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The article reviews the book "Missionary Linguistics: Morphology and Syntax: Selected Papers from the Third and Fourth International Conferences on Missionary Linguistics, Hong Kong/Macau, 12-15 March 2005, Valladolid, 8-11 March 2006," edited by Otto Zwartjes, Gregory James and Emilio Ridruejo.

Reviews the book "Caribbean Masculinities: Working Papers," edited by Rafael L. Ramirez, Victor I. Garcia-Toro and Ineke Cunningham.

This paper sets out an approaching to "El crisol" and "El ángel caído", two short stories by Germán Espinosa. The critical reading is associated to the notion that the act of reading/writing is a dialogic act, in which writers exploit all the readings that are around them. The focus is on the way the reader/writer Espinosa presents a reading/writing relationship with Jorge Luis Borges and William Faulkner in those short stories. The paper provides an innovative reading of one of the most prolific Colombian authors from the second half of the 20th Century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the novel Amarás a Dios sobre todas las cosas (2013), by Mexicain writer Alejandro Hernández, and proposes to go beyond the press treatment of the issue by offering an analysis of the fiction which focuses on the migratory journey. The testimonial value of the story reflects the full drama of that journey, allowing it to act as a tool of denunciation. Moreover, the story is presented as a chronicle, which allows the work of fiction to insert itself in a context that reveals the violence that Central American migrants suffer during their hellish crossing of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the paper is to demonstrate the presence of Easter Island's history in Neruda's writing, mainly in The separate Rose (1972). I propose that in order to read these poems it is necessary to connect them with historic events and characters, because through those connections new readings -until now absent from nerudian criticism-may be born. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most interesting passages in El Libro de Alexandre, a text that updates for the Middle Ages the life of Alexander the Great and adds certain fantastic aspects, is, with no doubt, the finding of Poro's Palace, located in India. In this episode, the Macedonian king finds a tree made of gold that is an automat, it means a kind of robot that moves itself by certain physical forces. In this paper, the author tries to get deeper in this passage and reveals its intra and extratextual functions, as well as its intertextual and extratextual relationship, concerning other literary works and historical aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses one of the less commonly studied aspects of the poetics of César Aira: exoticism, which in Aira stems from the unstable and paradoxical place proper of a post-modern writer from the Rio de la Plata facing traditional (and European) representations of exoticism in a period of cultural globalisation. The paper examines such a paradox and concludes that Aira's exoticism is manifest in the ethnographic simulation and in certain thoughts on the de-familiarisation of the mother tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate that 'Chac Mool' (1954) by Carlos Fuentes and 'Coatlicue' (2003) by Elena Poniatowska are short stories that utilize motifs of the Aztec cosmogony in order to disarticulate the discursive formation of Mexican national imaginary. However, the writers propose, more than a mythopoeic articulation of those motifs, a poetic deconstruction of the history and myths that form the foundations of Mexican national identity. In other words, while offering a vivid and literary perspective of Mexico, both writers also narrate it and recreate its myths and mythologies, offering at the same time an alternative vision of it outside the official narratives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the presence of Fray Luis de León in the literary and critical work of Antonio Colinas. In addition to the lyrical homages dedicated to the Augustinian friar in Noche más allá de la noche, Tiempo y abismo, and Canciones para una música silente, Antonio Colinas, an excellent essayist, interprets Fray Luis in the light (mystical, lato sensu) of reasoned music, a wise symbol of poetic art, inspired reason and harmony between word and world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to determine the place of Alvaro Mutis's poetry in the general landscape of Colombian poetic movements. I begin with an overview of the poetic generation in the first half of the 20th century in order to identify the legacies that have had the most significant impact on his poetry. Special emphasis is made on the contrast between Mutis's innovative poetic language and his conservative political views as the main characteristic of his insularity in Colombian literary history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I approach one of the first discursive constructions of the history of the New Spain, the poem Nuevo mundo y conquista, written by Francisco de Terrazas, a creole, in the late sixteenth century. For this, I outline the creation of a creole class, heir to the feeling of nobility of the first conquerors of America, and then I analyze the writting of Nuevo mundo y conquista in the context of these considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the lexical-semantic changes suffered by apechugar [undertake], atarantado [astounded, lightheaded, thoughless], baraja [quarrel], blanca [money], desayunarse [to get astonishing news], pelar [to get someone's money], pluma [money] in several Spanish-speaking American countries (e.g. Colombia, Argentina, Uruguay and others) with emphasis on Venezuela. These words were used by Juan de Castellanos in his Elegías de Varones Ilustres de Indias (1589). The study verifies the evolution of these voices through lexicographical important books. The investigation concludes that, after 500 years, (i) the examined lexis stay in America, (ii) new entities have been produced from these vocabularies, (iii) the terms have changed their meaning, what giving them character own to the American Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to peruse the book Diario de la muerte by the Uruguayan poet Sara de Ibáñez. Using as a critical support semiotic and Freudian- Lacanian psychoanalytic theories, it will be demonstrated how the very deep poetical conception of the book lies in a fundamental anthropological relation between selfness and language. Moreover, the death leitmotiv will be reconsidered as a function of a poetics of desire. This theoretical approach to the text allows to achieve a thorough description of the way this relation takes form through poetry's linguistic structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pizarnik is a writer whose work is highly interesting from the editorial point of view, for two particular situations. First, the published work is identified as "complete" when there is no complete edition of this author, because it bears the burden of censorship. Second, this gap causes the necessity of going to Princeton, where is the "original" work of Pizarnik in a more complete version. This paper tries to explore these points, starting from the experience of editing the unpublished work Otoño o los de arriba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the destabilization of the subject and writing in some poems by León de Greiff. It separates from analysis focused on its Latin-American modernist aesthetic and proposes other items to support its advanced aesthetic, such as the problem of subjectivity or the critique of modernity based on the relationship between autonomy and sovereignty of the art. It develops a perspective that justifies the participation of this poetry in an aesthetic far from modernism and focused on contemporary concerns about fragmented subject and its disintegration in writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides, for the first time, a study of the biographical trajectory and literary analysis of two poets collected in the Cancionero de Baena (PN1), concentrating on the originality and quality of their poetry. I also suggest a correction, relating to Ruiz de Toro's work, which has escaped the attention of editors of this Cancionero. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper opens with an excursus on Spanish authors that practise Hispano-ltalian heteroglossia in their works during Pre- and Early Renaissance. In the Hispano-ltalian field, the Italian and bilingual compositions of Francisco de Figueroa play an absolute important role for the description of the event. The essay focuses on the analysis of the distinctive literary forms that heteroglossia —which in this case the author defines “literary biglossia"— takes in the Spanish poet's Italian works in relation to his own literary production in Spanish and to the Petrarchan and Italian tradition. In fact, next to writers that occasionally adopt the “other language" of the “other culture", the “biglossia" is the modality of those fully belonging to both languages and both cultures, since they experiment with forms, whether or not innovative, that mark a milestone in the development of those cultures. Different levels of analysis from metrics to meaning offer a preferential view of this anomalous artistic process, searching for the deep reasons behind a great poet's choice to write in another language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lope de Vega introduces into two sonnets of Rimas humanas y divinas del licenciado Tomé de Burguillos, references to elements of the classical world that have not been well explained in annotated editions of the poems. This paper discusses, on the one hand, a sonnet containing anecdotes about ancient Greek philosophers, notably, Diogenes, Democritus and Pythagoras; and on the other, a sonnet alluding to The Golden Ass of Apuleius, in which is observable Lope's interest in continuing the tradition of the fictitious author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper comprehends an analysis of the characteristics given by Callimachus to Artemis in his Hymn III. On that account, I suggest and uphold the hypothesis that the poet presents in his mythical version a development or evolution of the goddess which leads her from one state of παῖς to a transformation into a δαίμων, subsequently into a θεά and finally into an ἄνασσα/πότνια. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El Jardín de las Nobles Doncellas -the Garden of Noble Maidens-, is a book written by the Augustinian monk Martín de Córdoba for the future queen Isabel la Católica. It is a unique mirror of princesses that contains important elements of moral theology. This paper studies this book under four headings; general moral theology, political ethics, family ethics and the relation of this book's theology to the Augustinian tradition. El Jardín is a book that is especially relevant for the understanding of XV century's pro-women moral theology. It presents some reminiscences of the medieval world but it is clearly open to the horizon of Renaissance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Luis de Miranda, member of Pedro de Mendoza's fleet, wrote, probably around 1540, a composition in verse that is now known as Elegy Romance or simply Romance. Ricardo Rojas considered the poem to be the first literary composition of the Rio de la Plata in the early twentieth century. Since then, critics have read the Romance exclusively as a literary text. This paper proposes to read it taking into account its documentary context: the letter that Miranda himself sent to the King in 1545 and the Relación that Francisco Ortiz de Vergara sent to the Council of the Indies, at the end of which the Romance is copied. This reading, without excluding the literary dimension of the text, allows us to consider it integrating a discursive constellation whose purpose is eminently political. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the relationship between Octavio Paz and Surrealism. It focuses not only on the vital relationship of the poet with the French Literary Group but also on his particular aproach to the aesthethics and ethics of Surrealism. For Paz, Surrealism implied a moral philosophy and that is why he used objective chance as a tool for knowledge, logic and poetic abstraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper studies the work and figure of Uruguayan writer Juana de Ibarbourou (1892-1979) during the 1920's decade in which the poet published her first trilogy, which included Las lenguas del diamante (1919), El cántaro fresco (1920) and Raíz salvaje (1922). The interpretation hypothesis proposes that the success among critics which in 1929 consecrated the poet as 'Juana of America' has more to do with the historic context in which the work was read than with the work's intrinsic characteristics. In this sense, the key element was rather the timeliness of her aestheticideological proposal (the simplicity of her language; her anti-intellectualism; the vitality and conservative values regarding her take on gender and her position towards modernisation, represented in the exaltation of nature and the rejection of 'civilised life') within the nationalistic tendencies in vogue at the time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a critical account of Antoni Gomila's book Verbal Minds (2012). Verbal Minds offers a complete exploration of contemporary theories about the cognitive role of language and the empirical evidence that refutes or supports them. The book has a descriptive and an evaluative element. In the descriptive element, Gomila successfully covers an extensive amount of ground, and the book makes a valuable contribution to research on language and thought. In the more debatable, evaluative element, Gomila argues that language plays a fundamental role in our cognition, to the extent that even the very propositionality of thought would be a linguistic inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses urban imaginaries in the poetry of Elicura Chihuailaf, Leonel Lienlaf and David Añiñir. The invisibility attributed to urban Mapuche people by a nation that conceives itself as homogenously white is somatised through these intercultural texts exhibiting ethnic subjectivities inserted in the tension between belonging and feeling alienated. The inscription of a Mapuche worldview as a reaffirmation of identity is carried out in urban space (an emblem of Chilean nation-culture). Within this conflictive polarisation they become colonial interstice (Chihuailaf ), space that breaks the body-nature-divinity unity (Lienlaf ) and waste of the neoliberal nation (Añiñir). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The poetry of Francisco de Aldana (1537–1578) is of notable interest, inasmuch as it can be situated halfway between the Renaissance and the Baroque and, as critics have noted, since it constitutes an extraordinary example of so-called Mannerism. This paper aims to show the contradictory views expressed in Aldana’s work on the profession of arms and war. ‘Pocos tercetos escritos a un amigo’ can be ascribed to the ‘humanism of arms’ (also present in Don Quixote) and to the Renaissance ideal of the poet soldier, best exemplified by Garcilaso de la Vega. However, in subsequent works Aldana goes on to condemn war and the horrors which it entails. Thus, the military focus gives way to the contemplative spirit and the desire for retirement from the world, as observed in the superb ‘Carta para Arias Montano’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the poetry of three authors whose works are among the most attractive of the last thirty years of Peruvian poetry. They have brought a rich complexity to their lyric tradition. That is the reason why their poetry has expanded the horizons of Hispanic poetry. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to investigate an area of contemporary poetry—the works of José Morales Saravia, José Antonio Mazzotti and Róger Santiváñez—that without a doubt will mark some of the future paths of poetry in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to address the neobaroque poetry of Rio de la Plata. In this regard, I have selected the work of Susana Cella and Eduardo Espina. The cultures of the two banks of the great river produce semiotic representations and different deconstructions, where the river is vestige and joyful shine of the history of the South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews different mappings of recent Latin- American poetry based on four anthologies: Antología de la poesía latinoamericana del siglo XXI. El turno y la transición (1997); Zur Dos, última poesía latinoamericana (2004); El decir y el vértigo. Panorama de la poesía hispanoamericana reciente (2005) y 2017. Nueva poesía contemporánea (2009). Examples are approached in a manner relative to their relation to the present, and their tensions with the past and with an imagined future. Their intervention in the field of poetry is studied as an act of breaking, which is where anthologies achieve their utmost critical importance. Break and dispositio, and the syntax with which the texts are organised, will be the instances of transformation of what is read within a continuum of a nature different to the originals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the short story 'El arroyo de la Llorona' by female Mexican-American writer Sandra Cisneros. In it the main character, Cleófilas, is subject to social, emotional and economic dependence on her husband, according to the cultural constructs on female identity that are still relevant in Latin- American patriarchal societies. Due to her circumstances of complete marginalisation and domestic violence, Cleófilas chooses to avoid reality, and this avoidance not only costs her mental well-being, but also annuls her will to make changes to her suffocating life. Oppressed by a patriarchal system, Cleófilas develops an unusual interest in the Llorona legend and, through the remembrance of this myth, these two female figures become symbols of resistance and liberation. In the story, the Llorona ceases to be the denigrated woman tradition has always made her out to be, and becomes the image of a contemporary heroine capable of challenging radical patriarchal norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I summarise the main arguments of my book The Apology Ritual. I draw attention to three main lines of argument, taking them in reverse order to that in which they appear in the book. First, I look at the book's communicative-expressive justification of state punishment. Secondly, I look at the argument for the claim that feeling properly sorry involves a requirement to undertake some sort of penance. And thirdly, I look at the argument for the "right to be punished": as I interpret it, that there is an important status associated with being treated as a responsible agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In his film "It's a free world…", director Ken Loach deals with the problem of the exploitation of immigrants. He des-cribes that dark zone in Western prosperous societies, whose wealth is based in a great degree in the exploitation of immigrants. The movie exposes situations of increasing dehumanization in the work environment, which affect im-migrant workers, but also their exploiters. This paper analy-ses the content and mise en scène of the film, from the view-point of Christian anthropology and social ethics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to recall from oblivion and analyze the translations of the Anacreontea that were published by some members of a literary group called the "Mexican Arcadia" at the start of the 19th Century in El Diario de México. In this journal a translation of Anacreontea 38 (Campbell) by Flagrasto Cicné (pseudonym of Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle) was printed, as well as two different translations of Anacreontea 24, one probably due to Sánchez de Tagle himself, while the other was the one Luzán included also in his Poetic (Zaragoza, 1737); likewise, Moschus' erotic epigram included in the Greek Anthology (XVI, 200) was translated by Manuel Martínez de Navarrete and published twice within a couple of months in the same journal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific models are sophisticated representations elaborated through idealization, approximation or abstraction. However, some authors consider them as fictions. The paper analyzes some of those "fictionalist" proposals. My conclusion is that, in order to improve our understanding of how models actually work in science, it is questionable that a real progress can be made by equating models with fictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show the progress made in the research project "Textbook as a representation's builder: The image of the Patagonia (Río Negro and Neuquén, 1960-2000)". Inside the documental corpus in which we are working with, we have chosen to center the analysis in a didactic material with regional circulation: "The conquest of the dessert" by Marcelino Castro García, published in 1979 in the town of P. A. Stefenelli, Río Negro. This material turned out to be a very meaningful contribution for the construction of Patagonia's image. In the first place, it was published in 1979, date of the 100th anniversary of the Conquest of the dessert. Secondly, it was unique because of its regional circulation. Finally, because its internal structure represents an original methodology, which includes pictures and specific activities about the Conquest of the Dessert for primary students of the second and third level. In a sense, our purpose is to analyze how this book operated in the frame of the so-called Proceso de Reorganización Nacional (National Reorganization Process), building the representations about the image of the Patagonia from its particular design which combines information, pictures and didactic activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Like other Baroque poets, Góngora in his Fábula de Polifemo y Galatea chooses one of his characters to represent his art and to represent himself as a poet. The figure of the monstruous giant Polyphemus --the ironic and desacralizing symbol of Góngora's art-- enters in contrast with other figures, like Apollo and Orpheus- themselves symbols of the art of Lope- that at first glance might seem more appropriate for self-aggrandizement. This paper focuses specifically on the cultural history of the pan flute to demonstrate the appropriateness of Góngora's choice of this instrument for his character Polyphemus, at the same time highlighting the irony of the author's own affirmation that he uses the pan flute to sing his poem. By means of this instrument, the poet identifies himself with the character: the monstrosity of Polyphemus, the exaggeration of his musical instrument, and the brutality of his voice become a mirror --perhaps an inverted, although ultimately amusing and parodical one-- of the poetic project of the Cordoban. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposal of this paper is to offer an analysis of the discussion about the cannibalism and the native human sacrifices in the contest of the controversy between Las Casas and Sepúlveda. This analysis is very relevant, because it allows observing the roots more distant of the actual law of intervention and the doctrine of the human rights. For that effect, the author begins with a fast description of the causes that drove to the fight of Valladolid, at the same time that enunciates the four points in discussion. In second place, is realized a description more or less detailed of the fourth argument of the controversy, which treats about the human sacrifices and the native cannibalism. And it concludes showing that, explaining these practices, Las Casas looks for the integration of the native cultures in the general mark of the historic universal knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Making a commentary on verses 71-72 of his Cántico espiritual, Saint John of the Cross talks about a "lonely bird", which he endows of tire rare attributes. In the past years, scholarship has attempted to explain and discover the textual origins of this poetic symbol, which the poet takes up again in his Dichos de luz y amor. The paper tackles the different studies on this issue -the biblical thesis, the phoenix, the blue rock thrush and the sufism- and raises a new interpretation, that is, the lonely bird under the light of neoplatonism, which does not necessarily exclude previous interpretations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the proem of Parmenides' poem to the scope of showing how it is skillfully constructed both at the level of the artistic finish and as regards the communicative frame, which is designed to pose a challenge to the intelligence of the hearer. Actually, the receiver is exposed to a bundle of stimuli quite often contradictory, ranging from expressive ambiguity to subtle insinuation, with effects that are indeed devised to strike very sensitive chords in his/her mind. On these assumptions, it is then argued that the contrast between the fascinating story narrated in the allegorical proem and the really philosophical section of Parmenides' poem may depend on their gestation at two different stages in this philosopher's life. It is on the first of them that the influence of the Homeric epos is inescapable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The education of older people is a field of intervention and of recent conceptual development in gerontology. That has led to the creation of geragogy or gerontagogy as a theoretical/practical field in charge of studying the learning process of older adults and the institutional and organizational conditions that contribute to achieve differential learning goals. Within this framework, the paper describes how older adults who are enrolled in non-formal learning activities in different institutions throughout Argentina view the necessary skills and capacities of educators, facilitators, or coaches. The research is based on a national survey that included eighteen non-formal educational programs (public and private universities, self-managed and co-managed) in six geographical regions. A semi-structured questionnaire was distributed to 1,200 elderly people (ages 50 to 85) enrolled in the programs. Using a number scale, respondents were asked to describe the importance of certain characteristics and capacities that, to their criteria, a good teacher/educator working with older adults should have. The results revealed that elderly students demand that educators should have professional capacities to conduct group work, and instrumental capacities necessary for the teaching of significant knowledge. They also value a number of personal attitudinal traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mundo Animal is a collection of stories that opens the literary career of the Mendocinian narrator, Antonio Di Benedetto. The book, difficult to locate in its genre, presents a strong ethical intention pointed out explicitly by the same author. Besides, it is evident the filial connection to Kafka of many of these stories. This relationship is observed especially in the heavily oneiric and oppressive atmosphere, both for characters and readers, in the short interest in the surrounding reality and in the presence of a schematic and highly symbolic space. This paper proposes analyzing the cracks on this space that, though it does not reflect the neighboring or referential reality, it deepens into other realities of profound relevance to the contemporary man. Among these schematic settings, though metaphorically valuable, the strong presence of the body is to be highlighted, presented in many stories as a space within which the action takes place, or heavily involved. First, there will be studied the notions of body and corporality (physical presence) in Di Benedetto's cultural horizon; then there will be analyzed specifically the stories that textualise the corporal space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper analyzes Abad's Poema Heroico from the point of view of exile. The author of the poem is an expulsed Jesuit from America in 1767. This work does not deal with the expulsion, but the memories of Mexico constitute one of the fundamental topics of the choice of the epic genre. In addition, the poem shows the survival of this genre in the 18th Century and the importance of Jesuit literature in the Latin American culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The following paper analyzes La Vara de Fuego (1947), written by the Mendocinian author, Abelardo Arias. This novel, together with Álamos talados, represent the autobiographical vein of the writer's fiction and the central axis of his poetic. This work focuses on the main characteristics and the inevitable dialogue established with Álamos Talados (1942), and La Viña Estéril (1969). These three works conform a triptych, that reflects the author's personality, which hinges are composed by the intricate game between reality and fiction, and fiction within fiction. It is also studied the symbolic relationship between the three books, based on the myth of Paradise Lost and the confirmation of its leit motiv: the human unseemliness (in love and friendship), necessary punishment after the biblical fall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]