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During the first decades of the 20th century, the supply of paper for the printing industries in Mexico became a problematic issue. Production difficulties, price increases and poor distribution during the monopoly of the San Rafael factory started a deep debate on the modernization and interference of the State in the paper industry. This article analyzes the transition between the private monopoly and the creation of the public company, Productora e Importadora de Papel Sociedad Anónima (PIPSA) in 1935, during the government of Lázaro Cárdenas (1934-1940). Through parliamentary debates, press articles and ministerial reports, the questioning of the monopoly as a public policy, the birth of PIPSA and the results in its first years of operation will be explained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the technological development in the historical discipline over time, focusing on the organization of archives and information processing. The author uses her own research on Jewish history in Mexico to demonstrate the usefulness of digital tools and digital humanities in historical research. In addition, the impact of Mexico's vote in favor of the UN resolution condemning Zionism is examined, including the demonstrations and tourist boycott that occurred in the United States. This episode had a significant effect on the relationship between the Jewish community and the government in Mexico. The text presents the experience of a historian in their research and the use of technological resources to gather and process information. The author highlights the importance of managing and classifying archives, as well as accessing online sources of information. It also mentions the evolution of historical research methods over time, from the use of cards and index cards to the development of more sophisticated card cabinets and classification systems. The article emphasizes the influence of these methods on the final outcome of historical research. The article discusses the use of index cards as a tool for organizing information in historical research. It is mentioned that Carl Linnaeus invented index cards in the 1760s and that they were used by naturalists, bibliographers, and historians. The archivist Daunou was one of the first to use index cards in archives, seeking to impose uniformity in the collected information. Although there were disadvantages to this method, such as a lack of progress in understanding historical facts, his methods laid the foundations for modern Western history. Despite some historians' reluctance to use digital technology, tools such as word processors are widely used. A study shows that although there have been changes in research practices, there is still a limitation in the use of digital tools to open new areas of research. The article analyzes the adoption of digital tools by historians. According to a survey, the majority of historians use library-backed databases, online archives, and digital cameras. However, there is a lack of adoption of other types of software and tools. Resistance to adopting new technologies is due to a lack of institutional support, the reluctance of more experienced historians, and a perceived lack of usefulness. Lack of time to learn new technologies is also an obstacle. The article highlights the importance of primary and secondary sources available online and how digital tools facilitate the handling of collected information. The article discusses the importance of using digital tools in historical research. The author mentions using Google Translate to translate communications from Ambassador Jova and other members of the US Foreign Service. It also highlights the usefulness of searching for newspaper sources online and warns about the need to be cautious of false information online. The author mentions the SuperNotecard program as an effective tool for organizing and transcribing information virtually. Additionally, other options such as Zotero, DEVONthink, and OneNote are mentioned. The use of digital cards allows for efficient manipulation and organization of information. The author highlights the ease of access to online archives and the ability to accumulate a large amount of data. The portability of the digital file is also mentioned as an advantage. The author concludes that there is no correct way to use these tools and that it is possible to combine digital and paper systems according to the needs of each project. The article discusses the importance of using digital tools in historical research. Different programs and platforms are mentioned, such as SuperNotecard, DEVONthink, OneNote, and Zotero, which can help historians manage sources and organize citations. The need to take precautions when working with digital files, such as making backups, is also highlighted. [Extracted from the article]

The aim of this paper is to explore how the magazine Elegancias (1911-1914), published in Paris under the literary direction of Rubén Darío, addressed the practice of coastal vacationing and disseminated seasonal imaginaries at the turn of the century. Focusing on two special issues dedicated to summer vacations, the research highlights the magazine's engagement with the trends and concerns of the time, such as literature, art, fashion, and travel during the summer season. Through this analysis, it is demonstrated that Elegancias sought to insert itself into the discursive representation of the summer season by the sea during the early decades of the 20th century, thus shaping the perceptions of its readers. Ultimately, this research sheds light on the cultural and historical importance of Elegancias as a transatlantic communication medium with roots in the French capital but with its own identity in the Spanish-speaking world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These past decades have seen an emergence of studies on speech acts. Condolences, however, are among the least addressed out of them. Bibliography on this subject is scarce if compared to that of petitions, promises, offers, and so on, more so in Spanish, where papers on this subject are few and far between. This gap is especially notable in diachronic studies. This paper aims to offer a first approach to strategies for delivering condolences in 18th and 19th century letters written in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its goal is to describe which are the most common semantic formulas used to give condolences, and how much they resemble those described by different authors regarding this speech act in modern languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to present and analyze the first Arabic language grammar produced in Chile, the Gramática de la Lengua Árabe [Grammar of the Arabic Language] by Luțfī 'Abd al-Badī' in 1967. To this end, we first discuss the interest that this grammar presents for the study of Arabic language learning in Chile. Secondly, we present an analysis of the grammar, highlighting its various elements, a brief biography of the author, and its possible influences. Finally, we propose some ways to pursue this research. A tentative bibliography of Luțfī 'Abd al-Badī', and an obituary are presented at the end of the article as appendices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madrid has become a receptor space for both internal and external migration, which supposes social and linguistic consequences that may be worth studying. Sociolinguistic integration of the group of Paraguayans in Madrid is a complex process due to their bilingual character between Spanish and Guaraní, used in mixing and codeswitching as jopara. The aim of this paper is to study not only the sociolinguistic integration process of Paraguayans in Madrid, but also the language attitudes to Paraguayan form of Spanish and Guaraní, as well as the degree of bilingualism and vitality of Guarani in Madrid, where it becomes a minority language. The results suggest a manifest prestige of their two varieties, reflected in the only partial convergence towards the Madrilenian variety and in the vitality of the Guaraní, used as jopara. Despite this, they value the linguistic variety of Madrid as the most prestigious, which they recognize as the normative one and wish it for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a protocol for the analysis of mitigation is presented. Using the latest theoretic and methodological research on mitigation as well as the distinction of neighboring phenomena such as intensification and affiliation, we offer guidelines for the study of mitigation. This tool enables analysts to discern whether an item performs a mitigating function, as well as to carry out a complete analysis of how mitigation is deployed in each given context. After presenting the protocol, its application in different discursive genres and geographical varieties of Spanish is shown, thus proving that this scheme is a useful resource for the study of mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the Spanish adjective suffixes -ivo and -dor, usually considered synonymous, are specialized when attaching to a verbal base. In some cases, these bases are different, and, in many others, they attach to the same base, but each suffix selects a different verbal reading. Specifically, the suffix -dor selects eventive verbal bases and/or verbal readings with an agentive initiator, while the suffix -ivo is specialized for stative verbal bases and/or verbal readings with a non-agentive initiator. This selection determines that the adjectives suffixed by -dor develop a habitual reading (hombre madrugador ‘morning man’) or an episodic one (atleta ganador ‘winning athlete’) and the adjectives in -ivo, on the contrary, tend to a dispositional interpretation (comida nutritiva ‘nutritive food’). Likewise, adjectives in -dor have more verbal properties than adjectives with -ivo, so that they can inherit the arguments of the verbal base and they accept verbal modifiers, both possibilities are ruled out for derived adjectives with -ivo. The semantic, syntactic, and morphological differences of these adjectives are explained from the different structural configuration in which they are generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a lexicographical and terminological study of the various names that epilepsy disease has received throughout the history of the Spanish language. Among other particularities, we analyse the etymology and lexicogenetic mechanisms, diachronic and diaphasic restrictions, as well as the documentation for more than thirty lexical units consigned in the medical terminological dictionaries of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s Observaciones sobre el español de América (1921) for linguistic geography and linguistic historiography is very well known, this paper maintains that its information is also very relevant to historical dialectology of Latin American varieties of Spanish language. This statement is demonstrated with several examples which increase our knowledge of this subject and whose study in other corpora is very difficult or event impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses pre-Columbian indigenous women's writing, the relationships with 'oraliture' and the written word in urban Mapuche women's narratives. It points to the role of memory, Mapuzungun and spirituality in performance, as well as the aesthetic experience of nature in landscapes that link the poetics of pre-colonial indigenous women's narratives with those of the urban present as a new anti-colonial and anti-patriarchal narrative. This continuity and (dis)continuity presents a narrative that is maintained in poetry in the urban context to this day. This acts as a cross-border position that forms the 'champurria' identity in order to relate to other peoples, and at the same time it is the performance that the Mapuche woman performs with spirituality, nature and Mapuzungun. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy poverty is a phenomenon understood as the result of conditions extrinsic and intrinsic to the household, although it is within this space where it manifests with greater intensity. This article identifies and analyzes the strategies deployed by households and, particularly, by women as the main historical responsible parties for the management of household resources to mitigate the causes and consequences of energy poverty in an electricitydependent urban locality in Argentina. Using the focus group technique, the study takes the voices of the protagonists and their experiences to qualitatively identify and analyze the strategies and practices women deploy in their daily lives to alleviate the consequences of energy poverty. These strategies and practices impact the organization of household resources and the physical and mental health of women due to their role in domestic and caregiving tasks. Although the women's proposal is to build learning spaces about energy usage that bolster their strategies, this would further reinforce the gendered distribution of domestic labor, which is why this paper suggests the design of multi-scalar policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to address energy poverty from the social dimension of access to energy and its relationship with environmental variables such as relief, temperature, and precipitation in the municipalities of Mexico; through the construction of an energy poverty indicator using 2020 census data and cartographic analysis with GIS. The results for Mexico 2020 reveal that approximately 43.75% of the municipalities experience high and very high energy poverty. Regional differences in energy poverty are noted, three targeted sectors of energy poverty were located, to the north, west and south of Mexico. This can be explained by the marked economic and social differences that exist in the country. A relationship was found between energy poverty and social conditions that can be influenced by climate change. The incorporation of the spatial dimension may be relevant in the study of energy poverty in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from the notion of morality developed by Joan-Carles Mèlich to propose an interpretation of Sara Mesa's Cara de pan as a novel that tries to break with the functional logic of morality. Mesa's work exposes a series of issues that point to the problematization of certain moral and social codes, challenging official discourses according to which the world is what it is, and is the best of all possible worlds. Mèlich's approach is based on the idea that we are born into a world that is always already codified, ordered and (pre)established by morality and its frameworks. However, morality is not ahistorical rather, it is a construct elaborated to structure and give meaning to the world, and, as such, it varies according to the hegemonic system. Mèlich's contributions, which I will relate to some concepts from Foucault or Esposito, enable me to break down the configuration of morality and, with it, some of its categories and mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper's aims is to analyze the presence and effects of syphilis on three characters from the Spanish literature: Lozana (La Lozana andaluza, 1528), Maxi Rubín (Fortunata y Jacinta, 1887) and Max Estrella (Luces de Bohemia, 1920). The common thread is constituted by three features that give thematic and temporal coherence and cohesion to the studied works: the grotesque framing that portrays the vicissitudes and characterisation of the syphilitic, the relevance of their symptoms for the plot, and how the latter connect with the character's final disillusionment. Thus, this critical interpretation seeks to reform and emphasize the symbolism of these characters by analyzing the truthful repercussions this illness has on their actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper deals with the treatment of colour in Rubén Darío's prose fiction, taking as examples two short stories by the Nicaraguan writer: "Un cuento para Jeanette" and "El año que viene siempre es azul". It also inquires into the motivations that led Darío to place special emphasis on the chromatic issues, thus shedding light on the links between modernismo and Parnassianism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses, intermedially, part of Bolaño's narrative, fractions that we call here "gameplay writing", which are especially housed in three works: 2666, The Third Reich and The Savage Detectives. Through the exploration of these selected cultural objects, we will seek to develop an interdisciplinary, aesthetic and historical dialogue based on that analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a corpus of essays written by Martina Barros, Elvira Santa Cruz Ossa, Amanda Labarca and Gabriela Mistral. Besides being relevant figures in the process of shaping the literary and cultural field in Chile in the first decades of the twentieth century, "in their essays on gender themes they also reflected on the status of women and the feminist movements/discourses that were emerging at the time. The focus will be on a corpus of texts they published during 1910-1940. It is proposed that these essays will contribute to promote, make visible and mobilize the demands for women's rights in the country, and more specifically, women's suffrage. Through a textual analysis the different positions to which they adhered are examined: What did it mean to obtain this right and what were its projections? To which kind of suffragist movements did women writers look forward? In what way did they support, disassociate themselves of, or rethink the character of the metropolitan suffragist movements?, What strategies did they have to adopt in order to legitimize their demands? The aim is to show how, from the cultural field and particularly through the essay genre, these authors contributed to rethink the role and the intervention of women in the public sphere, as well as in the future of their country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Between 1939 and 1953 the Chilean writer Marta Brunet (1897-1967) was appointed as a diplomatic official in the cities of La Plata and Buenos Aires, Argentina. Literary historians and biographers of her time have diminished the relevance for her work of these years spent abroad, due to a supposed avant-garde influence. Such an influence supposedly marked the beginning of a second stage of her narrative production far from her early "criollismo". In this paper, the author's efforts and movements in the cultural field in the first half of the 20th century are reconstructed to access the relevance of her diplomatic stay in Argentina (1939-1942). Thus, based on an exhaustive archival work, this research identifies the strategies which allowed Marta Brunet to enter the Argentinian cultural field and expand her name and work to a continental dimension, this involves her collaboration with several newspapers and magazines, so as her relationship with the main cultural referents at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the first results obtained with REVOC: 1, an automated auditory word recognition task used to assess receptive vocabulary in Spanish-speaking preschoolers. The task was programmed in Unity for 8' tablets in a self-application mode and included accuracy and response time as parameters. Non-probabilistic sampling was used. The sample consisted of 242 monolingual Chilean children between 4 and 6 years old. The list of vocabulary stimuli was extracted from TEVI-R, a paper-based test that assesses receptive (hearing) vocabulary. To estimate the automation's functionality and the parameters' values, the performance by age group at both global and item levels was evaluated. The results demonstrated a high level of performance in the selected items, with significant differences by age group in both accuracy and response time. The accuracy correlated negatively with total and correct latencies, with significant differences between age groups. The contrast by items allowed us to appreciate the time-precision relationship modulated by age, and the effect of word difficulty on latency. REVOC:1 adequately assessed receptive vocabulary and can advance to new stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I discuss the possibility of considering periphrastic passive constructions as syntactic Latinisms. To do so, I start from the definition of Latinism and present a gradual conception of it that enables the differentiation of strong and weak syntactic Latinisms. In this sense, I question the characterisation of the periphrastic passive as an inherited form, a problem that requires reflection on the types of linguistic change and the processes of linguistic elaboration that contribute to multiplying the possibilities of variation in languages subjected to scripturalisation processes since the Middle Ages. In the case of the periphrastic passive, this paper presents a brief state of the art and insists on the point of view of translation, which frequently proves how forms with active diathesis have a special prominence as opposed to those with passive diathesis. I also present a general overview of the diachronic research focused on the phenomenon. The examples selected for this paper include fragments of medieval and Renaissance works in which it is possible to discern various Latinising, Anti-Latinising and Hyper-Latinising tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages have undergone a wide variety of evaluations, which have triggered many value-judgements about their worth, i.e. about the better or worse nature of some languages as opposed to others. Currently, this situation still persists, in such a way that the thesis of linguistic egalitarianism is being challenged by several proposals. This paper critically discusses the task of evaluating languages, and it argues that any scientific attempt to rate languages from a linguistic approach should fulfill the basic condition of bringing objective criteria to the fore. However, the paper contends that this condition is not met, and it analyzes four different problems language evaluation is endowed with. The problems convert the proposals of rating languages according to their different worth into arbitrary and decontextualized. We conclude that to construct language rankings (through very different parameters) based on the different worth of languages adds nothing to the scientific knowledge of languages, and, in most cases, it expresses or promotes linguistic prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze metaphors about the social outbreak in editorials, from Diario El Sur and Diario Concepción, two of Concepción's local newspapers. The corpus was composed of 23 editorials from these newspapers. Metaphor identification was done through Discourse Dynamics Approach to Metaphor. A total of 653 metaphors was found, which was then grouped, resulting in a total sum of 268 metaphors for the analysis. In this research, the editorial perspective about the social outbreak of two local newspapers was studied through metaphor. In both media outlets, similar metaphor vehicles were used. While Diario El Sur prioritizes the need for normalization, Diario Concepción legitimates the demonstrations as an expression of social discontent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the reasons for voseo's vitality in Medellín (Colombia). Based on the data obtained through surveys and interviews, it can be affirmed that the vitality of the paisa voseo will continue to exist because the people of Medellin, although they consider the voseo a provincial term, do not stop using it, since they do not mind being evaluated as provincials due to their humble and proud character. Thus, the voseo will continue to be the identity symbol of the paisa group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research we present a sociolinguistic study on the variation of the/s/in implosive position in the Spanish spoken in the city of Seville. For this purpose, the work is based on PRESEEA materials from the high educational level of Seville's citizens, which in made of semi-structured surveys recollected between 2012 and 2014. The results have been obtained through a quantitative study of the data and after a application of stadistic correlations and logistic regression analyses in order to observe the influence of the independent variables in the pronunciation of the/s/implosive consonant when all the factors act simultaneously. The aim of this paper is to analyze what linguistic and social factors influence the production of the different articulatory variants of the phoneme/s/(sibilance, aspiration, elisión, assimilation and aspiration with assimilation). The results show that the aspirated allophone [h] is the most frequent variant, reaching the highest percentages, followed by the elision, which contrasts with the results obtained in others linguistic communities of Andalusia (e.g.: Málaga, Jaén, Granada) where it is observed that the most used variant is the elision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines what immigrant mothers in Finland do as active agents to support their children's language socialization. The main focus is on the narratives of the mothers and the decisions they make in their daily lives. This ethnographic study explores the case of four Spanish-speaking immigrant mothers (two Centroamerican and two European) in Finland. The data is analyzed using nexus analysis (Scollon y Scollon 2004). As active agents, migrant mothers work a lot in their daily lives to foster the linguistic socialization of their children. In the narratives of this research's data, three main discourses can be identified: 1) the discourse on daily activities, 2) the discourse on social contacts and 3) the discourse of linguistic awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary era of globalization, there is persistent pressure on minority languages from the dominant languages, partly because many minority language speakers find shifting to a dominant one a profitable choice. Language policy scholarship through the past decades, whether top-down or bottom-up, also registers that many minority speakers intend to preserve or reclaim their languages as active agents through everyday interactions and the transmission of the language within the home or in the community despite these external pressures. Based on Stroud's (2018) analytical framework of 'sociolinguistic citizenship' that investigates questions of power, ideology, legitimacy and marginalisation, this paper examines the multifarious layers between governmental language policies and how they are interpreted, implemented or negotiated by a wide range of social actors (e.g., parents, students, teachers, activists), revealing ideological spaces for the use or non-use of Galician, an official minority language spoken in a bilingual community of northwestern Spain. Using various qualitative research tools, including field observations, interviews and focus groups, we demonstrate how these actors become policy intermediaries on the ground and argue that their under-the-radar participation in the policy discourse may appear extremely intermittent and ad hoc, but their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant Castilian discourse through individual actions, when translates into collective mobilisations can lead to bottom-up language policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiography of theatre during the late-colonial/early-republican transitional period in the Southern Cone engages in a predominantly nation-centered approach and tends to disregard the study of the regional circulation of actors, theatre impresarios, as well as theatrical archives and repertoires. This obfuscates the level of exchange that occurred among the different theatrical systems in place in the Southern Cone, which in turn, has obscured the existence and development of a shared theatrical language in the region. This paper investigates the conditions that made possible the arrival of actor and playwright Luis Ambrosio Morante to Chile; the material means involved in the performance of his El refugio de amor en Chile a loa written as the introduction to Hamlet, which was performed in Santiago in December 1824; and the text of the loa itself. In doing so, this paper will show that these three dimensions reveal the existence of a larger network that goes beyond the case study of the loa and entwines the circulation of theatre and performance throughout the main cities of the Southern Cone. The examination of such a network, I argue, uncovers a theatrical repertoire shared among the several theatrical systems in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research analyses how the identity of the Europeans of the islands of Macaronesia (Azores, Madeira, Canary Islands and Cape Verde) was formed during the period of the Iberian Union with the aim of characterizing the traits of the island society. The fluid contacts between the islands and their oceanic environment strengthened among the islanders an attachment to the same island region made up of a population of extra-peninsular origin whose nexus was the Atlantic. This paper, which starts from the nesological approach to define the Macaronesian insular environment, supports the analysis in a broader geographic and methodological context: The Atlantic History. This study examines the principles of this discipline in relation to islands to apply its theoretical and conceptual framework to intrinsic territories in this ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The critique of academic colonialism in urban studies tends to suggest a pattern in which theories, ideologies, and urban policies invariably move from the central countries to the periphery, a reality to which they are not adapted. Within the framework of this critique and the search for non-parochialist urban studies, this paper presents a case in which these flows follow a reverse path, from the periphery to the center, so we tried to addressing a European case based on concepts, practices, and theories currently under development in Latin America. The production of housing in Marinaleda (Andalusia, Spain) shows connections with the cooperative experiences of Uruguay, with which it shares parameters of self-management and mutual aid. In Latin America, this type of experiences were analyzed from the perspective of Social Production of Habitat (PSH), from which the case is approached. The study is based on participant observations in Marinaleda, complemented by interviews with key informants and documentary analysis. The analysis shows that the European case is part of the most militant versions of the Latin American SHP, to the extent that - based on concrete connections - it recovers the forms of self-production typical of low-income sectors, disputes state resources, and bases its concrete practice on mutual aid, self-management, and rejection of private ownership. The article contributes to deepen the reflection on the complexity of the processes of diffusion of theories, ideologies, and transformative urban practices, presenting a little-known case in the international panorama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the symmetries and asymmetries that contribute to the construction of the characters in the novel Soldados de Salamina to observe if the symmetric or asymmetric constructions reveal the author's position with respect to the figure of the hero. For that aim, the concept of symmetry in a narrative context is first defined. Then, the symmetries and variations corresponding to two different levels of analysis are studied, referring, on the one hand, to the structure of the work and, on the other, to the characters. The analysis carried out reveals that structural symmetry --or asymmetry-- constitutes in this work a subtle, but effective technique for the construction of the hero, which is anchored in the anonymous, in what remains hidden or lost forever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The observation of ancient cynicism as a philosophical precursor of anarchism has been made by a large number of scholars and specialists in both fields. The following paper aims to bring new insights into the cynicism-anarchism relationship. Our starting point is the figure of the proto-Cynic Diogenes of Sinope [412-402 / 325-321], whose heterodox philosophy, of which we do not preserve writings, has been the object of ambivalent receptions throughout history. We will see why he has been claimed as an illustrious member of the prehistory of anarchism and what new perspectives we can add to these studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will focus on the analysis of the use of the big data industry in the field of politics. This paper will analyze in detail the case of the Cambridge Analytica company and will delve into the effects of the use of big data in the United Kingdom's referendum on permanence in the European Union and in the 2016 US presidential elections. The objective of this article is to show the harmful effects that the use of big data has in electoral contests and the damage that this new technology can cause to democratic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been suggested in the philosophy of mind that, contrasting with pure physical states, conscious states are those in which there is something that is like to be. Conscious states have a phenomenology. Assuming an intuitive distinction between sensory and cognitive conscious experiences, over the last years a debate has been established around the question about the phenomenal nature of our cognitive states, especially, our own thoughts. This has been called the cognitive phenomenology debate. A proper examination of the debate cannot be separated from a critical analysis of the ways in which we draw conclusions about the phenomenal components of our conscious lives. This paper examines some of the most fundamental problems deriving from the two main argumentative strategies used in the debate, namely, introspective reports and phenomenal contrasts. After analyzing how these strategies might support certain positions within the debate, the article explores how some aspects of the phenomenology of mathematical reasoning could enlighten the discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper interprets a short passage by Heidegger on the difference between literature and poetry and, especially, on the "unfathomable essential power" of literature. We will argue what the phenomenological features of this "power" of literature that distinguishes it from poetry, showing the internal problematicity of such a distinction. In order to foreground the meaning of this "unfathomable essential power" of literature, a brief reading of Don Quixote's El curioso impertinente will be made. The conclusion is that the "unfathomable" power of literature lies in its ambivalence to be a means of homologation and resistance to that same homologation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the problem of the instant (Augenblick) from the early work of Martin Heidegger and its extension in Being and time. The persuasion that only primitive Christianity has lived an original temporality, extends in Being and time in an interpretation of the instant as integration of the past and the future. That which in Aristotle could not be constituted --the connection between kairós and výn-- finds its full disclosure in Pauline eschatology. However, the éschaton of the Christian parousía becomes Being and time in an eschatology of death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reading of Smith's political philosophy, based on his theory of political obligation, as a critique of contractarianism. The author will reject the hypothesis of the state of nature and the consent of individuals, proposing, instead, a theory based on opinion, but, above all, on the illusion that commercial society will lead us to happiness. We will trace these ideas in three of his most important texts: The Theory of Moral Sentiments, The Wealth of Nations, and the Lectures on Jurisprudence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the media discourses about gender violence of Spanish and Italian newspapers on Facebook, focusing on the aggressors. Analyzing the ideology, we see if the news let infer a social or a patriarchal perspective about gender violence, considering both newspapers and users' discourses. We adopt the Critical Discourse Analysis perspective, with a linguistic-discoursive glance and with a journalistic one. And with a linguistic-cognitive-semiotic and analytical methodology. Results tell us that the Spanish and Italian press represent the aggressors through a patriarchal ideology, influencing the users' discourses. Moreover, both in the newspaper discourses and in the users', we find differences between Spanish and Italian texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the experience of constructing the current 1st to 10th grade Language curriculum in Chile. A central underlying assumption is that the curricular text not only corresponds to an institutional authorship, but is also a discursive process in which curriculum developers and other intervening voices put into play their beliefs, ideologies and knowledge. Using a narrative approach, memories and reflections on this process were recovered through four dialogical interviews with the curriculum team. The results reveal tensions in the curricular discourse regarding the sources and contents of knowledge, as well as the conceptualization of its recipients. A discussion is offered on how the disciplinary and didactic dimensions of language and literature are integrated in the discourse and in the curricular text with definitions of the type of person and the type of society to which the curricular policy is oriented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the study of Xenophon's reception in Byzantium, that has begun some years ago, there are still aspects to discover, even from the most worked and recognized authors. Among them is Photius of Constantinople, author of the Bibliotheca that contains an important amount of information about Antiquity that has not arrived or has been preserved in a fragmentary way. Due to its monumentality and large number of direct references to the reviewed texts, attention to allusions has been scarce, even to those from the classical period. Thus, this paper seeks to demonstrate the existence of two allusions to Xenophon in the Bibliotheca (cods. 57, 15b; 72, 37a), so far not located, by comparing their linguistic and thematic elements. With this is expected to shed new light on the presence of the Athenian in such a significant work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper refers to the relationship between the meaning of the figures of Diotima in the Platonic Banquet and Zambrano's essay "Diótima de Mantinea". Through the figure of the inspired woman who teaches the philosopher, emphasis is placed on the notion of Eros, dáimon of mediation between the human and the divine. The analysis seeks to connect what is properly rational in philosophical discourse with its pre-rational source; by Zambrano's position, about the classical and especially archaic sources of the Greek world, the axes of each text are described, highlighting Zambrano's interest in constituting the bases of his original method recognized as "poetic reason". In the process, it is intended to highlight the author's proposal to integrate and not the division of knowledge and her denunciation of scientific rationality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the function and origin of the locutions of causal sense a santo de qué, a qué santo, a cuento de qué, a qué cuento and a cuenta de qué. These phrases introduce marked interrogative constructions, so they imply a negative evaluation by the speaker, that is, they constitute a grammatical sign of the negative implication of the causal question in which they are inserted. The data from all the examples provided in the CDH and CORPES corpus for the forms a santo de qué, a qué santo, a cuento de qué, a qué cuento and a cuenta de qué are analyzed, and an account of the main functional characteristics of the mentioned structures are given. Finally, a hypothesis is posed about the origin and development of the different phrases according to the formal and significant affinities between the different constructions and the relations of interference and analogy in use that may have arisen between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the concepts of modality and subjectivity, according to different bibliographic studies. The main purpose of the review is to note the defining flaws of both domains, which cause confusion when it comes to being explained in the uses of different linguistic units (from verbs to adverbs and discursive particles). The approximation carried out shows that the description of both concepts is intertwined from the beginning of the theorizing about it, but, above all, that its descriptive features are eminently semantic, although the grammatical (and functional) categories that mainly manifest these phenomena operate at the pragmatic level. Thus, here we propose new definitions of modality and subjectivity that they are not mutually exclusive nor overshadow either of the two domains. For this purpose, it is proposed a conception of the studied terms based in some definition of last year's cognitive-functional theories (Nuyts and Van der Auwera 2016, Abraham 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the multiple realizations of lower limit and of speakers from different Spanish speaking territories found in the extensive oral corpus FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo). We present several acoustic criteria to assign the continuum between occlusive and approximant to different phonetic variants to enable quantitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the acoustic analysis confirm the different phases described in previous literature of the phenomenon in the different Spanish speaking territories. Additionally, they show that a) palatal fricative realizations [?] - the IPA symbol commonly used for the phoneme - is very rare in the corpus and b) that in territories that distinguish between/?/and/j/, hybrid variants consisting of lateral + central that show a beginning delateralization are quite recurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes, from the viewpoint of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), the specific ways in which the structure of the Spanish clause is organized for the realization of basic experiential functions, including Participant, Process and Circumstance. Thus far, SFL-descriptive work on Spanish has given little attention to the ways in which units and classes of units are organized along the rank scale of this language and how this organization contributes to the structural configuration of types of process. Based on the principles derived from the SFL theoretical dimensions of axis and rank, this article accounts for Spanishspecific resources at stake, first, in the realization of nuclear clause functions such as Process and Participant, and then in the realization of peripheral circumstantial elements. The paper finally addresses the key implications of the approach adopted to the account of the Spanish clause as well as to the general criteria involved in the identification of basic functions in its experiential structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the idea that the study of peripheral phenomena or marginalia in language can shed new light on the interpretation of other, less marginal linguistic data. Specifically, it focuses on the joining or separation of linguistic elements, which is often considered a typically marginal phenomenon, but which constitutes one of the syntactic criteria for classifying verbal periphrases. For this purpose, interpolation, i.e. the separation of the two components of a periphrasis by another element, is examined in three specific cases: , and . The analysis offers clues for reconsidering interpolation as a criterion for the classification of periphrases. At the same time, the study makes it clear that, on the one hand, verbal periphrases are characterised by a type of syntactic ambiguity and, on the other hand, their semantic value is decisive in determining their periphrastic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with so-called 'particle verbs' or 'phrasal verbs' in Peninsular Spanish lexicography and grammaticography from the 15th century to the present. These structures, situated halfway between the lexicon and the grammar, are considered marginal in modern Spanish from a typological and pan-Romance perspective. They also do not appear systematically in current dictionaries and grammars, where some are explicitly criticised. However, recent studies document certain (semi)productive patterns, some dating back to Old Spanish, that decline in diachronic corpus data starting in the 1500s (cf. Wiesinger 2020; in press a). The present contribution explores the interplay between this diachronic development and the treatment of particle verbs in normative and/or didactic Spanish dictionaries and grammars. In fact, the decline of Spanish particle verbs can be linked to normative and (re)latinising tendencies in Renaissance dictionaries and grammars, where certain adverbial particles are omitted and most particle verbs lack their own entries despite being used in the definitions. Although particle verbs are increasingly recognized in the works of the Real Academia Española in the 1700s and part of the 1800s, this traditional tendency reemerges in the 20th century and is slow to disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the lack of consensus within the field of discourse traditions (DTs) -and more precisely regarding the Coserian tripartition of language into universal, historical, and individual levels-which results from Peter Koch's understanding of DTs as entities meant to be embedded in the historical level, as opposed to that of Johannes Kabatek or Franz Lebsanft, according to whom they must be placed at the individual level. The specific aim sought is to show the criteria on which the scheme constructed by Coseriu relies by interweaving his tripartition of levels with the Aristotelian-Humboldtian one -in turn structured around the concepts of energeia, dynamis and ergon. The article thus reveals that the extent to which Koch's position differs from Coseriu's original proposal -to which Kabatek and Lebsanft remain faithful-can be explained in terms of how the opposition between the subject and the object of study and the ontology of the former is conceived in each case. Added to the above, this article likewise highlights the close link tying epistemology to ontology which becomes evident when closely examining the foundations that underpin the well-known Coserian tripartition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reflection on the theoretical and empirical relevance of approaching the study of historical linguistic change study considering marginalia, that is, phenomena that are typologically unexceptional, but which have been ignored in linguistic research. The objective is to draw attention to the tunnel vision that linguistic theories usually entail for those who work within them, since the paradigms themselves and the study methods that are developed within such theories lead to ignoring certain linguistic phenomena relevant to the study of languages which are relegated to the margins of linguistic description. In order to prove the relevance of these marginalia, we will point out the importance they have had for the advancement of linguistic theories in the last two hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chile has suffered the negative consequences of numerous large earthquakes (>MW 8.0) that generated equally large tsunamis. This paper analyses one of colonial Chile's least known earthquakes. The March 15th, 1657 earthquake destroyed the city of Conception and damaged infrastructure in the city of Santiago and rural properties between Quillota and Arauco. At the same time, it generated a major tsunami that destroyed everything in its path in Conception and the gulf of Arauco. This paper uses known and previously unknown first-hand colonial sources to describe scientifically this important seismic event, that closely resembles the recent February 27th, 2010, Maule earthquake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]