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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amate (amatl) is a handmade paper of Mexico made by Otomi Indians. This craft is made from bark of tree bark amate or jonote. It is originally developed in the states of Puebla, Hidalgo and Veracruz especially in San Pablito, Puebla. However, amate paper is sold as background Nahua paintings by artists from the state of Guerrero. Amate paper paintings are a combination of Nahua and Otomi traditions. While there have been some minor innovations, the amate paper is still done with the same basic process used in the pre-Hispanic period by obtaining a classical amate tree bark fiber. This is negatively affecting the ecosystem of the North of Puebla and forcing vendors bark in search of other species, so it is necessary to make paper amate more sustainably, including new types of bark from other species and by-products of agro-industries such as rice, coffee sugar cane, and other types of fiber that have highavailability The objective of this work was to analyze and compare the Chemical pulp of coffee characteristics, as raw material for amate paper of higher quality than that produced from the bark of other species. The results showed that the structural and chemical characteristics of coffee pulp cellulose pulp showed ease of paper making, due to its properties of adherence, formation and agglutination of fibers similar to the high quality of the final product as the amate tree bark-derived paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the technological development in the historical discipline over time, focusing on the organization of archives and information processing. The author uses her own research on Jewish history in Mexico to demonstrate the usefulness of digital tools and digital humanities in historical research. In addition, the impact of Mexico's vote in favor of the UN resolution condemning Zionism is examined, including the demonstrations and tourist boycott that occurred in the United States. This episode had a significant effect on the relationship between the Jewish community and the government in Mexico. The text presents the experience of a historian in their research and the use of technological resources to gather and process information. The author highlights the importance of managing and classifying archives, as well as accessing online sources of information. It also mentions the evolution of historical research methods over time, from the use of cards and index cards to the development of more sophisticated card cabinets and classification systems. The article emphasizes the influence of these methods on the final outcome of historical research. The article discusses the use of index cards as a tool for organizing information in historical research. It is mentioned that Carl Linnaeus invented index cards in the 1760s and that they were used by naturalists, bibliographers, and historians. The archivist Daunou was one of the first to use index cards in archives, seeking to impose uniformity in the collected information. Although there were disadvantages to this method, such as a lack of progress in understanding historical facts, his methods laid the foundations for modern Western history. Despite some historians' reluctance to use digital technology, tools such as word processors are widely used. A study shows that although there have been changes in research practices, there is still a limitation in the use of digital tools to open new areas of research. The article analyzes the adoption of digital tools by historians. According to a survey, the majority of historians use library-backed databases, online archives, and digital cameras. However, there is a lack of adoption of other types of software and tools. Resistance to adopting new technologies is due to a lack of institutional support, the reluctance of more experienced historians, and a perceived lack of usefulness. Lack of time to learn new technologies is also an obstacle. The article highlights the importance of primary and secondary sources available online and how digital tools facilitate the handling of collected information. The article discusses the importance of using digital tools in historical research. The author mentions using Google Translate to translate communications from Ambassador Jova and other members of the US Foreign Service. It also highlights the usefulness of searching for newspaper sources online and warns about the need to be cautious of false information online. The author mentions the SuperNotecard program as an effective tool for organizing and transcribing information virtually. Additionally, other options such as Zotero, DEVONthink, and OneNote are mentioned. The use of digital cards allows for efficient manipulation and organization of information. The author highlights the ease of access to online archives and the ability to accumulate a large amount of data. The portability of the digital file is also mentioned as an advantage. The author concludes that there is no correct way to use these tools and that it is possible to combine digital and paper systems according to the needs of each project. The article discusses the importance of using digital tools in historical research. Different programs and platforms are mentioned, such as SuperNotecard, DEVONthink, OneNote, and Zotero, which can help historians manage sources and organize citations. The need to take precautions when working with digital files, such as making backups, is also highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

The article titled "Economic History of the Mexican Peso: From the Global Market to the Political Management of Currency" is a book that addresses the evolution of money in Mexico from colonial times to the late 20th century. The Bank of Mexico has aimed to provide the country with national currency and promote the development of payment systems. The book highlights the importance of security and trust in money for it to fulfill its functions properly. It also mentions moments of transition in the political management of currency, such as the financial bankruptcy of the Viceroyalty and the reintegration of the Mexican peso into the global economy after Independence. During the 19th century, different forms of political currency management emerged, including the introduction of copper coins and the use of paper money. The text provides a summary of Mexico's monetary history from the late 19th century to the present, highlighting the adoption of a floating exchange rate regime and the relevance of the Mexican peso as a global currency. The importance of understanding monetary history to effectively face future challenges is emphasized. [Extracted from the article]

This paper is a product from the study of educational research disciplinary conformation in Mexico, and its relationship with the national research system's institutionalization through the National Council of Science and Technology (CONACYT). Its purpose is to identify the articulation between the theoretical and methodological nuclei that outcome from sociology with the most relevant historical events at the genesis of the Educational System of Mexico, which have stimulated the formation of the country's scientific field of education. Throughout the paper, the relation between the research paradigms, the classical and contemporary theoretical production of education's sociology and the critical events in which the national educational system was consolidated, are stablished. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the characteristics of Mexico's productive and commercial integration from 1995 to 2018. It offers a framework to understand how the sectors of the Mexican economy are integrated into global value chains (gvc). The methodology developed by Wang, Wei, Yu, and Zhu (2017a and 2017b) is applied to the interregional input-output matrices of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (oecd). With this, two questions are answered: 1) What percentage of production factors used in Mexican sectors have been involved in activities of segmented production or gvc between countries? And 2) what percentage of final products produced by sectors in Mexico come from gvc activities? The results indicate that the sectors of the Mexican economy have higher participation indexes in backward linkages, which shows a higher share of imported intermediate inputs, compared to their respective participation indexes in forward linkages. The latter represents inputs from the country in exports and production of goods from third countries. Additionally, the results indicate that any policy design aimed at promoting specific activities should take into account the increasing integration of countries and their sectors gvc on a global scale, regardless of their level of development. This fact may limit the options for further integrating activities related to gvc with domestic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes empirically the existence of the credit channel of monetary policy in Mexico, that is, the relationship between changes in the target interest rate and variations in credit granted by commercial banks. The study combines aggregate information with data from the individual balance sheets of commercial banks and conducts a panel data regression analysis. The analysis is performed for total credit and its components (business, consumer, and mortgage). Additionally, by using banks' accounting information, it explores whether the transmission mechanism occurs on the supply side. It is found that there is a negative and economically significant relationship between interest rate and credit, and such a relationship is established for different types of credit. Furthermore, evidence suggests that the transmission mechanism operates on the supply side, as banks with more robust balance sheets exhibit greater resilience to changes in the interest rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new estimate of the Epiclassic chronological interval (6th to 9th centuries) is proposed for the archaeological site of San José de Los Ranchos, located in Los Altos de Jalisco, near the city of Lagos de Moreno. This site is part of the cultural space of the western Mexico. The date was obtained through an archaeomagnetic analysis of ceramic materials from a cist-type tomb found at old hacienda located in the foothills of the Sierra Alta, next to the valley of the Lagos River. This archaeological site is a settlement of farmers, possibly linked to neighboring sites such as El Cerrito in the town of El Cuarenta; Los Cerritos in Lagos de Moreno and El Cóporo in the neighboring state of Guanajuato. The materials recovered in the tomb, consisting of pottery, shell beads and miniature zoomorphic and anthropomorphic figurines. The new periodization allows us to date the beginning of the Mesoamerican occupation of the Lagos River valley from the 6th century, in addition to dates obtained by previous investigations. In this way, it can be established that the villages in the valley date from the end of the Mesoamerican classic period, with its peak in the epiclassic era and possibly concluding at the beginning of the postclassic period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of the scientific production and research in Viticulture and Enology on papers referring to Mexico was performed, published between 2000 and 2022, and indexed in Scopus, Google Scholar, and CONRICyT databases. The following indicators were considered: quartile, H-index, productivity by year, journal, author, and the number of citations. Seventy-nine articles were identified that include many subtopics in the area, such as phytopathology, plant nutrition, climate, quality, and physicochemical and sensory properties of grapes and wine. This analysis demonstrates the necessity of promoting scientific research on priority topics in the different wine regions to take advantage of the diversity of opportunities and challenges in Mexican viticulture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, there is a lack in academic research about bisexual Health-Disease-Attention process. This paper analyzes the main problems about health-disease for bisexual people with a Social Medicine and a Collective Health approach. In order to do this analysis, this paper offers a systematization of research's discoveries related to the Health-Disease-Attention process in bisexual people. Problems on health-disease for bisexual people include worse mental health conditions in comparison to gay and lesbian people. As psychologists have few contextualized knowledge about bisexual health-disease situations, then they cannot adequately respond to bisexual people needs. Bisexual Health-Disease-Attention process is an historical and social product where the lack of visibility and the negative valuation functions as mechanisms to regulate people's sexuality, which can be reproduced in Health-Attention places, such as Mental Health ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was a meta-analysis compiling research on digital citizenship conducted in Mexico in 2011 - 2023. It was guided by the objective of arguing, analyzing and categorizing the lines of knowledge generation and application (LGAC) related to digital citizenship in Mexico. The methodology applied was meta-analysis where 88 research studies were documented: 47 papers, 33 journal articles and 8 theses. The studies found support the existence of six LGAC in Mexico. It was concluded that the studies are related to understanding the way in which society appropriates digital technologies, interactions through social networks and the manifestations of digital identity. Another point to highlight is that the study of digital citizenship has been used to analyze the acquisition of digital skills and attitudes, social issues addressed by digitalization, the roles played by educational actors in the virtual environment and the promotion of multiculturalism. The studies found provide relevance to the LGAC, and allow concluding that digital citizenship is a topic present in research on educational technology in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), Mexico experienced a rapid expansion in highly industrialized food and beverage products. This has transformed supply and distribution structures and led to changes in dietary patterns. The objective of this paper is to explain how these transformations led to the configuration of a hybrid distribution and consumption scheme that affected the expenditure, frequency and quantities of ultra-processed and fast foods consumed in Mexican households during the period 2000-2020. This hybrid model is associated with an increase in diseases such as obesity and chronic degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper contributes to studies on the practices of collectionism, going beyond the institutional histories of museums and herbariums to examine how specimens were collected and to identify the people who consolidated those practices. Centered on research by Mexico's Instituto Médico Nacional (IMN, National Institute of Medicine, Mexico City, 1890-1915), I trace the itineraries and explorations of various figures: naturalists, collectors, physicians, and entrepreneurs. The article describes the distinct strategies these figures used to collect medicinal plants, animals, and minerals in rural areas, far from the spaces of scientific institutions. Through the accounts of the naturalist Fernando Altamirano (1848-1908) of the IMN, and the American Cyrus Guernesey Pringle (1838-1911) of the Gray Herbarium and Smithsonian Institution, I visit the places where they collected, focusing as well on the invisible actors who participated in those searches for knowledge, including indigenous peasants and peons who, from the countryside, contributed significantly to their medical and botanical surveys of "Mexico's nature." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to examine the effect of economic openness on wage dispersion. To this end, using a fixed effects panel model, we evaluate the impact of exports and foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as productivity and education, on wage dispersion in 14 economic subsectors in Mexico during the period 1999-2021. The main findings show that: i) increasing exports tend to diminish wage dispersion; ii) the flow of FDI seems to increase wage dispersion; iii) productivity and the heterogeneity of the productive network are determining factors in the dynamics of average wages. In this context, it is important to implement a variety of industrial and labour policies to effectively absorb the dynamic advantages associated with economic openness, such as the reduction of wage dispersion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper demonstrates, using a panel data model, that mainly firm-specific (microeconomic) versus macroeconomic variables affect the long-run profitability of a group of banks in Mexico in the pre- and COVID-19 periods. Interbank deposit, deposit rate, bank size, size of non-performing loan portfolio, delinquency, operating expenses, traditional deposit, salary, unemployment, and interest rate have statistical influence on bank profitability, but this relationship changes in the COVID-19 period. These results can be useful in the decisions of the different areas of banks, as well as for the design of public policies aimed at maintaining the stability of the banking system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies have examined the relationship between monetary policy and the stock market. However, few have assessed the impact of fiscal management on this market. This paper examines the extent to which fiscal policy affects a firm's stock market capitalization using the Panel Vector Autoregressive (PVAR) methodology. The study finds that the stock market capitalization in the CPI fully reflects the available information on the movements of variables related to monetary policy. However, total public indebtedness exerts a significant lagged effect on the stock market capitalization of Mexican firms. This finding indicates that the CPI does not fully reflect the available information on the movements of fiscal policy variables. A comprehensive analysis of fiscal policy measures can enhance stock market performance for investors and financial analysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some Latin American countries have introduced presidential recall in the last three decades. This exceptional and spontaneous mechanism by which somebody can remove a servant elected through a popular vote from office before the end of his term aims to broaden participation, empower citizens, and improve the responsibility and accountability of servants. However, the recall faces the challenge of being an instrument serving interests outside of its normative ideal. What are the consequences of holding a recall referendum? Under what conditions can the recall yield better results and be more effective? This paper answers these questions by comparing the presidential recall held in Venezuela, Bolivia, and Mexico. The evidence suggests that the mechanism can have substantial advantages and fulfill its objective when its holding is justified, there is no intervention from relevant political actors, and the institutional design does not hinder or discourage participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the importance of the melting of the Arctic ice for Mexico. The research examines the impacts of this process, the Mexican government’s environmental policies, citizen’s perception and the media’s approach to climate change and the melting of the Arctic ice. To obtain the results, an exploratory analysis was carried out, from which it was concluded that, despite the importance of the Arctic melting in the current climate crisis affecting all countries, and specifically Mexico, within the political agendas of the nation, the citizenry and the mass media, both climate change and the Arctic melting are secondary issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to determine the effect of extreme wealth on economic development (human development index and sub-indices) in 64 countries during 2005-2018, with special emphasis on Mexico and China. A dynamic estimation (sys-GMM) is followed. Estimations show that extreme national wealth acts as a constraint on human development for the entire sample of countries, including Mexico and China. Income is found to be most sensitive to this type of wealth, followed by the education index. The analysis confirms that democracy, economic freedom, investment and social spending are underlying factors of HDI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since its appearance in 2020, Brazil and Mexico have been among the most affected countries in the world by covid-19. Their respective presidents, Jair Bolsonaro and Andrés Manuel López Obrador (known as AMLO), have played a leading role in specific policies during the pandemic. Their choices were both singular and counter- intuitive. On the health front, AMLO initially underplayed the seriousness of the situation, and the Brazilian president, Bolsonaro, defended a frankly negationist attitude, with a dramatic balance sheet, without his popularity being seriously affected. On the economic front, they have chosen policies that contradict not only each other but also their own supposed ideological stances. Bolsonaro, who is ranked on the far right, has implemented an emergency transfer program on a scale comparable to those of developed countries and the most massive the country has ever seen. Conversely, AMLO, considered a progressist, provided just a minimum policy package, maintaining his previous electoral program. By adopting a comparative approach and mobilizing a unique and diversified set of data, the objective of this paper is to explore these apparent contradictions. After having established the precise diagnosis of the policies implemented to deal with the crisis and the economic and health situation in the two countries during the 2020-2022 period, we propose an original interpretation grid of the central role played by the two presidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes in Mexican economic policy within neoliberalism implied serious transformations in labor relations and forms of labor organization. Based on this, the aim of this paper is to analyze the implications that practices such as protection contracts and subcontracting had on the organization of workers, and the subsequent labor reforms, still limited, which make possible new schemes of dynamization within unions, through new demands framed within the rights of labor citizenship. Methodologically, a brief description is made of the main changes in the Mexican economy and the labor context since the last decade of the last century and the first two of the present Century. This is linked to the conceptual elements of the centrality of labor and labor citizenship. It concludes by pointing out that labor reforms make possible new scenarios of opportunity for Mexican trade unionism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The different death practices (and their origin) that Mexican drug cartels have been using for the last two decades and their reproduction in every day social spheres, as well as their ties to the State that challenge theoretical frameworks and approaches. In this paper we attempt to think necropractices from the immunitarian framework of Roberto Esposito but radicalizing it in order to be able to attribute epistemic responsibilities for the proliferation and reproduction of the knowledge(s) of death that has reached the whole of the social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo presenta una conferencia dictada por Marta Acevedo el 11 de mayo de 2011 en el coloquio "Cuarenta años de feminismo en México", celebrado en la Casa de las Humanidades de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, en la cual la autora ofrece una revisión histórica del movimiento feminista en México.

The main purpose of this paper is to understand the experiences of the students of Law with Intercultural Perspective belonging to Intercultural University of the State of Puebla during Covid-19 time, as well as identify how they connected to online classes, through a quantitative methodology. In this sense, the results prove that digital divide still a problem in regard to in Mexico. The Central Campus of the said university is in Huehuetla, a Totonac village in northeast State of Puebla. Several students are from indigenous communities of the states of Veracruz and Puebla. It is important to remember that most of them belong to rural areas. In addition, the indigenous and rural population in Mexico had poor connectivity during pandemic years. The high cost of access was another problem for the academic education of their young members. Today, internet is a basic tool in high education learning. For this reason, the said gaps in Mexican homes do difficult advances in academic formation of youngest members of families. Furthermore, this paper exposes the right to education in international declarations and Mexican law. During the last decades, International and National laws have recognized also the rights of indigenous peoples. The education is an essential field of human development of all populations. Summary, internet connectivity is a crucial factor in regard to current human rights. Digital education is a challenge in global world, because having a computer is not enough for a rational use of new technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work analyzes the transfer of life skills to other areas beyond the sports realm after a targeted group of young Mexican soccer players participated in a Positive Youth Development Program based on the Personal and Social Responsibility Model. This paper employs a qualitative methodology with a phenomenological approach. The participants in the study were 103 children and people between 11 and 20 years old (M= 18.6, SD= 12.1) who attended the Positive Youth Development Program for 24 weeks. This paper explores the experience of 11 participants after being interviewed using a semistructured method. The results demonstrate that the participants have developed life skills via sports activities, such as respect and teamwork, transferable to other areas of their lives, such as home or school. The paper concludes that the design of the program's structure and the coach's labor are crucial to transferring life skills in other areas beyond the sports domain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the role of active learning in two undergraduate research courses. It discusses how active learning improves research teaching; to this end, an inquiry based on Dewey's principles on the subject is carried out. The research design is mixed. The quantitative phase is a non-experimental design, and the qualitative phase is basic. A total, 57 students from two public universities in Mexico participate. A Likert-type questionnaire and focal interviews were applied to two groups of students. The results show that research is reflective learning about action. In this, the professor acts as an external conscience about the what, how, and why of the research, hence the importance of learning by doing and connecting with significant problems for students. This study provides clues for academies of research methodology and for professors working in these subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Higher education is currently undergoing a transformation, especially in public universities in Mexico. The aging of the teaching staff and generational change are challenges that institutions of higher education must face adequately to ensure the validity of educational practices and the quality of teaching. The paper analyses this social problem in the university realm, proposing to introduce the use of emerging digital technologies, specially Artificial Intelligence (ai) such as Chatgpt, in educational practices in order to mitigate this problem, through assisting professors and teachers in their teaching and academic work. Finally, to continue the conversation, it offers several lines of inquiry and development in the fields of digital literacy and educational communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through descriptive and econometric analysis, this paper examines the conceptualization and effect generated by the tax rate of Income Tax on the profitability of companies. First, applying a descriptive-analytical methodology, the conceptualization of the factors that affect the tax rate and its behavior over time was verified. On the other hand, to measure the impact of the income tax rate on profitability, a company from the agrobiotechnology sector listed on the Mexican Stock Exchange was used during 1993-2018. Among the outstanding findings, in the case of Mexico, the corporate rate is a standard tax rate whose behavior presented minor changes throughout the period studied. Nevertheless, the results of the empirical tests allow us to affirm that the rate has a significant influence on the business profitability of the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The European pepper moth, Duponchelia fovealis Zeller (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), is an invasive and polyphagous species that has spread to several countries around the world. Currently there is little information in Mexico on this species. This paper describes and illustrates the characteristics of adults and pupae of both sexes, the male genitalia, and the damage caused by larvae in strawberry plantations. Adults possess several distinctive features that make them recognizable from other pest Lepidoptera, such as the transverse distal line on the forewings, which forms a finger-like figure. The abdomen of females is wide, contrary to males which is thin, tubular and elongated beyond the wings. The sexual differences in pupae are observed in the genital slits located in the 9th abdominal segment. The male slit presents a lobe on each side, while the female lacks these structures. The larvae feed on the roots, stems and fruits of strawberry plants, also allowing the entry of opportunistic pathogens. This information is useful to initiate research that requires live sexed insects, to support species identification and improve monitoring methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the social and stylistic variation in the speech prosody of the Spanish of Mérida, Yucatán. Assertive utterances from sociolinguistic interviews and discourse completion tasks are analyzed considering the social variables of age, gender and educational level. The prosodic analysis is carried out within the Autosegmental Metrical model (Pierrehumbert 1980, Ladd 2008) and with the Sp_ToBI labeling conventions (Hualde & Prieto 2015). The results show that this variety of Spanish is characterized by a prominent descent starting from the first tonal peak, the early-peak alignment in some prenuclear positions, and the presence of some non-falling boundary tones. The social and stylistic variation suggests that the last two are features that indicate vernacularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on pre service teachers' thinking about reading is relevant due to the reading comprehension problems in our country. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to describe the implicit theories of reading comprehension of a group of students enrolled in a BA program in English Language Teaching. The scale of implicit theories of reading comprehension was used with a quantitative, descriptive approach. Three implicit theories were identified: critical receptive, sourcing, and literary. most participants hold the critical receptive implicit theory, which focuses on ideological critique and inferring implicit messages. A smaller group holds the rhetorical implicit theory, which focuses on evaluating and contrasting sources and is highly functional for college reading. The literary implicit theory is held by a small minority. These findings suggest that pre-service teachers in the target context need better training in rhetorical and literary reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the process of the visitation and demarcation of the village of Gueychiapa, in the province of Xilotepec (Mexico), during the stage prior to the elimination of the congregation and reduction of its numbers. It analyses the organization of the territory, the transfer of villages and their position within the congregational order. It also examines the disputes among cattle ranchers, landowners, and beneficiaries of land grants; the Indian villages adjacent to these properties; and the viceregal administration, which was inclined to return the lands in order to reduce the number of congregated villages on them. The documentation consulted provides a glimpse into both the Indigenous villagers' and Spanish and Creole farmers/ranchers' interests in the control and use of resources such as land and water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Mexico, despite the fact that international commitments have been assumed and legislation has been passed on the matter, gender inequality in politics persists as it continues to manifest itself in spaces of power and in public decision-making. In the context of the COVID-19 Pandemic, this paper proposes to analyze the designation of the Interim Municipal Councils in comparison with the integration of the Town Halls 2020-2024 of the State of Hidalgo. The research approach is comparative and descriptive. It is concluded that this political event represents a case of gender inequality in politics to the detriment of the historical struggle and political rights of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to quantify the land use from the primary activities in terms of consumption in Mexico. To do this, we assign data on the land use for agriculture, livestock, productive forestry, and aquaculture to the primary economic activities represented in the 2018 input-output table. Also, the input-output model of land use is complemented with statistical information from the import matrix and the social accounting matrix of 2018. The results indicate that the land footprint amounts to 61 745 416 hectares and 0.49 hectares per capita. This means that 73% of the land footprint is represented by land areas within our country and 27% by areas in other countries. The land demand derived from the consumption of the population in Mexico is greater than the land areas used in the production of primary activities. This study has two limitations: one referred to the assumptions of the input-output model and another, to the concept of land use. The originality and value of the article consist in analyzing the demand for land for food production in Mexico, which represents the greatest threat to the conservation of terrestrial ecosystems and the ecological services that emanate from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper used a new source of information (ESRU-EMOVI NL) to estimate, for the first time, the lower limit of unequal opportunities in a federal state in Mexico. Using the former criterion concerning unequal opportunities, a lower threshold indicated 35% inequality in economic resources in the state. As at the national level, the main contributors to unequal opportunities in the state are unequal economic resources by origin and parental education. However, in contrast to what has been observed, for the country as a whole, inequalities associated with people's skin tone account for 5% of observed unequal opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to examine the determinants of the exchange rate based on the portfolio balance model. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL), we empirically evaluate the effect of private net foreign assets and the traditional factors affecting the exchange rate dynamics in Mexico from 1990-2019. The main results suggest that: i) the portfolio approach constitutes a consistent system to explain the behavior of the exchange rate; ii) an increase in economic activity and interest rate differentials triggers an appreciation of the exchange rate; iii) an increase in the inflation gap and private net foreign assets causes a depreciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper documents the first record of chromatic anomalies in Collared Peccary (Pecari tajacu) and the third in the Raccoon (Procyon lotor) for Mexico. The findings were made during monitoring conducted between 2009 and 2021, using camera traps, primarily in the Sierra Madre del Sur ecoregion of the state of Guerrero, Mexico. Procyon lotor was recorded between November 5th and December 1st, 2019, in riparian vegetation of a deciduous tropical forest (17°47'35"N, 98°39'59"W, 1134 m altitude). Meanwhile, Pecari tajacu was recorded on June 7th and July 22nd, 2021, in an abandoned crop clearing (17°38'12"N, 100°40'50"W; 1532 m altitude). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.), of American origin, represents one of the most used species today. Mexico is an important center of origin, domestication and diversification of the genus Cucurbita. Pumpkin production in Mexico places it in sixth place. This crop has as main limitation for its production the incidence of different harmful organisms, where foliar diseases of fungal origin are the most important, where powdery mildew stands out with economic losses of 50 to 100 %. For proper management, an important element is the correct identification of the causal agent, since two different genera and species are associated with the disease. Worldwide, the identified species that infect the Cucurbitaceae family are Podosphaera fusca (Fr.) Braun &. Shishkoff (syn.: Sphaerotheca fusca (Fr), Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff) or Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) V.P. Heluta. The control of the pathogen has been carried out mainly with the use of fungicides. However, its use causes negative effects on the biodiversity of agroecosystems, which can cause irreversible damage to the environment, increase production costs and enhance fungus resistance. Hence the importance of seeking new alternatives for its management, such as the use of oils, salts and biological control agents. This paper presents a review related to the updated identification of pumpkin powdery mildew, as well as trends in its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The challenges faced by teachers during the confinement caused by Covid-19 were more severe for those who look after students with special needs or learning barriers, particularly in a context marked by the scarcity of specialized technological tools and an incipient development of digital skills among both teachers and students. The paper analyzes the conditions in which teachers who work in basic and upper secondary education in Mexico carried out their jobs from April 2020 - December 2021. The analysis is based upon a structural attributive research of explanatory scope that retrieved information through a survey. 140 teachers participated in the process; their responses were statistically analyzed and mapped out using the Geographic Information System and the ArcGIS program, in order to highlight regional differences and shortcomings. The results presented focus on two axes of the Common Framework for Digital Teaching Competence (Content Creation and Security) and show the persistence of socio-educational gaps. Those who express that to have developed these competences are teachers from urban areas, particularly those who have less years of service, higher academic degrees, and are in the seek of job stability. This leads to the conclusion that there is a need to strengthen differentiated training processes that respond to the specific needs of educational contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, heritage communities have become conservators and transmitters of assets that have been in danger of disappearing in recent decades, in which collective actions outside official institutions have managed to preserve their heritage in a helpless situation. This paper shows the development and the activities of the Uj-ja 'Síijo'ob Community Center in Canicab, Yucatán, since the opening in 2012 until nowadays. This project arises together with a group of volunteers, pretending to be a space for literacy for children and adults in the first instance, to end up being a space for dialogue open to the entire community, in which heritage and education are the two key axes. So it presents the value of heritage communities in preserving and transmitting the Mayan cultural heritage in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to argue that Mexico's involvement in the Universal Exhibitions and World Fairs of the nineteenth century can be considered as the immediate background of what would be called cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century. The evidence found is that Mexico started a tradition that will remain nowadays. The influence of history, as well as the richness and diversity of its artistic and cultural production were their "letters of credence" that allows the country to be appreciated and recognized internationally. Based on testimonies from those who witnessed and attend the exhibitions, as well as official documents and papers of that period, the features of these exhibitions were exposed. To this end, this paper analyzes Mexico's involvement in three of the most important exhibitions of nineteenth century: 1851, 1889 and 1900. This selection allows to compare different contexts and at the same time contributes to observe Mexican political narrative evolution. This article aims to show that the Universal Exhibitions were an opportunity for Mexico to be known and to promote an idea of a country that was aligned with the canons of that century: progress, civility and peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using interpretative analysis methods, the paper looks at policy and analyzes the meaning, values and judgements implicit in the devices that gave footing to the program's creation and of the analysis of six interviews with public officials in a position to make decisions and that participated in part in the creation or modification of the program. The results show that the prejudices of the culture of poverty are present in the documents that gave rise to the program, in the founding documents of the program and within the narratives of said public officials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the factors of stage of establishment, region of destination, country of origin and union as determinants of the annual integrated wage of unionized workers through the analysis of the collective bargaining agreements of the year 2019 for 20 automotive assembly companies. Kruskal Wallis analysis and Dunn-Bonferroni tests are used to determine whether wage differences existed. The findings show that from the third stage of establishment wages decreased. The central and northern regions displayed high wages, but western and central-northern regions displayed low wages. In the case of companies of European origin, they displayed high wages, while Asian companies displayed low wages; in unions of FESEBS higher wages and FNSI low wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper, based on qualitative interviews realized between 2014 and 2022 with 36 Central American migrant women captured by drug cartels when they transited through Mexico, aims to examine the different repertories used by criminal organizations to capture, exploit, and subject the victims to a condition of sexual slavery. It is concluded that criminal groups have developed four different repertories, which aim to tame the body and mind of the slaves to achieve total submission: kidnapping, deception, recruitment in the country of origin and extortion. Inside these organizations the roles of victim and perpetrator are interchangeable, and enslaved women are not always passive victims, but some rescue themselves using both astuteness and brute force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fundamental rights of the crime victim have been strengthened through the establishment of the accusatorial criminal procedure in the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States. The problem is that important rules of the National Code of Criminal Procedures are still restrictive in terms of their constitutional rights. The current paper aims at analyzing the right of the crime victim to become an active part of the criminal procedure and as a result, this right could turn into a guarantee to provide effective access to every single stage of the criminal procedure for the adequate and timely defense of their interests according to due process of law. It is concluded that this right is the nucleus of a jurisprudence doctrine issued by the Federal Tribunals to progressively broaden the scope of the adjectival rights of the victim in conditions of procedural equity with the defendant's rights. This is a documentary research developed within the framework of the theory of guarantee procedural law through the analytical and hermeneutic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper has two objectives, the first is to identify during the period 1993-2022 the economic cycles of Mexico and the USA. The second consists of showing the degree of economic integration of the two countries. Production data was obtained from the FRED database of the Federal Reserve of St. Louis. For the first objective, the growth cycles method was used, while for the second, an integration measure known as LINK was calculated. With the support of the growth cycle method, four cycles with five recessions were found in Mexico and the USA. Regarding integration, the percentage change in the variance of Mexican GDP because of innovations in US GDP, after 16 quarters, was a LINK of 87.48. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the perspectives of companies, school tutors and graduates on the Mexican Dual Training Model (MMFD) in the CBTIS of the State of Hidalgo. For this, we followed a mixed methodology using semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire to find out the perception of the MMFD. In this way, we identified an articulation between education and employment and that the MMFD generates and promotes new dynamics. Likewise, we observed effects such as the development of competencies in graduates and internships in companies and the reach in employability by graduates. We set out conclusions and recommendations for its application in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to verify if the urban population of the municipalities of the northern border of Mexico has higher incomes than those of other municipalities in the country, while suffering worse living conditions; that is what some authors have called "border development paradox". To verify this issue, proportions were compared based on multidimensional poverty data from Coneval for the period 2008-2020, and more municipalities and population were considered than in any previous research. The results show that urban residents of the northern border have higher incomes, but also better access to services and less social deprivation. These results--which contradict some previous research, but confirm others--are maintained throughout the entire period analyzed and with different territorial groups. Therefore, it is concluded that there is no evidence of said paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extension of the Religious Conflict to the north of Mexico had different times and ways compared to the center-west of the country. The northern region has generally been considered not very Catholic, due to Protestant influence and liberal political tradition, which is why it has been taken for granted that the north did not participate in the Catholic mobilization in response to the anticlerical policies of postrevolutionary governments. This vision began to change since Jean Meyer, in the 1990s, pointed out that in Chihuahua, during the Religious Conflict, took place a notable Catholic social and political activity. Although an armed conflict did not break out in 1927, a vigorous social Catholicism had taken root in Chihuahua and all the major Catholic organizations of the time were present and active. New research confirms that, at least Chihuahua was the scene of intense Catholic activity in the 1920s and 1930s that managed to attenuate and delay the onslaught of official anticlericalism. This paper will address in particular the recovery of regional Catholicism after the armed conflict, evidencing the notable impulse and presence of Catholic social and political organizations in the regional scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic and particularly, mitigation measures taken by government institutions in Mexico, such as the closure of all schools at all levels of education, have brought strong regressive consequences in terms of both education and gender equality. In this paper, we start from a theoretical framework of gender and family to analyze, along with the negative repercussions of this measure (especially for women and children), an embodied experience of upbringing and community education in Mexico. This experience seeks to preserve educational and labor rights violated by school closures such as sociability, guardianship and custody of minors, the right to a life free of violence, work-life balance, among others. Our aim is to suggest some keys for an ecofeminist and community solution to the education crisis in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]