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Authors' rebuttal letters (ARLs) in response to journal reviewers critically affect whether a paper is accepted or rejected. However, the genre is traditionally "occluded" from the public view, and its linguistic or rhetorical features are seldom examined in the literature. Using Hyland's (2005) model, this study analyzes stance markers, i.e., expressions of the speaker's attitudes towards or commitment concerning a proposition, in 50 ARLs from five high-impact Nature Portfolio journals, which started publishing ARLs as supplements to manuscripts in 2020. The analysis shows that authors' stance deployment differs markedly between different sections of the ARL, i.e., Opening Statement, Point-by-Point Response, Additional Changes, and Closing Remarks. Attitude markers, boosters, and self-mentions are more frequent in ARLs than in research articles, serving to advocate the paper, highlight improvements, and show gratitude towards reviewers. Only 6 % ARLs fully accommodate all reviewer suggestions. When rejecting a criticism, authors rarely express total disagreement with reviewers, choosing instead to hedge the No Revision claims, use expressions of agreement and gratitude as buffers, and boost positive aspects of the paper. Findings of this study may be of interest to those who seek a better understanding of the language of ARLs, including ESP teachers and novice researchers. • 94 % authors' rebuttal letters (ARLs) contain No/Partial Revision responses. • Replies to criticisms contain fewer self-mentions than replies to positive comments. • Attitude markers showing gratitude and merits of paper are common throughout ARLs. • Hedging is most prevalent in No Revision responses, serving to soften disagreement. • Boosters reinforce self-praise, especially in No/Partial Revision responses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As scholarly communication becomes more multimodal in nature, research articles embrace semiotic resources in appended genres such as the graphical abstract (GA). As an established genre in Chemistry research articles, GAs visually remediate chemical processes or research niche. However, this genre still remains in a peripheral area of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses as ESP practitioners mainly focus on textual modes. With limited opportunities to compose GAs, students foster genre remediation skills that are limited to textual genres only, ignoring the potential of reading-to-design skills. Upon student composition and critical reflections on GAs, as well as qualitative and quantitative data collection from a survey and interview involving professors, young researchers (YRs) and students, this paper examines rhetorical functions as well as image and text relations, while throwing some light on skills and challenges involved when GA composition is intentionally embedded in an ESP course, and discusses ensuing pedagogical implications. • Switching from reading-to-write to reading-to-design skills. • Embedding critical visual literacy tasks and student remediation of RAs. • Visual remediation awareness through student agency and reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite a long history of citation research, its focus has been on the linguistic and rhetorical characteristics of citations rather than their semantic nature. Using a move-based approach grounded in the CARS model (Swales, 1990), this paper studies the sorts of source ideas cited in different parts of literature reviews (LR) of Information Systems research articles following the design science research (DSR) and interpretivist research (IR) paradigms. Findings reveal three types of epistemically-oriented semantic content – theoretical, research, and methodological – and one type that is non-epistemically-framed, which vary quantitatively and qualitatively between the DSR and IR LRs. For example, both types of LRs cite more often in Move 1 Establishing a territory than in Moves 2 and 3 Establishing a niche and Occupying the niche, with theoretical terminologies, definitions, propositions being referred to more frequently in the IR writing than in the DSR writing. On the other hand, citations in the DSR writing often display prescriptive propositions, design concepts, artefacts, and methods which are absent from the IR writing. These findings not only help us better understand how citation is shaped and constrained by rhetorical moves and research paradigms but also provide implications for the teaching of citation content. • Literature reviews of information systems research articles are examined. • A move-based approach grounded in the CARS model is used. • A semantic typology of citations is developed. • Four types of citations are found. • Methodological citations appear only in literature reviews of research articles with the design science research paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

If the human nutrition community has learned anything from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, it is that many of our advances in preventing or understanding the double burden of malnutrition are far more tenuous than we ever imagined ([1]). Vitamin A labelled with a stable isotope allows for the assessment of total body stores of vitamin A both in individuals and within a given population across the entire spectrum of vitamin A status ([11], [12]). International Atomic Energy Agency and Nutrition Research Using Nuclear Applications The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) supports the use of nuclear techniques, including stable isotope techniques, in nutrition assessments to develop and evaluate interventions aimed at addressing malnutrition in all its forms ([14]). [Extracted from the article]

Over the last two decades, there has been a growing emphasis on the publication quality in Foot & Ankle research. A level-of-evidence rating system for clinical scientific papers has been proposed by the Centre for Evidence-based medicine in Oxford, United Kingdom. As opposed to other subspecialities, foot & ankle surgery deals with a wide variety of clinical problems and surgical solutions, which in turn leads to a generally low number of patients available for study groups. However, level III and IV studies still have a valuable place in orthopaedic research, given the challenges in running high-level studies.The measurement of outcomes in medicine from the patients' perspective (PROMS:(patient reported outcome measures) has grown almost exponentially in all surgical specialties including foot & ankle surgery. There are many PROMs available to foot & ankle surgeons, but there is little consensus on which assessment is most appropriate for a given procedure or diagnosis. Their use in research and clinical practice offers many advantages in clinical practice and research, however, besides the advantages there are also some downsides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In academia, peer-review refers to a fundamental quality control process whereby external experts (reviewers) are invited to provide unbiased critique of a paper (or other submitted material) and advise on suitability for publication. The process must be robust and conducted with honor and integrity and to the highest professional standards. It is not only the responsibility of the authors but also the reviewers to assess the manuscript appropriately and help in improving the quality of the finished article. A good reviewer not only assists the editors and the journal but can also benefit the authors, the wider scientific community and the general readership. In this article, we discuss the salient features of the peer-review process and tips for undertaking peer-review on scientific papers in an effective and professional manner, including opportunities to develop reviewer skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in medicine is an indispensable tool to advance knowledge and improve patient care. This may be particularly true in the field of human reproduction as it is a relatively new field and treatment options are rapidly evolving. This is of particular importance in an emerging field like 'human reproduction', where treatment options evolve fast.The cornerstone of evidence-based knowledge, leading to evidence-based treatment decisions, is randomized controlled trials as they explore the benefits of new treatment approaches. The study design and performance are crucial and, if they are carried out correctly, solid conclusions can be drawn and be implemented in daily clinical routines. The dissemination of new findings throughout the scientific community occurs in the form of publications in scientific journals, and the importance of the journal is reflected in part by the impact factor. The peer review process before publication is fundamental in preventing flaws in the study design. Thus, readers of journals with a high impact factor usually rely on a thorough peer review process and therefore might not question the published data. However, even papers published in high-impact journals might not be free of flaws, so the aim of this paper is to encourage readers to be aware of this fact and critically read scientific papers as 'the devil lies in the details'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researchers agree that informal professional learning is crucial for developing new EAP teachers' expertise, but there exist few teacher-centred accounts of how context-specific projects and practices create favourable conditions for such learning. Through presenting and analysing a collaborative action research (CAR) project, this paper illustrates how CAR can facilitate informal learning among new EAP teachers. The project was conducted in the context of a large-scale EAP course at a Singaporean university, where three teachers, each possessing under three years' experience teaching EAP, co-created an 11-page analytic rubric and reflected on their collaboration. Drawing on the written reflections of these three teachers, this paper examines how collaborative rubric development created a "backstage" setting where teachers engaged in trusting and stimulating dialogue, aimed at addressing shared concerns surrounding performance expectations and scoring practices. Through the process of drafting, revising, disseminating, and using the rubric, the three teachers clarified and adjusted their own assessment-related beliefs and practices, reflected on the limits of using rubrics to align assessment standards, and experimented with different methods of sharing their findings with other teachers. In the process, the rubric was reinvented as a dialogical tool that enabled teachers to scaffold professional learning for each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurosurgical residency applicants' prior research experience can amplify their ability to stand out to prospective neurosurgery programs. We attempted to accurately quantify the number of research publications coauthored by applicants by analyzing the publications of applicants who matched into neurosurgery in the 2021 Match. Scopus, a peer-reviewed literature database, was queried for publications by applicants who matched into neurosurgery in the 2021 Match before the finalization of rank lists. Conference papers, abstracts, and book chapters were excluded to determine an accurate average of actual publications. Descriptive statistics for resident publication data were used, with a Mann-Whitney U test used to compare research productivity between male and female residents. There were 234 positions filled by the 2021 Match, and 233 neurosurgical residents were identifiable in this study. A total of 187 residents matching from U.S. Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine programs were identified with 946 total publications—an average of 5.1 publications per resident. Analysis of descriptive statistics revealed type of research conducted, authorship information, most published journals, and citation data. Significant differences were found in the number of publications between male and female applicants with averages of 5.6 and 3.8 publications, respectively. Students matriculating to neurosurgery residency programs display a wide range of research productivity. Typical U.S. Doctor of Medicine and Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine applicants have coauthored a mean of 5.1 and a median of 4.0 publications. This information may assist program directors in weighing applicants' research background and give medical students interested in the field reasonable research expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Figure legends, descriptive statements accompanying a figure, are short yet important aspects of research articles, but they have almost escaped scrutiny in the literature. Drawing on a corpus of 1,190 figure legends in four science disciplines, this paper explores the structuring of figure legends in terms of rhetorical moves and the typical phrase frames that assist in realizing the communicative purposes of the moves. We identified two highly frequent moves in the figure legends that function to present titles of legends and define graphic items, two regular moves (i.e., account of statistical and experimental details) and three infrequent moves (i.e., result statement, reference of sources of data, and interpretation of results). We further found interesting variations in the use of phrase frames across moves, with the largest number in the move of defining graphic items. Additionally, each move was realized by varying structural and functional phrase frames, but overall, function-word and research-oriented types were the most common. This study adds to our understanding of figure legends and raises pedagogical implications for the teaching of science writing. • The part-genre figure legend has been less fully investigated in EAP research. • We explore the schematic structure and phrase frames of figure legends. • Two highly frequent moves are title and definition of graphic items. • Differences in the use of phrase frames are also found across moves. • The findings have important implications for EAP pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time to event outcomes is commonly encountered in epidemiologic research. Multiple papers have discussed the inadequacy of using the hazard ratio as a causal effect measure due to its noncollapsibility and the time-varying nature. In this paper, we further clarified that the hazard ratio might be used as a conditional causal effect measure, but it is generally not a valid marginal effect measure, even under randomized design. We proposed to use the restricted mean survival time (RMST) difference as a causal effect measure, since it essentially measures the mean difference over a specified time horizon and has a simple interpretation as the area under survival curves. For observational studies, propensity score adjustment can be implemented with RMST estimation to remove observed confounding bias. We proposed a propensity score stratified RMST estimation strategy, which performs well in our simulation evaluation and is relatively easy to implement for epidemiologists in practice. Our stratified RMST estimation includes two different versions of implementation, depending on whether researchers want to involve regression modeling adjustment, which provides a powerful tool to examine the marginal causal effect with observational survival data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute convened a workshop in August 2021 to identify opportunities in pediatric and congenital cardiovascular research that would improve outcomes for individuals with congenital heart disease across the lifespan. A subsidiary goal was to provide feedback on and visions for the Pediatric Heart Network. This paper summarizes several key research opportunities identified in the areas of: data quality, access, and sharing; aligning cardiovascular research with patient priorities (eg, neurodevelopmental and psychological impacts); integrating research within clinical care and supporting implementation into practice; leveraging creative study designs; and proactively enriching diversity of investigators, participants, and perspectives throughout the research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing competitiveness of matching into radiology residency programs in the U.S., especially for international medical graduates (IMGs), many IMGs opt to join research fellowships to boost their academic productivity and expand their research portfolios. This strategy helps them become as competitive as their national peers. This paper provides insights from the personal experience of a former international radiology research fellow who successfully utilized a fellowship to match into a radiology residency. It outlines a roadmap and strategic steps taken—from finding and preparing for the fellowship to maximizing its benefits by increasing publications and developing professional connections, ultimately securing a radiology residency, and maintaining ongoing collaboration with the research team after departure. • Finding a research position can be achieved by emailing research mentors directly or applying through employment websites. • Preparing for a fellowship involves creating a professional CV that lists academic achievements, prior research experiences, and USMLE scores. • During the first week of the fellowship, it is advisable to shadow a senior fellow to learn the nuances of the job. • Maximize academic productivity by taking initiative in multiple research projects especially retrospective studies. • Connections can be developed by presenting at conferences to meet leadership faculty and participating in clinical observerships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Youth transitioning from child care institutions face a lack of adequate transition planning, aftercare infrastructure, and service availability. • An educative mentorship-based curriculum can facilitate a smooth and effective transition. • Mentoring focused on both well-being and professional development can reduce the stress associated with the transition. Although child protection policies and laws in India recognise the importance of aftercare, there is still a significant lack of infrastructure, available services, and systematic preparation for the transition. The accelerated and compressed journey from adolescence to adulthood, coupled with limited options to return home if their initial endeavours falter, adds to the complexity of the transition process. To develop knowledge and skills for transition preparedness, this paper presents a step-by-step approach to designing an educative, mentorship-based curriculum. The curriculum is based on an exploratory study conducted across 17 child care institutions in Pune, India. Findings showed that the adolescents appreciate the existing support resources, but feel that much of the critical, practical, and seemingly more urgent transitional needs are still left out. Borrowing insights from the primary data and the available literature, the curriculum has been designed to target six core areas addressing needs for belongingness, preparation for life after transition, enabling clarity of future vision, life skills, enhancing employability, and problem-solving. To buffer the overall stress of the transition, the focus of the curriculum has been kept simultaneously on promoting overall well-being and providing professional and career development support. The study recommends a robust evaluation framework to assess the relevance and effectiveness of the curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liver transplant surgery has been performed in India for the last 25 years. We aimed to analyse the trends, characteristics, and key elements in the field of liver transplantation research from India. On April 23, 2023, we conducted a search of the Scopus database for the literature on liver transplantation research, using a well-defined search strategy. MS Excel and VOS viewer software programs were used to examine the articles for organisation, author, journal, keywords, and high-cited literature. This analysis examined a total of 556 papers, which constituted only a 1.55% share of the global output. These papers involved 442 organizations, 1575 authors, and 147 journals. External funding was received in 4.13% and 23.56% were involved in international collaboration. Three Delhi-NCR organizations, namely the Medanta–The Medicity (n = 63), Institute of Liver & Biliary Sciences (n = 60), and Indraprastha Apollo Hospital (n = 48) led in publication productivity. M. Rela (n = 90) and A.S. Soin (n = 63) were the leading authors in publication productivity, while S. Sudhindran and P. Bhangui were the most impactful authors. Liver Transplantation (n = 96) and Journal of Clinical & Experimental Hepatology (n = 65) published the maximum number of these papers, whereas, Annals of Surgery and Journal of Hepatology led in the citation impact per paper. The most significant keywords were "Liver Transplantation" (n = 484), and "Living Donor" (n = 254). Only 1.80% (n = 10) of the papers were highly cited papers that received 50 to 142 citations and they together registered 69.9 citations per paper. Although the number of publications on liver transplantation from India started growing recently, it forms only 1.55% of the global report. There is an unmet need to increase government-supported research and multicenter collaborative studies at national and international levels for high-quality patient care. [Display omitted] • A total of 556 papers on liver transplantation research from India constitutes a 1.55 % share of the global output. • This is the first comprehensive bibliometric analysis of India's liver transplant research over the last 25 years. • Delhi-NCR authors and institutions were the leaders in this area of research. • There has been a continuous rise in publications, with the maximum surge seen in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although randomized interventional studies are the gold standard of clinical study designs, they are not always feasible or necessary. In such cases, observational studies can bring insights into critical questions while minimizing harm and cost. There are numerous observational study designs, each with strengths and demerits. Unfortunately, it is not uncommon for observational study designs to be poorly designed or reported. In this article, the authors discuss similarities and differences between observational study designs, their application, and tenets of good use and proper reporting focusing on neurosurgery. The authors illustrated neurosurgical case scenarios to describe case reports, case series, and cohort, cross-sectional, and case-control studies. The study design definitions and applications are taken from seminal research methodology readings and updated observational study reporting guidelines. The authors have given a succinct account of the structure, functioning, and uses of common observational study designs in Neurosurgery. Specifically, they discussed the concepts of study direction, temporal sequence, advantages, and disadvantages. Also, they highlighted the differences between case reports and case series; case series and descriptive cohort studies; and cohort and case-control studies. Also, they discussed their impacts on internal validity, external validity, and relevance. This paper disambiguates widely held misconceptions on the different observational study designs. In addition, it uses case-based scenarios to facilitate comprehension and relevance to the academic neurosurgery audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite accelerated developments in agricultural innovations, there has been a limited progress in their adoption by smallholder farmers, especially in the Global South. Innovations are not adequately reaching farmers, and new technologies are often unsuitable for farmers, or the overall innovation landscape is discouraging the deployment of innovations at scale. The methodological approaches to designing, testing and scaling of innovations play an important role. Involving farmers in the innovation process from the start increases the likelihood of them being more relevant and having a higher chance of adoption. Whereas there is much literature on participatory approaches, there is a limited guidance on choosing an appropriate level of farmer participation across the innovation process. This study aims to develop practical guidance for researchers, development agents and project managers on how to choose an appropriate methodological approach with a suitable level of farmer participation for designing, testing and scaling of agricultural innovations, according to levels of innovation readiness and innovation use. Relevant scientific literature on participatory design, research and scaling of agricultural innovations was reviewed, followed by compiling lessons learned from selected vegetable innovation projects implemented by the World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) in Asia and Africa. A list of methodological approaches for participatory design, testing and scaling of innovations was generated, with various levels of farmer participation. A simple guiding framework was then developed for choosing an appropriate approach with a suitable level of farmer participation, according to the readiness and use of the innovations. Examples of selected approaches and application of the proposed guidance are given in project case studies. Based on the literature review and experience at WorldVeg, we believe it is critical to choose the right level of participation based on how ready are the innovations for application in the local setting. This dimension of how ready the innovations are has been largely overlooked in earlier frameworks on farmer participation. The developed guidance generally recommends increasing participation with higher levels of technology readiness and use. In addition, farmer consultation in early research design should also be strengthened, to co-design locally relevant innovations. The overall innovation systems' landscape must be considered when researching and scaling new innovations. The guidance, experiences and lessons provided in this paper will be useful to various scholars, researchers, development agents, funders and project managers who aim to design, test and scale agricultural innovations in a more inclusive and responsible way. [Display omitted] • Despite rapid developments in agricultural innovations, there has been limited adoption by smallholder farmers. • There is limited guidance on choosing an appropriate level of farmer participation in the innovation processes. • A list of participatory approaches for design, testing and scaling of innovations was created. • A guidance for choosing a suitable level of participation based on 'innovation readiness and use' was developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Multiple barriers limit access to the full range of contraceptive options. The purpose of this quality improvement initiative was to increase single-visit access to the full range of contraceptive methods in primary care, postabortion, and immediate postpartum settings in New York City (NYC).Study Design: From 2015 to 2018 we convened 2 learning collaboratives, named the Quality Improvement Network for Contraceptive Access, with 17 teams (representing 40 sites) from New York City-based hospitals and health centers using an adaptation of the Institute for Healthcare Improvement's Breakthrough Series Learning Collaborative model. Participating teams sought to implement evidence-informed recommendations to increase access. The goal was to increase the patient-centeredness of services by reducing barriers. In the absence of a way to directly measure access, we measured progress toward implementation of the 4 recommendations and contraceptive care utilization measures as proxies for access, and asked teams to describe facilitating factors.Results: Learning collaborative teams successfully implemented all 4 of the recommendations in 95% of the participating sites. Patients who chose and received a most or moderately effective method increased from 22% to 38% in primary care, and from 0% to 17% in the immediate postpartum period. Patients who chose and received a long-acting-reversible contraceptive increased from 5% to 11% in primary care, and from 0% to 3% in immediate postpartum. Facilitating factors included the involvement of interdisciplinary teams, consideration of costs, utilization of peers to demonstrate change, and champions to drive change.Conclusions: The application of evidence-informed recommendations using a structured quality improvement initiative increases contraceptive access.Implications: This paper identifies key facilitators and factors that influenced the successful implementation of evidence-based recommendations for access to the full range of contraceptive methods in primary care, postabortion, and immediate postpartum settings. Findings can inform future initiatives that seek to increase contraceptive access at the service delivery level, as a component of reproductive autonomy, and contraceptive equity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To review and discuss the current published data on FUNCTIONAL DATA DERIVED FROM contrast-enhanced spectral mammography (CESM) for investigation of breast lesions.Materials and Methods: Literature searches were conducted in MEDLINE and PUBMED. Due to the novel nature of CESM and sparsity of published literature pertaining to associated functional data, the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) used were intentionally broad.Results: After inclusion and exclusion criteria, 23 papers were included; 13 pertained to assessment of intensity or pattern of lesion enhancement, and 10 considered textural analysis for lesion assessment, including those using computer-aided detection (CAD) software. Meta-analysis of data was not possible due to heterogeneity of methodology.Conclusions: There is consistent evidence that benign lesions tend to demonstrate different enhancement characteristics to cancers, with benign lesions tending to demonstrate weaker, homogeneous contrast medium uptake. Limited evidence suggests malignant lesions exhibit "wash-out" or decreasing pattern of enhancement, and benign lesions a progressively enhancing one. The application of textural analysis and radiomics to CESM images shows promising results for differentiating benign and malignant lesions, with potential to predict immunohistological features. A large-scale multicentre study, ideally using multivendor CESM equipment, will be needed to confirm this. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common in the Indian Subcontinent. We aimed to examine the bibliometric characteristics of the publications arising from the countries of the Indian Subcontinent on NAFLD, over the last two decades. Publications on NAFLD from Indian Subcontinent during the period of 2001–2022 were retrieved from the Scopus database. Various important bibliometric parameters were studied from the retrieved publications and were exported to MS–Excel for analysis. VOSviewer software was used for analyzing co-author collaborative networks and keyword co-occurrence networks. There is a rising trend of publications, especially in the last decade, with an average annual growth of 28.95% and an absolute growth of 526.21% between 2013 and 2022, compared to 2001–2012. From Indian Subcontinent's authors, 1053 papers were indexed in Scopus, with the majority (81.3%) being from India. Indian Subcontinent holds 13th rank globally with 3.43% share of global output. External funding was received for 15.76% publications and 24.59% papers were prepared with international collaboration, and these received much higher citations per paper. Research output is low, only 3.43% of global share. Regional research cooperation among countries of Indian subcontinent is also poor. Further, only 3.61% of papers were highly cited. Despite a high prevalence of NAFLD in Indian Subcontinent, the research output is low and of low impact. Further, the research collaboration between these Indian Subcontinent needs improvement. • There is a rising trend of publications on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease from Indian Subcontinent during 2001–2022. • The majority of publications from Indian Subcontinent were contributed by authors from India. • There is inadequate regional research collaboration amongst the Indian Subcontinent countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ever since alexithymia was defined in the 1970s, robust associations have been observed between alexithymia and a variety of symptoms of psychopathology. Alexithymia is now widely regarded as an important transdiagnostic risk factor, and it is frequently assessed in clinical and research settings. However, despite this strong interest, it remains unclear exactly why (i.e., by which mechanisms) alexithymia is linked to psychopathology. In this paper, we hypothesise that alexithymia is linked to affective disorder symptoms because alexithymia impairs people's ability to regulate their emotions, and we empirically test this hypothesis.Method: We administered a battery of psychometric measures to 501 adults in the United States, and examined the direct and indirect effects between alexithymia (Perth Alexithymia Questionnaire), emotion regulation ability (Perth Emotion Regulation Competency Inventory), and affective disorder symptoms (Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21).Results: In the Pearson bivariate correlation matrix, alexithymia, emotion regulation difficulties, and affective disorder symptoms were all significantly correlated. In the modelling of direct and indirect effects, alexithymia was indirectly associated with affective disorder symptoms through emotion regulation difficulties (no significant direct effect).Limitations: Our online survey data were all self-report data and cross-sectional. Future longitudinal work would be beneficial.Conclusions: Our findings support contemporary theorising that alexithymia is linked to affective disorder symptoms via emotion regulation difficulties. These results help to clarify the mechanisms by which alexithymia may predispose people to affective disorder symptoms, and highlight the importance of considering the roles of alexithymia and emotion regulation in case conceptualisations and treatment planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the market of dietary supplements, a low level of certainty exists in the state of the science, coupled with not always knowing what is in the product. Together these issues make weighing benefits/risks difficult and hinder the ability to guide evidence-based practice decisions. The authors sought to identify priorities and develop potential solutions to address research gaps so that information disseminated, can ultimately, be relied upon, when trying to make appropriate and safe decisions. Using a modified-Delphi process, 8 panelists reviewed evidence, provided from systematic review, on dietary supplement ingredients for brain health, and prioritized gaps identified and offered potential solutions. Research gaps specific to dietary supplements research included the need for quality testing of products, the question of bioavailability and absorption of ingredients, and optimal composition and standardization of supplements under investigation. Other gaps related to populations studied; a general sense of bias towards focusing research on diseased rather than maintaining or optimizing performance in healthy populations. Additionally, the lack of uniform cognitive performance measures and metrics used across research is a gap, as well as whether the metrics are accurate representations of or even generalizable to "real-life" participants wishing to optimize their performance. Methodological quality and ethical concerns in the conduct and reporting of science encompass all issues. If resources map to potential solutions outlined in this paper, then these proposed next steps offered will help facilitate meaningful research, move evidence into practice recommendations, and ultimately develop better decision-making tools for consumers to trust and rely upon for making safe supplement decisions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People make numerous health-related choices each day: For example, deciding to brush one's teeth or to eat well and healthy - or not to do these activities. To support complex decisions and subsequent behaviour change, both Behaviour Change Interventions (BCIs) and Patient Decision Aids (PtDAs) have been developed and evolved independently to support people in health-related decision making. In this paper, we critically review BCIs and PtDAs, examine their similarities and differences, and identify potential for integration of expertise to increase the benefits for people engaging with healthcare and health behaviours. The two approaches appear to mainly differ in terms of their (1) goals and foci, (2) theoretical basis, (3) development frameworks, (4) active ingredients and (5) effect evaluation. To facilitate the integration of scientific insights from these two fields, we recommend to (1) bring both fields together and promote interprofessional discussions, (2) train (health) professionals to recognise strengths of both approaches, (3) investigate the synergy of the two fields, (4) be prepared for and try to mitigate a culture shock when the fields start to interact. Knowledge generated by researching PtDAs could be used to facilitate decisional processes that enable patients to choose goals that are in line with their values and preferences, while insights from researching BCIs could be used to facilitate engagement with, and implementation of those goals. This integration could allow researchers and intervention providers to increase the benefits for people engaging with healthcare and health behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modern, reliable, and valid outcome measures are essential to understanding the health needs of young children with burn injuries. Burn-specific and age-appropriate legacy assessment tools exist for this population but are hindered by the limitations of existing paper-based instruments. The purpose of this study was to develop item pools comprised of questions appropriate for children aged 1-5 with burn injuries. Item development was based on a framework provided by previous work to develop the Preschool Life Impact Burn Recovery Evaluation (LIBRE) Conceptual Model. The Preschool LIBRE Conceptual Model work established four sub-domains of functioning for children with burns aged 1-5. Item development involved a systematic literature review, a qualitative item review process with clinical experts, and parent cognitive interviews. Four item pools were established: (1) communication and language development; (2) physical functioning; (3) psychological functioning and (4) social functioning for preschool-aged children with burn injuries. We selected and refined candidate items, recall periods, survey instructions, and response option choices through clinical and parental feedback during the qualitative review and cognitive interview processes. Item pools are currently being field-tested as part of the process to calibrate and validate the Preschool1-5 LIBRE Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) Profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare clinical and imaging findings between extreme lateral lumbar interbody fusion (XLIF) and posterior fusion (PF) via meta-analysis for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases.Methods: English papers reporting clinical and imaging findings for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases with XLIF and PF published electronically in the PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases from January 2006 to August 2019 were retrieved. Two authors independently extracted data and evaluated the quality of the included literature. Meta-analysis of outcome measures was performed using Stata 14 and RevMan 5.3 software.Results: This meta-analysis included 744 patients from nine studies, two of which were prospective studies, while the others were retrospective studies. The quality of each study was determined to be high. The meta-analysis showed no significant differences in the operative time, length of hospital stay, clinical effectiveness, and improvement in postoperative global sagittal alignment between two approaches (P > 0.05). However, XLIF was significantly better than PF in reducing intraoperative blood loss and recovery of local sagittal alignment (P < 0.05). Moreover, the high incidence of postoperative complications were detected in XLIF group (P < 0.05).Conclusions: Both surgical approaches have equally promising clinical effectiveness for the treatment of lumbar degenerative diseases. Although XLIF can reduce intraoperative blood loss and obtain better postoperative local sagittal alignment than PF, the high incidence of postoperative complications should prompt us to consider why XLIF procedure is still being offered to our patients and how we can reduce these complications. In addition, any conclusions should be taken with caution because of the mix of prospective and retrospective studies, and the high heterogeneity and bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This aim of this paper is to set the scene for the need for impact assessment and return on investment in funded cardiovascular research in Australia, starting with the historical perspective on waste in health and medical research. Recently there has been a substantial move from discussion and policy about the need for research translation, into practice and application via the evolution of funding streams like the Australian Medical Research Future Fund (MRFF). Health and medical research funders play a critical role in both setting the expectations for research translation and impact and helping researchers to meet these expectations. As a leading cause of death, cardiovascular disease is a national health priority, recognised as such with a AUD$220 million MRFF allocation to the Cardiovascular Health Mission. Focussing on cardiovascular research, we address some of the barriers researchers face in prospectively planning for research translation and impact assessment, and call for an ecosystem that supports a return on investment for all stakeholders, especially the community and patient end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper aims to analyze usage rates for the emergency contraceptive pill (ECP) among women living in the city of São Paulo and their associated factors.Study Design: A population based cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2015 with a probabilistic sample of 4,000 women aged 15 to 44 living in São Paulo, Brazil. Response rate for households was 75% and 77% for eligible women. Binary logistic regression models were used to describe the association between each outcome and selected variables.Results: A total of 51.4% of women living in the city of São Paulo had used ECP at least once in their lifetime. Women under 35 were more likely to use ECP, as were those with more than 9 years of schooling, having at least one live birth, not cohabiting with a partner, with more than two lifetime sexual partners and as length of sexual life decreased. Among ECP users, 32.6% used it only once, 47.5% used it 2 to 4 times, and 19.9% used it 5 or more times.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that ECPs have been incorporated into the contraceptive method mix for many women as a fundamental strategy for regulating fertility. Particularly young women, unmarried women and those who have had more partners seem to take greater advantage of ECP to prevent pregnancy.Implications: Despite the high use rate, lower levels of schooling are associated with lower levels of ECP use. There is a need for both policies to reduce schooling inequities and strategies to improve women's knowledge of reproduction and contraception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this analysis was to present our secondary outcomes (reach, adoption, implementation, maintenance domains) of a prospective trial to test the efficacy of a home-based intervention to increase postpartum contraceptive uptake.Study Design: We executed a cluster-randomized trial to determine if provision of contraception in the home setting increased uptake of postpartum methods. We collected secondary outcomes on how our implementation strategies of revising professional roles and changing service sites performed in terms of the number of people our study enrolled of all women eligible (reach), how it was accepted by the providers (adoption), what methods were used to conduct the study (implementation), and preliminary results on whether or not the intervention will be continued (maintenance). We conducted a survey and focus group discussion to assess adoption and implementation among intervention nurse staff, and a survey in a convenience sample of patients in the intervention arm to assess acceptability.Results: Our primary outcome of effectiveness has been published; implant uptake was 25% in the intervention cohort compared to 3% in the control clusters. Our reach was 89%, as 208 of the 234 eligible women consented to participate. Among a convenience sample of N = 25 patients completing a survey on the intervention 12 months after enrollment, ≥ 68% (n = 17 of 25) felt the intervention was acceptable. From the nursing perspective (N = 7), only a minority of nurses felt the intervention was complicated (n = 1, 17%), and (n = 7, 100%) reported the intervention was acceptable.Conclusions: Our intervention achieved good reach (89% of the eligible population) and was acceptable to the majority of patients and providers. Practitioners interested in achieving greater reach of contraceptive interventions in their communities may consider changing service sites to convenience their clients, as our results suggest this approach was acceptable.Implications: The unique contribution of this paper is in its success with training nurses to insert contraceptive implants during postpartum home visits, which resulted in increased uptake of the contraceptive implant where access to the device was previously limited. Given the trial's successful feasibility and acceptability to both nurses and patients, perhaps this intervention has the potential to be adapted and scaled to other settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Extramural venous invasion (EMVI) is recognized as a poor prognostic factor in rectal cancer. There are well-documented limitations associated with pathology detection of EMVI, including variable reporting and the inability to use it preoperatively to guide neoadjuvant treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-detected EMVI (mrEMVI) has been proposed as an imaging biomarker. This review assesses the prognostic significance of mrEMVI on survival outcomes and whether regression of mrEMVI after neoadjuvant therapy is associated with improvements in survival.Methods and Materials: An electronic search was carried out using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases using the search terms "rectum," "cancer,", "MRI," and "outcomes." A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines using Review Manager software. A qualitative review was performed.Results: A total of 7399 articles were identified, of which 33 were relevant to the review question. After a qualitative assessment, 20 articles were included in the meta-analysis. Baseline mrEMVI positivity is associated with significantly worsened overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.33-2.54; P = .0001) and significantly worsened disease-free survival (HR 2.41; 95% CI, 2.02-2.89; P < .00001). After neoadjuvant treatment, a positive mrEMVI status is associated with a significantly worsened overall and disease-free survival. Only 3 papers specifically looked at mrEMVI regression, but the results show that persistent mrEMVI-positive status after treatment is associated with significantly worsened disease-free survival compared with a change in mrEMVI from positive to negative (HR 1.93; 95% CI, 1.39-2.68; P < .0001). A subgroup analysis of MRI-detected lymph node metastases showed no significant association with survival, with a hazard ratio of 1.33 (95% CI, 0.98-1.80; P = .06).Conclusion: mrEMVI is significantly associated with worsened survival outcomes, both at baseline and after neoadjuvant treatment. Additionally, there is evidence that regression of mrEMVI after neoadjuvant treatment is associated with improved survival compared with mrEMVI persistence. The findings of this review emphasize the need for accurate and consistent reporting of mrEMVI status before and after neoadjuvant treatment and support the inclusion of mrEMVI into staging systems preferentially over lymph node metastases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A number of clinical guidelines recommend that all cardiac rehabilitation patients should be screened for potential sleep disorders with a validated screening instrument. There is currently no consensus on what specific tools should be used.Objective: To identify tools that are practical to use in the clinical environment and have high diagnostic accuracy.Methods: We systematically searched online databases to identify patient reported outcome instruments that have been used in published research studies to assess the likelihood of obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in cardiac patients. In studies that provided diagnostic data, these data were extracted and verified via an evidence-based diagnostic calculator. Where sufficient numbers of studies were available, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine pooled estimates of specificity, sensitivity and diagnostic odds ratios. Selected papers were qualitatively assessed using the Standards for Reporting Diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD).Results: Of the 21 instruments identified, six detected likelihood of OSA, two assessed daytime sleepiness, five assessed insomnia and eight examined sleep quality. A meta-analysis of 14 studies that assessed diagnostic accuracy of moderate OSA, revealed moderate sensitivity for the Berlin Questionnaire, Sens = 0.49 (95% CI 0.45-0.52) and good sensitivity for the Stop-BANG, Sens = 0.93 (95% CI 0.87-0.96) but poor specificity at standard cut-off criteria.Conclusion: There are promising practical tools available to screen patients with OSA and other sleep disorders in cardiac rehabilitation settings, but specificity could be improved. Additional assessment of sleep quality may enhance prognostic ability with both OSA and insomnia screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper describes the co-creation and delivery of an integrated training programme in communication and depression assessment & management for Japanese GPs.Methods: Experts in communication and depression from EACH and WONCA developed a framework and filled it with content. Through iterative discussions with the Japanese participants and experts during delivery, the training was further adjusted to match local needs. It included didactic and experiential training methods with an emphasis on practicing and feedback. A "train-the-trainer" component helped participants develop their own trainer skills to enhance dissemination of the training in Japan.Results: Six Japanese GPs participated in two one week training-modules in May and November 2018. To aid implementation participants received online supervision on depression management and on teaching between the two modules and after the second module. Evaluation of the content of the training, the teaching methods and the participatory approach was positive. More than two years after the training, many elements of the training continue to be used in daily practice with the GPs teaching communication as well as depression management skills.Conclusion: The method of co-creation is promising. Research is needed to confirm that it is effective in transfer to clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Optimal airway management during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is uncertain. Complications from tracheal intubation (TI) may be avoided with supraglottic airway (SGA) devices. The AIRWAYS-2 cluster randomised controlled trial (ISRCTN08256118) compared the i-gel SGA with TI as the initial advanced airway management (AAM) strategy by paramedics treating adults with non-traumatic OHCA. This paper reports the trial cost-effectiveness analysis.Methods: A within-trial cost-effectiveness analysis of the i-gel compared with TI was conducted, with a six-month time horizon, from the perspective of the UK National Health Service (NHS) and personal social services. The primary outcome measure was quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), estimated using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Multilevel linear regression modelling was used to account for clustering by paramedic when combining costs and outcomes.Results: 9296 eligible patients were attended by 1382 trial paramedics and enrolled in the AIRWAYS-2 trial (4410 TI, 4886 i-gel). Mean QALYs to six months were 0.03 in both groups (i-gel minus TI difference -0.0015, 95% CI -0.0059 to 0.0028). Total costs per participant up to six months post-OHCA were £3570 and £3413 in the i-gel and TI groups respectively (mean difference £157, 95% CI -£270 to £583). Based on mean difference point estimates, TI was more effective and less costly than i-gel; however differences were small and there was great uncertainty around these results.Conclusion: The small differences between groups in QALYs and costs shows no difference in the cost-effectiveness of the i-gel and TI when used as the initial AAM strategy in adults with non-traumatic OHCA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary and secondary studies are considered the two major research categories. In this study, we examined the scientific and social media impact of primary and secondary publication types in papers published radiological journals during 2010–2020. PubMed publication type tags were used to filter original articles and systematic review and meta-analysis (SR/MA) articles. Clarivate Web of Science was utilized to obtain a list of all radiology journals from the category "Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging" in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE). Automated approach was developed for programmatic extraction of bibliometric and Altmetric yearly citations of each included article using Dimensions API and Altmetric API with Python. Statistical analysis was performed to compare the citation rates between primary and secondary research articles. A total of 96,684 published articles from 2010 to 2020 were identified and their meta-data collected. The mean 2-year citation count following publication year was 5.8 for primary research and 10.2 for SR/MA articles (p < 0.001). Between 2010 and 2020, the mean number of citations per SR/MA article was 51.3 compared to 30.5 per primary research article (p < 0.001). Mean Altmetric score was 8.2 in SR/MA compared to 3.7 for primary research articles (p < 0.001). Secondary research studies have been increasing in impact in both academia and social media compared to primary research. Our results highlight the importance and impact of systematic reviews and meta-analysis articles as a scientifically influential study type in radiology. • On average, SR/MA articles received more citations than original research articles. The mean 2-year citation count was 10.2 for SR/MA vs 5.8 for original research. From 2010-2020, SR/MA articles received a mean of 51.3 citations vs 30.5 citations for original research. • SR/MA articles also had higher Altmetric scores, indicating greater attention on social media and news platforms. The mean Altmetric score was 8.2 for SR/MA vs 3.7 for original research. • The results highlight the increasing impact of secondary research (SR/MA) compared to primary research (original articles) in radiology over the past decade, based on citation analysis and Altmetric scores. • The study emphasizes the value and influence of SR/MA as a research type given the expansive growth of radiology literature. High quality SR/MA can provide important syntheses of primary data. In summary, this bibliometric analysis found that systematic reviews and meta-analyses have become more impactful than original research articles in radiology journals based on scholarly citations and social media metrics. The results underscore the significance of secondary research in summarizing and contextualizing the large volume of primary studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial-economic cyber-enabled crime (hereinafter: financial cybercrime) has increased dramatically over the past years. However, research on financial cybercrime is still underdeveloped and highly heterogeneous, especially regarding the processes of initiation to and desistance from crime. This paper synthesizes existing knowledge on pathways into, desistance from, and risk factors related to financial cybercrime, and identifies research gaps. Adhering to PRISMA-ScR guidelines, we executed a systematic search and identified 37 eligible documents published as of February 2022, indicating two initiation points into financial cybercrime: involvement in traditional crime, and experiencing strain. Through social learning, individuals then learn the necessary skills and knowledge and engage in financial cybercrime, after which the decision to desist is influenced by a cost-benefit analysis, the use of neutralization techniques, and maturing. As for risk factors, we identified 33, with being male, unemployed, having low self-control and deviant peers, and wanting to earn money quickly being of potential importance. Regarding research gaps, there is a dearth of research related to the initiation and desistance processes of financial cybercrime, and the identified studies lacked a robust research designs, with 76 percent being of low or medium quality. More quality research is needed to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Accessible overview of the issues that affect data quality in online experiments. • Focus on technology, participant recruitment, and participant performance. • Checklists for researchers to improve data quality. The past 10 years have seen rapid growth of online (web-based) data collection across the behavioural sciences. Despite the many important contributions of such studies, some researchers have concerns about the reduction in experimental control when research moves outside of laboratory conditions. This paper provides an accessible overview of the issues that can adversely affect data quality in online experiments, with particular focus on cognitive studies of memory and language. I provide checklists for researchers setting up such experiments to help improve data quality. These recommendations focus on three key aspects of experimental design: the technology choices made by researchers and participants, participant recruitment methods, and the performance of participants during experiments. I argue that ensuring high data quality for online experiments requires significant effort prior to data collection to maintain the credibility of our rapidly expanding evidence base. With such safeguards in place, online experiments will continue to provide important, paradigm-changing opportunities across the behavioural sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical trials (CTs) test new medical products for safety and effectiveness. Despite federal policy aimed at generating greater inclusivity of people of color (POC) in CTs, disparity in (CT) enrollment persists. Non-Hispanic White patients comprise the majority of CT participants while Black and Hispanic patient participation has declined over the past decade. The scope of Clinical Research Nurses (CRNs) includes recruitment of participants for CTs. The aim of this phenomenological study was to describe adult oncology CRNs' lived experiences of recruiting POC cancer patients to participate in CTs. The first paper for this study identified three major themes regarding how CRNs view their role in caring for POC considering or enrolling onto cancer clinical trials (CCTs): CRNs act as advocates, care coordinators and educators. This paper focuses on two additional major themes regarding how CRNs view the unique needs of POC in clinical research: establishing and maintaining trusting relationships and recruitment infrastructure. Nineteen nurses participated in semi-structured one-to-one interviews and data analysis was based on Colaizzi's method. CRNs described a history of past research injustices, disparate access to care, inadequate cultural training, a physician-driven recruitment structure and provider-based implicit biases that hinder POC enrollment in CTs. Diversity in CCT enrollment requires CRNs to establish trust with POC, advocate for POC when implicit biases are observed and become competent practitioners of culturally sensitive care. Further, meaningful policy change at both federal and organizational levels must occur to ensure equitable access to novel cancer therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Adaptation and validation the scale of Positive Parental Practices for children 0- to 3 years. • Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis were performed with 950 participants. • This study provides the standardization of the Spanish scale scores in parental competences. • The final version for the Spanish population is composed of 27 items and 7 subscales. • This scale is considered useful for assessing parental competences in parents of young children. This study aims to adapt and validate the scale of Positive Parental Practices of the Caregiver (SP + C), in the version for children from 0 to 3 years. First, the process of cross-cultural adaptation was performed. Subsequently, for the validation of the scale, we analyzed a sample of 950 participants, with children aged between 0 and 3 years. The participants' native language was Spanish or it was the language spoken at home. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) was performed with Sample 1 (n = 483 participants), yielding 7 factors: Daily Involvement, Mentalization, Sensitivity, Promoting Learning, Attention and Organization of Daily Life, Monitoring of Parental Activity, and Parental Self-Care. Confirmatory Factory Analysis (CFA) was performed with Sample 2 (n = 467), which confirmed the factor structure of the scale. Reliability analysis showed that the scale had an adequate internal consistency. To determine criterion validity, bivariate correlations were calculated with other variables that evaluate parental competence, expecting to find significant positive relationships between them. This paper provides the standardization of the Spanish scale scores. In conclusion, the final validated scale is composed of 27 items and 7 subscales, with adequate psychometric properties. It is considered useful for the evaluation of parental competences in parents of young children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assume that athletic success is associated with certain beliefs that on the one hand promote performance-enhancing behavior (training volume), but on the other hand can also be detrimental to health (sports addiction). These beliefs are succinctly characterized by the title of the 9-item "Mind-over-Body" scale presented here. They are the three beliefs that 1) athletic performance requires a high level of effort, 2) that willpower plays an important role in athletic success, and 3) that athletic success requires pain tolerance. A total of six web-survey-based studies with a total of 1121 participants (approximately gender parity), including individuals with different levels of athletic performance (no competition; amateur sport; regional, national, or international competition), examined the psychometric network and construct and criterion validity of the MoB scale. Exploratory graph analyses, which included the studies with the largest sample sizes, showed that the three belief components (effort, willpower, pain) form separable communities within the MoB network and that the MoB items form communities distinct from self-control and self-efficacy. Meta-analyzed correlations across all six studies showed low positive correlations with self-control and self-efficacy. In terms of criterion validity, MoB beliefs were positively correlated with training volume and exercise addiction. We discuss MoBs as "on the edge of unhealthy" and place MOBs within a framework of related but distinct concepts. • Paper introduces a specific belief set in performance-oriented sport. • Mind-over-Body beliefs (MoB) consist of the facets effort, willpower and pain. • 6 studies support the construct and criterion validity of a 9-item MoB scale. • MoBs correlate positively with self-efficacy and self-control. • MoBs are associated with training volume, athletic level and exercise addiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper considers the teacher education research from a global perspective. We use bibliometric analysis of the papers on teacher education to provide insights into research capacity, research patterns, and the topical variety of the field. Teacher education research appears as an intensively expanding research field with a sustainable research agenda and structure. The study brings evidence that the representatives of globally visible teacher education research build stable research communities within teaching subject areas. International collaborations of teacher education researchers are based on historical and cultural conventions of countries' interactions. • Teacher education research is an expanding field of study driven by multilayer scholarly networks. • Teacher education researchers collaborate in stable topical and geographical clusters. • Studies on teacher education related to teaching subjects constitute structured research field. • International collaborations of teacher education scholars are embedded in historically established countries' interactions. • The topical domain includes education insiders, teaching profession, teaching, comparative studies, inclusion, and IT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on village-based data from Nepal, this paper explores the transferability of the Integrated Behavioural Model for Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (IBM-WASH) to the clean cooking sector and its potential to elucidate how barriers to improved cookstove adoption and sustained use intersect at different scales. The paper also explores the potential of IBM-WASH, behaviour settings theory and domestication analysis to collectively inform effective behaviour change techniques and interventions that promote both adoption and sustained use of health-promoting technologies. Information on cookstove use in the community since 2012 enables valuable insights to be gained on how kitchen settings and associated cooking behaviour were re-configured as homes and stoves were re-built following the April 2015 earthquake. The methodological approach comprised of semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, direct observation and household surveys. The findings indicated that the IBM-WASH framework translated well to the improved cookstove sector, capturing key influences on clean cooking transitions across the model's three dimensions (context, psychosocial and technology) at all five levels. Understandings gained from utilising IBM-WASH were enhanced – especially at the individual and habitual levels – by domestication analysis and settings theory which elucidated how different cooking technologies were incorporated (or not) within physical structures, everyday lives and routine behaviour. The paper concludes that this combination of approaches has potential applicability for initiatives seeking to promote improved environmental health at community-wide scales. • Transferability of IBM-WASH to the cookstove sector is explored for the first time. • Data from post-earthquake Nepal is used to test this transferability. • We demonstrate that the framework translates well to the cookstove sector. • Findings from IBM-WASH are enhanced by domestication analysis and settings theory. • This combination of approaches has broader applicability for health initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internationally, policymakers are considering alternative, non-criminal responses to the possession of drugs for personal use, or 'simple possession'. We show that 'decriminalization' is not a simple, unified model; rather, there are meaningful differences in policies and options available as part of a non-criminal response. Responses include various decriminalization, diversion, and depenalization approaches. However, what details need to be considered in developing these approaches? In this paper, we eschew these labels and present an overview of key design features of non-criminal responses to simple possession and consider some of the equity considerations of the choices available, including reform architecture (the objectives and legal framework); eligibility criteria (population-, place-, and drug-based criteria); and actions taken (deterrence, therapeutic, and enforcement strategies). This paper does not evaluate individual features or models, but instead offers a practical framework that can be used to deliberate on potential reform decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how parents of children diagnosed with autism resist the medicalization of their children's behavior. Drawing on video and ethnographic data collected over four years of fieldwork at a clinic for developmental disorders, the paper distinguishes two orders of practice – that of the clinic and that of the family – and argues that behavior which is interpreted as disordered in the clinic may be seen as ordinary in the home. These different interpretations reflect and renew distinct orders of sensemaking in the clinic and home, and parents may mobilize familial knowledge of the child to counter the medicalization of specific behavior patterns, even where they otherwise accept an autism diagnosis. In showing how medicalization and labelling are achieved and resisted in the mundane details of social interaction, the paper contributes to studies of diagnosis, disability, and deviance. Further, the myriad ways parents and clinicians contest which regions of a child's behavior get medicalized – i.e. which behavioral patterns are labeled disordered – present a challenge to binary conceptions of medicalization, recommending instead a more nuanced model of medicalization as a multi-dimensional continuum: more or less, rather than either-or. • The interaction order of the clinic medicalizes behavior that may be seen as benign in other settings. • Parents resist medicalization of children's behavior by drawing on personal knowledge of the child. • Medicalization is not all or nothing, but is negotiated at the level of individual behavior. • Even where a diagnosis is accepted, parents may reject the medicalization of specific behaviors. • Parents can reveal the sensibility of children's behavior in which clinicians see only deficits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While efforts to restrict the use of cannabis are more than a century old, policy liberalization is more recent. History suggests that the growing tolerance for cannabis will continue to be met with opposition. Cannabis policy has been trapped in a recurrent rotation from acceptance and increased use to hostility and expansive efforts to control those who consume it. This paper considers how historical criminology can uncover criminological artifacts to conceive, frame, and clarify cannabis criminalization, decriminalization, and liberalization. As a subject, cannabis was shaped by forces that had little to do with the plant itself, which led it to be socially constructed as evil, dangerous, or otherwise risky. We consider the history of cannabis through the lenses of race, addiction, and research and explore reports from five different countries on cannabis and criminal justice policy. • Outlines unique historical approach to the field of criminology. • Examines primary sources for key themes: race; addiction; research. • Links older reports with more recent history of cannabis policy. • Considers international dimension of cannabis prohibition as historical case study. • Outlines how this method might inform other historical examinations in criminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using conversation analysis, this paper investigates when patients exercise their right to refuse treatment in neurology outpatient consultations recorded in the UK's National Health Service in 2012 (n = 224). NHS patients have a right to refuse treatment. However, there are good reasons to suppose that this may be difficult to exercise in practice. We know that clinicians tend to pursue acceptance if it's not forthcoming and those studies that have tracked decision-making trajectories through to their outcomes have shown that clinicians typically convert resistance to acceptance. By contrast, I show that, in 35/40 (87.5 %) cases in which patients sought to refuse treatments made available by a neurologist, they left without a prescription or referral. This paper seeks to explain this apparently anomalous finding. Starting with an example of what I expected to find – a 'duel' that ends with the neurologist persuading the patient to accept treatment – I show that this is, in fact, the exception. By contrast, most of the (attempted) refusals are collaborative, occurring after the neurologist has initiated decision-making in a way that designedly foregrounds the patients' views as the basis for deciding. I show also that, having done so, the neurologists typically continue to treat the decision as subject to the patient's preferences. Thus, the trajectories in my collection – despite including attempts to refuse treatment – do not typically become duels. Rather, patients are refusing treatment in a sequential context that facilitates making their own decision. • Enacting the right to refuse treatment can be difficult. • Surprisingly, most attempted treatment refusals were successful. • Refusals were mostly made when clinicians explicitly invited patients' views. • Clinicians usually did not try to persuade patients if they'd sought their views. • Clinicians appear to be balancing patient choice with their duty of care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: People who use drugs (PWUD), and especially those who inject drugs, are at increased risk of acquiring bloodborne infections (e.g., HIV and HCV), experiencing drug-related harms (e.g., abscesses and overdose), and being hospitalized and requiring inpatient parenteral antibiotic therapy delivered through a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). The use of PICC lines with PWUD is understood to be a source of tension in hospital settings but has not been well researched. Drawing on theoretical and analytic insights from "new materialism," we consider the assemblage of sociomaterial elements that inform the use of PICCs.Methods: This paper draws on n = 50 interviews conducted across two related qualitative research projects within a program of research about the impact of substance use on hospital admissions from the perspective of healthcare providers (HCPs) and people living with HIV/HCV who use drugs. This paper focuses on data about PICC lines collected in both studies.Results: The decision to provide, maintain, or remove a PICC is based on a complex assemblage of factors (e.g., infections, bodies, drugs, memories, relations, spaces, temporalities, and contingencies) beyond whether parenteral intravenous antibiotic therapy is clinically indicated. HCPs expressed concerns about the risk posed by past, current, and future drug use, and contact with non-clinical spaces (e.g., patient's homes and the surrounding community), with some opting for second-line treatments and removing PICCs. The majority of PWUD described being subjected to threats of discharge and increased monitoring despite being too ill to use their PICC lines during past hospital admissions. A subset of PWUD reported using their PICC lines to inject drugs as a harm reduction strategy, and a subset of HCPs reported providing harm reduction-centred care.Conclusion: Our analysis has implications for theorizing the role of PICC lines in the care of PWUD and identifies practical guidance for engaging them in productive and non-judgemental discussions about the risks of injecting into a PICC line, how to do it safely, and about medically supported alternatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Drug-related deaths globally are increasing year on year, with the largest proportion of these being opioid-related. The opioid antagonist naloxone distributed for take-home use ('Take-Home Naloxone (THN)') has been championed as one method of tackling this public health crisis, however to be effective it must be available at an opioid overdose. Ownership and carriage are therefore fundamental to THN success. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of ownership and carriage of THN internationally among people who use drugs (PWUD).Methods: NHS Scotland Journals, AMED, EMBASE, HMIC, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL Complete, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PROSPERO and grey literature were searched for articles which measured prevalence of THN ownership or carriage between 1996 and 2020. Ownership was defined as report of a personal supply of THN. Carriage was defined as the participant carrying THN on their person at time of data collection or reporting a frequency of how often they carry THN. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Checklist for Prevalence Studies.Results: Systematic search yielded 6363 papers, with ten eligible papers identified. Eight articles were included in ownership prevalence and five articles included for carriage prevalence, with an overlap of three studies between both measures. Pooled prevalence indicated moderate ownership levels (57%, CI 47-67%) but lower carriage levels (20%, CI 12-31%). Analysis was complicated by the limited number of available studies and lack of standardised terminology and measurement.Conclusion: Understanding naloxone ownership and carriage globally is hampered by limited evidence and heterogeneity across studies. From the available data, prevalence of THN carriage overall appears low, despite moderate ownership. Given the variation across studies, future research should seek to utilise more standardised terminology and methods of measurement. Furthermore, services distributing THN must ensure the importance of regular carriage of naloxone is consistently emphasised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a new mathematical model of retrieval of intentions from long-term memory. We model retrieval as a stochastic race between a plurality of potentially relevant intentions stored in long-term memory. Psychological theories are dominated by two opposing conceptions of the role of memory in temporally extended agency - as when a person has to remember to make a phone call in the afternoon because, in the morning, she promised she would do so. According to the Working Memory conception, remembering to make the phone call is explained in terms of the construction and maintenance of intentions in working-memory. According to the Long-Term Memory conception, we should explain the episode in terms of an ability to store intentions in long-term memory. The two conceptions predict different processing profiles. The aim of this paper is to present a new mathematical model of the type of memory mechanism that could realise the long-term memory representations of intentions necessary for the Long-Term Memory conception. We present and illustrate the formal model and propose a new type of experimental paradigm that could allow us to test which of the two conceptions provides the best explanation of the role of memory in temporally extended agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vocal signalling systems, as used by humans and various non-human animals, exhibit discrete and continuous properties that can naturally be used to express discrete and continuous information, such as distinct words to denote objects in the world and prosodic features to convey the emotions of the speaker. However, continuous aspects are not always expressed with the continuous properties of an utterance but are frequently categorised into discrete symbols. While the existence of symbols in communication is self-evident, the emergence of discretisation from a continuous space is not well understood. In this paper, we investigate the emergence of discrete symbols in regions with a continuous semantics by simulating the learning process of two agents that acquire a shared signalling system. The task is formalised as a reinforcement learning problem with a continuous form and meaning space. We identify two causes for the emergence of discretisation that do not originate in discrete semantics: 1) premature convergence to sub-optimal signalling conventions and 2) topological mismatch between the continuous form space and the continuous semantic space. The insights presented in this paper shed light on the origins of discrete symbols, whose existence is assumed by a large body of research concerned with the emergence of syntactic structures and meaning in language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to evaluate the level of occupational safety and health (OSH) promotion in micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), which is currently a hot topic in the context of the coronavirus pandemic. SMEs are very often family enterprises in the Czech Republic. The goal of the research, conducted on a sample of 1056 respondents, was to find out how Czech family manufacturing enterprises approach the promotion of OSH. Empirical research methods were used and data were processed using statistical methods. Chi-square test was used to identify the specifics in manufacturing enterprises to determine the relationship between OSH principles or processes and the size of the enterprise. An analysis of the surveyed enterprises was done regarding their KPIs in the field of OSH. To understand changes in the KPIs significance before and during the Covid-19 pandemic, Wilcoxon signed rank test was used. All of the KPIs were tested with ANOVA analysis to find out, whether the importance of each indicator is related to the size of the enterprise. The most important finding is that although the situation regarding principles of OSH promotion is not good in the surveyed enterprises, they still manage to implement OSH promotion processes very well. The research can provide guidance on how to assess the level of OSH promotion in such SMEs and can help to define activities to improve OSH promotion. The paper may be beneficial for practitioners involved in OSH promotion and in another manufacturing SMEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The consumption of tobacco, alcohol and ultra-processed foods and beverages drives the global noncommunicable disease (NCD) crisis in Pacific small island developing states (PSIDS). Addressing the commercial determinants of health (CDoH) requires policy coherence across government sectors; however, entrenched neoliberal ideologies that exhort self-regulation of markets and market actors impede such efforts. This paper aims to explore the roles ideas play in governing CDoH, through the analysis of causal ideas in multisectoral tobacco governance in Fiji and Vanuatu. An explorative, qualitative case study design was applied. Data collection relied primarily on in-depth interviews, of which 70 were conducted between 2018 and 2019. Data analysis was guided by a theory-informed analytical framework. Two causal ideas influence multisectoral tobacco governance in Fiji and Vanuatu. According to the idea of individual responsibility, high smoking prevalence is the consequence of individuals' unhealthy lifestyle choices; it nominates the Ministry of Health as the responsible actor to solve this issue by providing health education. In contrast, the idea of CDoH argues that harmful commodity industries drive the NCD epidemic, and the sectors that regulate these private actors should be kept in closer check to ensure that their policies are aligned with the objectives of public health. In Fiji and Vanuatu, the non-health government agencies are effectively excused from implementing multisectoral tobacco policies because the dominant idea of individual responsibility relieves them of any responsibility. The wider adoption of the idea of CDoH is needed in PSIDS to tackle the NCD crisis. • Causal ideas are used to identify responsible actors and solutions to the NCD crisis. • The idea of individual responsibility excuses non-health actors from multisectoral action. • The idea of commercial determinants of health (CDoH) promotes multisectoral policies. • In Fiji and Vanuatu the idea of individual responsibility dominates tobacco control. • The diffusion of the idea of CDoH is needed to tackle NCDs in Fiji and Vanuatu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]