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The paper examines the relation between religiosity and cognitive appraisal of the subjective well-being of the Central and Eastern European's elderly population. The first part of the paper is dedicated to examining of the scientific literature. In the second part, the authors explore the data basis corresponding to the 6th wave of World Value Survey. The authors use the heterogeneous correlation and the multi-linear regression analysis in order to explain the relation between religiosity and subjective well-being of the old aged. Our results suggest that in the case of the Central Eastern European elderly satisfaction with life is mostly influenced by health and income. It is likely that for Central and Eastern European's elders religious practices do not sufficiently influence their life satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agriculture of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries as well as of the Soviet Union was an often studied area in the 1970's and 1980's among agricultural economists. After the system collapse, the transition of the agricultural sectors of these regions has gained importance. However, around the millennium, this topic was less studied. This paper aims at analysing the agricultural performance of CEE and Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries between 1997 and 2016 and identifying whether the system change and transition have brought changes and convergence in agricultural productivity to EU-15 levels. In doing so, the paper uses convergence theory and associated methods (Kernel density and Markov transition probability) to underpin its arguments. Results suggest that CEE and CIS countries have experienced a limited convergence to Western-European standards. However, there still exists a significant performance gap between the two regions with CEE countries standing closer to EU-15 averages. Reasons behind diverging performances are numerous as discussed at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia, which ended up Prague spring in August 1968, thousands of Czech (and Slovak) citizens went into exile. Out of estimated 162,000 people, who came to Austria within the next few weeks, some 12,000 refugees decided to stay there. The majority of them chose Vienna to be their new home. My paper deals with this group of Czech refugees and analyses a process of their integration into Austrian majority and how the process, which they had to undergo, changed their national identity. In the paper, which is based on various archive materials and my two field researches among Czechs in Vienna, I also deal with different concepts of national identity and integration. I applied Cooper and Brubaker's concepts of 'identification' and 'self-understanding' to analyse deeper the various contexts of Czech refugees' behaviour and to answer a research question, why it was more difficult for Czech refugees to integrate into existing Czech minority associations in Austria than into Austrian majority itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the problem of ethnic relations in Northern Transylvania after the Second Vienna Arbitration, when Hungarians became a majority and Romanians became a minority in the region, offering an overview of the problem from the political perspective. The paper concentrates on the analysis of the minority politics of the Erdélyi Párt, the most important party of the Transylvanians at that time, with special focus on its basic conception regarding ethnic problems in Transylvania. It presents the foundation of the Transylvanian Party, its representation in the Hungarian Parliament and its relations with the government concerning the minority issue. The paper tries to give an overview on of the politics of the Transylvanian Party regarding the national minorities in Northern Transylvania: Romanians, Germans and Jews. It presents the successes and the failures obtained by the party in this matter in some very important aspects. Finally, the decline of the Transylvanian Party and its political heritage are presented. The source material of the paper consists of archival data, publications of the Transylvanian Party, special books, studies and publications in the contemporary press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early nineteenth century, several Slavic intellectuals believed in a single Slavic nation speaking a single language, though positing various taxonomies of the nation’s component “tribes” and the language’s component “dialects.” Nevertheless, recent scholars, both historians and linguists, prove so extraordinarily unwilling to acknowledge the existence of Panslavism that several falsify the historical record so as to make historical figures conform to modern national and linguistic thinking. This paper discusses Jan Kollár, Ljudevit Gaj, and Ľudovít Štúr as three sample Panslavs, documents the misrepresentation of their ideas in recent historiography, and explores why so many scholars seek to erase Panslavism from the historical record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study focuses on the potential of extension of social innovation in social services in long-term care. The aim of the paper is to analyse barriers and drivers according to different care regimes: 1. standard care-mix regimes; 2. universal-Nordic; 3. family-based; 4. Central and Eastern European. Applying different qualitative methods (mapping of initiatives, 62 good examples of which 18 were in-depth, expert interviews, focus groups), the paper is going to explore similarities and differences between care regimes with a special focus on Central and Eastern Europe to see whether the Central and Eastern European care regime can be considered as a special one or not. It becomes clear from the analysis that there are similarities and differences between the individual care regimes and it is of fundamental importance that these as well as the good practices should be widely known and transferred or adapted to the given care structure. This requires continuous mapping and research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the rhythm of temporary mobility experiences of young Eastern Europeans in Spain, after the European Union ( EU) enlargement towards the East. Following Lefebvre's rhythmanalysis approach, and drawing on 60 in-depth qualitative interviews, this paper investigates how rhythms are linked to youth mobility and how different interplays of rhythms are connected and disconnected in multiple ways. I argue that both the EU socio-economic context and the personal and professional life-course circumstances of young Eastern Europeans who practice mobility create different, uneven rhythms that influence their everyday lives and their perceptions of mobility. This paper highlights the issue of rhythmic change in temporary mobility, uncovering 'arrhythmic' mobility, reflected in the loss and insecurity in the lives of those who practice it; 'polyrhythmic' mobility, practised by people looking to study and/or work and expressed through uncertainty on the one hand and the possibility of establishing a certain rhythm in their lives on the other; and 'eurhythmic' mobility, used by those with a stable professional status in one of the EU countries, in this case, Spain. The conclusions provide a better comprehension of Lefebvre's thinking, offering insights for wider applications. They show the need to advance the theoretical and empirical understandings of rhythm in relation to mobility during the lifecourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to the literature on complementary schools as sites of learning and social and cultural identification. We draw on a small-scale multi-method qualitative study conducted in Albanian and Bulgarian community schools in London to explore the agendas of ‘new’ Eastern European complementary schools with respect to learning and heritage and their impact on migrant students’ identities and experiences with education in the UK. Findings demonstrate that different models of complementary schooling and students’ experiences of mainstream education affected students’ views in different ways. The paper explores how the ‘hard’ and ‘boring’ culture of Bulgarian complementary school resulted in students’ expressions of greater liking for learning in mainstream school and valuing of its multiethnic context. It further examines how practices in another complementary school and students’ wider social experiences resulted in a stronger sense of Albanian heritage identity in students, but in more problematic views of UK cultural diversity. In elaborating these themes we seek to draw some implications for policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this paper, we analysed regional R&D productivities of Central and Eastern European (CEE) Countries. The regional knowledge production framework is utilized for a total of 52 NUTS-2 regions for the 2001-2012 period. Patent applications to the European Patent Office (EPO) are taken as the main output of R&D activities while input variables are total expenditure on R&D and total R&D personal and researchers. Applied productivity analysis based on Malmquist Index shows that total factor productivity (TFP) of knowledge production increased from 2001 to 2012 in all regions. Considering the whole period, although TFP has partially decreased partially after the 2008 crisis, the regions experienced capacity expansion. The main sources of the increase in TFP are found to be technological change and capacity expansion. Efficiency change, in contrast, is found to be negative in the majority of regions. Detailed performances are also illustrated with geographical information maps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, there is ongoing discussion about the role of regulatory oversight bodies in relation to the implementation of regulatory impact assessments (RIAs). In fact, one can witness a diffusion of regulatory oversight systems, including in CEE countries, where introduction of an RIA oversight body became part of the modernisation of the overall RIA process to become more effective. In fact, the regulatory oversight mechanism is seen as a tool for the instrumental role of regulation governance. However, this approach does not adequately explain the rationale behind setting up such a body; strategic and symbolic roles may be significant as well. This article first compares the manner in which oversight mechanisms have been institutionalised in five Central and East European countries: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Slovakia and Slovenia. Second, it explores how differences in institutionalisation and operation shed light on understanding what stakeholders expect and understand in relation to control of RIA quality. The paper concludes that there are marked differences in regulatory oversight set-up and roles across Central and Eastern Europe, notably as a consequence of the presence or absence of internal learning. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper investigates the significance of Virginia Woolf's A Room of One's Own in contemporary Moldovan society. The paper highlights the influential arguments and contributions that A Room of One's Own has made in the field of Women's Studies. Then, based on the discussions that the author of the paper has had with several advanced students at the Free International University of Moldova and Moldova State University, the paper asks the questions: How do contemporary Moldovan students respond to a book published by the important British author in 1929? How do they relate to Woolf's argument that patriarchal society restricts women's access to money and personal space? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to contextualise the papers in this special issue, this paper presents an overview and framework for understanding the importance of East-West migration in Europe associated with the EU enlargement process. The new patterns and forms of migration seen among East European migrants in the West—in terms of circular and temporary free movement, informal labour market incorporation, cultures of migration, transnational networks, and other phenomena documented in the following papers—illustrate the emergence of a new migration system in Europe. Textbook narratives, in terms of standard accounts of immigration, integration and citizenship based on models of post-colonial, guestworker and asylum migration, will need to be rethought. One particularly fertile source for this is the large body of theory and research developed in the study of Mexican-US migration, itself a part of a regional integration process of comparative relevance to the new European context. While the benefits of open migration from the East will likely triumph over populist political hostility, it is a system that may encourage an exploitative dual labour market for Eastern movers working in the West, as well as encouraging a more effective racial or ethnically-based closure to immigrants from South of the Mediterranean and further afield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is the third part of the geographic essay on the area of Boka kotorska (the Bay of Kotor). In the first part, the authors (Crkvenčić, I.; Schaller, A., 2005) describes social and political changes in Boka kotorska and development of ethnic structure of the area until 1918. The subject of the second part of the essay(Crkvenčić, I.; Schaller, A., 2006) is ethnic structure of Boka kotorska in the period of Austrian rule (1814-1918). Finally, in this, third part, the changes of ethnic structure of Boka kotorska since the fall of Austrian regime onward are analysed. In the focus of the analysis is the phenomenon of a huge decrease of Croatian population in Boka kotorska. The explanation of ethnic development in the area begins with analysis of data obtained from the last Austrian census in 1910. There are two periods considered in the paper: (1) development of ethnic composition in the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918-1941), and (2) ethnic features of the population of Boka kotorska in the period of federal Yugoslavia (1945-1991). In addition, the analysis of data by Montenegrin census in 2003 us made in the chapter titled «Croats in ethnic structure of Boka kotorska - the dying away of Croation population in Boka kotorska». [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the concept and practice of multilevel governance, an intrinsic category that is specific to European integration and to the European Union. By extrapolating of multilevel governance, its efficient instruments can be applied to EU-EaP relations to enhance the European policies in the Eastern Partnership individually with each country and collectively with all partners in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many respects, recent East European migrants in the UK look like past migrants to the UK: they left poorer parts of the world in search of work and the better life in the UK. But in other respects, they look different: they are white. Their putative whiteness, however, has not exempted them from the effects of racism. But while there is growing evidence of how they have been targets of racism, less attention has been focused on how they are also perpetrators of racism. The purpose of this paper is to compare the ways Hungarians and Romanians wield ‘race’ to assert and defend the relatively privileged position their putative whiteness affords them in the UK's segmented labour market. I argue that these migrants mark, evaluate and rank difference in racialized ways to secure both social-psychological and material benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the recent developments in the civil societies in six Central and East European (CEE) countries: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Focusing on the level of civil society organizations (CSO), it first discusses the changes in their role as social actors and co-operation within the civic sector itself. Second, it examines the process of civic-public sector partnership consolidation, and third, some of the more recent challenges that the civic initiatives in these countries are facing. It aims to highlight the diversity of patterns of civil society development in the region and argues for a reassessment of its 'weakness' thesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces the trajectory of Eastern European culture following its acute and deliberate separation from the communist political system, a separation that resulted in a conscious quest for a self led by the literatures reborn after the mechanism of ideological oppression disappeared. The effect is a permanent redefinition of national cultural positions with reference to the European centre, joined to a revision of aesthetic criteria that allow peripheral cultural 'voices' to interact on the Western scene. The stated aim is for 'marginal literature' to participate actively in the European circulation of cultural production, which entails the necessity of invoking studies that centre on European interferences, as well as comparative analyses of the status of other marginal post-communist literatures, which found a solution for their identity problem by supporting a national cultural voice already heard in a European context. The case of Romania and, in particular, the work of Adrian Marino, form the focus of the present discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper discusses findings from a qualitative longitudinal study which explored the process of leaving long-stay institutional state care in Romania during 2002–4, a period at the heart of accelerated EU-enforced childcare reform. 28 young people were interviewed before leaving care and 17 were tracked up to 8months after discharge. 18 practitioners were also interviewed. The findings confirmed Pinkerton''s (2006) emphasis on the impact of global and national factors on the individual experience of leaving care. This study took place in a country undergoing widespread change. The care leavers'' irreversible transition took place within the simultaneous professional transition of their carers and that of the community with which they needed to integrate. This insight is widely relevant in the current context of public funding cuts and changes in welfare policy in many countries, including the Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries. Bridges (2009) was used to understand the experiences of care leavers and their carers. Bridges stresses the role of the leader in creating protective conditions for traversing three unavoidable transition stages: 1. ending old identity/behaviour; 2. a neutral zone of deconstruction and transformation; and 3. a new beginning. Preparation for leaving care can be viewed as learning to end care, followed by the neutral zone which begins at discharge. When lacking family support, formal carers are the young people''s main transition guides. However, their professional transition also needs management. Because of top-down, accelerated childcare reforms, the Romanian carers'' transitions appeared stuck in the neutral zone, affecting preparation for leaving care. Yet, the availability of learning opportunities after discharge changed the nature of the neutral zone for most of the sample who did better than expected at follow-up. This, supported by Bridges'' proposal that learning during transition influences future coping, offers a foundation for new theory. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The share of Old and New Commonwealth migrants in Britain greatly diminished between 1971 and 2002. The decline of former colonial Commonwealth migrants occurred alongside the rise of Central, Eastern European and Middle Eastern migrants. This paper focuses on the chances of social mobility of the previously little-studied new migrant groups and outlines the differences in employment patterns between them and UK-born Whites and old migrants. It establishes that huge differentials exist between new immigrant groups in their labour-market participation, employment rates and occupational attainment. The disadvantage of EU10, Eastern European, Turkish and Middle Eastern migrants in terms of their probabilities of being active, employed and accessing intermediate positions cannot be explained by a lack of human capital, and their situation is not likely to improve with time. For migrant women, inactivity rather than unemployment seems the greatest concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper examines newspaper coverage of the impact on NHS Scotland of recent Central and Eastern European immigration. It follows rising public interest in the impacts of ‘record’ and ‘unexpected’ levels of migration after the 2004 and 2007 European Union (EU) enlargements. We reviewed reporting in six Scottish newspapers during 2004–2008 to track underlying themes within their coverage of EU migration. The framework of Social Representations Theory (SRT) was used to analyse how migration’s impact was conceptualised and explained. This research shows that portrayal of migrants posing a threat to the NHS (e.g. European staff with inadequate qualifications), has increased in frequency but changed in nature over the past 4 years. Meanwhile, reports have also portrayed themes of reassurance (e.g. NHS management control) to allay societies’ fears. The overall pattern is of representations of threat in the Scottish press being closely followed by those of reassurances. The most important reassurances relate to Scottish socioeconomic conditions, which raises questions might be seen in other UK newspapers as well as what will happen in Scotland if A8 migration decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Strong" style of Vilnius classicism was a great phenomenon in the East European architecture and existed side by side with the baroque classicism or empire style or "rational" style. The paper determines the range of buildings, names of creators, characteristic features, peculiarities and significance of Vilnius classicism. It provides a deeper knowledge of the works of the famous Lithuanian architect V. Stuoka-Gucevičius. It is proved that in 1780 the project of the catholic Bishop's Palace and reconstruction of the Carmelite's Church in Mogiliev have been carried out by this architect.Spreading of Vilnius classicism "strong" style in the Belarussian and Lithuanian architecture was determined. The patriotic domestic nobility chose this style consciously because of their demonstration of the "knight" behavior in everyday life. Thanks to this style a temple appearance of a house was created by a simple space organization and grand classic portico on the main facade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper an analysis has been presented of polysemic condensing devices of sentential content, in whose deep structure different types of dependent clauses can be derived in parallel. The aim has been to establish what syntactic and semantic conditions contribute to the polysemy of surface non-sentential structures. The analysis of the material collected has demonstrated that the polysemy of sentential condensing devices is conditioned, on one hand, by the lexical semantics of the verb occupying the position of the predicate of the head clause and the lexical semantics of the linguistic unit occupying the position of the surface condensing device, and, on the other hand, by the verb forms in which the head predicate and the predicate of the derived clause occur. The material analysed has led to the conclusion that there is interference of different meanings in texts of different functional styles (registers). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many contemporary immigrants belong to transnational families—families that maintain significant contact with two or more countries. These families identify with multiple environments and deal with life-cycle changes over extensive geographical space. This paper has two major aims: 1) to better understand how today's immigrant families facilitate intergenerational relationships across significant distances; and 2) to learn more about the understudied population of recent immigrant professionals from Eastern Europe in the United States. To accomplish these aims, in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 24 immigrant mothers and fathers from Eastern European countries residing in the United States. Based on grounded theory methodology, we identified four themes: (1) The definition of "family" and the importance of extended family ties: "The relationships are tighter knit than those in the U.S."; (2) The role of grandparents in childrearing: "Who else do you think is more appropriate?": (3) The strategies of maintaining intergenerational relationships: "I want my son to know his predecessors Ianguage", and 4) The stress of being torn between two worlds: "I don't want to be happy at the expense of my extended family." Our findings suggest that, in spite of advances in communication and travel, and a strong desire for continuation of intergenerational relations in immigrant families, emotional transnationalism is not easily achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conflicts between the conservation of biodiversity and other human activities have been and continue to be of increasing concern in the European Union, often having important political, economic, and environmental repercussions. These conflicts have been addressed in the European Union by using a wide array of top down and bottom up tools, with varying degrees of success. A new challenge is now facing Europe with the integration of 10 new countries in the European Union (EU) and an additional range of biodiversity-rich habitats placed under EU legislation. The rich biodiversity of the central and eastern European countries (CEEC) is likely to be threatened by some aspects of the integration process, and conflicts between the conservation of biodiversity and other human activities are expected. In this paper, we review certain existing conflicts between biodiversity conservation and human activities in the CEEC, expected conflicts associated with integration to the EU, particularly in terms of new policy and legislation implementation, and, finally, explore possible conflict management options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the effects of the European integration process on Greece's intra-EU vis-à-vis extra-EU intra-industry trade (IIT) patterns over the 1981-2002 period and assesses the associated trade-induced structural adjustment costs. Furthermore, the trade developments between Greece and the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) during the last decade are also examined. Our results indicate that intra-EU and extra-EU IIT in Greece exhibit diverging trends. IIT outside the EU is higher and displays a significant upward trend, whereas the extent of intra-EU IIT of Greece is generally lower and shows a decreasing trend. Comparative advantage considerations seem to determine Greece's intra-EU and extra-EU IIT. Greece's IIT with the CEECs is particularly low and to some extent declining. Our analysis suggests increasing inter-industry specialization and trade-induced adjustment costs for Greece's trade with the EU-15 and the new members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of a broader project investigating the security of borders. Its key hypothesis is that the way migrants get on in the host country influences whether borders divide or unite. In this context survey evidence covering 500 Albanians in Athens is presented to track processes of inegration and exclusion, to see in other words how perceptions of borders are reflected in social attitudes. The picture emerging is that of a vibrant community characterised by family success, coupled though with significant deficits in collective organisation. Thus the derived benefits for both hosts and migrants would have been greater if greater trust characterised their interaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research performance measurement and its analysis creates the context where universities are forced to develop strategies to increase the values obtained from indicators such as number of scientific articles, the number of citations of these articles, h-index, g-index, etc. The purpose of this article is to analyze the performance differences arising in the socio-economic science between major universities in South-Eastern Europe, many of them EU Members. In addition, to see where they stand compared to Western Europe, will include a brief review of the results of a major university as London School of Economics and Political Science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of Lithuania's postwar emigration press, the author discusses how Lithuania's eminent historian Adolfas Šapoka understood the project, developed by him and other Lithuanian historians, "to find Lithuanians in the history of Lithuania", to become free from the influence of foreign historiographies and to acquaint the society with its history. The author analyzes A. Šapoka's attitude towards history as well as similarities and differences of these attitudes between him and Zenonas Ivinskis, a representative of the younger generation historians, and also raises a question why Šapoka was concerned about the role of Lithuanians in the history of Lithuania and why this issue was important for Lithuania's history. The main task of independent Lithuania's historiography was to disconnect Lithuania's history from the conceptions of neighbouring countries' historians, which could be considered as a natural self-defense reflex. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was a vast state extending from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea and pursued its own independent policy even after the Lublin Union in 1569. Lithuanian historians tried to defend the history of Lithuania from the conceptions of Polish historians (political context-struggle for Vilnius), Russian historians (negation of the existence of the medieval Russian-Lithuanian state) and German ones (polemics about the existence of Lithuanians in the Lithuania Minor before the 16th century) thus trying to "find" Lithuanians in the history of Lithuania. As a result, they paid less attention to the history of other national minorities. A. Šapoka, the editor of The History of Lithuania published in 1936, was a scholar with a positivistic view who encouraged the society to dissociate itself from the romantic images of Lithuania's history. He emphasized that every nation had the right to create its own national history. Acknowledging the inevitability of the influence of Western culture, A. Šapoka claimed that Lithuanian-Polish political relationships hindered the development of the unique Lithuanian culture. A. Šapoka was of the opinion that Byzantine civilization and Orthodox Church were incompatible with Lithuania's history. The project "to find Lithuanians" was aimed, first of all, to challenge historiographic conceptions of neighbouring countries-Russia, Germany and Poland; secondly, it also aimed "to show Lithuanians" to their own country-people. In A. Šapoka's opinion, the conception of monarchist historiography formed the notion that the territory under the Polish king could have been only Poland, and this conception was accepted by the societies of many countries. Therefore, A. Šapoka's task was to introduce Lithuanians to foreign historiography and foreign societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]