of a healthy ocular surface. Methods: Patients were enrolled consecutively. Each patient applied two drops of Keratosept® in the eye scheduled for cataract surgery (study eye) three times daily in the 2 days prior to surgery and one time in the morning of surgery. The contralateral eyes were considered as control (control eye). Bilateral conjunctival swabs were collected before the first administration (T0) and the morning of surgery (T1). The swabs were processed within 3 h from sampling for the automated detection of the presence of replicating microorganisms (colony-forming units, CFU/mL) and the provision of real-time growth curves. Results: Conjunctival swabs of 32 patients (n = 128) were examined. Six patients were excluded from the efficacy analysis because of microbial load < 50 CFU/mL at T0 in the study eye. No difference between study and control eyes was observed at T0 (p = 0.40). Compared with T0, 20 (76.9%) study eyes and 10 (38.5%) control eyes showed a ≥ 1 log reduction of the microbial load at T1, with a significant difference between groups (p = 0.005). Keratosept® showed good tolerability, and no adverse events or eye discomfort were recorded. Conclusions: This study showed that the low-dose combination of antiseptic agents in the Keratosept® ophthalmic solution effectively reduces the bacterial load of healthy flora on the ocular surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worldwide, synthetic compounds are used for both in-office and at-home dental care. They are a valuable resource for both prophylactic and curative treatments for various dental problems, such as tooth decay, periodontal diseases, and many more. They are typically preferred due to their broad range of actions and ability to produce targeted, rapid, and long-lasting effects. Using a 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash is capable of reducing the plaque index from 47.69% to 2.37% and the bleeding index from 32.93% to 6.28% after just 2 weeks. Mouthwash with 0.1% OCT is also highly effective, as it significantly lowered the median plaque index and salivary bacterial counts in 152 patients in 5 days compared to a control group (p < 0.0001), while also reducing the gingival index (p < 0.001). When povidone-iodine was used as an irrigant during the surgical removal of mandibular third molars in 105 patients, it resulted in notably lower pain scores after 2 days compared to a control group (4.57 ± 0.60 vs. 5.71 ± 0.45). Sodium hypochlorite is excellent for root canal disinfection, as irrigating with 1% NaOCl completely eliminated the bacteria from canals in 65% patients. A 0.05% CPC mouthwash proved effective for perioperative patient care, significantly decreasing gingival bleeding (p < 0.001) and suppressing Streptococcus levels even one week post-surgery. Lastly, a 6% H2O2 paint-on varnish and 6% H2O2 tray formulations successfully bleached the teeth of 40 patients, maintaining a noticeably whiter appearance up to the 6-month follow-up, with significant color differences from the baseline (p < 0.005). Synthetic compounds have a large research base, which also provides a greater awareness of their mechanism of action and potential adverse effects. For a better understanding of how they work, several methods and assays are performed. These are protocolary techniques through which a compound's efficacy and toxicity are established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Foodborne infections affect approximately 600 million people annually. Simultaneously, many plants contain substances like organic acids, which have antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of 21 organic acids, naturally occurring in plants, on four foodborne bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella enterica Typhimurium) and two fungi (Geotrichum candidum and Penicillium candidum). Methods: The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of the organic acids against foodborne bacteria and in silico toxicity prediction of acids were investigated. Results: Benzoic and salicylic acids exhibit the best activity against foodborne bacteria (mean MIC < 1 mg/mL). Acetic, chlorogenic, formic, malic, nicotinic, and rosmarinic acids demonstrate slightly weaker activity (mean MICs 1–2 mg/mL). Other acids have moderate or poor activity. The effectiveness of organic acids against foodborne fungi is weaker than against bacteria. Most acids require high concentrations (from 10 to >100 mg/mL) to inhibit fungal growth effectively. The predicted LD50 of organic acids ranges from 48 to 5000 mg/kg. Those potentially safe as food preservatives (MIC < LD50) include ascorbic, chlorogenic, malic, nicotinic, rosmarinic, salicylic, succinic, tannic, and tartaric acids. The studied organic acids are not carcinogenic but many can cause adverse effects such as skin sensitization, eye irritation, and potential nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, or neurotoxicity. Conclusions: Most of the investigated plant-derived organic acids exhibit good antibacterial activity and moderate or poor antifungal effects. Among 21 acids, only 9 appear to be safe as food preservatives (MIC < LD50). The relationship between MIC and LD50 is crucial in determining the suitability of organic acids as food preservatives, ensuring that they are effective against bacteria or fungi at concentrations that are not harmful to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Canine atopic dermatitis (CAD) is a frequent skin disease in dogs in which a microbial dysbiosis contributes to flare ups. The use of topical products for localised areas of dermatitis is useful as it can reduce the use of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistance. This study aimed to evaluate the benefits of chlorhexidine wipes in case of localised dysbiosis in atopic dogs. Twenty dogs received a daily application of wipes for 14 days and showed a clinical and cytological statistically significant improvement following the use of the tested product after 7 and 14 days of application. Antiseptic wipes are beneficial in case of localised dysbiosis in CAD. (1) Background: Dysbiosis is frequently observed in Canine Atopic Dermatitis (CAD). Antimicrobial treatment may be necessary to treat flare ups and the use of topical treatments is beneficial to prevent the development of bacterial resistance. Wipes are an easy way to apply antiseptic agents on the skin. The aim of this study was to evaluate the benefits of 3% chlorhexidine impregnated wipes (Pyoskin® wipes, MP Labo, France) on local areas of dysbiosis in dogs with CAD. (2) Methods: A total of 20 dogs suffering from CAD presented with localised areas of dysbiosis were included in this study. Affected areas were cleansed with the daily application of chlorhexidine wipes once a day for 14 days. Follow-up visits were scheduled after one and two weeks. Clinical signs (lesions and pruritus), dysbiosis scored by cytological counts (cocci and Malassezia) and investigator and owner global appreciation were evaluated. (3) Results: A statistically significant decrease in clinical scores and cytological counts were observed as soon as D7 and until D14. Both owner and investigator appreciation were considered high (4) Conclusions: The use of chlorhexidine impregnated wipes is a useful and easy way to manage localised dysbiosis in atopic dogs and allows limiting of systemic medication to prevent bacterial resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In severe stages of periodontitis, conventional periodontal therapy and maintenance care are usually insufficient due to the viral and bacterial etiology; thus, a mechanical approach alone may not be sufficient to eliminate a substantial portion of subgingival pathogens, especially in deep periodontal sites. Background and Objectives: This single-blind, randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the clinical and microbiological efficacy of a low-cost protocol using povidone–iodine and sodium hypochlorite formulations as adjuncts to non-surgical therapy for patients with stage IV periodontitis when compared with chlorhexidine, the most commonly employed substance to date for antimicrobial regimens in periodontal therapy. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients were randomly divided into two groups: control (subgingival instrumentation, chlorhexidine-assisted) and test (antiviral medication, subgingival instrumentation with povidone–iodine, sodium hypochlorite rinsing solution, and antibiotics). Clinical measurements and microbiological analyses were performed at baseline and after three months. Results: After three months, notable differences were found in the bacterial detection scores for Porphyromonas gingivalis (a significant reduction in detection frequency was observed in the test compared to the control (p = 0.021)), and there were significant reductions in detection in the test group for Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola, showing undetectable levels (p < 0.0001 for both). In the test group, the pocket probing depth median value was reduced significantly (p = 0.0005); similarly, bleeding on probing showed a marked decrease (p < 0.0001). However, changes in clinical attachment loss and full-mouth plaque score were not statistically significant. Conclusions: Using the proposed protocol, substantial improvements in clinical and microbiological parameters were obtained when compared with the current antimicrobial recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of University of Anbar for Pure Science is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Povidone-iodine (PVI), also known as Betadine, is a widely used antiseptic agent used in several fields of medicine. In ophthalmology, it is applied as a preoperative antiseptic to prevent infectious complications that can result from surgical procedures. PVI's safety and efficacy have been extensively studied and represented in the literature; however, the incidence of adverse effects has been reported in conjunction. The aim of this paper is to compile information regarding PVIs use, safety profile, adverse effects, and possible alternatives through a review of the existing literature. Methods: Literature was compiled utilizing the database PubMed and Google Scholar using specified keywords with a total of 86 reviewed articles, after excluding search results that did not meet the inclusion criteria. Results: While the allergic potential to PVI is a highly contested topic, there are several nonallergic adverse effects of PVI that should not be overlooked. These effects include chemical burn, cytotoxic effects, and general patient discomfort. In light of these adverse effects, alternatives to PVI may be considered. However, there has been little research identifying feasible alternatives in preoperative intraocular procedures. Alternatives including chlorhexidine, polyhexamethylene biguanide (polyhexanide), and octenidine were identified as potential substitutes for PVI. Conclusions: Further study is needed to provide robust evidence regarding the efficacy profiles of these alternatives in comparison with PVI and to demonstrate comparable tolerance to PVI in intraocular procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to analyse the effect of chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX DG) mouthwash on the adhesion of oral bacteria to orthodontic appliances. The interactions of four bacteria (S. mutans, A. actinomycetemcomitans, S. oralis, and V. parvula) with two alloys (stainless steel [SS] and nickel-titanium [NiTi]) and three CHX DG solutions (commercial products Curasept and Perio Plus, and pure CHX DG, all with 0.12% active substance) were tested. The adhesive effect on the orthodontic wires was evaluated after 24 h for S. oralis and after 72 h for the other bacteria. The minimum bactericidal concentration of the solution for each bacterial strain was determined using the dilution method to test the antibacterial action. Salivary-pretreated orthodontic archwires were exposed to minimal bactericidal concentrations of solution and bacteria. Commercial antiseptic products, especially Perio Plus, showed a better inhibition of bacterial adhesion to both alloys than pure CHX DG solution (p < 0.05). A. actinomycetemcomitans was most inhibited in the adhesion of all bacteria by the CHX DG products. A greater inhibition of streptococci adherence was observed on SS, while that of A. actinomycetemcomitans was observed on NiTi. V. parvula inhibition was product-dependent. Although there were differences between the strains and the tested agents, it can be concluded that Perio Plus most effectively inhibited the adhesion of all tested bacteria to the SS and NiTi alloys. A. actinomycetemcomitans was most sensitive to all tested agents, while S. mutans showed the highest resistance. The effectiveness of the tested agents was better on NiTi alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives -- To analyze the current umbilical cord (UC) care practice in Slovenia and to evaluate the impact of national UC care recommendations by comparing the UC care practice before and after their introduction. Materials and Methods -- A questionnaire covering the complete UC care was sent to medical nurses and midwifes involved in UC care in primary-level pediatric centers, health visiting and parent education services (outpatient group) and secondary and tertiary-level pediatric centers (inpatient care group) in Slovenia. Three different clinical conditions of the newborn's umbilicus, i.e. healthy umbilicus (HU), umbilicus at risk (RU) and unhealthy umbilicus (UU) were used. The inpatient and outpatient groups and UC care in 2013 and 2021 were compared. Results -- The sample included 396 respondents from all Slovenian regions. The odds for using UC care protocol in 2021 were 2.6 times higher compared to 2013 (P<0.001). The UC care of HU changed: the dry UC care became less frequent (P<0,001), the use of normal saline solution increased and the use of ethanol solution decreased (P<0.001). The use of ethanol solution for UU decreased (P<0.001) and the use of octenidine increased more than 200 times (P<0.001). Conclusions -- The implementation of national recommendations significantly influenced the UC care in Slovenia. The current UC care practice is more unified and consistent with international recommendations. The adjusted UC care, depending on the clinical condition of the newborn's umbilicus, puts additional value to these recommendations. Further refinements of the UC care protocol should emphasize the use of dry UC care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several types of pollutants have acute adverse effects on living bodies, and the effective removal of these pollutants remains a challenge. Safranin O (a biological dye) and merbromin (a topical mercury-containing antiseptic) are considered organic pollutants, and there are only a few reports on their removal. Synthesized and well-characterized (through PXRD, FTIR, FESEM, and EDS analysis) MOF-5 was used for the first time in the removal of safranin O and merbromin from simulated wastewater and real wastewater. In both cases, MOF-5 effectively removed contaminants. We found that in simulated wastewater, the highest efficiency of removal of safranin O was 53.27% (for 15 mg/L) at pH 10, and for merbromin, it was 41.49% (for 25 mg/L) at pH 6. In the case of real wastewater containing natural ions (Na+, K+, F−, Cl−, SO42−, PO43−, Mg2+, and Ca2+) and other molecules, the removal efficiencies of these two dyes decreased (34.00% and 26.28% for safranin O and merbromin, respectively) because of the presence of other ions and molecules. A plausible mechanism for the removal of these pollutants using MOF-5 was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread occurrence of multi-resistant bacteria is a health problem of global dimension. Infections caused by multi-resistant pathogens are difficult to treat and often associated with high mortality. Therefore, new treatment strategies are of interest, such as the use of differently acting antibacterial concepts. One of these new concepts is the use of antiseptics in combination with the antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Currently, no method has yet been established as a standard procedure for investigating combined effects and evaluating them in a generally valid and unambiguous manner. The focus of this study was on how cationic antiseptics benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX) behave in a combined application with aPDT using the photosensitizer TMPyP. For this purpose, BAC and CHX were applied in combination with the aPDT using TMPyP in non-lethal concentrations to the three bacteria Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The results of the combination experiments with sublethal concentrations of BAC or CHX with the aPDT showed that the binary application had a lethal effect. Irrespective of the bacteria, the reduction in concentrations in OPECC, compared to individual concentrations, was more than 50% for TMPyP, 23–40% for BAC, and 18–43% for CHX. Furthermore, the optimal effective concentration combinations (OPECCs) could be determined. The latter showed that the combined application allowed the reduction of both concentrations compared to the single application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is one of the most widely used antiseptics in the oral cavity due to its high antimicrobial potential. However, many authors have stated that the effect of CHX in nonsurgical periodontal therapy is hampered by its rapid elimination from the oral environment. The aim of this study was to determine the antibacterial efficacy of a new compound of chlorhexidine 0.20% + cymenol (CYM) 0.10% on a multispecies biofilm. For this, an in vitro study was designed using a multispecies biofilm model of Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Prevotella intermedia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Quantification of the microbial viability of the biofilm was performed using 5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium-chloride (CTC) to calculate the percentage of survival, and the biofilms were observed using a a confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). It was observed that the bactericidal activity of the CHX + cymenol bioadhesive gel was superior to that of the CHX bioadhesive gel, in addition to higher penetrability into the biofilm. Therefore, there was greater elimination of bacterial biofilm with the new compound of chlorhexidine 0.2% plus cymenol 0.1% in a bioadhesive gel form compared to the formulation with only chlorhexidine 0.2% in a bioadhesive gel form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) drives are becoming more popular in industrial and commercial applications, there are still significant difficulties and unresolved research issues that must be addressed. In BLDCM drives, commutation current ripple (CCR) and diode freewheeling during non-commutation zone (NCZ) are the major challenges. To overcome these limitations, this paper proposes a novel PWM-Model Antiseptic Control (PWM-MAC) technique to alleviate the freewheeling of the diode. The proposed PWM technique is used to alleviate the diode freewheeling in the NCZ, whereas the DCLV circuit is utilized to obtain variable DC-link voltage to address the CCR in the CZ. The MATLAB/Simulink results are included along with experimental results obtained from a laboratory prototype of 325 W. The proposed module reduces the current ripple by 31.7% and corresponding torque ripples are suppressed by approximately 32.5%. This evidences the performance of the proposed control technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists and specialists of food processing industry are increasingly focused on the technology of storage of raw materials of animal origin in antiseptic ice. The paper presents the peculiar features of plasma-chemical activation of solutions to produce antiseptic ice and their further use in the storage of meat and fish. The process of treatment leads to formation of micro-particles of hydrogen peroxide, which in contact with the raw materials are capable of generating active oxygen, allowing to disinfect the raw material surface. Concentration of hydrogen peroxide in the solutions further used to produce antiseptic ice has been determined. Study of the features of use of antiseptic ice made of plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions showed unchanged organoleptic properties of raw materials after using the presented antiseptic agent. Suppression of viable microflora owing to antimicrobial action of plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions was recorded. Antiseptic ice contributes to long-term disinfection of raw materials. For example, the samples show absence of microflora of mesophilic aerobic and facultative anaerobic microorganisms and bacteria of the Escherichia coli group, which allows improving the quality of stored food raw materials. At the concentration of peroxides at the level of 600–700 mg/l, pathogenic microflora in meat and fish samples is not present at all. When meat and fish raw materials are stored in ice for 30 days, pathogenic microflora does not appear, and it confirms the long-term disinfecting action of antiseptic ice. Slower accumulation of amino-ammonia nitrogen is observed during long-term storage of meat and fish raw materials. The use of plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions for the production of antiseptic ice and storage of meat and fish raw materials in it can partially prevent the processes of protein breakdown and, accordingly, increase the product shelf life. The paper describes technological parameters of the process of storage of meat and fish in antiseptic ice, which can be used in the industrial storage of raw materials, and provides the guidance for use of ice of plasma-chemically activated aqueous solutions in the process of storage of raw materials of animal origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To quantify the bacterial burden after skin disinfection using an alcohol octenidine dihydrochloride combination (Octenisept®) compared to an 74.1% ethanol 10% 2-propanol combination (Softasept N®). Study design: Prospective randomized clinical trial. Material & methods: 61 dogs undergoing clean or clean-contaminated surgeries (excluding surgeries on the gastrointestinal tract) were randomly assigned to group O (skin disinfection with alcohol and octenidine dihydrochloride after washing with octenidine containing soap) or to control group C (skin disinfection using the ethanol-2-propanol combination after washing with a neutral soap without antiseptic ingredients). Samples were then taken from 8 different locations within the surgical field at four different stages: after clipping, after washing, after disinfection and one hour later. At each stage, two different sampling techniques (wet-dry swab technique (WDS) and contact plates (CP)) were used for quantitative analysis of bacterial counts. Results: WDS detected about 100-fold more bacteria compared to CP sampling in cases with high bacterial burden, but was not accurate enough to detect small numbers. CP sampling was therefore used for comparison of treatment protocols. 30 dogs were assigned to group O and 31 to group C. A relative reduction of 69% in group O and 77 percent in group C was observed after the soap wash. No significant differences were detected between both groups. Washing and disinfection resulted in a reduction of bacterial counts of 99.99% in group O versus 99.7% in group C (p = 0.018). Bacterial reduction one hour after washing and disinfection was significantly higher in group O (99.9%) than in group C (98.5%, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Additional octenidine dihydrochloride provided a slightly better decontamination effect after disinfection, particularly one hour after, which means it may only be indicated in longer surgeries. WDS is more sensitive but less specific to detect bacteria on the skin than the CP sampling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis is the property of Nis University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study consisted of 3 variants. According to the results obtained from the research, in the control (dry) version treated with 0.001% solution of "Violet K", the mortality rate due to disease agents was 53.30% in the caterpillars of the Vatan breed, while in the "Sverico-yellow" breed it was 41.70%, and in the "Oragase" breed it was 17.00%. The mortality rate of the first experimental variant was 12.50% in the "Vatan" breed, 15.20% in the "Sverico-yellow" breed, and 6.70% in the "Oragase" breed. In the second control (aqueous) variant, 23.50% mortality was observed in the Sverico-yellow breed, and 8.00% in the Oragase breed, but no mortality occurred in the "Vatan" breed. According to the weight of the silk coat, the weight of the cocoon of the "Vatan" breed in the control (dry) variant was 235.7 mg, 138.2 mg in the "Sverico-yellow" breed, and 218 mg in the "Oragase" breed. The amount of the control (aqueous) variant was 340.5 mg in the "Vatan" breed, 173.5 mg in the "Sverico-yellow" breed, and 139.5 mg in the "Oragase" breed. In the experimental version, the weight of the silk coat of the "Vatan" breed was 460.5 mg, 160.5 mg in "Svericoyellow", and 169 mg in "Oragase". In the productivity of butterflies, the number of eggs in the "Vatan" breed was 300 in the control (dry) version, 265 in the control (aqueous) version, and 1,471 in the experimental version. In the "Sverico-yellow" breed, there were 270 eggs in the control (dry) variant, 306 eggs in the control (aqueous) breed, and 1235 eggs in the experimental breed. In the "Oragase" breed, the number of eggs was 239 in the control (dry) variant, 602 in the control (aqueous) variant, and 589 in the experimental variant. Scientific innovation. Scientific innovation in the research works conducted in the direction of solving 2 problems in the relevant cocoon farms was the development of methods of prevention and elimination of diseases recorded in the eggs and caterpillars of the mulberry silkworm, as well as methods of increasing the viability of eggs and caterpillars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ozonated oil has shown antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties that make it useful in the prevention of infectious diseases and also as an adjuvant in wound-healing management. This review brings together most aspects of the use of liposomal ozonated oil for ocular infections and regeneration of the ocular surface. A search was performed in PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and Cochrane Library for studies published by June 2021. Search terms were combined to sort out papers on the properties and use of ozonated oil in ocular infections. A total of 25 publications were selected for this review on the composition, mechanism of action, restorative action, and preclinical and clinical studies of liposomal ozonated oil focused on ocular infections. In patients with complicated corneal pathology, liposomal ozonated oil has been found to restore corneal ulcers and improve keratitis. In patients with ocular pathologies involving inflammation and infections, liposomal ozonated oil has been found to improve and almost completely restore the signs of vernal, granulomatous and even adenoviral conjunctivitis. Liposomal ozonated oil has also been found to be effective in reducing ocular microbial flora. In conclusion, liposomal ozonated oil has an antiseptic and regenerative effect on corneoconjunctival tissues. It has demonstrated efficacy and safety profile for its use in ocular infections and can be considered as a suitable supportive strategy both alone and combined with other antimicrobial agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Thin films of chitosan are often deposited on various surfaces to provide them with antiseptic properties. In the presented research, chitosan foils were obtained using two methods and treated with nitrogen plasma. The obtained materials were characterized by measuring the wettability of the test liquids, and the apparent surface free energy was calculated using the Tadmor equilibrium contact angles. The surface topography was characterized using optical profilometry and SEM. On the other hand, the effect of plasma on surface groups was investigated using the FTIR-ATR technique. Plasma activation of the surface increases the polarity of the surface. This is observed in the changed surface roughness and the share of functional groups on the surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This 6-month randomized controlled study aimed at evaluating the clinical outcomes of multiple irrigations of 10% povidone-iodine (PVP-I) as an adjunct to full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Method and materials: Seventeen patients were included. A split-mouth design randomly assigned one side as the test side (SRP + PVP-I) and the other side as the control side (SRP + NaCl). After full-mouth SRP, the control side received subgingival irrigation with 10 mL 0.9% NaCl solution. The test side received 10 mL of PVP-I 10%. Plaque Index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL) parameters were assessed at baseline and after 3 and 6months. During recall visits (3 and 6 months), residual deep periodontal pockets of = 6mm were cleaned with the same protocol and randomization. Results: PI, BOP, PPD, and CAL were improved in both sides after 6 months. No significant differences were seen between control and test sides for the all clinical parameters after 6months. Conclusion: Multiple subgingival irrigations of 10% PVP-I or 0/9% NaCl combined to one-stage full mouth SRP in patients with chronic periodontitis showed a reduction of all clinical parameters until 6months. There was a trend in favor of the povidone group for PPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric hand dryers, particularly jet-air dryers, are a relatively new method of drying hands and claim to be a more efficient and sterile method than using paper towels. Our purpose for performing this research was to determine whether electric hand dryers in public restrooms are antiseptic, or if they could be a source of bacterial contamination to your hands during drying. Initially, restrooms at Weber State University were selected that had a high frequency of foot traffic, making them good sampling locations. Testing was done in men's and women's restrooms in three buildings on campus, testing four bathrooms for each group in each building. Samples were collected by swabbing a 25-cm² area of the top, middle, and bottom of the hand dryer chamber using a 3M Quickswab. Pour plates using TSA were used to enumerate samples. Plate counts were determined at 48 hours after incubation at 37°C. Results showed the bottom of the dryer chamber in both the men's and women's restrooms had the most bacterial contamination, with an average of 311 CFU/25 cm² in the men's rooms and an average of 299 CFU/25 cm² in the women's. The middle section was the second most contaminated averaging 144 CFU/25 cm² for men and 145 CFU/25 cm² for women, while the top section was the least contaminated, averaging 107 CFU/25 cm² for men and 51 CFU/25 cm² for women. Results showed that electric hand dryers can serve as a source of bacterial contamination after hand washing. The overall level of bacterial contamination was higher in hand dryers in men's restrooms. As a preventative measure, the inside of these dryers should be cleaned on a daily basis to prevent people from contaminating their hands immediately after washing them, thus reducing the spread of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Proper protection of vascular access after haemodialysis is one of the key measures for the prevention of catheter-related infections. Various substances with bactericidal and anticoagulant properties are used to fill catheters, but due to the unsatisfactory clinical effects and occurrence of adverse reactions, the search for new substances is still ongoing. In the present paper, we compared the in vitro antimicrobial activity of solutions used for tunnelled catheter locking (taurolidine, trisodium citrate) and solutions of substances that could potentially be used for this purpose (sodium bicarbonate, polyhexanide-betaine). The studies have been conducted on bacteria that most commonly cause catheter-related infections. The values of both minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum biofilm eradication concentration of the substances were determined. The ability of the tested substances to eradicate biofilm from the dialysis catheter surface was also evaluated. The results showed that polyhexanide-betaine inhibited the growth of all microbes comparably to taurolidine, even after ≥ 32-fold dilution. The activity of trisodium citrate and sodium bicarbonate was significantly lower. Polyhexanide exhibited the highest activity in the eradication of bacterial biofilm on polystyrene plates. The biofilm formed on a polyurethane dialysis catheter was resistant to complete eradication by the test substances. Polyhexanide-betaine and taurolidine showed the highest activity. Inhibition of bacterial growth regardless of species was observed not only at the highest concentration of these compounds but also after dilution 32–128x (taurolidine) and 32–1024x (polyhexanide-betaine). Therefore, it can be assumed that taurolidine application as a locking solution prevents catheter colonization and systemic infection development. Taurolidine displays high antimicrobial efficacy against Gram-positive cocci as well as Gram-negative bacilli. On the contrary, the lowest antibacterial effect displayed product contained sodium bicarbonate. The inhibitions of bacterial growth were not satisfactory to consider it as a substance for colonization prevention. Polyhexanidine-betaine possessed potent inhibitory and biofilm eradication properties comparing to all tested products. PHMB is applied as a wound irrigation solution worldwide. However, based on our results, we assume that the PHMB is a promising substance for catheter locking solutions thanks to its safety and high antimicrobial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current research is focused to address the implementation of nanobubbles technology to antibacterial agents against Staphylococcus aureus infections. Nanobubbles technology is a novel, latest research employed in many medical fields including drug discovery. In this present work, supramolecular nanoliquid formulation of potential antiseptic agent chloroxylenol-based Dettol and its enhanced antibacterial activity, biocompatibility assessment was studied. Nanobubble technology was adopted to prepare nanoformulation (NB-D) using a household hand mixer under thermostatically controlled conditions. A high-stability nanoformulation with high potential antibacterial activity against human pathogenic strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus was produced by the nanobubbles created in the antiseptic solution. The overall vitality of both strains was significantly reduced in all dose tests on NB-D treatment as a result of the antibacterial activity as assessed by the well-diffusion assay, turbidometric microdilution assay, biofilm inhibition assay, and total count reduction assay. Biocompatibility of the NB-D formulation was studied by the determination of cytotoxicity against HaCaT—human keratinocytes and hemocytes. NB-D treatment did not induce any notable cytotoxic effect on HaCaT cells by showing none of the changes in cell morphology and architecture. No toxic effect on the hematocytes was observed in NB-D treatment. The enhanced antibacterial activity and best biocompatibility of NB-D result shows that the nanobubble technology could be used as an effective strategy for the formulation of antiseptics or disinfectants against high health risk infectious organisms. The novelty of the work is the formation of supramolecular nanoformulation on antiseptic agent which promised the results enhanced than the raw antiseptic agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This randomized, split-mouth, controlled clinical study assessed the additional clinical benefits of a local desiccant antimicrobial agent (HY) combined with subgingival mechanical instrumentation (SRP) vs. SRP alone in treating severe periodontitis. Patients with stages III and IV periodontitis received full-mouth periodontal examinations at baseline and after a three-month follow-up. Two randomly selected hemiarches in each periodontitis patient were treated with SRP plus HY and were included in the test group, while the other two hemiarches received only SRP and were included in the control group. In thirty patients, the analyses of the evolution of the periodontal parameters over time showed statistically significant mean differences for the probing depths and clinical attachment level values resulting from all the examined sites, as well as from the interproximal sites (p < 0.001) in both the test and control groups. The intergroup comparisons of the same four parameters showed no significant differences (p = 0.322, p = 0.36, p = 0.516, and p = 0.509, respectively). Based on these study results, no additional benefits were obtained after HY subgingival applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Olanexidine glucuronide (Olanedine®), an antiseptic solution may cause skin dermatitis around one week after disinfection. Although removal after the procedure is recommended to avoid skin dermatitis, whether it is effective for preventing skin dermatitis has not been documented in detail in the literature. Case presentation: We encountered two cases of delayed-onset contact dermatitis by Olanedine®. In both cases, the patient's back was disinfected with Olanedine® and was covered with a surgical drape for epidural catheterization. After catheterization and removal of the surgical drape, the insertion site of the catheter was covered with a film dressing, then the epidural catheter was taped to the back. On the third postoperative day, the epidural catheter was removed. On the seventh postoperative day, the patients reported pruritus on the back, where an erythematous papule rash was observed. However, it was not observed at the site covered by the tape to secure the epidural catheter or by the tape of the surgical drape. Symptoms were relieved with oral or topical steroids by the time of discharge. Conclusion: Wiping off the remaining Olanedine® even a few days after disinfection may be helpful not only for reducing symptoms but also for preventing the development of contact dermatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the issue of the use of antiseptic and disinfectants, without which almost no sphere of our life can currently do. The regulatory requirements for antiseptics and disinfectants are determined, the main of which are safety for humans and the environment and high activity against most known pathogenic microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi). Currently, there is no agent that would have a long-term antiseptic effect, long-term storage stability, and a broad antimicrobial effect on known microorganisms, so the search for universal disinfectants continues. The possibility of replacing alcohol-containing antiseptics and disinfectants with agents containing silver nanoparticles as an active component, which act on the principle of inhibiting the vital function of bacteria, is shown. Innovative antiseptic and disinfectants have been developed and tested under laboratory conditions on the basis of the Nanotex preparation synthesized at the Institute of Chemical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The silver nanoparticles included in their composition have an antimicrobial effect in relation to representatives of gram-positive (Staphilococcus aurus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) microflora, as well as to fungal culture (Candida albicans). The stability of the developed compositions has been proven by the methods of visual observations, electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Spectra of freshly prepared and long-term stored solutions are given, as well as diagrams of particle size distribution. The almost complete coincidence of these spectra indicates the stability of the preparations over time. A comparative evaluation of the developed compositions in relation to known antimicrobial agents was carried out. It is noted that the Nanoteks synthesized by us is not inferior in antimicrobial activity to the action of known antiseptics, taken at a concentration 1–2 orders of magnitude higher. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a systematic review of healthcare-associated outbreaks and cross-sectional surveys related to the contamination of antiseptics, disinfectants, and hand hygiene products in healthcare settings in low- and middle-income countries (PROSPERO CRD42021266271). Risk of bias was assessed by selected items of the ORION and MICRO checklists. From 1977 onwards, 13 outbreaks and 25 cross-sectional surveys were found: 20 from Asia and 13 from Africa. Products most associated with outbreaks were water-based chlorhexidine, chlorhexidine-quaternary ammonium compound combinations (7/13), and liquid soap products (4/13). Enterobacterales (including multidrug-resistant Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens) and non-fermentative Gram-negative rods were found in 5 and 7 outbreaks and in 34.1% and 42.6% of 164 isolates, respectively, from cross-sectional surveys. Risk factors included preparation (place, utensils, or tap water high and incorrect dilutions), containers (reused, recycled, or inadequate reprocessing), and practices (topping-up or too long use). Potential biases were microbiological methods (neutralizers) and incomplete description of products' identity, selection, and denominators. External validity was compromised by low representativeness for remote rural settings and low-income countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Outstanding issues were water quality, biofilm control, field-adapted containers and reprocessing, in-country production, healthcare providers' practices, and the role of bar soap. A list of "best practices" to mitigate product contamination was compiled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) There are limited clinical trials to support the effectiveness of mouth rinses when used as a preprocedural rinse against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This systematic review aims to evaluate the efficacy of antiseptic mouth rinses as a preprocedural rinse in reducing SARS-CoV-2 oral viral load in-vivo. (2) Methods: A literature search was conducted through November 2022 for the following databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. The evaluated outcomes were quantitative changes in viral load and the statistical significance of that change after using antiseptic mouth rinses. (3) Results: 14 randomized controlled trials (RCT) were selected for risk of bias assessment and data extraction. (4) Conclusion: Within the limits of this systematic review, preprocedural mouth rinses may significantly reduce SARS-CoV-2 in the mouth, thus, reducing the viral particles available for airborne dispersion. Preprocedural mouth rinses may be an effective strategy for reducing airborne SARS-CoV-2 dispersion in the environment. Their use may be a preventive strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19 in selected medical and healthcare facilities, including dental clinics. Potential preprocedural mouth rinses are identified for use as an integral part of safe practice for healthcare protocols. This systematic review was registered with the National Institute for Health Research, international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42022315177. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is a common and genuine complication in fundamentally sick patients accepting mechanical ventilation. Silver nitrate sol-gel (SN) has been proposed as a potential preventative measure against VAP. Be that as it may, the arrangement of SN with distinctive concentrations and pH values remains a basic factor influencing its effectiveness. Methods: Silver nitrate sol-gel was arranged with distinctive concentrations (0.1852%, 0.03496%, 0.1852%, and 0.01968%) and pH values (8.5, 7.0, 8.0, and 5.0) separately. The antimicrobial action of the silver nitrate and NaOH arrangements were assessed against Escherichia coli as a reference strain. The thickness and pH of the arrangements were measured, and biocompatibility tests were performed on the coating tube. The auxiliary changes in the endotracheal tube (ETT) tests after treatment were analyzed utilizing electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results: The pH estimations of the diverse arrangements showed that the pH values shifted depending on the test conditions, with pH values extending from 5.0 to 8.5. The consistency estimations of the arrangements showed that the thickness values expanded as the pH values drew closer to 7.5 and diminished when the pH values went over 7.5. The antimicrobial action of the silver nitrate and NaOH arrangements were successful against Escherichia coli, with microbial checks decreasing in concentration (0.03496%, 0.1852% (pH: 8), and 0.01968%). The biocompatibility tests revealed tall cell reasonability rates, demonstrating that the coating tube was secure for therapeutic utilization and did not hurt typical cells. The SEM and TEM investigation gave visual proof of the antibacterial impacts of the silver nitrate and NaOH arrangements on the bacterial surface or interior of the bacterial cells. Moreover, the investigation revealed that a concentration of 0.03496% was the foremost successful in hindering the development of ETT bacterial colonization at the nanoscale level. Conclusions: We propose that cautious control and alteration of the pH and thickness of the arrangements are essential to guaranteeing the reproducibility and quality of the sol-gel materials. The silver nitrate and NaOH arrangements may serve as a potential preventative degree against VAP in sick patients, with a concentration of 0.03496% appearing to show the most elevated viability. The coating tube may serve as a secure and viable preventative measure against VAP in sick patients. Further investigation is required to optimize the concentration and introduction time of the arrangements to maximize their adequacy in avoiding VAP in real-world clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of Azadirachta indica and Momordica charantia leaves and their formulated antiseptic solutions against selected organisms associated with folliculitis. Ethanol extracts of A. indica and M. charantia leaves were obtained and phytochemical analyses conducted using standard procedures. Antimicrobial tests on six microorganisms were conducted using standard methods. Three solutions each with varying percentage of extracts (1, 2.5 and 5%) were produced from the ethanol extracts of A. indica (FAi1, FAi2 and FAi3) and M. charantia (FMc1, FMc2 and FMc3) respectively through step-wise mixing. The antiseptic solutions produced were evaluated for their physicochemical properties and antimicrobial assay conducted on six selected microorganisms. The solutions were stored at 29 ± 4oC for 40 days and evaluated using pH, viscosity and organoleptic properties. The formulations were Newtonian fluids with pH compatible with the skin. FMc1 significantly inhibited Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Candida albicans and Trichophyton rubrum (20.5 ± 0.7, 28.0 ± 0.0, 14.0 ± 0.0, 17.0 ± 1.4, 13.0 ± 1.4 and 15.0 ± 1.4 mm respectively) than others. FMc2, FAi1 and Gentamicin showed the highest inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (22.00 ± 0.01) followed by FMc1 (20.5 ± 0.70), FAi3 (20.0 ± 0.01), FMc3 (19.0 ± 1.40), Dettol (18.0 ± 0.02) and FAi2 (17.0 ± 1.40). Momordica charantia formulated antiseptic solutions were more effective than those containing Azadirachta indica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: We assessed the effect of propolis on the antibacterial, mechanical, and adhesive properties of a commercial poly(alkenoate) cement. Methods: The cement was modified with various concentrations of propolis, and antibacterial assays were performed against S. mutans by both MTT assays and agar diffusion tests. The compressive, flexural, and adhesive properties were also evaluated. Results: the modified cement showed activity against S. mutans in both assays, although reductions in compressive (from 211.21 to 59.3 MPa) and flexural strength (from 11.1 to 6.2 MPa) were noted with the addition of propolis, while adhesive strength (shear bond strength and a novel pull-out method) showed a statistical difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion: the antiseptic potential of modified material against S. mutans will allow this material to be used in cases in which low mechanical resistance is required (in addition to its anti-inflammatory properties) when using atraumatic restorative techniques, especially in deep cavities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Cleansing of the vulva and perineum is recommended during preparation for vaginal delivery, and special attention is paid to cleansing before episiotomy because episiotomy is known to increase the risk of perineal wound infection and/or dehiscence. However, the optimal method of perineal cleansing has not been established, including the choice of antiseptic agent. To address this issue, we designed a randomized controlled trial to examine whether skin preparation with chlorhexidine-alcohol is superior to povidone-iodine for the prevention of perineal wound infection after vaginal delivery. Methods: In this multicenter randomized controlled trial, term pregnant women who plan to deliver vaginally after episiotomy will be enrolled. The participants will be randomly assigned to use antiseptic agents for perineal cleansing (povidone-iodine or chlorhexidine-alcohol). The primary outcome is superficial or deep perineal wound infection within 30 days after vaginal delivery. The secondary outcomes are the length of hospital stay, physician office visits, or hospital readmission for infection-related complications, endometritis, skin irritations, and allergic reactions. Discussion: This study will be the first randomized controlled trial aiming to determine the optimal antiseptic agent for the prevention of perineal wound infections after vaginal delivery. Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05122169. First submitted date on 8 November 2021. First posted date on 16 November 2021 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The risk of periodontal diseases development increased in patients with malocclusion undergoing orthodontic treatment. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the efficacy of the use of adjunctive rinses with nano‐Argentum to standard oral hygiene regimen in subjects wearing fixed orthodontic appliances. Materials and Methods: Eighty patients were observed for 1 year. They were divided in two groups: in test group patients were instructed to rinse with non‐ionic colloidal silver solution according to protocol for 6 months as an adjunct to standard; in control group the patients followed the standard oral hygiene regimen. Index of efficiency of oral hygiene (PHPm), community periodontal index (CPI) and papillary‐marginal‐alveolar index (PMA) were evaluated before treatment and after 1 and 6 months. For statistics analysis, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis tests and Pearson criterion were used. Results: Baseline hygiene levels in two groups had no differences. Oral hygiene indices were significantly lower in the test group in comparison with control after 1 month (PHPm = 0.38 ± 0.18 and 1.19 ± 0.45, respectively, p < 0.01; PMA = 11.78 ± 8.5 and 47.25 ± 20.9, respectively, p < 0.05; CPI = 0.65 ± 0.53 and 1.53 ± 0.77, respectively, p < 0.01) and 6 months (PHPm = 0.5 ± 0.2 and 1.2 ± 0.4, respectively, p < 0.01; PMA = 11.62 ± 19.6 and 66.33 ± 27.9, respectively, p < 0.01; CPI = 0.63 ± 0.73 and 1.68 ± 0.78, respectively, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The use of the test solution as an adjunct to standard oral hygiene provided a significant beneficial effect in terms of oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hair follicles constitute important drug delivery targets for skin antisepsis since they contain ≈25% of the skin microbiome. Nanoparticles are known to penetrate deeply into hair follicles. By massaging the skin, the follicular penetration process is enhanced based on a ratchet effect. Subsequently, an intrafollicular drug release can be initiated by various trigger mechanisms. Here, we present novel ultraviolet A (UVA)-responsive nanocapsules (NCs) with a size between 400 and 600 nm containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) functionalized by an o-nitrobenzyl linker. A phase transfer into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and ethanol was carried out, during which an aggregation of the particles was observed by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The highest stabilization for the target medium ethanol as well as UVA-dependent release of ethanol from the HES-NCs was achieved by adding 0.1% betaine monohydrate. Furthermore, sufficient cytocompatibility of the HES-NCs was demonstrated. On ex vivo porcine ear skin, a strong UVA-induced release of the model drug sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) could be demonstrated after application of the NCs in cyclohexane using laser scanning microscopy. In a final experiment, a microbial reduction comparable to that of an ethanol control was demonstrated on ex vivo porcine ear skin using a novel UVA-LED lamp for triggering the release of ethanol from HES-NCs. Our study provides first indications that an advanced skin antisepsis based on the eradication of intrafollicular microorganisms could be achieved by the topical application of UVA-responsive NCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic wound treatment accounts for a substantial percentage of the medical expenses worldwide. Improving and developing novel wound care systems can potentially help to handle this problem. Wound dressings loaded with antiseptics may be an important tool for wound care, as they inhibit bacterial growth at the wound site. The goal of the present work was to investigate the potential of using casein hydrogel dressings loaded with two antiseptic drugs, Octiset® or polyhexanide, to treat chronic wounds. Casein-based hydrogels are inexpensive and have several properties that make them suitable for biomedical applications. Two types of casein were used: casein sodium salt and acid casein, with the formulations being labelled CS and C, respectively. The hydrogels were characterised with respect to their physical properties (swelling capacity, water content, morphology, mechanical resistance, and stability), before and after sterilisation, and they showed adequate values for the intended application. The hydrogels of both formulations were able to sustain controlled drug-release for, at least, 48 h. They were demonstrated to be non-irritant, highly haemocompatible, and non-cytotoxic, and revealed good antimicrobial properties against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Steam-heat sterilisation did not compromise the material's properties. The in vivo performance of C hydrogel loaded with Octiset® was evaluated in a case study with a dog. The efficient recovery of the wounds confirms its potential as an alternative for wound treatment. To our knowledge, this is the first time that wound dressings loaded with Octiset®, one of the most efficient drugs for wound treatment, were prepared and tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common complication of surgery, increasing healthcare costs and hospital stay. Chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVI) are used for skin antisepsis, minimising SSIs. There is concern that resistance to topical biocides may be emergeing, although the potential clinical implications remain unclear. The objective of this systematic review was to determine whether the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of topical preparations of CHX or PVI have changed over time, in microbes relevant to SSI. We included studies reporting the MBC of laboratory and clinical isolates of common microbes to CHX and PVI. We excluded studies using non-human samples and antimicrobial solvents or mixtures with other active substances. MBC was pooled in random effects meta-analyses and the change in MBC over time was explored using meta-regression. Seventy-nine studies were included, analysing 6218 microbes over 45 years. Most studies investigated CHX (93%), with insufficient data for meta-analysis of PVI. There was no change in the MBC of CHX to Staphylococci or Streptococci over time. Overall, we find no evidence of reduced susceptibility of common SSI-causing microbes to CHX over time. This provides reassurance and confidence in the worldwide guidance that CHX should remain the first-choice agent for surgical skin antisepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus has a high transmission capacity through direct physical contact between humans and objects. It is necessary to use disinfectants, to break the transmission chain. This study aimed to make liquid bath soap with apple rose leaves and evaluate its antiseptic properties. The active ingredient used is a water fraction of 0.78% w/v. The results of the pharmaceutical evaluation showed that liquid soap made from apple rose leaves is homogeneous and has no coarse granules, has a pH of 8, viscosity of 498 mPas, level of free alkaline of 0.7%, specific gravity of 1.03 g / mL and height of foam being 85.71%. The apple rose leaves bath soap can inhibit the growth of S.aureus and E. coli bacteria after 15 and 75 seconds of contact time, respectively. Apple rose leaves have the potential to be developed into a natural antiseptic bath soap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several cellulosic substrates have been surface-functionalized with cyclomaltoheptaose (β-cyclodextrin, β-CD) using citric acid as a crosslinker agent to obtain new surface-modified materials able to release antiseptic molecules over a prolonged period, in view of their use in medical domain. Three different commercial cellulosic substrates were used, namely: (i) an uncoated paper, (ii) a crepe paper, and (iii) a medical bandage. They were successfully grafted by a crosslinked polymer consisting on β-CD molecules as assessed by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. Several time-temperature kinetic cycles were performed to reach the optimum curing parameters. The grafted and nongrafted samples were loaded with chlorhexidine digluconate (digCHX), a widely used antiseptic agent. The drug-delivery kinetics of the encapsulated digCHX was carried out by immersing the sample under investigation into an aqueous medium, and the quantity of the released digCHX was measured, as a function of time, by UV spectroscopy. The optimal grafting conditions were established on the basis of the highest weight gain. These samples did not give the best release performance. Nevertheless, several grafted substrates were able to uptake an appreciable amount of active molecules and release them over a prolonged time of about 20 days. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Over 10% of maternal deaths annually are due to sepsis. Prophylactic antibiotics and antiseptic agents are critical interventions to prevent maternal peripartum infections. We conducted a mixed-method systematic review to better understand factors affecting the use of prophylactic antibiotics and antiseptic agents to prevent peripartum infections. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Emcare, CINAHL, Global Health, Global Index Medicus, and Maternity and Infant Care for studies published between 1 January 1990 and 27 May 2022. We included primary qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-methods studies that focused on women, families, and healthcare providers' perceptions and experiences of prophylactic antibiotic and antiseptics during labour and birth in health facilities. There were no language restrictions. We used a thematic synthesis approach for qualitative evidence and GRADE-CERQual approach for assessing confidence in these review findings. Quantitative study results were mapped to the qualitative findings and reported narratively. Results: We included 19 studies (5 qualitative, 12 quantitative and 2 mixed-methods studies), 16 relating to antibiotics, 2 to antiseptic use, and 1 study to both antibiotic and antiseptic use. Most related to providers' perspectives and were conducted in high-income countries. Key themes on factors affecting antibiotic use were providers' beliefs about benefits and harms, perceptions of women's risk of infection, regimen preferences and clinical decision-making processes. Studies on antiseptic use explored women's perceptions of vaginal cleansing, and provider's beliefs about benefits and the usefulness of guidelines. Conclusion: We identified a range of factors affecting how providers use prophylactic antibiotics at birth, which can undermine implementation of clinical guidelines. There were insufficient data for low-resource settings, women's perspectives, and regarding use of antiseptics, highlighting the need for further research in these areas. Implications for practice include that interventions to improve prophylactic antibiotic use should take account of local environments and perceived infection risk and ensure contextually relevant guidance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic deeply impacted the capacity of the health systems to maintain preventive and curative services, especially for the most vulnerable populations. During the pandemic, the wound healing centres in Italy assisted a significant reduction of the frequency of their hospital admission, since only urgencies, such as severe infections or wound haemorrhagic complications, were allowed to the hospital. The aim of this multidisciplinary work is to highlight the importance of a new pathway of wound care with patient‐based therapeutic approach, tailored treatments based on the characteristics of the wound and fast tracks focused on the outpatient management, reserving hospital assessment only for patients with complicated or complex wounds. This analysis highlights the point that patients with chronic wounds need to be critically evaluated in order to find the best and most appropriate care pathway, which should vary according to the patient and, especially, to the characteristics of the wound. Moreover, the most adequate topic antiseptic should be started as soon as possible. An appropriate and correct management of the wound care will allow to link the knowledge based on years of clinical practice with the new challenges and the need to visit patients remotely, when possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing incidence of periprosthetic joint infections (PJIs) has led to a growing interest in developing strategies to prevent and treat this severe complication. The surgical site's application of antiseptic solutions to eliminate contaminating bacteria and eradicate the bacterial biofilm has been increasing over time. Even though it has been proven that combining antimicrobials could enhance their activities and help overcome acquired microbial resistance related to the topical use of antibiotics, the toxicity of integrated solutions is not well described. This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of solutions containing povidone–iodine (PI) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), alone or in combination, after 1.3 and 5 min of exposure. Chondrocytes, tenocytes, and fibroblast-like synoviocytes were used for cytotoxicity analysis. Trypan blue stain (0.4% in PBS) was applied to evaluate the dead cells. All solutions tested showed a progressive increase in toxicity as exposure time increased except for PI at 0.3%, which exhibited the lowest toxicity. The combined solutions reported a reduced cellular killing at 3 and 5 min than H 2 O 2 at equal concentrations, similar results to PI solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous solutions are complex due to hydrogen bonding (HBing). While gas-phase clusters could provide clues on the solution behavior, most neutral clusters were studied at cryogenic temperatures. Recent results of Shimamori and Fujii provide the first IR spectrum of warm phenol-(H2O)2 clusters. To understand the temperature (T) effect, we have revisited the structure and spectroscopy of phenol- (H2O)2 at all T. While older quantum chemistry work concluded that the cyclic isomers are the most stable, the inclusion of dispersion interactions reveals that they are nearly isoenergetic with isomers forming π-HBs with the phenyl ring. Whereas the OH-stretch bands were previously assigned to purely local modes, we show that at low T they involve a concerted component. We have calculated the (static) anharmonic IR spectra for all low-lying isomers, showing that at the MP2 level, one can single out one isomer (udu) as accounting for the low-T spectrum to 3 cm-1 accuracy. Yet no isomer can explain the substantial blueshift of the phenyl-OH band at elevated temperatures. We describe the temperature effect using ab initio molecular dynamics with a density functional and basis-set (B3LYP-D3/aug-cc-pVTZ) that provide a realistic description of OH. . .O vs. OH. . . π HBing. From the dipole moment autocorrelation function, we obtain good description for both low- and high-T spectra. Trajectory visualization suggests that the ring structure remains mostly intact even at high T, with intermittent switching between OH. . .O and OH. . . π, HBing and lengthening of all 3 HBs. The phenyl-OH blueshift is thus attributed to strengthening of its OH bond. A model for three beads on a ring suggests that this shift is partly offset by the elimination of coupling to the other OH bonds in the ring, whereas for the two water molecules these two effects nearly cancel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]