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Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Co‐production aims to value service user voices and is increasingly used in healthcare.Less is known about how co‐production in nursing education is experienced by service users. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This paper shares the experience of one service user who teaches student nurses in a UK university.For the first author, the paper highlights that co‐producing nurse education has been valuable and rewarding for both a service user and students. What are the implications for practice?: Co‐production has the potential to benefit student nurses, including challenging their perceptions of 'difficult' patients. To achieve this, teaching sessions must be equally produced and delivered. By employing and including service users, universities have the potential to improve experiences for students and service users alike. Introduction: Co‐production is increasingly used in health care but there is less attention to a co‐produced mental health nurse education. Aim: This article sought to explore the co‐production experiences of a service user who teaches mental health nurses, alongside the benefits of this to nurse education. Methods: The article is a lived experience narrative co‐written with a nursing lecturer. Thesis: Co‐produced mental health nurse education challenges students' perceptions towards self‐harm and encourages empathy and understanding of service user distress. Implications for Practice: Co‐production has many benefits to nurse education including a positive student experience, and validation of the service user experience to support meaningful recovery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject: Secondary traumatic stress (STS) is the indirect traumatisation of a person through the stress of helping or knowing about other's trauma. Burnout is gradual exhaustion in response to long‐term work‐related stress. Both have negative psychological, physiological and/or organisational consequences; however, the existing research in forensic health care professionals (FHCPs) is limited.One study explored STS in FCHPs and found that lower psychological flexibility (ability to adapt) was a predictor of greater STS. Existing research on burnout in FHCPs suggests that individual differences, such as the ways in which we cope (talking to people vs. using substances), may predict burnout levels. What the paper adds to existing knowledge: Prevalence findings add to the recent evidence base, which also found moderate levels of burnout. However, this study is the first to find high levels of secondary traumatic stress in FHCPs.Similar to existing literature, the study's findings suggest that FHCP's with lower levels of psychological flexibility and more maladaptive coping strategies may experience greater STS and burnout symptoms, while staff who use more adaptive coping strategies may experience less burn‐out.Unexpectedly, staff who reported a more anxious attachment style were burnt‐out; however, there are limitations to this finding. What are the implications for practice: Policies and practices in forensic settings should reflect the risk of STS and burnout.Practices or interventions should enhance adaptive coping strategies and psychological flexibility, such as Resilience Enhancement Programmes or Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). Introduction: Secondary traumatic stress (STS) and burnout literature in inpatient forensic health care professionals (FHCPs) is limited, despite the psychological, physiological and organisational consequences. Aims: This study aimed to further this limited evidence base, investigating predictors of STS and burnout in FHCPs. Method: 98 healthcare professionals working in two UK forensic inpatient settings completed measures assessing: burnout, STS, psychological flexibility, coping style, attachment style and a demographic questionnaire recording length of service and the sex of staff. Results: Results indicated high STS and moderate burnout levels. The main predictors of STS and burnout were poorer psychological flexibility and greater maladaptive coping styles, whereas lower burnout was predicted by greater adaptive coping styles and an anxious attachment style. Discussion: This study has contributed towards a limited evidence base and indicates poorer psychological flexibility and greater maladaptive coping may be risk factors for STS and burnout in FHCPs, whereas greater maladaptive coping may be a protective factor. Implication for Practice: The findings suggest that interventions such as Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) and coping skills interventions, may offer protective benefits to inpatient forensic healthcare professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Clinical guidelines and staff training recommend using de‐escalation over restrictive practices, such as restraint and seclusionEvidence suggests that restrictive practices continue to be used frequently despite trainingThis suggests a lack of impact of existing staff de‐escalation training. What does this paper add to existing knowledge?: The features of de‐escalation training that are acceptable to staff and perceived to be impactfulA co‐designed and co‐delivered training session on a trauma‐informed approach to de‐escalation on mental health wards was acceptable and perceived to be impactfulThose attending training particularly valued how lived experience was incorporated into the training content and co‐deliveryThe organizational and team context may need more consideration in adapting the training. What are the implications for practice?: De‐escalation training that adopts a trauma‐informed approach and considers the context of ward environments is acceptable to staffCo‐delivery models of training to tackle restrictive practice can be acceptable and impactfulFurther research will show how clinically effective this training is in improving outcomes for service users in ward contexts. Background: Evidence suggests a discrepancy between recommended and routine practice in de‐escalation in mental health settings, suggesting a lack of impact of existing training. Aim: To investigate the acceptability and perceived impact of a co‐designed/delivered training intervention on a trauma‐informed approach to de‐escalation on mental health wards. Methods: Trainees were invited to complete the Training Acceptability Rating Scale (TARS) post‐training. Responses to the quantitative items were summarized using descriptive statistics, and open‐text responses were coded using content analysis. Results: Of 214 trainees, 211 completed the TARS. The trainees rated the training favourably (median overall TARS = 55/63), as acceptable (median 33/36) and impactful (median 23/27). There were five qualitative themes: modules of interest; multiple perspectives; modes of delivery; moulding to context; and modifying other elements. Discussion: The EDITION training was found to be acceptable and impactful, with trainees particularly valuing the co‐delivery model. Trainees suggested several ways in which the training could be improved, particularly around the need for further moulding of the intervention to the specific ward contexts/teams. Implications for Practice: We recommend co‐designing and co‐delivering staff training to mental health professionals that tackles restrictive practices. Relevance Statement: This research is relevant to lived experience practitioners who want to be involved in training mental health professionals around restrictive practices, demonstrating the value and importance of their voice. It is relevant to current providers of de‐escalation training, and to staff receiving training, outlining a novel, but acceptable and impactful, form of training on a key area of mental health practice. It is relevant to anyone with an interest in reducing restrictive practice via co‐delivered training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: It is known that people with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder often experience crises in their mental wellbeing.There is little evidence about the approaches of mental health nurses in community‐based crisis teams when working with people with a diagnosis of BPD. What the paper adds to the existing knowledge?: This paper highlights that limited resources, work‐patterns and issues of stigma present challenges to delivering recovery‐oriented care.The paper highlights that nurses typically try to navigate the challenges to continue to provide individualized care, though their self‐assessment is that this is with mixed success. What are the implications for practice?: The findings suggest that support is needed to develop brief interventions specific to teams working with people with a diagnosis of BPD who are at a point of crisis. Introduction: People with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD) are often in contact with mental health services at a point of crisis, and in the UK, this includes Crisis Resolution Home Treatment teams (CRHTT). There is a drive for services to be recovery orientated; however, there is little evidence about the degree to which community services achieve this for people with a diagnosis of BPD when in crisis. Research Aim: To understand the perceptions held by CRHTT clinicians about their provision of recovery‐orientated acute care, for people with a diagnosis of BPD. Method: From a purposive sample of a single CRHTT, seven registered mental health nurses were interviewed and Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis framework was used to interpret the data. Results: Five themes emerged: person‐centred care; the timing is wrong; inconsistent staffing; the risks are too great; and BPD as a label. Discussion: The results demonstrate tensions between a drive to deliver person‐centred care and a range of challenges that inhibit this, with the possibility of reframing a recovery approach as "recovery‐ready". Implications for Practice: A whole‐system approach is required to enable a consistent recovery‐oriented approach, but research is also needed for brief interventions specific to this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Dementia affects an increasing number of people and a person with dementia requires significant levels of care.Dementia care is often delivered by family members.Caring for someone with dementia places significant demand on the carer and support for the carer is often needed. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: Research has been conducted into caregivers' experiences of caring for someone with dementia, but a synthesis of findings for studies from the UK is needed to collate the research evidence and provide an account of the common trends within the existing research.This paper adds to existing knowledge by highlighting the key difficulties experienced by carers of a person with dementia in their caring role and their experiences with support services across the existing research evidence. What are the implications for practice?: Improvements to the process of dementia assessment and the process of receiving a dementia diagnosis are needed.Information and support needs to be more accessible for the carer of a person with dementiaCultural differences need to be acknowledged in the support and information offered to carers of a person with dementia. Aim: To understand the experiences of informal carers' of individuals with dementia in the UK when engaging with services for support in their caring role. Methods: Following the PRISMA guidelines, a qualitative systematic literature review was carried out. Six Internet databases were searched. Results were screened, and eligible studies were appraised using Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2019) and data synthesized using Evan & Pearson (2001) and Evans (2002). Results: The search returned 231 records, 11 were selected for critical appraisal and data synthesis. Four main themes (information for carers, process of diagnosing dementia, difficulties accessing support and cultural differences of experiences of services) were extracted. Discussion: Carers experience services as providing inadequate support for the Person with Dementia (PwD) and themselves for support relating to dementia. Difficulties in receiving information and support were experienced from before diagnosis to end‐of‐life (EoL) care. Additionally, cultural differences were found in carers' experiences. Implications for practice: The provision of and access to dementia support should be improved; more information for carers about dementia and dementia services is needed; cultural differences need to be appreciated in the support and information offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What Is Known on the Subject?: Economic and educational opportunities are usually the principal driving forces for migration.There is a large body of quantitative research studies, mainly from the U.K., supporting the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, mainly psychotic disorders, in Afro‐Caribbean immigrants which increases across generations.The process of migration and acculturation can present significant risk factors for psychiatric disorders in immigrants.Research involving members of the Black community is generally conducted with the perception that Blacks are a homogenous group, ignoring the cultural and ethnic differences among the subgroups. What the Paper Adds to Existing Knowledge?: It provides a broadened understanding of the experiences, thoughts and feelings of Afro‐Caribbean immigrants, and the factors within the processes of migration and acculturation that negatively impacts their mental health.It provides context to the volume of quantitative studies indicating a high prevalence of psychiatric disorders, particularly psychotic disorders, in Afro‐Caribbean immigrants and their offspring. What Are the Implications for Practice?: Nurses conducting mental health evaluations and assessments for members of the Black community should be culturally competent. Cultural competence entails an understanding of cultural beliefs, race, ethnicity and values. Additionally, knowledge of the effects of migration and acculturation as mental health risks is also important to improve mental health outcomes.Cultural competence will help reduce health disparities by increasing trust in the health care system and providers, not only for Afro‐Caribbean immigrants, but all immigrant groups. Introduction: There is evidence to support migration as a significant risk factor for psychiatric disorders in immigrants. Unfortunately, as an immigrant group, little is known about the mental health of Afro‐Caribbean immigrants and the factors that threaten their mental health. Aim: To explore the perceived effects of migration on the mental health of Afro‐Caribbean immigrants. Methods: A qualitative narrative synthesis was employed to interpretively integrate 13 primary qualitative research findings. Eleven of the primary studies were conducted in the U.K., one in the U.S. and one in Canada. Results: The themes gleaned: (1) experiences of racism, (2) generational conflicts, (3) feelings of powerlessness, (4) limited socioeconomic resources, (5) unfulfilled expectations, (6) fragmented family and community and (7) ignoring cultural/ethnic identity. Discussion: The findings broadened the understanding and experiences of Afro‐Caribbean immigrants and their mental health vulnerabilities as they navigate through migration and acculturation. Implications for Practice: Addressing the mental health of Afro‐Caribbeans will require health care providers to: (1) be cognizant of their immigrant status; (2) understand how migration and acculturation influence the mental health of immigrants; (3) be aware of the ethnocultural differences among Black subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Many studies have investigated the attitudes of mental health nurses towards a range of targets. These targets are person‐oriented (for example groups of people with a similar mental health diagnosis) or practice‐oriented (for example practices such as seclusion or restraint).It is thought that attitudes contribute to the practice of mental health nurses because research suggests attitudes have a role in shaping behaviour. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: To date, research about mental health nurses' attitudes has examined different attitudes in isolation from one another. By demonstrating a lack of connectedness across studies this paper highlights the need for new theory‐informed approaches to attitudinal research.By standardizing measurements across different studies this review demonstrates that the most negatively appraised attitudinal targets—indicated by large proportions of respondents who appraise negatively—concern people with diagnoses of borderline personality disorder, substance misuse, and acute mental health presentations. What are the implications for practice?: Significant numbers of mental health nurses may have attitudes, especially towards people with borderline personality diagnoses and those who misuse substances, that may not be concordant with good practice.There is insufficient evidence about what the actual implications this has for practice because the body of relevant research lacks coherence, interconnectedness and a grounding in contemporary theoretical developments.Training programmes that focus on attitudinal change need to be more rigorously evaluated. Introduction: Attitudes are considered integral to mental health nursing practice. Aims: To comprehensively describe the (i) measured attitudes of UK mental health nurses towards people and practice; (ii) effectiveness of interventions to change attitudes; and (iii) relationships between their attitudes, other variables/constructs and practice. Methods: Using systematic review methodology, multiple databases (CINAHL, Scopus, PsycINFO, Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar) were searched. Eligible studies involved measurement of UK‐based mental health nurses' attitudes with multi‐item scales. Studies were quality appraised, mean (SD) attitudinal data were standardized, and other results converted to standardized effect sizes. Results: N = 42 studies were included. Negatively appraised attitudinal targets were people with a borderline personality disorder diagnosis, substance misuse, and acute mental health presentations. Educational interventions were associated with immediate increases in positive appraisals but sustainability was poorly evidenced. There was very limited study of attitude‐practice links. Discussion: This review identifies priority attitudinal targets for action but also demonstrates that future work must consider the interconnectedness of attitudes and their relationship with practice. Implications for Practice: Priority areas for consideration are attitudes to borderline personality disorder, substance misuse and mental health co‐morbidity. Addressing disparities between nurses' attitudes and those of service users is important. More robust research is required into the effectiveness of interventions to change attitudes and into attitude‐practice links. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: During the COVID‐19 pandemic, there has been research considering the impact on medical healthcare professionals and the mental health needs of the general population. However, limited focus has been placed on mental health services or mental health staff providing care in the community and in hospitals. While nurses make up the largest section of the mental health workforce in the UK, the impact that this pandemic has had on their work has been largely ignored. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: This paper provides a unique insight into the experiences and impact that the COVID‐19 pandemic has had on mental health nurses across a range of community and inpatient settings to understand what has changed in their work and the care they can and do provide during this crisis. This includes exploring how services have changed, the move to remote working, the impact of the protective equipment crisis on nurses and the difficult working conditions facing those in inpatient settings where there is minimal guidance provided. What are the implications for practice?: By understanding the impact the pandemic has had on mental health nursing care, we can understand the gaps in guidance that exist, the challenges being faced and the impact the crisis has had on care for mental health service users. By doing so, we can plan for the ongoing nature of this pandemic and the aftermath that the crisis may leave for our service users and workforce alike. Introduction: While evidence has emerged concerning the impact of COVID‐19 on the general population and the challenges facing health services, much less is known regarding how the pandemic has directly affected the delivery of mental health nursing care. Aim: This paper aimed to explore how COVID‐19 has affected the ability of mental health nurses to deliver care in community and inpatient mental health services in the UK. Method: We investigated staff reports regarding the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on mental healthcare and mental health service users in the UK, using a mixed‐methods online survey. A total of 897 nurses across a range of inpatient and community settings participated. Discussion: Key themes within the data explore the following: new ways of working; remote working; risks of infection/infection control challenges; and the impact on service users. Targeted guidelines are required to support mental health nurses providing care and support during a pandemic to people in severe mental distress, often in unsuitable environments. Implications for Practice: Service developments need to occur alongside tailored guidance and support for staff welfare supported by clear leadership. These findings identify areas requiring attention and investment to prepare for future crises and the consequences of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: People diagnosed with a personality disorder might be more likely to have physical health problems and be admitted to the hospital. Treatment in hospitals might be complicated by mental health crises or self‐injury, and barriers to NHS care may increase the risk of developing further illness with serious consequences.Literature on "personality disorder" and the general hospital has to date primarily focused on emergency departments. Research on how general hospital inpatient wards respond to people diagnosed with a "personality disorder" has been long overdue. Thirteen clinicians working in mental health liaison in the general hospital were interviewed as part of a sequence of research studies. What this paper adds to existing knowledge: This study identified unjust and avoidable differences in the care and treatment received by people diagnosed with a "personality disorder" in general hospitals. People with a "personality disorder" diagnosis were discriminated against and over‐ and under‐medicated.Mental health liaison clinicians reported limited understanding and skills among general hospital clinicians. People working in general hospitals were fearful of the "personality disorder" diagnosis. Poor care was accepted because general hospital clinicians did not consider themselves to be "mental health trained." What are the implications for practice?: Clinicians working in mental health liaison need credible knowledge of mental and physical health and medicines.Capability, influence, and high‐level interpersonal skills are needed to successfully work across mental health services and the general hospital.More advanced and consultant‐level nursing roles in more mental health liaison teams are needed to strengthen this specialist workforce. Introduction: Literature on "personality disorder" and the general hospital has to date primarily focused on emergency departments. Research on how general hospital inpatient wards respond to people diagnosed with a "personality disorder" has been long overdue. Aim: Qualitative telephone interviews were undertaken to explore the views and perspectives of clinicians working in mental health liaison in this final strand of a mixed methods explanatory sequential study. Method: Participants were recruited via social media and professional networks by snowball sampling. Data were analysed using a framework approach. Results: Four themes were identified: knowledge, understanding, skills, and discriminatory practice; alliances, diplomacy, care, and treatment of people diagnosed with a "personality disorder"; achieving parity of esteem in a disparate healthcare system; and organizational stress, mismatched expectations, and service led decision‐making. Discussion: There were unjust and avoidable differences in the care and treatment received by people diagnosed with a "personality disorder" in the general hospital. People were discriminated against and routinely over‐ and under‐medicated. Implications for practice: Clinicians working in mental health liaison need capacity for partnership working, clinical capability spanning mental and physical health, credibility and influence and high‐level interpersonal skills to address the entrenched discrimination of people diagnosed with a "personality disorder." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: More people experience withdrawal symptoms when weaning off antidepressants than previously thought; particularly after taking them for a long time. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: I explore my own experience of weaning off antidepressants; detailing conflicting advice I have received from healthcare professionals, and the mental and physical withdrawal symptoms I experienced.I relate my experiences to a growing body of research, which have important implications for improving care. What are the implications for mental health nursing?: Healthcare professionals should make patients aware of potential withdrawal symptoms they may experience before they wean off antidepressants; regularly review their progress; consider helping them access psychological support whilst weaning off; and engage in open and collaborative conversations with patients throughout.Clinical guidance needs to be updated to provide appropriate evidence‐based information/advice/recommendations for how best to support patients when coming off of antidepressants. A significant proportion of the UK population are taking antidepressants, and have been taking them for at least a year. Clinical guidelines have controversially stated that withdrawal symptoms when weaning off antidepressants are mild and resolve after one week, with the proviso that they can be severe only if the drug is stopped abruptly. However, recent evidence suggests this is not the case. I describe my own experiences of tapering the dose of my antidepressants after several years of taking them. I describe my encounters with healthcare professionals throughout this period, detailing conflicting advice I have received, along with describing the mental and physical withdrawal symptoms I have experienced. My experiences relate to a growing body of research, which have important implications for improving care. Potential learning outcomes are that healthcare professionals should make patients aware of potential withdrawal symptoms they may experience before they wean off antidepressants; regularly review their progress; consider helping them access psychological support whilst weaning off; and engage in open and collaborative conversations with patients throughout the process. Clinical guidance needs to be updated to provide appropriate evidence‐based information, advice, and recommendations for how best to support patients when coming off of antidepressants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Mental healthcare requires acceptance of suicide and flexible attitudes especially in relation to caring for people who have suicidal thoughts or who have attempted suicide. Nurse education programmes for student nurses can shape positively the attitudes of individual participants, yet limited research exists on what nursing students' attitudes currently are towards people who are suicidal. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: This paper adds to the developing international comparative work that is providing a greater understanding of cultural perceptions of suicide amongst students. This paper along with existing literature highlights a potential relationship between certain religious belief systems and their potential to be protective against suicide. At the same time, such religious belief is more likely to be associated with more judgmental attitude towards suicidal behaviour. This paper using a validated research tool, devised by a research psychologist, scored for the first time, individual student attitudes towards caring for people that are suicidal, whilst establishing the overall differences between the two countries from which the data are collected. What are the implications for practice?: This paper offers potential explanations for differences in nursing students' attitudes between the UK and Turkey. Disparities under discussion include gender, type of education, culture and religion. This is an important discussion in the consideration of nurse education worldwide. It is recognized that students may come from a variety of different backgrounds, with varying personal and social attitudes to begin with; yet, there exists the potential to positively influence overall attitudes towards service users whilst learners are still within a training programme, consisting of education and practice experiences. The merits of a specialist mental health nurse training programme and its potential to impact more favourably on students attitudes deserve more attention and research. Abstract: Introduction: Suicide is a major public health issue internationally, and the impact of positive or negative attitudes amongst the mental health professional workforce warrants scrutiny. The study aimed to examine English and Turkish nursing students' attitudes towards people with suicidal behaviour. Method: This cross‐cultural study reports on attitudes of 240 nursing students towards suicide in Turkey and 82 nursing students in the UK. A reliable and valid 24 item “Attitudes towards Suicide Scale” and “Social Reactions to Suicidal Persons Scale” were used to measure attitudes. Results: The UK nursing students were found to display more accepting attitudes to suicide, and scored higher on acceptability of suicide, seeing suicide as a solution and open reporting and discussion of suicide subscales than their Turkish counterparts. Turkish nursing students scored higher on punishment after death and hiding suicidal behaviour subscales than the UK students. Turkish nursing students scored significantly higher on deterring subscale of reactions to a suicidal peer scale than the UK nursing students. Implications for practice: It is vital for nurse students to develop positive acceptance of suicide through education, reflection and clinical supervision to be more therapeutic towards suicidal patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Current UK mental health nursing policy is critiqued for neglecting the storied complexities of recovery-survival., Within a critical framework, creative non-fiction is used in a relational auto-ethnographic design to produce two short stories that demonstrate the utility of narrative re-storying in recovery-survival., New insights emerge for mental health nurse practice and research. These are: that narrative re-storying may help the recovery process for individuals and communities; that hybrid transcultural writing positively undermines barriers between professionals and consumers of mental health; and that all of this constitutes contemporary methodological innovation in narrative inquiry and related practice., Abstract Some of the complexities of recovery and survival are arguably relatively neglected in current UK mental health nursing policy and, by association, clinical and research practice. In order to redress this, this paper, part of larger research project, will present two short stories, contextualized in a critical theoretical and methodological position. The overall significance of the argument in the paper is in its emerging benefits and implications for users of mental health services, practitioners and researchers. The central, orienting principle in the paper, cohering with all of its strands, is 'narrative re-storying'. Organized in three parts, the first reviews selected relevant background policy and related literature, the contextual and theoretical bases of the paper, and related methodological and ethical issues. The second presents the two stories, and the third brings the paper to a close. It does so in discussing specific and global emerging implications for mental health nursing practice and research, around narrative re-storying as a recovery tool and methodological innovations that include 'hybrid' writing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary In this paper we review past research that suggests video conferencing (VC) can be successfully used in a number of ways in mental health services. These ways include holding staff meetings remotely, conducting assessment and treatment when it is not easy for the clinician and service user to be at the same location, and running staff training remotely., We also present some guidance regarding issues to be considered when introducing VC into mental health settings, such as the importance of staff and service user consultation, the necessity for training in VC and advice about how to conduct meetings by VC., Beginning to use VC can represent a significant cultural change for staff and service users. We hope that this paper will provide a useful summary of things that may help support this change., Abstract The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the evidence base regarding the use of video conferencing (VC), implementation issues, policies, procedures, technical requirements and VC etiquette. The paper is based on a literature review of VC within the mental health sector and the authors' experience in implementing VC. Six themes emerged from the literature review: applications of VC, VC assessments, treatment, training and supervision, practitioner anxiety, and VC administrative processes. The results of the review support the use of VC in mental health services. Guidelines for the implementation of VC are discussed, including the importance of staff and service user consultations, training in the use of VC, clear guidance for staff with regards to usage, confidentiality and data protection policies, and VC etiquette. Challenges that can arise when implementing VC in a mental health context are also discussed. Arguably, it is not the technology, but the cultural change it represents to staff which seems to be the most important factor regarding successful implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is already known about this topic?: Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) have elevated risks for physical health problems and low screening rates.No previous studies have compared the physical health promotion needs of people with SMI using the same screening tool across different international settings. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: It appears feasible to use the HIP to profile and compare physical health‐related risks in people with SMI across different international settings.The HIP tool identified significant differences in areas of risk across the four countries. What are the implications for practice?: The HIP could be used to identify unique clusters of health promotion needs in different countries.Use of HIP health checks may support implementation of individualized interventions. Introduction: To date, no studies have contrasted physical health profiles of people with severe mental illness (SMI) in different countries. Aim: To evaluate feasibility of using the Health Improvement Profile (HIP) to compare and contrast physical health and health behaviours of people with SMI from four countries. Method: An observational feasibility study using secondary analysis of pooled health state and lifestyle data. Physical health checks using modified versions of HIP were administered in four countries. Results: Findings suggest feasibility of HIP screening to profile and compare physical health and health behaviours of people with SMI across international settings. High overall numbers of risk items (red flags) were identified in all but the Thailand sample. Despite some commonalities, there were important differences in health profiles across countries. Discussion: This is the first study to demonstrate feasibility of the HIP to compare health risks in individuals with SMI across countries. Future multi‐national HIP studies should recruit a fully powered stratified random sample of people with SMI that is representative of each setting. Implications for practice: It appears feasible to utilize the HIP to identify specific areas of health risk in different countries, which may help to better focus nursing interventions and use of resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known about the subject? This paper describes crisis resolution/home treatment (CRHT) teams, which are part of mental health services in the United Kingdom. CRHT is expected to assist individuals in building resilience and work within a recovery approach., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? This paper arises from an interview with one individual, Dale, as part of a larger study exploring service users' experiences of CRHT. It adds to the body of narrative knowledge in CRHT through Dale's co-authorship of this paper, reflecting on his original interview 4 years later, with co-authors providing critical interpretation of his experience, in turn supported by cognate literature., What are the implications for practice? Implications for practice are considered, themselves mediated through Dale's own descriptions of how CRHT interventions impacted upon him. These impacts are analysed with respect to three themes: Resilience, Recovery and Power., It is centrally contended that clinicians need to more clearly comprehend three core matters. First, what resilience 'is' for service users as well as the complex process through which these individuals move in developing resilience. Second, the distinction that service users might make between 'recovery' and 'functionality', and how this in turn can impact on individuals both in personal and socioeconomic sense. Finally, the mechanics of power within CRHT contexts and how these interpersonal dynamics can affect the relationship between service user and clinician in practice., Abstract Introduction and Aim The central purpose of this paper, part of a larger study exploring the experiences of Service Users (SUs) with CRHT, is to emphasise the importance of the SU voice itself within the domain. Following an interrogation of the historical contexts of CRHT. Method This paper uses interpretative phenomological approach around detailed thematic examination of an extended, semi-structured with a single SU: Dale. Moreover, four years after the interview was originally conducted, Dale was himself invited to reflect upon, and critically re-evaluate, his initial participation as a co-author of this paper. In this way, a genuinely participant-centred narrative on experiences with CRHT could be generated. Implications for Practice This resulted in Dale describing what 'crisis' meant to him, and his personal journey within that crisis. Although framing some experiences as negative, he primarily argues that the CRHT team was very personable, affirming his personal values and beliefs, and encouraging him to use coping skills that he had utilised effectively in prior periods of crisis. Analysis highlights three major themes permeating Dale's narrative: Resilience, Recovery and Power. It is contended that this analysis begins to demonstrate implications for practice and highlight that (and how) CRHT clinicians might more clearly engage with what resilience 'is' for SUs, and also the complex process through which these individuals move in developing it. Equally, it is proposed that practitioners should be mindful of the distinction that SUs might make between 'recovery' and 'functionality', and how this in turn can impact on individuals both in personal and socio-economic sense. Finally, the mechanics of power within CRHT contexts are foregrounded, and how these interpersonal dynamics can affect the working relationship between SU and clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? Personal experiences of self-injury and staff reactions have been published., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? There is an absence of a detailed account of the interpersonal processes surrounding self-injury within a specific helping relationship., This paper is the first to explore the in-depth relationship between self-injury and shame., What are the implications for practice? This research identifies a cycle of shame in which people come to expect negative responses from others, which further reinforce their negative beliefs and supports a continuing cycle of harm., Mental Health Nurses may work with clients to understand the interpersonal processes and consequences of their self-injury in the helping relationship., Abstract Introduction Literature on self-injury has recognized the impact on the relationship between clients and staff. Rationale There is an absence of a detailed account of interpersonal processes surrounding self-injury. Aim A Bricolage qualitative research approach was carried out in the United Kingdom that explored the interpersonal processes surrounding self-injury. Method Three pairs of clients and staff were interviewed about an incident of self-injury. The interviews were thematically analysed and then synthesized producing a deeper exploration of the relationship between the client and staff. Findings An interpersonal trigger followed by anger and shame, resulted in self-injury to 'numb' these experiences. Discussion Self-injury is conceptualized as a safety behaviour to avoid shame and anger and then as a maintenance cycle that traps the client in a reinforcing and rejecting relationship. Staff interviewed were able to reflect with the clients and help them reframe these experiences. Implications for practice Mental Health Nurses can work with clients to understand their own interpersonal cycles of self-injury. They can then reflect on their own roles in this process and avoid reinforcing the clients' negative beliefs. What the study adds to international evidence This is the first international paper to explore the interconnection between the client and a professional helper in their lived experiences of self-injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Mental health nurses are expected to adhere to a range of professional values., The values of social integration that mental health nurses practise are somewhat at odds with the values of the British welfare state., Alternative systems of welfare support are demonstrated in other countries., Mental health nurses must consider models of practice, such as that described by Clifton et al. (2013b), to manage the disconnection between what is expected and what can be achieved., Abstract This discussion paper considers the implications for mental health nursing practice when working alongside individuals in receipt of state benefits. There is arguably a profound impact on an individual's recovery from mental ill health when that individual is also dependent on financial support from the government. Access to welfare benefits can have a significant impact on the recovery journey of that individual. This discussion paper will consider the practice implications for mental health nurses whose professional values include maxims such as 'challenging inequality' and 'respecting diversity', and will seek to examine the implications for practice when such values are divergent from those demonstrated in government policy. The paper will make comparisons with international welfare systems to demonstrate the way in which alternative configurations of state welfare can promote a system of social justice that is in greater equilibrium with the professional values of mental health nurses. Finally, the discussion will focus on the options for mental health nurses to either subscribe to government policy or to find compromise solutions that enable attention to remain focused and active on a strong value base of social justice and recovery-focused practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been linked to poor outcomes in terms of mental health, specifically, PTSD, depression and alcohol abuse.A lack of research evidence exists relevant to exploring the presence and implications of TBI in the police in the UK and globally, despite the elevated risk of physical and emotional trauma specific to policing. What does the paper add to existing knowledge?: The rate of traumatic brain injury is highly prevalent in a small sample of police officers.Traumatic brain injury is a major source of post‐concussion symptoms (physical, cognitive and emotional deficits) in police officers, which, in general, are associated with greater mental health difficulties and drinking alcohol to cope. What are the implications for practice?: Traditional mental health treatments should be supplemented with elements of concussion care to address any cognitive, emotional and physical issues due to head injury.Interventions should be made more accessible to those suffering from a mild brain injury. This can be done through regular reminders of appointments, pictograms and by providing a concrete follow‐up. Introduction: Police officers have a high risk of injury through assaults, road traffic incidents and attending domestic calls, with many officers developing post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) as a consequence. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common injury in populations involved in conflict and has been extensively linked to mental health difficulties. However, current research has not explored the frequency and sequelae of TBI in police populations, despite the elevated risk of physical and emotional trauma specific to policing. Aim: To explore self‐reported TBI, PTSD, post‐concussion symptoms, depression and drinking to cope in a small sample of UK police, to determine the frequency of these conditions and their relationships. Method: Measures of TBI, mental health, and drinking alcohol to cope were administered to 54 police officers from a Midshire Police Constabulary. Results: Mild TBI with loss of consciousness was reported by 38.9% of the sample. TBI was associated with increased post‐concussion symptoms (PCS). PCS were associated with greater severity of PTSD, depression and drinking to cope. Discussion: Exploring TBI in the police could identify a major factor contributing towards ongoing mental health difficulties in a population where, based on previous research, the implications of TBI should not be overlooked, highlighting the need for further research in this area. Implications for Practice: This research spans to identify the importance of routine assessment and increasing awareness within mental health services. Mental health treatments should be made amenable to a population with potential memory, planning and impulse control deficits. Further work in mental health services is needed to understand the level of ongoing issues that are due to post‐concussion symptoms and those that are due to other mental health difficulties, such as PTSD, thereby educating patients on the association between TBI and emotional difficulties. A graduated return‐to‐work plan should be developed to enable a safe transition back to work, whilst managing any ongoing symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary The move towards new ways of working in Mental Health services has challenged multidisciplinary teams to consider how new roles and responsibilities can be supported., Staff development is central to this but there are concerns about education and training opportunities within the dementia workforce., This papers asks nurses working in dementia care to assess their own level of knowledge and competence and to identify areas of unmet educational needs., The results suggest that not all nurses are developed to such a point that new ways of working can be effectively introduced., Abstract It is expedient to consider new ways in which dementia care services may be configured to meet increasing demographic, societal and regulatory demands. Greater equity in the distribution of clinical responsibility across multidisciplinary teams has been suggested as one method that may offer a range of benefits to both the service user and the service itself. However, within the dementia workforce there are concerns about inconsistency and variability in both knowledge of dementia and competency in meeting the needs of those affected. Taking this into account it was felt important to explore perceived knowledge and competency of specialist dementia care nurses who would not only be expected to possess higher levels of knowledge and skill but are positioned as the obvious clinical group to engage with new ways of working. Consequently, this paper offers the results and subsequent discussion of a survey of senior nurses working in dementia care across the UK. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary This paper highlighted some opportunities as well as challenges in relation to cognitive behavioural therapy, and examined a cognitive behavioural therapy awareness educational programme delivered by a blended learning approach at the University of Gloucestershire, UK., The challenges associated with initiation and running of such educational programmes included the time commitments for busy practitioners to complete the award, learners' motivation and engagement with the course, and some challenges associated with e-leaning., The paper concludes with suggestions for the way forward for such educational programmes., Abstract This paper examined the opportunities as well as challenges in relation to the use of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). The opportunities include the increased range of mental health conditions and other disorders where CBT (in isolation or with other interventions) could be effective to address them, as well as policies around workforce education and training that support the expansion of psychological therapies, particularly CBT services. The challenges include the urgent need of heightened awareness among the wider platform of health and social care workers about CBT principles, structure, framework, methods of delivery, wider applications, evaluation and appropriate referral of clients, and stepped model of care. In response to such needs, the paper described CBT awareness educational award at the University of Gloucestershire, UK: the Certificate of Professional Studies in Awareness of Cognitive and Behavioural Therapies Practice delivered at Level III and M level. The challenges associated with the initiation and running of such educational programmes are highlighted, as well as suggestions for the way forward considering the learners', employers' and educational providers' perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Anorexia nervosa (AN) affects many young people but they can be reluctant to accept treatment. If we understood the views of young people with AN we might be able to develop more acceptable treatments. At the moment, most of what we know about their views is taken from studies of girls and young women., For some young people, having AN means being able to control something, but AN can also be an illness that controls the person. Confusion about control is one of the things that make AN hard to treat., It is difficult to find the right combination of treatments for the physical and psychological symptoms of AN. The research evidence we have does not offer enough guidance for clinicians., Good relationships with clinicians can be difficult to achieve. Young people with AN want clinicians to look after them but at the same time they may resent it when clinicians tell them what to do. However, once they have recovered they often say that they needed firm treatment in order to get better., Abstract This paper reviews current literature in which adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN) were consulted about their views of their treatment. Published research was systematically retrieved and interrogated during 2009-2010 and analysed using a four-stage model. Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Three core themes were identified. AN was perceived as a means of taking control and also something that controlled the individual. Tensions were recognized between client preferences for psychological interventions and treatments that prioritized physical care. Therapeutic alliance emerged as a strategy for overcoming these difficulties but was challenged by client ambivalence towards treatment. Most included studies were qualitative. Young males and individuals who dropped out of treatment were underrepresented in the studies. Adolescents' perspectives on treatment for AN were characterized by paradoxes and tensions. Egosyntonic theory was used as a theoretical construct to interpret findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: The experience of hearing distressing voices is commonly reported by service users with a diagnosis of first‐episode psychosis, but their access to formal conversations about voices in the form of psychological therapies can be limited.Service users within Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) services can benefit from informal opportunities to talk about their voice hearing experiences. However, they can be reluctant to engage with these conversations.Little is known about the experiences of EIP practitioners as they try to engage service users in conversations about their voices. What does the paper add to existing knowledge?: Despite EIP Services specializing in the treatment of the symptoms of psychosis such as voice hearing, practitioners can still be reluctant to initiate and continue informal conversations about voices. What are the implications for practice?: EIP practitioners may benefit from the introduction of interview guides and brief interventions to assist them with the initiation and continuation of conversations about voices. Introduction: Hearing voices is a common and distressing symptom of first‐episode psychosis. Formal and informal conversations about voices are helpful, but service users within Early Intervention in Psychosis (EIP) Services can be reluctant to discuss their voice hearing experiences. There is currently no literature that explores the experiences of EIP practitioners as they try to facilitate conversations about distressing voices. Aim/Question: A qualitative methodology was used to investigate how EIP practitioners work with service users who hear voices. Ten practitioners were interviewed, and interviews were analysed using template analysis. Results: Two themes that offer novel insights are presented: "starting a conversation about voices" and "continuing the conversation about voices." Discussion: Starting and continuing a conversation about voices was considered important but not all practitioners were confident in this respect. The initiation and continuation of these conversations may need to be systematically supported. Implications for practice: To support the initiation of informal conversations, a standardized interview guide for voice hearing could be introduced and systematically utilized. The continuation of these conversations could be supported by practitioners being given the opportunity to receive training in and the opportunity to deliver brief symptom‐specific therapies for distressing voices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: To date, improvements on U.K. acute mental health wards have been difficult to sustain. The barriers to change may be context dependent. Mental health wards are volatile workplaces with service user violence/aggression, frequent staff and patient changes, and ongoing service improvements.The evidence suggests that burnout affects staff perceptions of barriers to change, and ward climate affects burnout. As two potentially important, independent predictors of staff perceptions of barriers to change, the impact of ward climate and burnout on how staff regard changes should be considered. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: Elements of ward climate such as high numbers of incidents and temporary staff independently worsened mental health staff perceptions of barriers to change, in addition to negative impacts from burnout and occupational status.How staff perceived ward climate was also linked their perceptions of barriers to change; however, burnout was no longer a significant consideration with these variables.Staff with low job satisfaction and high interaction anxiety also had low confidence regarding changes. Staff with low job satisfaction were also demotivated towards changes. What are the implications for practice?: Ward climate is clearly an important factor in how nurses view organizational changes. In this study, nurses' perceptions of barriers to change were worse if they viewed ward climate negatively, or if temporary staff and incident numbers were high.Staff perceptions of ward climate and barriers to change should be assessed, ahead of service changes.Developing change strategies based on such information is likely to produce better implementation outcomes. Specifically, targeting staff confidence and motivation (which are barriers to change) may improve how staff regard their ward climate. Introduction: To create successful change programmes for mental health wards, it is necessary to understand which aspects of ward climate prevent change. Question: Does ward climate influence mental health nurse's perceptions of barriers to change? Method: Random‐effects models were used to test whether the following ward climate variables influenced the outcome measure "staff perceptions of barriers to change" (VOCALISE) and its subscales (powerlessness/confidence/demotivation): (a) Perceptions of ward climate (VOTE: subscales included work intensity/job satisfaction/interaction anxiety). (b) Ward climate indicators (incidents/detention under the Mental Health Act (2007)/staffing/bed pressure). As known predictors of VOCALISE, burnout (Maslach Burnout Inventory) and occupational status were included in the models. Results: Perceptions of ward climate (VOTE), incidents, temporary staff, occupational status and burnout significantly and negatively affected perceptions of barriers to change (VOCALISE). Staff with low job satisfaction (VOTE) and high interaction anxiety (VOTE) also had low confidence (VOCALISE). Staff with low job satisfaction (VOTE) were also demotivated (VOCALISE). Discussion: Ward climate is an important predictor of how staff regard service changes in mental health wards. Implications for practice: Staff perceptions of ward climate and barriers to change should be assessed ahead of service changes to identify pressures that impede progress and lower morale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: There is a drive to use positive and proactive approaches to mental health care to reduce the use of restrictive practices such as seclusion and restraint.Positive behaviour support plans have been used successfully to do this in learning disability services, and in England, it is now a regulatory requirement that anyone with challenging behaviour should have an individualized behaviour support plan.However, positive behaviour support plans specifically have not been evaluated as part of routine mental health care and mental health nurses' and relatives' attitudes towards them are unknown. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: This evaluation of positive behaviour support plans in routine mental health inpatient care found that they had not been widely implemented or completed as intended.Barriers to the use of the plans included confusion among nurses and relatives around the principles of positive behaviour support, including how, when and for whom the plans should be used, difficulties in being able to describe the function of a patient's behaviour and lack of engagement with relatives and patients.Nevertheless, nurses and relatives valued the plans, in particular for their potential to facilitate holistic care. What are the implications for practice?: To use the plans successfully, mental health nurses will need training to understand fully the rationale behind the positive behaviour support approach and will need to engage more with relatives and patients.Commitment to the approach from the whole care team and organization will be needed to implement the plans consistently for all patients. Introduction: An international drive is to minimize restrictive practices in mental health care. Positive behaviour support plans (PBSPs) help staff prevent behaviour which would require restrictive intervention. Originating in learning disability services, data within mental health care are limited. Aims: To evaluate PBSPs within a mental health inpatient service; understand mental health nurses' and relatives' attitudes to them; and understand the barriers and facilitators for their use in routine mental health care. Methods: Mixed methods—quality ratings and interviews with relatives and nurses. Results: Positive behaviour support plans were poorly implemented. Relatives and nurses valued the potential of PBSPs to facilitate holistic care, though no relative had contributed to one and not every eligible patient had one. Barriers to their use included confusion around positive behaviour support, including how, when and for whom PBSPs should be used, and difficulties describing the function of a behaviour. Discussion: The potential of PBSPs to improve mental health care is recognized. However, there are barriers to their use which should be addressed to ensure that PBSPs have been properly implemented before their impact on patient care can be assessed. Implications for practice: Mental health professionals implementing PBSPs should engage with relatives and patients, gain organizational commitment and ensure that those involved understand fully the positive behaviour support approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? Stress can impact students on mental health nurse training. This can have implications at the individual level (e.g. their own mental health) and at the level of the organization (e.g. sickness absence and attrition)., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? We interviewed 12 mental health nursing students regarding the stress they experienced during training. Participants described how the academic demands can at times be unbearable during clinical placements. There were also issues with 'being a student' on some placements, with participants describing negative attitudes towards them from staff., The younger participants reported feeling overwhelmed on their initial placements and described some of the main challenges of mental health work for them. Raising concerns about the quality of care on wards was also described as particularly challenging for the students., What are the implications for practice? This paper can be useful to help training providers support mental health nursing students. Recommendations include reducing academic demands during clinical placements and extending and promoting existing support services beyond normal 9 am-5 pm working hours, even if these services are limited. Younger students could be better supported by being allocated to the more well-resourced placements in the early stages of their training., Raising awareness among staff of the tasks students can and cannot perform can help improve staff/student relations. Finally, students should be educated about the issues around raising concerns on placements to help the governments drive for a more open and transparent National Health Service (NHS)., Abstract Introduction Previous studies investigating stress in nursing students focus on general nursing students or adopt quantitative measures. Purpose of study A qualitative study focusing specifically on mental health nursing students is required. Method One-to-one interviews were carried out with mental health nursing students ( n = 12). Data were thematically analysed. Results Participants reported unreasonable demands during clinical blocks, and described how control/support is lowest on placements with staff shortages. Negative attitudes towards students from staff and related issues were also discussed. Younger participants described struggling with mental health work during the early stages of training. Discussion Training providers should strive to provide adequate support to students to help them manage stress during training. Implications for practice Academic demands should be reasonable during clinical blocks and support services outside normal working hours should be available for students, even if these are limited in scope. Greater consideration to the allocation of placements for younger students in the mental health branch could be helpful. Furthermore, staff on placements should be aware of the tasks students can and cannot perform, to help improve staff/student relations. Educating students on the issues of raising concerns can help the governments drive for a more open and transparent National Health Service ( NHS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? Difficulties with the recruitment and retention of qualified nursing staff have resulted in nursing shortages worldwide with a consequential impact on the quality of care. It is increasingly recommended that evidence-based staffing levels are central to the development of workforce plans. Due to a paucity of empirical research in mental health and learning disability services the staffing needs and requirements for these settings are undefined and the availability of tools to aid staffing decisions is limited., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? This paper provides a valuable insight into the practical uses of these tools as perceived by staff members with day-to-day experience of the requirements of mental health and learning disability wards. It reveals that while workload measurement tools are considered a valuable aid for the development of workforce plans, they are limited in their ability to capture all aspects of care provision in these settings. It further emphasizes the inapplicability of a one-shoe-fits-all approach for determining nurse staffing levels and the need for individual and customized workforce plans., What are the implications for practice? This study demonstrates that the development of tools for use in mental health and learning disability services is in its infancy, yet no tool that has been validated as such. It highlights the potential for workload measurement tools to aid staffing decisions; however, a more holistic approach that considers additional factors is needed to ensure robust workforce planning models are developed for these services., Abstract Introduction The critical challenge of determining the correct level and skill mix of nursing staff required to deliver safe and effective health care has become an international concern. It is recommended that evidence-based staffing decisions are central to the development of future workforce plans. Workforce planning in mental health and learning disability nursing is largely under-researched with few tools available to aid the development of evidence-based staffing levels in these environments. Aim It was the aim of this study to explore the experience of staff using the Safer Nursing Care Tool and the Mental Health and Learning Disability Workload Tool in mental health and learning disability environments. Method Following a 4-week trial period of both tools, a survey was distributed via Qualtrics online survey software to staff members who used the tools during this time. Results The results of the survey revealed that the tools were considered a useful resource to aid staffing decisions; however, specific criticisms were highlighted regarding their suitability to psychiatric intensive care units and learning disability wards. Discussion This study highlights that further development of workload measurement tools is required to support the implementation of effective workforce planning strategies within mental health and learning disability services. Implications for Practice With increasing fiscal pressures, the need to provide cost-effective care is paramount within the services of the National Health Service. Evidence-based workforce planning is therefore necessary to ensure that appropriate levels of staff are determined. This is of particular importance within mental health and learning disability services due to the reduction in the number of available beds and an increasing focus on purposeful admission and discharge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: People with a diagnosis of personality disorder often experience stigma both outside of, and within, mental health services.The media contribute to people's understanding of mental health issues, and negative portrayals appear to lead to increased negative attitudes in readers.Relatively little is known about how the press represent personality disorder, and the types of messages that people with this disorder may be receiving, which may impact on their understanding of themselves and emotional well‐being. What the paper adds to existing knowledge?: The key findings indicate that in a 10‐year period, the representation of personality disorder in the popular tabloid press in the UK was characterized by the frequent use of language of violence.The research approach enabled the study to identify significant patterns in the language used, rather than only using a checklist of words that the press are directed to avoid.This adds to our understanding about the images repeatedly presented that may affect how readers treat people with a diagnosis of personality disorder and affect the self‐esteem of those with the diagnosis. What are the implications for practice?: Mental health nurses are well placed to address issues of stigma both in terms of the general public's beliefs and the impact it has on those who use mental health services.A greater understanding of the messages in the press can help nurses to support service users who are vulnerable to believing that their lives will start to reflect the negative messages they have read. Introduction: Many people with a diagnosis of personality disorder experience stigma, and the press' representations may contribute to those processes. To date, little is known about how the press write about people with personality disorder and analysis of language used is often limited to checklists of words to avoid. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the linguistic characteristics of press articles about personality disorder in popular tabloids in the UK and consider the implications for stigmatization. Method: Corpus linguistics was used to examine a 50% sample of all articles published by the popular press in the UK, from 2008 to 2017, that referred to personality disorder (n = 260). Results: The findings identified a range of words that constructed narratives of violence. Discussion: The method enabled the findings to expand the current level of knowledge in the field, identifying patterns in the use of the language of violence, which may contribute to the processes of self‐stigma. Implications for practice: Greater understanding of the messages in the press can sensitize nurses to common misconceptions about the disorder, how these may have become internalised and the need for psycho‐social interventions to address the impact of self‐stigma on self‐esteem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known about this subject?: Burnout is a prominent issue in psychiatric nursing and associated with significant adverse consequences for staff, service users and at an organizational level.Exploration of the extent and predictors of burnout in secure settings has received little research attention. It is not fully understood why prevalence rates of burnout in forensic settings are not elevated in comparison to other settings, despite the presence of known risk‐related correlates. What this paper adds to existing knowledge?: In contrast to previous research, findings suggest that clinical supervision may not be an effective, stand‐alone intervention to support staff experiencing burnout. Thus, the current focus on clinical supervision to mitigate burnout may be insufficient in forensic services.The ward environment (specifically how safe staff feel, how therapeutic the ward feels and how well service users relate to one another) was found to be more important than clinical supervision in terms of burnout for forensic psychiatric nursing staff. What are the implications for practice?: Policies regarding staff health and well‐being should be developed with due consideration given to the association between burnout and the working environment.It should not be assumed that clinical supervision is sufficient to mitigate burnout in practice. Further research assessing all types of support and the ward environment is needed to gain a better understanding of its relationship to burnout. Introduction: Despite extensive research examining burnout in psychiatric nursing staff, literature exploring key predictors of burnout in secure psychiatric settings has been relatively neglected. Research has yet to explore burnout in these settings by adopting previously identified predictors such as support or the ward environment. Aim: The current study aimed to reduce this gap by exploring burnout, the perceived effectiveness of clinical supervision and ward environment. Method: In 2014, nursing staff working in a medium secure forensic psychiatric unit in the United Kingdom (N = 137) provided demographic information and completed the measures assessing: Burnout, clinical supervision and the ward environment. Results: Approximately 10% of nursing staff could be classed as "burnt‐out". The main predictors of burnout were age and ward environment. Clinical supervision had minimal association with burnout. Discussion: The current study sheds doubt on clinical supervision as a potential intervention for burnout and results appear comparable to research within other settings. The implications of the ward environment, supervision and burnout are discussed herein. Implication for Practice: Interventions may need to focus on a positive ward environment (including patient cohesion, experienced safety and enhancing the therapeutic atmosphere). Organizations should support younger nursing staff as they appear particularly vulnerable to burnout. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary In the Western world, many people who have mental health problems experience poor physical health. Research suggests that those with mental illness often have difficulties in accessing health care services, reporting that when they do, their physical health needs are often overlooked., Nurses are expected to deliver safe and effective care that meets the needs of service users. In order to help mental health nurses address physical health care needs, changes to nurse education, supported by government policy, have been made in the United Kingdom. Despite these changes, mental health nurses still feel less confident and prepared to address physical health needs of service users. However, this same problem is also reported by nurses throughout Europe and in other Western countries, who have undergone different training and education programmes., This paper discusses important factors affecting the mental health nurses' ability to deliver physical care and how they impact on confidence and competence., The paper concludes by highlighting the role of the mental health nurse being key in addressing the physical health needs of those in their care, and how this will only be realized when education and practice provide sufficient opportunity for them to develop and maintain their knowledge and skills., Abstract In the Western world, there is increasing concern regarding the ability of health care professionals to meet the physical health care needs of those diagnosed with mental illness. This discussion paper seeks to explore some of the issues facing mental health nurses in delivering care to those who have both mental and physical illness. Criticism of the National Health Service for failing to meet the physical health needs of people with serious mental illness has generated a number of political strategies aimed at addressing inequalities between mental and physical health care, a consequence being a change in pre-registration nurse education. It is envisaged that such changes will enable all nurses to deliver safe, effective care to service users, with adult and mental health nurses being more adept at meeting both the mental and physical health needs of those in their care. The impact of three key areas identified within the literature will be considered: the impact of co-existing physical and mental illness; the role of mental health nurses and perceptions of service users re physical health care; and education, training and learning from others in the Western world. In conclusion, the complexities of delivering such care will be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary This paper discusses how an acute inpatient unit has implemented the 'Productive Ward' initiative, and utilized three of the Productive Ward Modules - Ward Round, Admissions and Planned Discharge, and Patient Status At a Glance - to promote better communication and working between inpatient nursing and medical teams, Home Treatment Team and Community Mental Health Team (CMHT), as they endeavour to ensure timely discharge for patients., Using the Patient Status At a Glance board to make information on patient status clear and immediate, nursing staff have begun utilizing the Zoning system for managing and targeting nursing resources - a red, amber and green traffic light system, which identifies and categorizes patient risk on a daily basis., Ward staff have initiated a daily 'Rapid Review' of patients, a tightly focused meeting, involving the ward nursing staff, the Inpatient Medical Team, the Home Treatment Team and the CMHT to discuss allocation of Care Co-ordinators, and to identify accommodation issues and other potential blocks to timely discharge., Abstract The Productive Ward is an initiative whereby nursing staff are empowered to bring about changes in the workplace to streamline systems and release time to care for patients. It is an evidence-based approach, which brings about improved clinical and safety outcomes. This paper discusses how three of the Productive Ward Modules - Ward Round, Admissions and Planned Discharge, and Patient Status At a Glance - have meshed to promote better communication and working between inpatient nursing and medical teams, Home Treatment Team and Community Mental Health Team, and to endeavour to ensure timely discharge for patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary: What is known on the subject?: One‐to‐one observation uses continuous staff observation to safeguard patients judged likely to harm themselves or others.Policies increasingly mandate that staff engage therapeutically with patients during one‐to‐one observation. Yet not enough is known about factors facilitating or impeding such therapeutic engagement. What does this paper add to existing knowledge?: This study enriches existing literature on one‐to‐one observation through integrating the perspectives of staff of different levels of qualification, and patients of different diagnostic and risk profiles.Whilst previous research has highlighted the occurrence of counter‐therapeutic staff‐patient interactions, integration of patient and staff perspectives in the current study has demonstrated that patient and staff often attribute the causes differently, with each apportioning blame to the other, leading both parties to feel misunderstood, and staff lack confidence to overcome these challenges.A novel finding was that rapport‐building via simple demonstrations of compassion and conversations about everyday things, was viewed as an essential prerequisite to encouraging patients to open up about their experiences of emotional distress, whilst implementation of techniques drawn from psychological interventions was viewed as less important than staff's core relational skills. What are the implications for practice?: Therapeutic engagement during observation can enhance its risk management aims, providing thought is given to understanding and negotiating complex dynamics between staff and patients. Supervision for staff conducting observations should focus on building rapport in preference to emphasizing psychological intervention (e.g. DBT), and should enable staff to reflect on better understanding and managing their own emotions towards "hard‐to‐engage" patients. Introduction: Policies increasingly focus on staff‐patient interactions during one‐to‐one psychiatric nursing observations as an opportunity for therapeutic engagement – yet if and how this is feasible is unknown. Aim: This study aimed to integrate staff and patient perspectives to determine what factors facilitate or impede therapeutic engagement during one‐to‐one observation. Method: Thematic analysis of qualitative interviews with 31 psychiatric inpatient staff at different levels of seniority and 28 inpatients spanning a range of diagnoses and risk profiles. Results: Negative experiences of observation were characterized by a reciprocal dynamic where both patients and staff withdrew from interactions, having felt the other did not want to engage with them. Staff and patients agreed that these difficulties could be overcome when staff showed patients that they cared, gradually building trust through simple demonstrations of compassion and 'normalizing' conversation about everyday things. This approach helped patients to feel safe enough to open up about their distress, which in turn helped staff to better understand their experiences and work with them to find solutions. Implications for practice: Engagement during observation could be facilitated if staff receive more supervision in understanding difficult dynamics that impede rapport‐building and in managing their emotions towards patients they experience as "hard‐to‐engage". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary: What is known on the subject?: Little is known about how mental health services can cause harm in ways other than medication, talking therapies, diagnosis and detention under the Mental Health Act.The outcomes of people who avoid seeking help from mental health services due to previous experiences of harm are not well known. What this article adds to existing knowledge?: I provide a first‐person perspective of experiences of harm within mental health services, how this impacted my care, the long‐term effects of the harm on my well‐being and my ongoing experiences of avoiding mental health services. What are the implications for mental health nursing?: Healthcare professionals should be aware of the multitude of ways service provision can harm patients, and how, unknown to professionals, patients may create an internal understanding of how to best navigate harmful service environments.Healthcare professionals should have a deeper understanding of the reasons why people may choose not to engage with mental health services, and what impact this may have on them. The recent announcement of the first ever statutory public inquiry into a UK mental health service indicates a growing recognition of iatrogenic harm in mental healthcare. Despite the potential for harm across all services and practices, restrictive practices, psychotherapy, diagnosis and psychiatric medications are often the only areas of mental healthcare given significant attention. While the topic is widely discussed in survivor communities, accounts of harm caused by the everyday workings of services, including team cultures, administrative processes and staff–patient interactions, are missing from academic literature. In this article, I describe my 10‐year journey through mental health services, and how everyday practices, cultures and staff behaviour deeply impacted my ability to receive appropriate care, replicated previously traumatic environments, and damaged my mental health. Taking steps to protect myself from further harm, I self‐discharged and am currently living as a 'service‐avoider'. The ongoing implications of this decision and the long‐term impacts of harm are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary • Crime remains a major social problem in the UK (as well as in many other parts of the world). • The effects of crime on the health of victims (especially mental well-being), and how it affects their social behaviour (for example, whether or not victims become more socially isolated than they were before becoming a victim), is not well understood. • There are particular groups of people in society who are vulnerable to crime, one of which is university students. • This paper reports on a preliminary study of how crime affects the health (and social behaviour) of students from three universities in the UK. • The results from the study (which surveyed 886 students), indicate that for a sizable minority of the students who are victims of crime there are serious psychological negative effects. Furthermore, the fear of crime did appear to alter the social behaviour of a majority of the students (noticeably that of women). In this paper we report on the findings from a preliminary study in the UK into the effects of crime on health. The aim of the study was to investigate what victims of crime report to be the effects of both actual crime and the fear of crime on their physical and psychological health (as well as social well-being) and what actions they take (if any) to deal with these effects. A survey method was adopted using a modified version of the 'Health, Quality of Life and Crime Questionnaire' with 866 undergraduate student respondents from three UK universities. University students were selected as the sample population because, as a group, they form a specific 'victim community'. Conclusions extrapolated from the respondents' replies were first, there are serious negative health effects (particularly on psychological health) of a considerable minority of those students who are victims of crime. Second, the vast majority of the victims did not initiate any health intervention. Third, a large minority of the victims did not report the crime to the police. Fourth, a majority of both victims and non-victims suffered psychological negative effects from the fear of crime. Fifth, there is a huge gender imbalance among those affected by crime with female students much more fearful of crime than men. Moreover, female students were much more likely to use specific strategies to lower the risk of crime. These conclusions suggest that there may be important policy implications for universities, the police, victim support organizations and mental health services, regarding the effects of crime on students. This study is intended as a preliminary stage for subsequent in-depth and larger projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible Summary What is known on the subject? UK health policy is clear that researchers should involve the public throughout the research process., The public, including patients, carers and/or local citizens can bring a different and valuable perspective to the research process and improve the quality of research undertaken., Conducting health research is demanding with tight deadlines and scarce resources. This can make involving the public in research very challenging., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? This is the first time the attitudes of researchers working in mental health and learning disability services towards PPI have been investigated., The principles of service user involvement in mental health and learning disability services may support PPI in research as a tool of collaboration and empowerment., This article extends our understanding of the cultural and attitudinal barriers to implementing PPI guidelines in mental health and learning disability services., What are the implications for practice? Researchers in mental health and learning disability services need to champion, share and publish effective involvement work., Structural barriers to PPI work should be addressed locally and successful strategies shared nationally and internationally., Where PPI guidelines are being developed, attention needs to be paid to cultural factors in the research community to win 'hearts and minds' and support the effective integration of PPI across the whole research process., Abstract Introduction Patient and public involvement ( PPI) is integral to UK health research guidance; however, implementation is inconsistent. There is little research into the attitudes of NHS health researchers towards PPI. Aim This study explored the attitude of researchers working in mental health and learning disability services in the UK towards PPI in health research. Method Using a qualitative methodology, semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of eight researchers. A framework approach was used in the analysis to generate themes and core concepts. Results Participants valued the perspective PPI could bring to research, but frustration with tokenistic approaches to involvement work was also evident. Some cultural and attitudinal barriers to integrating PPI across the whole research process were identified. Discussion Despite clear guidelines and established service user involvement, challenges still exist in the integration of PPI in mental health and learning disability research in the UK. Implications for practice Guidelines on PPI may not be enough to prompt changes in research practice. Leaders and researchers need to support attitudinal and cultural changes where required, to ensure the full potential of PPI in mental health and learning disability services research is realized. Relevance statement Findings suggest that despite clear guidelines and a history of service user involvement, there are still challenges to the integration of PPI in mental health and learning disability research in the UK. For countries where PPI guidelines are being developed, attention needs to be paid to cultural factors in the research community to win 'hearts and minds' and support the effective integration of PPI across the whole research process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? 'Expertise by experience' has become an increasingly valued element of service design and delivery by mental health service providers., The extent and influence of mental health professionals' personal experience of mental ill health on clinical practice has seldom been interrogated in depth., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? We investigate how mental health nurses' own personal experience of mental ill health informs their mental health nursing practice with particular reference to direct work with service users., Participants said that personal experience could impact on work in three positive ways: to develop their relationship with service users, to enhance their understanding of service users and as a motivation for potential mental health nurses to join the profession., This study moves the discussion of the state of mental health nurses' mental health further towards the recovery and well-being focus of contemporary mental health care, where 'expertise by experience' is highly valued., What are the implications for practice? We must address the taboo of disclosure within clinical nursing practice and debate the extent to which personal and professional boundaries are negotiated during clinical encounters., Abstract Introduction 'Expertise by experience' is a highly valued element of service delivery in recovery-oriented mental health care, but is unacknowledged within the mental health nursing literature. Aim To explore the extent and influence of mental health professionals' personal experience of mental ill health on clinical practice. Method Twenty-seven mental health nurses with their own personal experience of mental ill health were interviewed about how their personal experience informed their mental health nursing practice, as part of a sequential mixed methods study. Results The influence of personal experience in nursing work was threefold: first, through overt disclosure; second, through the 'use of the self as a tool'; and third, through the formation of professional nursing identity. Discussion Mental health nurses' experience of mental illness was contextualized by other life experiences and by particular therapeutic relationships and clinical settings. In previous empirical studies, nurses have cited personal experience of mental illness as a motivator and an aspect of their identity. In this study, there was also an association between personal experience and enhanced nursing expertise. Implications for practice If drawing on personal experience is commonplace, then we must address the taboo of disclosure and debate the extent to which personal and professional boundaries are negotiated during clinical encounters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? Learning disability nursing in the area of people with a learning disability and an offending background has developed considerably over recent years, particularly since the publication of the Bradley ()., There has been limited work into the competencies nurses require to work in this area, and even less about the personal attributes of learning disability nurses., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? Learning disability nursing's specific contribution to the care of this population lies in their knowledge of the interaction between the learning disability, an individual's, sometimes abusive, personal history and an understanding of the subsequent offending behaviour., The knowledge base of nurses working with people with learning disabilities and an offending background needs to reflect the changing service user group. This is particularly in relation to substance misuse, borderline personality disorder, and mental health and the way such factors inter-relate with the learning disability., What are the implications for practice? Further research is required into the relationship among decision making, risk taking or reluctance to do this, and the personal attributes required by nurses to work in secure learning disability care., Learning disability secure services are likely to continue to undergo change as circumstances alter and the offending population demonstrate greater complexity; nursing competencies and personal attributes need similarly to adapt to such changes., Mental health nursing has a great deal to contribute to effective working with this population, specifically with regard to developing strong relationships when concerns around borderline personality disorder or substance misuse are particularly in evidence., Abstract Aim To identify and discuss the personal attributes required by learning disability nurses to work effectively with people with an offending background in secure and community settings. Background This study was part of a larger research investigation into the nursing competencies required to work with people with an offending background. There are few existing studies examining the personal attributes necessary for working with this group. Design A qualitative study addressing the perceptions of nurses around the personal attributes required to work with people with learning disabilities and an offending background. Methods A semi-structured interview schedule was devised and constructed, and 39 individual interviews were subsequently undertaken with learning disability nurses working in high, medium, low secure and community settings. Data were collected over 1 year in 2010/11 and analysed using a structured thematic analysis supported by the software package MAXqda. Findings The thematic analysis produced three categories of personal attributes, named as looking deeper, achieving balance and connecting, each of which contained a further three sub-categories. Conclusion Nursing of those with a learning disability and an offending background continues to develop. The interplay among personal history, additional background factors, nurses' personal attributes and learning disability is critical for effective relationship building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject? An essential part of the mental health assessment is to evaluate the risk of harm to self. Fundamentally this involves asking directly about self-harming behaviour and suicidal thoughts or urges, but practitioners often find it difficult to open up these conversations., This evaluation of risk is particularly important as self-harm and suicidal thoughts are frequently found in young people who attend mental health services., What this paper adds to existing knowledge? Young people are not always routinely asked directly about self-harm or suicidal thoughts when they are assessed., There are two ways that mental health practitioners introduce this topic: first, by building up to it by initially asking about general feelings, and second by stating that it is a requirement to ask everyone., What are the implications for practice? These questions should not be avoided by mental health practitioners just because they are difficult., We offer suggestions as to how to ask questions about self-harm and suicide based on real-world practice., Abstract Introduction Questions about self-harm and suicide are essential in risk assessments with children and young people, yet little is known about how mental health practitioners do this. Aim The core aim was to examine how questions about self-harm and suicidal ideation are asked in real-world practice. Method A qualitative design was employed to analyse 28 video-recorded naturally occurring mental health assessments in a child and adolescent mental health service. Data were analysed using conversation analysis ( CA). Results In 13 cases young people were asked about self-harm and suicide, but 15 were not. Analysis revealed how practitioners asked these questions. Two main styles were revealed. First was an incremental approach, beginning with inquiries about emotions and behaviours, building to asking about self-harm and suicidal intent. Second was to externalize the question as being required by outside agencies. Discussion The study concluded that the design of risk questions to young people had implications for how open they were to engaging with the practitioner. Implications for practice The study has implications for training and practice for psychiatric nurses and other mental health practitioners in feeling more confident in communicating with young people about self-harm and suicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Some mental health nurses have now been prescribing for their clients for several years. When suitably qualified they can prescribe the same range of medication as medical staff. Concern was expressed that nurse prescribers might become more like doctors and as a result would sacrifice their nursing skills., The views of those who have their medication prescribed by mental health nurses as well as views of nurse prescribers, pharmacist prescribers, nurse managers and doctors were explored by using interviews and focus groups. Most participants saw the inclusion of prescribing in the nursing role as a benefit to clients. Rather than detracting from the nurse patient relationship, results from this study suggest that the nurse patient relationship was improved and more holistic care was provided., Nurse prescribing is well received by those who have experienced it., As nurse prescribing effects a change of power dynamics this could result in the need for less involvement of the medical profession in clients' care. As clients found nurses easier to talk to about their medication than doctors, medication concordance could be increased. Medication reconciliation could also be increased as medications no longer required by clients were more likely to be reduced or stopped by nurse prescribers. Discontinuing medication may indicate a new culture around mental health nurse prescribing. It may be that this trend has an impact on future service provision to clients. Results suggest that clients prefer to have their medication prescribed by nurses., Abstract Mental health nurse prescribing has been established in some areas in the UK for quite some time. Other than speculation that nurse prescribing would have a detrimental effect on the nurse-patient relationship, little has been written about the impact of nurse prescribing to date. Bradley and Nolan found that prescribing allowed nurses to overcome difficulties in the health-care system which would have previously delayed clients' access to medicines. Prescribing was believed to compliment many aspects of nursing and integrated previously diffuse aspects of the nursing role. Latter and Courtenay found that clients were generally satisfied with nurse prescribing. The aim of this study was to explore the impact mental health nurse prescribing has had on those involved. The views of clients, nurse prescribers, pharmacist prescribers, nurse managers and doctors were investigated. Questionnaires were used to gather demographic data and basic qualitative data. Focus groups and interviews were undertaken with 57 participants. The study was undertaken within one National Health Service Foundation Trust in England. Data analysis was guided by a framework approach. The majority of participants believed that the inclusion of prescribing in mental health nurses' roles improved the nurse-patient relationship, and five themes including the relationship, concordance, power, treatment approach and 'unprescribing' emerged. Trust was highly valued, and clients found nurses easier to talk to about their medication than doctors. Rather than detracting from the nurse-patient relationship, results from this study suggest that nurse prescribing enables mental health nurse prescribers to provide more holistic care than previously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Little is known about how the prison environment may impact upon the mental health of adult prisoners., This paper highlights that prisoners perceive that the prison environment has a negative influence upon their mental health. However, a small number regarded prison as a place of respite, which afforded structure and an opportunity to access health services., There is a need for more research in this area specifically relating to the impact the prison climate may have upon those from black and minority ethic groups., Nurses must recognize the aspects of the prison environment that may impact upon the mental health of prisoners and demonstrate innovation and imagination in their application of interventions., Abstract Little is known regarding how the prison environment may affect the mental health of adult prisoners. Consequently, there is a need to investigate how this setting may exacerbate mental distress among this community. This literature review explores how the prison climate influences the mental health of adult prisoners. A thematic synthesis approach was used to elicit data relating to the aspects of the prison climate, which influence the mental health of prisoners. Four primary themes emerged from the synthesis: social, emotional, organizational and physical aspects. Prisoners perceive the prison climate to have a negative influence upon their mental health. However, perceived positively, prison was regarded as a place of respite, which afforded structure and an opportunity to access health services. There is limited research available specifically exploring the potential impact of the prison climate upon those from black and ethnic minorities groups. Nurses must recognize the aspects of the prison environment that may impact upon the mental health of prisoners and demonstrate innovation and imagination in their application of interventions. Additionally nurses need to take an active role in influencing and structuring the political agenda, which governs the clinical setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary What is known on the subject Nurses are less sympathetic to patients with a diagnosis of 'Personality Disorder' ('PD') and there is disagreement about whether the diagnosis can be applied to children and young people. What this paper adds to existing knowledge., We examined the experiences of nurses working with adolescents with a diagnosis of 'PD'. Six nurses were interviewed and we analysed the data using an approach that focussed on experiences. We found two themes. One concerned the emotional impact of working with these young people and the other the ways in which this affected the dynamics of the clinical team. Many of the experiences and wishes of the participants, such as anger, feeling unskilled and wanting training, are similar to those of nurses working with adults with 'PD'. Others appear to be more pronounced in this setting, particularly lack of certainty surrounding diagnosis, the dilemmas this raises in providing a service and the difficult interpersonal dynamics in the nurse-patient relationship., What are the implications for practice Nurses working with these young people need space in supervision to discuss the challenges they face. This has been found to alter staff attitudes in adult services., Nurses would benefit from training in relation to this diagnosis, particularly with an emphasis on the role of early trauma, and in approaches to working therapeutically with this population, such as cognitive analytic therapy., Abstract Nurses experience adults with a diagnosis of 'personality disorder' (' PD') as challenging, but nothing is known of their experiences working with young people with a diagnosis of ' PD' or 'emerging PD'. This study aimed to explore the experiences of nurses with this group. Six nurses were interviewed individually and the transcripts analysed employing interpretative phenomenological analysis. Two themes were identified: emotional impact, and conflict and need for support. Participants described powerful emotional responses and heavy time demands as particular challenges. They also reflected on tensions that arose in the wider team and service context. The importance of reflective space, training and the need for specialist approaches, such as therapeutic input, was emphasized by all participants. The study's findings suggest that while there are some similarities to adult services, there are also issues specific to nursing adolescents with ' PD', which merit further attention, including the implications of the lack of diagnostic clarity for treatment approaches and the difficult interpersonal dynamics of the condition. Recommendations for practice include additional training in relation to the theoretical understanding of diagnosis itself and in working therapeutically with young people with the diagnosis, employing approaches that have been found to be useful in adult services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Staff and relative perspectives on patient aggression in dementia care units are seriously under researched in the UK., We interviewed a number of nursing staff and relatives in four UK care homes in the North West of England., Using a combined approach of one-to-one interviews (for staff) and focus groups (for relatives) we explored their views as to the reasons for and ways of responding to aggressive behaviour., Using thematic analysis we found similar results from both staff and relatives and as such their views were categorized into two broad areas: causation and management., The results indicated that staff in the participating units embraced a person-centred approach to aggression management. They predominantly respond to aggressive incidents with interpersonal strategies, such as distraction as opposed to medication or restraint., Relatives were clear in their perceptions of aggression as an interpersonal challenge, which is compounded or mediated by the illness of dementia. Consequently they were positive in their views of staff using non-coercive interventions., Abstract Staff and relative perspectives on patient aggression in dementia care units are seriously under researched in the UK. Any work that has been conducted has relied upon quantitative studies. Qualitative research on aggression management in older peoples services are rare. In-depth views that can offer insights into causation and management strategies are therefore under represented in the literature. In order to investigate this issue further we interviewed a number of nursing staff and relatives in four UK care homes in the North West of England. Using a combined approach of one-to-one interviews (for staff) and focus groups (for relatives) we explored their views as to the reasons for and ways of responding to aggressive behaviour. This was part of a larger study reported upon elsewhere. Using thematic analysis we found similar results from both staff and relatives and as such their views were categorized into two broad areas: causation and management. In regards to causation we noted three sub-themes; internal, external and interpersonal factors which are further subdivided in the paper and for management two broad categories: the compassionate approach and 'don't go in strong'. The results indicated that staff in the participating units embraced a person-centred approach to aggression management. They predominantly respond to aggressive incidents with interpersonal strategies, such as distraction as opposed to medication or restraint. Overall they adopt a person centre approach to patient care. Relatives were clear in their perceptions of aggression as an interpersonal challenge, which is compounded or mediated by the illness of dementia. Consequently they were positive in their views of staff using non-coercive interventions. While the results of this and our earlier study are promising suggesting a less invasive approach to this aspect of dementia care, given the limitations of a small sample, more research of a similar nature is warranted. Findings from multidimensional studies can then provide a sounder basis for health and social care education, and person centred informed practice to reduce the incidence of aggression through preventative strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Nurse prescribing was launched in the UK in the 1990s, but was introduced to psychiatric/mental health nursing within the last 7 years. Information is available about nurse prescribing in general practice and adult nursing, but there is little research relating to mental health. Most mental health nurses choose not to qualify to prescribe and many who have qualified to prescribe choose not to., As more than half of mental health nurse prescribers in this study were not prescribing, they were asked what they thought prevented them from doing so., The majority of prescribers in the study did not feel adequately supported in their role and considered that the additional responsibility of the role should be recognized., Nurse prescribing has the potential to improve care provided to service users and to enhance access to services. However, in order for this to happen the barriers which prevent prescribing need to be identified and then removed. This study identified many of these barriers to prescribing and these will be discussed. It is hoped that this study's findings will serve as a catalyst to prompt the removal of barriers to prescribing in mental health nursing and ultimately to enable independent nurse prescribing. Awareness about mental health nurse prescribing needs to be raised so that health care professionals, service users, carers and the general public become more familiar with the role. This should help the role to become more accepted and established in everyday practice., Abstract This paper reports a pilot study exploring mental health nurse prescribers' perceptions of barriers to prescribing independently but also includes perceptions of barriers to supplementary prescribing. Current prescribing practice as experienced by mental health nurses suggests a need to identify and highlight these barriers. A mixed methodology explanatory sequential study was carried out over 3 months in Scotland in 2008 as part of a Master's degree. A questionnaire was completed by 33 mental health nurse prescribers. A focus group was conducted with 12 mental health nurse prescribers. Participants' views exposed a number of barriers to prescribing previously unidentified in a review of the relevant literature, and concurred with some previously documented barriers. Sixty per cent of mental health nurse prescribers in the study were not prescribing. Barriers identified in the study included concern about how prescribing impacts on the therapeutic relationship, role conflict, lack of support, inappropriateness of prescriber training, remuneration, qualifying to prescribing time, supervision, prescribing policies, clinical governance and nurse management. Nurse prescribing involves increased accountability and responsibility which is not currently recognized in job status or pay banding. Mental health nurse prescribing has the potential to enhance service provision, but until barriers to prescribing have been identified and addressed as part of the process of organizational change, nurse prescribing cannot achieve its maximum potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary • It is imperative that the use of physical interventions be reduced. However, when they are used the safety of recipients must be maximized. • A focus on the ‘prone restraint position’ has led to a narrowed understanding of the risks associated with the application of force during restraints. • The ‘transitional stabilizing position’ offers a platform upon which to consider the broader risks arising during restraints. • Training staff to manage such situational risks, using a variation on the existing ABC safety check could be instrumental in reducing the likelihood of adverse outcomes associated with restraints. Since psychiatry evolved as a professional discipline, mental healthcare professionals have had to, as a last resort, physically intervene to manage physically aggressive patients. In the United Kingdom, physical intervention techniques migrated from the prison service in the mid 1980s where there was extensive use of two particularly controversial practices; ‘pain compliance’ and the ‘prone restraint position’. This paper examines how the classification of the ‘prone restraint position’ has led to a narrowed focus on one technique and a resultant misunderstanding around the wider risks associated with the applying force and managing restraints. The paper goes on to propose the ‘transitional stabilizing position’ (TSP) as an alternative concept and puts forward a dynamic risk assessment model. It explores how a shift in staff training away from developing pure competence in the performance of tightly specified techniques to managing the patient in TSPs could conceivably reduce the relatively low risk of death or serious injury associated with the application of restraint techniques to an even lower level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary • Physical intervention techniques pose a risk to all those exposed to them. • Suitable and sufficient risk assessments are therefore essential to ensure patient safety. • A robust process for assessing such techniques is outlined in this paper. Irrespective of whether they are universally accepted or approved, physical intervention techniques are being applied, in a variety of health and care settings, on a daily basis. Every time a technique is applied there is a risk of injury. Therefore, there is an imperative to develop an effective way in which such techniques can be effectively risk assessed. The development of a process that is robust enough to evaluate all types of techniques, and is simple and concise enough to engender widespread and regular use could eliminate the use of unnecessary and inappropriate techniques. This paper discusses how the five-step model proposed in the UK by the Health & Safety Executive as well as a common sense approach to completing assessments could be used to simplify the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short paper addresses the experiences of a recently retired mental health nurse who has suffered from several episodes of depression during her long career and is now experiencing a life-limiting illness. Rather than feeling safe within the embrace of the health profession family, the author feared negative consequences of exposing her mental health difficulties to her colleagues. Comparing the anguish of depression to the knowledge that she will die fairly soon has lead the author to question which experience is worse (for her, depression), thus emphasizing how trivializing depression may be a consequence of professional stigma and organizational neglect, as depression is not always prioritized in UK mental health services. Both of these matters may add layers of shame and fear to the sufferer's experience. The author argues that care workers should not take their criticism of stigma as a matter to be taken for granted but instead should be brave enough to face their own assumptions about who service users are and just what they experience. Stigma has real-life consequences for those with mental health problems, particularly with regard to help-seeking behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the author discusses whether the Research Excellence Framework (REF) has killed creativity of researchers in the universities of Great Britain. Topics include the researchers while writing impact case studies arguing the impact of their work by highlighting that it is cited in the National Institute of Health and Care Excellence (NICE), the competition created by the REF process which has also crushed innovation, and the world-leading research produced by mental health nurses.

Accessible summary Section 5(4) (nurse's holding power) of the Mental Health Act 1983 permits nurses of the 'prescribed class' to detain an informal inpatient. The patient must already be receiving treatment for mental disorder. The section lasts for up to 6 h., Section 5(4) is over 30 years old; however, there is relatively little literature exploring its use., Existing literature has limited itself to surveys and audits investigating: nurses' opinions of Section 5(4); nurses' knowledge of Section 5(4); and trends associated with the implementation of Section 5(4)., The literature review suggests that what is known about the implementation of Section 5(4) is incomplete. For example, there are no accounts of how and why the holding power is implemented from both a nursing and patient perspective., Abstract Section 5(4) (nurse's holding power) of the Mental Health Act 1983 in England and Wales accounts for 10% ( n = 1714) of all detentions after admission to hospital. It is followed by further detention in 66% of cases and may require nurses to restrain, seclude or closely observe the patient to prevent them harming themselves and/or others. To conduct a literature review of empirical articles concerning the implementation of Section 5(4), a literature search was undertaken in ASSIA, British Nursing Index, Medline, Psyc INFO and Lawtel, using a combination of the keywords ' Section 5(4)', 'nurse's holding powers', 'holding powers', ' Mental Health Act 1983', ' MHA', 'compulsory detention', 'formal detention', 'emergency psychiatric interventions', 'containment interventions' and 'involuntary commitment'. Twenty-five articles were included in the review. Existing literature has focused on surveys and audits investigating: nurses' opinions of Section 5(4); nurses' knowledge of Section 5(4); and trends associated with the implementation of Section 5(4). While this literature has provided some insights into the implementation of Section 5(4), it is clear that what is known about its use is incomplete. Further research is required to examine a number of areas, for example, how and why the section is implemented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary Clinical supervision (CS) is a valuable resource for mental health nurses. Through guided reflection and supportive facilitation, the recipient of CS works towards developing their therapeutic practice., In many parts of the UK, the implementation of CS does not equate to best practice. This provision undermines and thwarts the potential gains that effective CS can produce., The development of a database of clinical supervisors may ensure that best practice guidelines are implemented., Information about a database that focuses on clinical supervisors of psychological therapies, including its rational, clarifying the intention of CS, and criteria of supervisors, are described., Abstract Clinical supervision (CS) is regarded as a valuable resource for mental health nursing. While there is considerable anecdotal reports of its implementation throughout the UK, these attempts are not without difficulty. A common tension reported in the literature relates to its provision being more akin to managerial supervision within a line-management hierarchy which jars with its original intention and spirit. This paper will provide a discussion on the implementation of CS in mental health nursing in the UK, beginning with its suggested importance for the discipline. Following on from this, the rationale for a CS database and description of one NHS Board's attempts at developing a resource, initially focusing on clinical supervisors of psychological therapies, will be presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across the UK, mental health professionals are strongly objecting to threats to their roles. Against this background we use ethnographic data from a study of roles and responsibilities in community care, undertaken across two contrasting sites in Wales, to demonstrate how work is sensitive to local organizational features and to show how gaps can grow between the public claims professions make about their contributions and the actual roles which their members fulfil in the workplace. We reveal how, in one of our two research sites, immediate contextual features shaped the work of nurses and social workers towards the fulfilment of expanded packages of activity. We then show how subsequent policy (including 'new ways of working'), combined with new pressures arising from the economic downturn, carry the potential to accelerate the wider creation of workplaces of this type. We examine some implications of these processes for nurses and others, and for the system of mental health care as a whole, and conclude with a call for closer attention to be paid to the potential, wider, impact of current developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accessible summary • Among people with mental health problems, those who are parents may not have their needs met, especially when receiving inpatient care. • There is little research regarding the needs of this group. • An integrated model of care is required. This paper is a report of a study to explore mental health nurses' lived experience of caring for adults with enduring mental health problems who are parents. With the advent of community care, more people with enduring mental health problems have contact with their families and are parents. Ultimately, rehabilitative strategies for parents with mental health problems are focused towards functioning effectively within their own family unit and hopefully enabling them to fulfil their parental role. Mental health nurses working with this client group have competing demands to reconcile. For example, advocating for client rights versus protecting the child and supporting the family. This phenomenological study took place within adult mental health services in the UK. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six nurses. A thematic analysis was conducted on the data. Five themes were identified from the data: support, remaining impartial, addressing the specific needs of a client who is a parent, models of care and interagency communication. The findings suggest that neither a family-centred nor a person-centred approach to care completely meets the needs of this client group. An integrated model of care is proposed that applies person-centred and family-centred approaches in tandem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]