Search

The eighteenth century books from the collection of the old digital library of the Library University Seville are analyzed to locate the parts made with decorated papers, in order to classify and describe them according to the proposals of specialized literature. For this, the records included in the repository of the digital collection are recovered, the digital reproductions of the books are visualized, the parts with decorated papers are identified and described following the decorated papers classification model, previously elaborated, based on the research of Professor Carpallo Bautista. The model is made up of 6 techniques and their variants. Of the more than 6.700 records from the 18th century in the collection of the digital ancient collection, 511 include decorated papers in their bindings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive assessment of the bell inventories from the islands of Gran Canaria, Fuerteventura, and Lanzarote, conducted over recent years. It primarily addresses the list of bell founders or craftsmen recorded, along with the chronology and origins of those pieces of significant heritage interest. It also explores aspects such as the ornamental motifs and the epigraphic legends or inscriptions commonly found on these instruments. Additionally, the paper suggests attributing some instruments to bell founders Juan Felipe de Rivas and Gaspar Antonio de Alvear, who were active during the 17th and 18th centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to analyze an episode in the life of Ignatian cult objects that had been used to house churches and schools of the order in the River Plate territory. Our protagonists will be images and objects of worship that once had a special significance due to their centrality in composing the liturgy and their proximity to the sacred. Despite their heterogeneity, all these objects, made of rich metals, had formed a River Plate Jesuitical material culture that had exalted the identity of the order. From a perspective focused on material culture, we will analyze how, once the process of managing temporalities began, these objects traveled an unsuspected path that altered their biographies, their symbolic meanings, and their valuations as sacred goods. From then on, desacralized and defunctionalized, these pieces went through processes of embargoes, commodification and disputes over their possession until their subsequent disappearance. Recomposing these paths will allow us to demonstrate the importance that these objects had in composing worship and liturgy followed by historical processes that led to one of the largest looting and diasporas of artistic heritage in the 18th century within the framework of its growing desecration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El caballero de Erlaiz is one of the novels by Pío Baroja that have been most neglected. Written after his return from exile in Paris during the Spanish war, it contains an embarrassing incursion in the 18th century and the War of the Pyrenees, that is, in events more distant than the ones he had usually written about in trilogies like La selva oscura, pieces such as Zalacaín el aventurero or the series Memorias de un hombre de acción, which deal with the 19th and the 20th centuries. In this paper I suggest that below this journey in History Baroja was not only praising the spirit of the Enlightenment but also developing a criticism of the present, through a reconsideration of History and the genre of historical novel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to clarify the actions and circumstances that were present in the cases of scandal in the western Canarian manor in the 18th century from a legal historical approach. The primary sources examined are the judicial files of the Documentary section of the Casa Fuerte of Adeje (Adeje Strong House), kept in the Archive of the Canarian Museum (Las Palmas de Gran Canaria). These documents concern Adeje (island of Tenerife), the islands of La Gomera and El Hierro. Likewise, this paper takes into account the legal and doctrinal postulates of the most widespread jurists in the archipelago, as guidelines for judicial administration in the local sphere. This work highlights the consideration of scandal as a conduct that undermined the established sexual norms and altered the moral order in the affected neighborhood. Not surprisingly, pragmatic treaties, such as the widespread Política para corregidores, contemplated the disposition that local authorities should show towards the preservation of tranquility in their jurisdictions, punishing dishonest and notorious behaviors in the neighborhood. In his sense, the Canary Islands belonged to the Castilian legal model, while the relevance of discretion was appreciated in the judicial practice. At the same time, the reading of the records shows the projection of the social and economic circumstances in the transgressive behaviors. In summary, this study aims to contribute to current knowledge on the exercise of justice in the manorial territories in the aforementioned century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Departing from the premise that crimes against sexual morality were one of the main generators of scandal in Ancien Régime society, in this paper our aim is to analyse the lawsuits over the cohabitation of priests heard by the Episcopal Court of Palencia during the 1750s. A sample of 144 files will allow us to unravel the context in which these offences took place, observing how they affected not only those involved, but also the rest of the members of the community. Using the testimonies provided by witnesses about «the serious note and scandal» that was taking place in the locality, we will be able to determine the identity and marital status of the women involved, how familiar they were with the ecclesiastics, why they were suspected, whether they had been involved in such proceedings before or whether they had experienced symptoms of pregnancy. With regard to the other party involved, the religious, we are mainly interested in the extent to which they did not respect the vow of chastity and what penalties were imposed on them as a result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of authorship, when we talk about women's literature, results in a metamorphic process that forces women writers to adopt an absent identity. The gregarious positioning of women, as well as the reduction of their area of movement, distances them, from ridicule and undervaluation, of creative acts, including writing. A research task of excavation is therefore called for in order to unearth the plausible reasons for the bifurcated identity and the tools used to do so. The aim of this paper is to present the results of a documentary analysis carried out on the use of pseudonyms by Spanish language women writers from the 18th century to the present day in order to answer the causes, forms, and functions of the confluence of otherness in the field of women's writing. All of this with the intention of reconstructing the reality of a world biased under the patriarchal hand, which enables the creation of a real and egalitarian canon that contributes to making women visible, eliminating inequality, and showing references and models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the cases of quesuism documented in the 18th and 19th centuries in European and American Spanish based on the data provided by Corpus diacrónico del español (CORDE), Oralia Diacrónica del Español (ODE), Post Scriptum, Corpus de documentos Españoles Anteriores a 1800 (CODEA+ 2015) and Corpus Diacrónico y Diatópico del Español de América (CORDIAM). To this end, it pays attention to different parameters that may be relevant to understand the spread of this phenomenon: the discursive genres in which this construction appears, its geographical distribution, the possible influence of the gender variable or the cultural level of the speaker, the syntactic function of the sequence que su, the type of relative in which it predominates, and the characteristics of the possessors and the possessed. On the other hand, this paper deals with some of the possible causes of the spread of this phenomenon: its use as an invisible variant of cuyo, the analytical tendency of Spanish, the speaker's ability to resort to reduplicative structures, the formal transparency, the communicative efficiency, the complexity, and singularity of cuyo, or the consideration of this as an excessively cultured form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper provides an original unknown work by the architect Leonardo de Figueroa initiated in the last days of his life. It consisted of the enlargement of a chapel belonging to the Brotherhood of The Arrest of Jesus in the Sevillian church of Santa Lucia. The work began in the second half of the 1720s and continued until the 1730s. The absence of documents on this commission went unnoticed by historians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the mercantile circulation of enslaved people, fabrics and haberdashery between the Río de la Plata region, Santiago in the Kingdom of Chile and Bajo Perú in the period 1779-1783. The sources used to carry out this investigation are Buenos Aires Customs notes, which allow us to quantify the intensity and commercial density of the aforementioned goods. The data obtained demonstrate the importance of this trade route for the whole of South American economies in the late eighteenth century, and highlight the importance of the economies of Mendoza and San Juan (Andean Dry Port Complex) and Santiago in the Kingdom of Chile. The results obtained call into question the levels of consumption and expenditure of American societies supported by historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early eighteenth century, the mining town of Zimapán went through a social and economic crisis, as a result of frequent clashes with nearby Chichimeca groups. Conflicts went aggravated because of the oppression that society practiced against these Indians. When the region was pacified, Spanish miners had to solve how to reactivate the process for extracting silver from ore. In fact, some of them looked up how to reach an hegemonic position, in spite of their production was far from those of main mining centers. The paper focuses on the capacities of these producers, under an adverse situation. From the use of accounting records of Caja Real of Zimapán and several legal disputes, here are shown different ways through which these miners overcome their colleagues and achieve preeminent positions and, on the other side, how can be understood the situation of limited resources miners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the formation of the Research Group for the Study of Mining in Northwest Argentina (GEMINOA) a decade ago, we have been carrying out an interdisciplinary research that aims to address the mining activities developed in this region in the long-term. This paper synthesizes and expands our original depiction of colonial mining in the region, focusing on the jurisdictions of Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, and La Rioja during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. With this aim in mind, it combines historical sources and archaeological data (from our own work or specialized literature). Moreover, it reflects on the concepts of hegemonic and non-hegemonic mining, considering the variables that defined them and their suitability for characterizing the colonial mining developed in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper tests a simple but fascinating hypothesis, namely, that racism is a strictly modern reality. We will not find specifically racist theories before the eighteenth century. We also intend to establish a suggestive contrast with Spanish thought of the 16th century. The goal is to corroborate an issue that, perhaps, will amaze more than one: the verifiable circumstance that racism is absent in the doctrines of the jurists, moralists, theologians, and humanists (as well as early ethnologists) of imperial Spain in the 16th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the ideas and conceptions of the nomads of northern central Mexico that were represented in the cartography of the sixteenth century, its subsequent extension into the nineteenth century and the permanence of an imaginary construction that has permeated the academic discourse in several anthropological disciplines. We argue that it is important to stop qualifying under the same terms that were imposed to define the cultural developments of the septentrion. We propose, from a historical perspective, the revision of the meanings of the nomad from the cartography of the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries and its conceptual integration in the development of the archaeology of northern Mexico, which has assumed divergent ideas in the preHispanic cultural development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper zooms in on two specific case studies –the obsolescence of chance and the emergence of turn out– to address, on the one hand, the growing paradigmatization of English evidential and mirative raising verbs, and, on the other, to explore the cognitive processes involved in the emergence and obsolescence of members of this incipient category. Thus, the diachronic data reveal that this set of verbs has developed common constructional patterns and features that allow them to be considered an emerging paradigm. In fact, the obsolescence and emergence of the analyzed verbs point toward a complex evolution in which different constructions are intricately intertwined: as new evidential and mirative verbs have emerged, preexisting members of this category have undergone significant changes to accommodate the newcomers. Thus, the incorporation of turn out in the 18th century as a new member of the class had important repercussions in the system that would result in the disappearance of chance. The study of this network of expressions from a constructional perspective allows us to trace its complex history from a broad perspective, as well as to shed light on processes such as analogization, constructionalization, and paradigmatization. The article is based on data from various synchronous and diachronic English corpora, including COCA, EEBOCorp, and CLMET, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the manuscripts of the Ducal Library of Medinaceli. First of all, we give a general vision of the collection, put together in the 18th Century in certain special rooms in the Library. To achieve this, we make use of its catalogues, kept today in the Library of Fundación Bartolomé March, (in Palma de Mallorca). Secondly, we detail the methodology followed in the reconstruction of this part of the collection, determining the origin of the volumes and identifying and locating some of the currently existing copies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the Early Modern Age, an attempt was made to put an end to the old idea that charity was something exclusively theological and that sought to serve those who received help as well as those who provided it. However, in the eighteenth century, in the social imaginary alms were still perceived as a means by which those who collaborated to alleviate the hardships of the needy could save their soul. This investigation focuses on the brotherhoods, on the care functions they performed to support their members, and on those occasions when they somehow supported people who did not belong to them. Thus, taking as the main documentary source the well-known Expediente General de Cofradías, the objective of this paper is to provide an overview of the Asturian brotherhoods in the final moments of the Ancient Regime. We will focus the investigation on two questions: firstly, we will direct our attention to the economic bases of these brotherhoods, to then consider the assistance provided by these Asturian secular associations throughout the whole territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a corpus of 33 wills written by members of the Cajamarca indigenous elite between 1565 and 1758, this paper analyses the different ways of naming this locality, taking into account its growing importance during the two centuries covered by these documents. Our results allow us to assess and develop Argouse’s (2015) proposal with data from various notaries and a wider chronological scope. Although one can observe a clear predominance of villa over pueblo during the whole seventeenth century, the lack of reference to the type of urban entity that Cajamarca was gathers momentum at the end of that period and during the eighteenth century. We interprete these data in the light of the particular changes that Cajamarca underwent regarding its urban status during the colonial period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze how Arturo Pérez-Reverte claims the legacy of the Enlightenment in his historical novel Hombres buenos (2015). The history of two members of the Real Academia Espartóla, in charge of travelling to Paris in the hopes of obtaining all the volumes of the Encyclopedia and bringing them to Spain, allows Pórez-Reverte to create an original account of eighteenth-century Spain. Pórez-Reverte belongs to an intellectual tradition that depicts the Hispanic Enlightenment as inexistent, incomplete, insufficient, or unoriginal. At the same time, however, he keeps his distance from such tradition, by questioning the consensual image of a civilized and enlightened France, and by showing that Spaniards also participated in the creation and dissemination of the Enlightenment. This paper also analyzes how the fictitious account of the eighteenth century is nor only a defense of enlightened Spaniards, but also a way to express desires for the twenty-first century, especially regarding the political and linguistic unity of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the tragedy El Philoctetes, adaptation of the Sophoclean play by the Jesuit José Arnal (1729-1790), teacher, translator of classical authors and poet. This tragedy is classed in some places as translation; however, it was an adaptation that was made of the Greek drama to be represented by students of classical languages in Zaragoza at the beginning of the decade of 1760; it was published in Zaragoza in 1764, before the expulsion of the Society of Jesus, and doubly reissued, years later, in Barcelona. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the use of a documentary source from the 18th century, the Ensenada Cadastre, as a tool of geohistorical study. This documentary source provides a way of furthering knowledge about the economy of each town in the crown of Castile. The town of Cubillas de Santa Marta, in the province of Valladolid, has been used as an example here. Thanks to this analysis of the cadastral documentation, it has been possible to analyse the agricultural activity and the distribution of crops, to determine the resulting landscape, and thus to be able to compare that with its current state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper is a review of Pasión por la historia antigua. De Gibbon a nuestros días, a collective book edited by A. Duplá, Ch. Núñez y G. Reimond. I present each chapter of it, dedicated to a distinguished figure in the historiography of ancient history from the eighteenth century to the present days. I propose a series of reflections for each one of them and for the book as a hole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The method of family reconstitution has been considered inapplicable in Mexico, due to the multiple obstacles offered by the available documentary sources. However, this paper demonstrates that it is possible to apply this method. In Uruapan the reconstitution method was used between the late 17th century and much of the 18th century, which provided fundamental data on fecundity, age to marriage, family size, protogenic and intergenetic intervals. These data showed changes in the two registered quality groups: Indians and Rational People. Fecundity was analyzed in several components: age to marriage, years of marriage, evolution by age, years of marriage and procreated children. Fecundity was also analyzed during the study period to identify the effect of mortality crises and hollow generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will analyze the reasons that gave rise to the idea of building an interoceanic canal in the region of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec during the administration of Viceroy Antonio María de Bucareli, which would serve to shorten the times of goods and supplies transfer between the Iberian Peninsula and Alta California and thus combat the expansionism of the enemy powers (in particular Russia) in the American Northwest. The importance of this project lies in its idea of reconfiguring the geoeconomic and military order of Spanish America at the end of the 18th century, in the understanding that Tehuantepec would be the new key to entering the South Sea (displacing the Strait of Magallanes) and the way that would allow the Spanish Crown to have a better administrative control of american economic resources. This historical reconstruction was made from the series of reserved letters, maps and official documentation that protect the General Archive of the Nation of Mexico, the General Archive of Indies and the National Historical Archive in Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we will consider the administration of the community goods of Yucatecan towns during Colonial period. As an example, we analyze the community goods of Izamal, through the "Matricula y cuenta de comunidad de los indios de la cabecera y pueblo de Izamal de 1795", a document located in the Archivo General de la Nacion of Mexico. "The Matricula y cuenta" is, along with Buczotz and Pixila (previous documents in the same record), the only ones of its kind that we have found for the Yucatecan towns of the eighteenth century. Finally, we propose that the Izamal neighborhoods corresponded to the guild farms sold a few years before by the bishop fray Luis Piña y Mazo. As they were also part of the community goods, the farms were deliberately concealed by local authorities to avoid their dispossession and to preserve the bonds of community reciprocity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small-scale image of the Virgin Mary that is known and venerated to this day under the name of "the Virgin of Socorro" [the Virgin of the Helpless] in Santiago (Chile) is also held to be the very first pious image to have landed on this pe-ripheral colonial city. From early on, it inspired a number of legends highlighting its alleged miraculous character, its role in the Foundation of Santiago and the first steps of the Franciscan Friars in the city. This paper delves into the key-paradoxes surrounding the image's supernatural origins and very common upon sacred Christian images: on the one hand, it was offered as a gift to reward the miraculous intervention of the Virgin Mary in the midst of a battle against the Indi-ans; on the other, some sources suggest that the image itself performed the supernatural feat. The image concentrates a host of key-features that are discussed below: (i) it helped shape a new imagery that came to define the Christian practice in these regions; (ii) it exemplifies the gradual usurpation of an originally Mercedarian topic to the profit of the Franciscan Order; (iii) it summarized the triumph of the Christian faith over the native rebel populations of Chile's central region; (iv) and it was also coopted as the preferred devotion by the political elites. The paper concludes by advancing a hypoth-esis about the image's iconography, which may stem from the appropriation of an alien typology (Saint Mary Magdalene), due to the scarcity of pious images in these peripheral regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to describe the horizon of expectations concerning praise or eulogy as a literary subgenre in New Spain's 18th century. I tackle its background in European Renaissance, its affiliation with the rhetorical tradition of acumen or acuity, its inclusion in the university practices of New Spain and the controversy that arose because of that. Although not all intellectuals from New Spain decided to add acumen to university eulogies, the tradition of doing so prevailed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers some evidences about the circulation of capital between Venezuela and Spain at the end of the eighteenth century through the case study of the Spanish merchant Esteban González de Linares (1751-1802). Our sources are private nature: an accounting book and 335 letters. These documents show a wide variety of channels to the transfer of capitals from Venezuela to Spain, both at large operations and small deliveries. González de Linares became, during his stay in Caracas (1785-1791), an important agent in the transfer of savings from the colony. The scarcity of silver and gold in Venezuela during this period justifies that the transfer of capital did promote the export of groceries (cocoa, indigo) and the development of financial markets (orders and bills of exchange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Diccionario del español jurídico ('Dictionary of Legal Spanish', DEJ), providing information on its origin and setting in the 18th and 19th centuries (a succinct reference to non-academic lexicography is incorporated), and traces the development and history of the first academic lexicographic work up to the present. The macrostructure and specifically selected Latin maxims are analyzed with the forms that they can adopt in the lemmata or within the articles, and data contained in the corresponding encyclopaedic information are discussed. An ANNEX is included with 489 Latin legal maxims from among those contained in the DEJ, which are here printed in roman and bold characters (personal or non-personal verbs, as well as segments without an express verbal predicate [which constitute "minimum units of predication"], are here expressed or omitted). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Philippine archipelago was part of the Spanish empire for 333 years, from 1565 to 1898. In the first two centuries under Spanish administration, the Philippines remained linked to the Viceroyalty of New Spain and had an important transpacific range. However, as the 18th century gave way to the 19th, the Philippines gradually turned towards Asia, opening up new communication routes, trade flows and connections with Asian ports that were emerging in the Indian Ocean and the China Seas. Based on a specialized bibliography and archival sources, this paper analyses the causes and consequences of this Philippine shift towards Asia during the period of 1780 to 1860. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the end of the 14th century, a convent of Franciscan friars of the Third Order was founded in the outskirts of the episcopal city of Mondoñedo. For centuries, they carried out an important pastoral work in the city and its valley. But gradually the medieval monastery became ruined, and consequently they were forced to abandon it punctually, and to build a new one between 1687 and 1725. In this paper we will analyse the priestly work of these mendicants, their attempts to establish themselves in the urban nucleus, and we will make known the architects, master builders and sculptors who built and embellished the modern convent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a detailed on-site analysis of the architecture built in the monastery of San Julián de Samos (Lugo, Spain) during the 17th and 18th centuries, this paper explores the variability of the structures used to cover the new monastic spaces and its clear lack of stylistic relation with the artistic mainstream and other coetaneous artworks, which were built during the same period in other Galician monasteries. Our last goal is to understand the reasons behind the use of old arched structures when new architectonical styles were being introduced. The role of the Brother Pedro Martínez, from the monastery of San Pedro de Cardeña in Burgos, is revealed here as a key factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last third of the 18th century and the first of the 19th century constitutes the era of Guarani writing wich developes relatively independent of the missionary standard. In effect, the Jesuit standard, whose institutional support existed only until the expulsion of the fathers in 1768, began to diminish and new expressive traditions are registered in the paper. Around this problem we propose the study of the expression of plurality as an indicator of dialectal and evolutionary aspects in the dialect system of colonial Guarani. If missionary grammars present plurality as a non-necessary feature of the language, in the "post-reduction" corpus we find an increase in the use of two morphemes, the canonical form (r)-eta and the suffix -kuéra, the latter not registered in Jesuit grammars as a pluralizer. Added to these devices are strategies of an emerging bilingual society that includes code mixing. Defining hypotheses about the conditions that motivate the use of the different mechanisms of pluralization is the objective that guides this work. The data come from a corpus divided into three groups: a) indigenous letters, b) texts of the revolutionary period, and c) the first documents of Paraguayan Guarani. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to analyze the possible implications of understanding the Ibero- American colonial period in terms of a political hegemony. This concern arises from the book edited by Pedro Cardim, Tamar Herzog, José Javier Ruiz and Gaetano Sabatini Polycentric Monarchies. How Did Early Modern Spain and Portugal Achieve and Maintain a Global Hegemony? (2012), in which the Spanish and Portuguese governments of the 16th to 18th centuries are defined as hegemonies. This designation is not capricious, but is theoretically based on the Gramscian dynamic of consensus and coercion. Based on this notion, the paper proposes that this hegemonic approach has or can have important effects in at least three areas: at a theoretical level, as it extends temporally and spatially the notion of hegemony; at a historical level, insofar as it questions the category of "colonial" and resumes the debate around it, which especially concerns historiography and Latin American critical thinking; and at a literary level, an area in which it is proposed to address colonial texts not only as exercises of domination or resistance, but also as negotiating resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

this paper analyses the lexicon of crime in the criminal causes of the Royal Audience of Buenos Aires. From a documentary corpus composed of files from the General Archive of the Argentine Nation, we study the denominations and concepts that define the so-called "bad facts" and the characteristics of the constructions used for their typing. The purpose of these pages is to improve knowledge about crimes and their formulation in times when the law lacked an abstract and axiomatic classification of the norm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose to discuss two texts: Cristóbal de Acuña’s “relation” (relación) entitled Nuevo descubrimiento del gran Río de las Amazonas (1641) and Pedro de Santo Eliseu’s epic poem Viagem (1746). These discussions are based on rhetorical and poetic precepts and on theological-political conceptions pertinent to the Spanish and Portuguese Empires of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries. Thus, it is intended to show that, in the travel report of the Spanish Jesuit priest Acuña and in the epic poem of the Portuguese Carmelite friar Eliseu, the “River of the Amazons” representations are made of history, poetry and politics, aiming at the concord between the members of Kingdom’s mystical body. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Of the groups included in the Nativity scene of the Riquelme Collection at the Museo Salzillo, the one traditionally called The Reading of the Romance provides an exceptional example of a public reading at the twilight of the Ancien Regime. It depicts a young shepherd reading to an audience set against a natural background. The paper analyses the group and its relation to the Nativity scene where it belongs, and studies aspects of the commission by Jesualdo Riquelme - a rich and educated local nobleman- of Francisco Salzillo, the artist who devised and started the group in his old age. The paper considers the group as a testimony of his age. It illustrates the behaviour and reactions of the reader and his audience demonstrating public readings as a means of socialising and transmitting knowledge for the illiterate working classes, an unusual theme for a Nativity scene. It bears witness to the attempt by some Enlightened rural figures to educate the illiterate poor in a context of celebration of life in Nature and affirmation of the authenticity of rural people at a time of land reform and social criticism offarmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper, which is the result of the first phase of an ongoing research, is to make an approach to apprenticeship in the second half of the 18th century. At this time the guild system, so strong and stable during previous centuries, began to show signs of decline. The information sources used are basically "books of apprentices" generated by corporations and other supplementary sources from the Junta de Comercio de Barcelona and the Hospital de la Misericordia. First, we will examine some of these signs of decline and their effects on apprenticeship, the basic regulations relating to apprenticeship that were reflected in guild ordinances and their implications for human capital formation. Second, some data on apprentices (place of origin, father's occupation, age) of two corporations (silk twisters and masons) will be analyzed, as well the relationship between orphanhood, poverty and apprenticeship. The paper ends with some notes on the living conditions of apprentices based on some contemporary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the living conditions of free workers in Cartagena de Indias from the mid eighteenth century to the beginnings of the nineteenth century. It relates the demand for workers from defense systems, salaries, problems with city provisions, the cost of living and some representations of the people and of authorities surrounding speculation and scarcity, as well as the effects of the 1808 Crisis of the Spanish Empire on workers. Four ideas are articulated in this paper: 1) During the second half of the eighteenth-century workers from the city defense system improved their living conditions because of both the demand for work and the increase in wages. 2) These achievements were affected due to the increased costs of basic goods which were a product of a combination of adverse weather affecting crops, the widespread inflation in the viceroyalty of New Granada, and the interests of merchants and speculators in taking advantage of supply shortages with the aim of increasing profits. 3) The definitive blow to those improvements was the political crisis of 1808 and onward, that paralyzed the flow of the national income and brought job losses. These difficulties became even larger during the first decades of the republic. 4) The sum of these situations created favorable conditions for the development of social dissent, that in the context of the crisis of the Spanish Empire that began in 1808, found channels of expression through politics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Ancien Régime, water was not only a landscape element, but also an important source of wealth, that was monopolized by some sectors of rural society. This paper tries to remark its importance in the daily life of Campo de Montiel, one of the Castilian regions historically considered as a part of the arid Spain. By doing this, the author pays special attention to its use in agriculture and local industry. Rivers, dams, mills and springs drew by resident populations in sketches and cartographical representations have been analysed as well. In order to obtain all this information, the author has studied the Catastro de Ensenada documentation as well as the Descripciones that Toledan archbishop Cardinal Lorenzana, ordered to write at the end of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the foundation of the Convent "Nuestra Señora de la Salud" in Patzcuaro, Michoacan, in 1747, noting the role of the local elite and interest in the erection of this convent for Spanish women. The monastery represents one of the strategies of this group of Spaniards to strengthen the city of Patzcuaro in the conflict with Valladolid to get the capital of the bishopric. We also discuss how the Dominican convent of Patzcuaro, came to reinforce the prestige of the most important families who held the political, economic and social power of the city in the second half of the eighteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the second half of the 18th century the city of Buenos Aires experienced a rapid growth in demographic and political terms that triggered a process of diversification of the spaces of the city. In 1790 the construction of a bullring in the neighborhood of Montserrat began. However, its location unleashed discussions among political actors of the time about the show and its role in social control. At the same time the residents of the square were involved in the conflict because of the negative impact that the bulls hauled to the neighborhood. The aim of this paper is to analyze the site of the Circus of bulls and the conflicts generated, to rethink the issues arising from the political, economic and demographic growth of the city from the perspective of Recreational and socio-political function and incorporate the spatial variable to the political and economic discussions of the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though copyright is an institution which dates back to the 18th century, the economic analysis of copyright is relatively new; paradoxically it was not until 1934 with Plant's work when copyright economics started to emerge as a specialized field. This paper aims to draw an historical outline of copyright economics as a new area of economic analysis, focusing on its dilemmas and approaches, as well as on the main challenge for this institution in the digital era, unauthorized copy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efficient and integrated use of slave workforce that the Society of Jesus was able to implement in the regions of the old province of Paraguay, has been repeatedly pointed out in different research work as a key factor in the economic development of the congregation. However, studies focused on the subsequent management of these Temporalities reveal a certain failure to sustain and control this structure of slave work so as to guarantee profitable results, despite some continuity in its productive organization. From a comparative perspective, this paper considers these studies so as to reconstruct demographic characteristics and the different forms of productive employment of those slaves confiscated from the Jesuits in the city of Buenos Aires, together with the particularities of their sale during the early stages of the administration of the Junta de Temporalidades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the functions played by interjections in sermons of the eighteenth century, which sole purpose was preaching from the pulpit. Rhetorical speech finds in the oral tradition its construction model. Hence the frequency of this element of pragmatic significance in sermons: the interjection, among other linguistic elements that characterize this oral genre, becomes an index of communicative interchange between the two interlocutors of the speech: preacher and auditorium. It intensifies the interactional dimension of the act of enunciation. The high presence of expressions that contains interjections in texts from the eighteenth century should be in relation to the social context at that time and the functional tone of the homily, essentially admonishing and moralizing. In the third part of the present study the most used primary interjections are compiled and exemplified their basic discoursal functions: attitudinal, interaccional and phatic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a detailed analysis of the Compendio de nombres en lengua cakchiquel of Pantaleón de Guzmán, work that shows the linguistic task realized by the missionaries in the New World. The evangelism of the conquered lands caused the need to learn the indigenous languages and, therefore, the composition of dictionaries and grammars that could help the conversion of Indians. One of these works was Pantaleón de Guzmán's Compendio, subjects catalogued by scopes, facing the problems that cause the differences between Spanish and Cakchiquel and that shows in its pages a great lexical richness. In short, an interesting contribution to the missionary history of Linguistics and Lexicography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most significant controversy of the many that flourished in the eighteenth century Spanish society revolved around the discredit of the institution of marriage, to the decline in the number of marriages and the high rate of marital failure controversial. Given the magnitude of the problem, it involved people of all types and condition would; from theologians and moralists to state servants, judges, writers and politicians, leading to acquire unprecedented spread through the literary and journalistic projection that accompanied it. The multiple aspects dealt resulted in a rich debate which would be put into question, inter alía, the role played by women, which is just blaming the problem. From the perspective of gender this paper analyzes the key factors that put women at theepi center of the debate to press and counter models and counter models female supported by the liberal ídeology, in keeping with the renewal of the domestic woman archetype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Scottish Enlightenment, the "point of view of the spectator" was considered to be the adequate standpoint from where to make impartial moral judgments. This school of thought has often been seen as anticipating Utilitarianism. However, many interpreters are now saying that, despite their similar approaches to ethics, Hutcheson's and Hume's theories are proto-utilitarian while Smith's is not. Indeed, Smith was the first important critic of Utilitarianism. In this paper I provide further reasons for Smith's critical attitude to Utilitarianism by tracing it back to his specific account of the position of the impartial spectator: either a third-person or a second-person standpoint. This position generates different meta-ethical structures that determine, among other things, the meaning of the notion of impartiality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to develop some lines of reflection that put together around the question of thinking in psychoanalysis. The central idea is that thinking in psychoanalysis is thinking about limit and that such thinking is there where the own thought finds its limit. To show this we'll begin with two dimensions of the Freudian elaboration (the limit in the thinking of the associative capacity and the limit on the thinking of the scene) to continue with the analysis of the importance of the concept of limit in thought and the theoretical conceptualization in psychoanalysis. It is this approach of thinking towards a limit involving psychoanalysis, the reason of its radicalism and its irreducible difficulty of formalization and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Religious freedom has always been considered to be a central issue in liberal and enlightened thought. Thus, attention has often been drawn to the shortage of observations on tolerance in the works of Spanish enlightened reformers, as also to the uncompromising prohibition of non-Catholic religions contained in the Cadiz Constitution of 1812. In recent years, some scholars have argued that, because of the absence of religious minorities in Spain, the dominating influence on Spanish society of the Catholic Church and Spain's insufficient openness to European culture, Spanish liberals did not really begin to appreciate and discuss religious freedom as an ideal until the periods of exile following from 1814 and 1823. This paper aims to show, however, through analysis of one of the most relevant Spanish journals of the eighteenth century, that the matter of freedom of religious belief was indeed debated in Spain during the reigns of Carlos III and Carlos IV and that, in spite of the threat of censorship, some Spaniards did dare to write and publish work in favour of religious tolerance during that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]