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These past decades have seen an emergence of studies on speech acts. Condolences, however, are among the least addressed out of them. Bibliography on this subject is scarce if compared to that of petitions, promises, offers, and so on, more so in Spanish, where papers on this subject are few and far between. This gap is especially notable in diachronic studies. This paper aims to offer a first approach to strategies for delivering condolences in 18th and 19th century letters written in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its goal is to describe which are the most common semantic formulas used to give condolences, and how much they resemble those described by different authors regarding this speech act in modern languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Madrid has become a receptor space for both internal and external migration, which supposes social and linguistic consequences that may be worth studying. Sociolinguistic integration of the group of Paraguayans in Madrid is a complex process due to their bilingual character between Spanish and Guaraní, used in mixing and codeswitching as jopara. The aim of this paper is to study not only the sociolinguistic integration process of Paraguayans in Madrid, but also the language attitudes to Paraguayan form of Spanish and Guaraní, as well as the degree of bilingualism and vitality of Guarani in Madrid, where it becomes a minority language. The results suggest a manifest prestige of their two varieties, reflected in the only partial convergence towards the Madrilenian variety and in the vitality of the Guaraní, used as jopara. Despite this, they value the linguistic variety of Madrid as the most prestigious, which they recognize as the normative one and wish it for their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a protocol for the analysis of mitigation is presented. Using the latest theoretic and methodological research on mitigation as well as the distinction of neighboring phenomena such as intensification and affiliation, we offer guidelines for the study of mitigation. This tool enables analysts to discern whether an item performs a mitigating function, as well as to carry out a complete analysis of how mitigation is deployed in each given context. After presenting the protocol, its application in different discursive genres and geographical varieties of Spanish is shown, thus proving that this scheme is a useful resource for the study of mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows that the Spanish adjective suffixes -ivo and -dor, usually considered synonymous, are specialized when attaching to a verbal base. In some cases, these bases are different, and, in many others, they attach to the same base, but each suffix selects a different verbal reading. Specifically, the suffix -dor selects eventive verbal bases and/or verbal readings with an agentive initiator, while the suffix -ivo is specialized for stative verbal bases and/or verbal readings with a non-agentive initiator. This selection determines that the adjectives suffixed by -dor develop a habitual reading (hombre madrugador ‘morning man’) or an episodic one (atleta ganador ‘winning athlete’) and the adjectives in -ivo, on the contrary, tend to a dispositional interpretation (comida nutritiva ‘nutritive food’). Likewise, adjectives in -dor have more verbal properties than adjectives with -ivo, so that they can inherit the arguments of the verbal base and they accept verbal modifiers, both possibilities are ruled out for derived adjectives with -ivo. The semantic, syntactic, and morphological differences of these adjectives are explained from the different structural configuration in which they are generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a lexicographical and terminological study of the various names that epilepsy disease has received throughout the history of the Spanish language. Among other particularities, we analyse the etymology and lexicogenetic mechanisms, diachronic and diaphasic restrictions, as well as the documentation for more than thirty lexical units consigned in the medical terminological dictionaries of the 19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the importance of Pedro Henríquez Ureña’s Observaciones sobre el español de América (1921) for linguistic geography and linguistic historiography is very well known, this paper maintains that its information is also very relevant to historical dialectology of Latin American varieties of Spanish language. This statement is demonstrated with several examples which increase our knowledge of this subject and whose study in other corpora is very difficult or event impossible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the first results obtained with REVOC: 1, an automated auditory word recognition task used to assess receptive vocabulary in Spanish-speaking preschoolers. The task was programmed in Unity for 8' tablets in a self-application mode and included accuracy and response time as parameters. Non-probabilistic sampling was used. The sample consisted of 242 monolingual Chilean children between 4 and 6 years old. The list of vocabulary stimuli was extracted from TEVI-R, a paper-based test that assesses receptive (hearing) vocabulary. To estimate the automation's functionality and the parameters' values, the performance by age group at both global and item levels was evaluated. The results demonstrated a high level of performance in the selected items, with significant differences by age group in both accuracy and response time. The accuracy correlated negatively with total and correct latencies, with significant differences between age groups. The contrast by items allowed us to appreciate the time-precision relationship modulated by age, and the effect of word difficulty on latency. REVOC:1 adequately assessed receptive vocabulary and can advance to new stages of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I discuss the possibility of considering periphrastic passive constructions as syntactic Latinisms. To do so, I start from the definition of Latinism and present a gradual conception of it that enables the differentiation of strong and weak syntactic Latinisms. In this sense, I question the characterisation of the periphrastic passive as an inherited form, a problem that requires reflection on the types of linguistic change and the processes of linguistic elaboration that contribute to multiplying the possibilities of variation in languages subjected to scripturalisation processes since the Middle Ages. In the case of the periphrastic passive, this paper presents a brief state of the art and insists on the point of view of translation, which frequently proves how forms with active diathesis have a special prominence as opposed to those with passive diathesis. I also present a general overview of the diachronic research focused on the phenomenon. The examples selected for this paper include fragments of medieval and Renaissance works in which it is possible to discern various Latinising, Anti-Latinising and Hyper-Latinising tendencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Languages have undergone a wide variety of evaluations, which have triggered many value-judgements about their worth, i.e. about the better or worse nature of some languages as opposed to others. Currently, this situation still persists, in such a way that the thesis of linguistic egalitarianism is being challenged by several proposals. This paper critically discusses the task of evaluating languages, and it argues that any scientific attempt to rate languages from a linguistic approach should fulfill the basic condition of bringing objective criteria to the fore. However, the paper contends that this condition is not met, and it analyzes four different problems language evaluation is endowed with. The problems convert the proposals of rating languages according to their different worth into arbitrary and decontextualized. We conclude that to construct language rankings (through very different parameters) based on the different worth of languages adds nothing to the scientific knowledge of languages, and, in most cases, it expresses or promotes linguistic prejudice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyze the reasons for voseo's vitality in Medellín (Colombia). Based on the data obtained through surveys and interviews, it can be affirmed that the vitality of the paisa voseo will continue to exist because the people of Medellin, although they consider the voseo a provincial term, do not stop using it, since they do not mind being evaluated as provincials due to their humble and proud character. Thus, the voseo will continue to be the identity symbol of the paisa group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research we present a sociolinguistic study on the variation of the/s/in implosive position in the Spanish spoken in the city of Seville. For this purpose, the work is based on PRESEEA materials from the high educational level of Seville's citizens, which in made of semi-structured surveys recollected between 2012 and 2014. The results have been obtained through a quantitative study of the data and after a application of stadistic correlations and logistic regression analyses in order to observe the influence of the independent variables in the pronunciation of the/s/implosive consonant when all the factors act simultaneously. The aim of this paper is to analyze what linguistic and social factors influence the production of the different articulatory variants of the phoneme/s/(sibilance, aspiration, elisión, assimilation and aspiration with assimilation). The results show that the aspirated allophone [h] is the most frequent variant, reaching the highest percentages, followed by the elision, which contrasts with the results obtained in others linguistic communities of Andalusia (e.g.: Málaga, Jaén, Granada) where it is observed that the most used variant is the elision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines what immigrant mothers in Finland do as active agents to support their children's language socialization. The main focus is on the narratives of the mothers and the decisions they make in their daily lives. This ethnographic study explores the case of four Spanish-speaking immigrant mothers (two Centroamerican and two European) in Finland. The data is analyzed using nexus analysis (Scollon y Scollon 2004). As active agents, migrant mothers work a lot in their daily lives to foster the linguistic socialization of their children. In the narratives of this research's data, three main discourses can be identified: 1) the discourse on daily activities, 2) the discourse on social contacts and 3) the discourse of linguistic awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the contemporary era of globalization, there is persistent pressure on minority languages from the dominant languages, partly because many minority language speakers find shifting to a dominant one a profitable choice. Language policy scholarship through the past decades, whether top-down or bottom-up, also registers that many minority speakers intend to preserve or reclaim their languages as active agents through everyday interactions and the transmission of the language within the home or in the community despite these external pressures. Based on Stroud's (2018) analytical framework of 'sociolinguistic citizenship' that investigates questions of power, ideology, legitimacy and marginalisation, this paper examines the multifarious layers between governmental language policies and how they are interpreted, implemented or negotiated by a wide range of social actors (e.g., parents, students, teachers, activists), revealing ideological spaces for the use or non-use of Galician, an official minority language spoken in a bilingual community of northwestern Spain. Using various qualitative research tools, including field observations, interviews and focus groups, we demonstrate how these actors become policy intermediaries on the ground and argue that their under-the-radar participation in the policy discourse may appear extremely intermittent and ad hoc, but their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant Castilian discourse through individual actions, when translates into collective mobilisations can lead to bottom-up language policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the function and origin of the locutions of causal sense a santo de qué, a qué santo, a cuento de qué, a qué cuento and a cuenta de qué. These phrases introduce marked interrogative constructions, so they imply a negative evaluation by the speaker, that is, they constitute a grammatical sign of the negative implication of the causal question in which they are inserted. The data from all the examples provided in the CDH and CORPES corpus for the forms a santo de qué, a qué santo, a cuento de qué, a qué cuento and a cuenta de qué are analyzed, and an account of the main functional characteristics of the mentioned structures are given. Finally, a hypothesis is posed about the origin and development of the different phrases according to the formal and significant affinities between the different constructions and the relations of interference and analogy in use that may have arisen between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the concepts of modality and subjectivity, according to different bibliographic studies. The main purpose of the review is to note the defining flaws of both domains, which cause confusion when it comes to being explained in the uses of different linguistic units (from verbs to adverbs and discursive particles). The approximation carried out shows that the description of both concepts is intertwined from the beginning of the theorizing about it, but, above all, that its descriptive features are eminently semantic, although the grammatical (and functional) categories that mainly manifest these phenomena operate at the pragmatic level. Thus, here we propose new definitions of modality and subjectivity that they are not mutually exclusive nor overshadow either of the two domains. For this purpose, it is proposed a conception of the studied terms based in some definition of last year's cognitive-functional theories (Nuyts and Van der Auwera 2016, Abraham 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the multiple realizations of lower limit and of speakers from different Spanish speaking territories found in the extensive oral corpus FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo). We present several acoustic criteria to assign the continuum between occlusive and approximant to different phonetic variants to enable quantitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the acoustic analysis confirm the different phases described in previous literature of the phenomenon in the different Spanish speaking territories. Additionally, they show that a) palatal fricative realizations [?] - the IPA symbol commonly used for the phoneme - is very rare in the corpus and b) that in territories that distinguish between/?/and/j/, hybrid variants consisting of lateral + central that show a beginning delateralization are quite recurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes, from the viewpoint of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), the specific ways in which the structure of the Spanish clause is organized for the realization of basic experiential functions, including Participant, Process and Circumstance. Thus far, SFL-descriptive work on Spanish has given little attention to the ways in which units and classes of units are organized along the rank scale of this language and how this organization contributes to the structural configuration of types of process. Based on the principles derived from the SFL theoretical dimensions of axis and rank, this article accounts for Spanishspecific resources at stake, first, in the realization of nuclear clause functions such as Process and Participant, and then in the realization of peripheral circumstantial elements. The paper finally addresses the key implications of the approach adopted to the account of the Spanish clause as well as to the general criteria involved in the identification of basic functions in its experiential structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the idea that the study of peripheral phenomena or marginalia in language can shed new light on the interpretation of other, less marginal linguistic data. Specifically, it focuses on the joining or separation of linguistic elements, which is often considered a typically marginal phenomenon, but which constitutes one of the syntactic criteria for classifying verbal periphrases. For this purpose, interpolation, i.e. the separation of the two components of a periphrasis by another element, is examined in three specific cases: , and . The analysis offers clues for reconsidering interpolation as a criterion for the classification of periphrases. At the same time, the study makes it clear that, on the one hand, verbal periphrases are characterised by a type of syntactic ambiguity and, on the other hand, their semantic value is decisive in determining their periphrastic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with so-called 'particle verbs' or 'phrasal verbs' in Peninsular Spanish lexicography and grammaticography from the 15th century to the present. These structures, situated halfway between the lexicon and the grammar, are considered marginal in modern Spanish from a typological and pan-Romance perspective. They also do not appear systematically in current dictionaries and grammars, where some are explicitly criticised. However, recent studies document certain (semi)productive patterns, some dating back to Old Spanish, that decline in diachronic corpus data starting in the 1500s (cf. Wiesinger 2020; in press a). The present contribution explores the interplay between this diachronic development and the treatment of particle verbs in normative and/or didactic Spanish dictionaries and grammars. In fact, the decline of Spanish particle verbs can be linked to normative and (re)latinising tendencies in Renaissance dictionaries and grammars, where certain adverbial particles are omitted and most particle verbs lack their own entries despite being used in the definitions. Although particle verbs are increasingly recognized in the works of the Real Academia Española in the 1700s and part of the 1800s, this traditional tendency reemerges in the 20th century and is slow to disappear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper addresses the lack of consensus within the field of discourse traditions (DTs) -and more precisely regarding the Coserian tripartition of language into universal, historical, and individual levels-which results from Peter Koch's understanding of DTs as entities meant to be embedded in the historical level, as opposed to that of Johannes Kabatek or Franz Lebsanft, according to whom they must be placed at the individual level. The specific aim sought is to show the criteria on which the scheme constructed by Coseriu relies by interweaving his tripartition of levels with the Aristotelian-Humboldtian one -in turn structured around the concepts of energeia, dynamis and ergon. The article thus reveals that the extent to which Koch's position differs from Coseriu's original proposal -to which Kabatek and Lebsanft remain faithful-can be explained in terms of how the opposition between the subject and the object of study and the ontology of the former is conceived in each case. Added to the above, this article likewise highlights the close link tying epistemology to ontology which becomes evident when closely examining the foundations that underpin the well-known Coserian tripartition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we propose a reflection on the theoretical and empirical relevance of approaching the study of historical linguistic change study considering marginalia, that is, phenomena that are typologically unexceptional, but which have been ignored in linguistic research. The objective is to draw attention to the tunnel vision that linguistic theories usually entail for those who work within them, since the paradigms themselves and the study methods that are developed within such theories lead to ignoring certain linguistic phenomena relevant to the study of languages which are relegated to the margins of linguistic description. In order to prove the relevance of these marginalia, we will point out the importance they have had for the advancement of linguistic theories in the last two hundred years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the sentences formed by a demonstrative pronoun and an adjective unid by a copulative verb (e. g. Eso es grave). So far, the approach to this type of sentence has been limited to their relation with forms ended in -mente. In this work we analize this phenomenon according to bases of the theory of relation between sentences and we take a corpus of current Spanish from social media. We prove that this type of sentences are involved in a Relation of Evaluation as a satelllites of other(s) sentence(s) that constitutes the nucleus of that relation. That relation are based on lingüistic signals like the indexical character of the demonstrative pronoun and specially because of the character of the adjective. Moreover, that type of relation can also acquire an argumentative dimension and the evaluation contained in the satellite sentence can be an argument or a conclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with the articulatory description and the notational system to represent the "figurative pronunciations" that appear in the Novísima gramática para aprender a leer, hablar y escribir rápida y correctamente el idioma inglés (1886) and in the Compendio de la Novísima gramática (1887) by the Protestant reverend of Spanish origin and settled in Puerto Rico Zacarías Vall Espinosa. It is a contribution to the history of teaching English pronunciation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the uses of the Spanish indefinite pronoun uno, in a diaphasic oral corpus, which is organized by communicative situations ranging from formal monologues to colloquial conversations with family and friends. The description incorporates a basic distinction between the communicative and the thematic role of the sentences where the indefinite pronoun appears, as well as the pragmatic parameters of referential accessibility, interlocutivity and genericity, which allow observing the alternations with other pronouns in the communicative space of the discursive universe in the context of the conversation. The main results show a depersonalizationpersonalization operation linked to the interlocutory relationship that, in addition to the generic character traditionally assigned to the pronoun uno, allows describing an expressive and an appellative use, in a continuum of specificity-genericity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to inquire a corpus of columns of the language (CDL) of the Argentine magazine El Hogar: the section entitled "La paja en el ojo ajeno..." signed by Pescatore di Perle (Francisco Ortiga Anckermann). This CDL was published weekly for almost fifty years (between 1914 and 1963). I will analyze the columns of 1927, the year in which new debates on the national language appeared, especially in the newspaper Crítica. In the context of the institutionalization of philological disciplines in Argentina, the professionalization of the disciplone and the appearance of porteño dialects and colloquial expressions in the media, Pescatore di Perle's columns were a proposal on the use of language for the society that the magazine represented. The hypothesis that we want to demonstrate is that in them, through a strategy of prize and reward, the readership is encouraged to appropriate common sense about the "appropriate" uses of the language. The selection and awarding of the hunt for typos and the comments on the matter functioned as actions typical of «language surveillance», according to the perspective of Laienlinguistik, through which a specific linguistic citizenship was proposed. On the other hand, these CDL promoted linguistic correctness while using, without questioning, certain colloquial expressions as well as lexicon of cocoliche and lunfardo. This functioned, apparently, as objects of ridicule but in the same act, they were given body and representation for their use and domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cierto, correcto, exacto y seguro are adjectives that act both in the microstructural and macrostructural spheres of discourse. Within sentence boundaries, they act as lexical items, while in the macrostructural dimension they function as functions words, using Hopper-Traugott's (1993) terminology. In the macrostructural sphere, these forms have acquired an intonation and syntactic independence that enables them to constitute independent statements of an epistemic nature that, in addition, act on the argumentative plane. In this paper we intend to show the modal and argumentative productivity that these adjectives present when they appear as independent statements. To do this, we rely on the search in the MEsA Corpus, VALESCO 2.0. Corpus, Corpus COLA(M) and in the academic corpus (CORDE, CREA and CORPES XXI). The theoretical-methodological framework followed is Macrosyntax (Fuentes Rodríguez 2013, 2017, 2019) developed from Pragmatic Linguistics (Fuentes Rodríguez 2017 [2000]). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The so-called complementation of attitude or viewpoint adverbial represents one of the least analyzed classes of markers or constructions in the field of discourse markers. These units were initially described as forms of neutral modality. It implies that they are not able to pragmatically orient the discourse or, at least, they are seen as slightly attenuating forms, because they express the pure opinion of the speaker. This paper presents an analysis of these units, using an argumentative approach, and the methodological principles of pragmatic linguistics, in order to demonstrate that they have a complex nature: they operate both in the field of orientation and antiorientation and they strengthen or mitigate the argumentative force, based on the type of text where they appear and on their co-appearance with other modal elements and their position in the statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interjection is considered in some grammars as a class of words, other times it is included among the exclamatory groups. Its macrosyntactic behavior has been scarcely approached despite constituting a broad and dynamic paradigm. The interjection can act as an autonomous modal utterance or be included within the utterance performing various functions. The scope of the affected element in each case differs. This paper analyzes those contexts in which interjective terms with malsonant content develop procedural meanings of argumentative intensification. We describe their syntagmatic distribution, their scope and the constructions they generate. We also delimit whether we are dealing with free or semi-fixed constructions and in which cases we can already speak of grammaticalized discourse operators or those close to fixation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the advantages of a dynamic notion of context in which not only shared knowledge, but also accommodation of assumptions has a central role. To this end, we analyze the interpretation of tautologies: according to the literature, their interpretation is based on prior knowledge. By contrast, our hypothesis is that shared knowledge is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for the felicitous uses of a tautology. To support our view, we conducted a corpus study and an interpretation questionnaire with two experimental tasks. The results align with our predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to offer some general hints to contextualize the materials presented in the appendix: three letters from Américo Castro to Arturo Costa Álvarez, sent during his brief stay in 1923 in Argentina as the first Director of the Instituto de Filología of the University of Buenos Aires, as well as a handwritten reply from Costa Álvarez in the last of them, which was never to be submitted to the sender, but perhaps just to stay there as a landmark for the beginning of an intense and long lasting conflict between this autodidact philologist from La Plata and the authorities sent from Menéndez Pidal's Centro de Estudios Históricos in Madrid to run Buenos Aires' brand new Institute. In addition, we sketch some hypotheses regarding the contribution that this material can make to the understanding of the history of those debates surrounding the institutionalisation of the language sciences in the country, triggered by the creation of the aforementioned institute. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]