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The COVID-19 pandemic, which started to be seen around the world at the beginning of 2020 and affected all the countries of the world in a short time, has severely affected all social systems, health being in the first place, and forced change. In this period, transformations that can be called reforms took place in education. The effect of distance education in formal education necessitated changes in teacher training processes, as well. This study aimed to evaluate the action plan designed to minimize the adverse effects of teaching practices, an essential pillar of the teacher training system. The participants of the study intended as action research, are mentor teachers and student teachers taking part in teaching practices in the 2020-2021 Academic Year. At the end of the research, three themes were reached from the views of the participants: the effects of the action on professional life, the obstacles encountered and suggestions for improvement. In light of the data obtained, it is suggested that teaching practices should be supported with tasks suitable for distance education, innovative technological material development should be given importance among these tasks, and student teachers should go through the teaching processes in which they can prepare these materials. [Paper presented at the International Congress on Curriculum and Instruction (8th, Burdur, Turkey, March 25-27, 2021).]

In this article, the concepts of interaction and digital divide in emergency remote education practices implemented due to the COVID-19 global pandemic are discussed, and the increasing importance of radio as a traditional mass communication tool in bridging the digital divide and structuring an interactive learning process is emphasized. In this article, the concepts of interaction and digital divide in emergency remote education practices implemented due to the COVID-19 global pandemic are discussed, and the increasing importance of radio as a traditional mass communication tool in bridging the digital divide and structuring an interactive learning process is emphasized. In this exploratory study, the main aim is to see the usefulness of university radio for education during the pandemic process by looking at the experiences gained during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The study examines the program preferences of the participants and reveals better program schedules and program types/themes that will be useful during the emergency education period. When the radio listening habits of Eskisehir Technical University students and academics are evaluated within the scope of emergency distance education applications, it is seen that radio broadcasts can be used as a powerful tool against the digital divide. Research findings show that there is a significant relationship between academic and students' radio listening time. The factor analysis showed also revealed different factor groups for academics and students. Within the framework of radio program types, six basic factors were determined for both groups. When the learner-instructor interaction is evaluated within the framework of both broadcast times and broadcast types, it is understood that the two-way interaction process can be structured within this framework. The abstract should be about 150-200 words. The abstracts of the research papers should include the purpose, methodology, and results while the abstracts of theoretical papers should provide the general framework, special contributions to the literature, and major conclusions. The abstract should not contain any undefined abbreviations or unspecified references.

Higher education informatization (HEI) is an interdisciplinary field that examines the use and integration of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in higher education. This paper provides a bibliometric and visual analysis of the research trends, patterns, and topics in this field. Using the Web of Science database, the authors selected and analyzed 199 SCI and SSCI papers on HEI published from 2000 to 2023 by VOSviewer and CiteSpace software. The results indicate that the publication volume of HEI research has grown significantly in recent years. The author network shows the collaboration and contribution of different researchers and institutions, while the journal network reveals the multidisciplinary nature and scope of the field. The keyword network and the burst keyword analysis identify the main research themes and the emerging hot topics in HEI. The co-citation network of sources illustrates the theoretical and methodological foundations and influences of the field. The paper concludes with some implications and suggestions for future HEI research.

This compilation study aims to review e-learning in the context of gifted students during the period in which distance education started to be conducted in Turkey during the pandemic. The study discusses and offers recommendations on the definitions, positive and negative aspects, and limitations of e-learning by using a deductive method. Families and teachers are responsible for positively channeling the desire and curiosity, which require continuity of the gifted students through technology and the internet. For this reason, the recommendations presented in the study were aimed at this target group. "Document review," one of the qualitative research techniques, is used as a data collection tool in line with the purpose of the research. The information obtained from the document review is analyzed, interpreted and compiled to cover the research's purpose. E-learning, which is an alternative solution for the gifted students to reach knowledge to satisfy their high sense of curiosity and lifelong learning needs, can be defined as the interaction of students with the teacher and other students according to their individual differences and learning pace, and the realization of learning by using the opportunities offered by the internet and technology. Based on this definition, utilizing e-learning to support the lifelong learning needed by gifted students can be an important solution during the pandemic process. The students are now able to receive distance education that was made possible by legislative regulations as part of the measures taken due to the Covid-19 pandemic, which has increased its impact throughout the world since the early days of 2019. In this context, mentoring must be provided to all students, including the gifted students, and it should be ensured that they use technology together with the internet and learn on their own. Therefore the study investigates how gifted students can effectively use the e-learning method and access information through distance education, technological resources, and the internet. In addition, the study refers to the advantages and disadvantages of e-learning for gifted students. The study makes recommendations to teachers who will conduct the education process and families in order for them to manage the process positively. [This paper was presented orally at the ICGYSE 2020 1st International Congress on Gifted Young Scientists Education (ICGYSE) held in Istanbul between November 20 and 22, 2020.]

Since the mandatory switch to online education due to the COVID-19 outbreak in 2020, technology has gained more importance for online teaching and learning environments. The Community of Inquiry (CoI) is one of the validated frameworks widely used to examine online learning. In this paper, we offer an extension to the CoI framework and survey, arguing that meaningful and appropriate use of technologies has become a requirement in today's pandemic and post-pandemic educational contexts. With this goal, we propose adding three technology-related sub-dimensions that would fall under each main presence of the CoI framework: (a) technology for teaching, (b) technology for interaction, and (c) technology for learning. Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, we added 5 items for technology for teaching subdimension, 4 items for technology for interaction sub-dimension, and 5 items for technology for learning sub-dimension in the original CoI survey. Further research and practice implications are also discussed in this paper.

This study investigated the changes in teacher-parent communication and cooperation during the COVID-19 pandemic and to determine how parent participation in distance education can be achieved. A qualitative descriptive design was adopted in the study. The study group consisted of 12 secondary school teachers working in Adana, Turkey, and 16 parents whose children are students of these teachers. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and analyzed through content analysis. The study concluded that teachers are required to be more directive and sensitive to students' specific requirements while parents need to be more involved in communication and cooperation in distance education. Ensuring the motivation of teachers and parents in distance education is the most effective factor that strengthens the cooperation processes. [This study was orally presented at the 8th International Eurasian Educational Research Congress held in Turkey.]

This study focused on teacher responses during COVID-19 in the 2020-2021 academic year about homework assignments, their preparedness, internet use, resources used, measurement and evaluation methods. The study is qualitative using content analysis and the N-Vivo program. Ten teachers in different types of high schools in different socio-economic regions in Adana/Turkey participated in this research. The results showed that the opinions of the teachers did not vary according to school type and socio-economic environment. They made creative efforts for effective instruction by integrating different types of evaluation, homework, and methodology. Based on the results, it is suggested that distance educational planning should be made preparing teachers for such unexpected events; it includes the development of software, alternative teaching platforms, providing government support for internet and access to equipment and technology. Additionally, it is noted that teachers may experience a lack of motivation during the pandemic and should be supported psychologically during such unexpected events. [This study was presented at the International Professional Education Conference (IPEC) held on 23-29 August 2021 at Nevsehir Haci Bektas Veli University/Turkey.]

The general purpose of this study is to determine the mediating role of resilience in the effect of fear of COVID-19 on the mental health continuum. 443 volunteer individuals who experienced the COVID-19 pandemic process in Turkey participated in this study. In data collection, The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, The Brief Resilience Scale and Mental Health Continuum Short Form were used. Data were analyzed with the two-stage Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique. The full mediating role of resilience has been proven in the impact of fear of COVID-19 on the mental health continuum. [This study was presented as an oral presentation at the 4th International Conference on COVID-19 Studies.]

The study aims to understand the foremost challenges in the transition to online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study adopts the PRISMA approach to screening the selection of journal articles and review papers according to the research aims and the inclusion criteria. The journal articles and review papers were extracted and stored in Microsoft Excel and Google Scholar, Academic. Microsoft, Semantic Scholar, Elsevier, and Emerald Insight databases searched relevant documents using formulated keywords. A statistical technique was applied using the M.S. Excel analysis tool (PivotTable and an independent t-Test) to analyze data and determine the differences between teachers and students. The review revealed the evidence that the majority of the studies were primarily focused on the individual developing countries and results from other developing countries were not considered. In addition, the foremost challenges in the transition to online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic were inadequate skills and training, inadequate Internet/Infrastructure, lack of supporting resources and lack of online student engagement and feedback. Finally, the independent t-test reveals there is no statistically significant difference in challenges in the transition to online teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Both teachers and students encounter similar challenges. The systematic review raised concerns that higher learning needs to effectively implement long term strategies and support teachers and students in getting into online teaching and learning.

In this article, we examined the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education. We combined collaborative inquiry and photo-eliciting methods to examine education with a reflective lens and understand changes that occurred during the pandemic. A principal and a vice principal working in different public schools adopted the dual roles of being researchers and participants. The main data source was the conversation that emerged as we reviewed classroom and school photos taken by the participant researchers. The central theme that emerged from the analysis was that the COVID-19 pandemic made the invisible visible, along with two sub-themes: a) The teacher's source of motivation is the student, while the student's source of motivation is the teacher and b) Students care and grow when they can be a part of the history, culture, and story of their school. The pandemic made the importance of human connection in education evident. The findings of the study offer solutions and recommendations informing future education. [This study was presented at the International Conference on Studies in Education and Social Sciences (ICSES) on November 14, 2021.]

This study aims to evaluate the responses of primary school children to the pandemic, based on the statements of their parents. In the study, the descriptive survey model was used. The study group consists of parents whose children attend a private primary school in the province of Manisa, Turkey. The 'General Information Form' and the 'Children's Response to the Pandemic Scale' were used for data collection in the study. In the data analysis, the t-test was used. As a result of the study, it was found that responses of the children whose parents aged 36 and over, who had an undergraduate degree and above, and whose families had three or more children were perceived as riskier according to their fathers. It was found that the presence of a COVID-19 history in the family and the presence of individuals who have died due to COVID-19 negatively affect the behavior of children during the pandemic. The male children were found to be more affected by the pandemic than female children. In this context, in order to support the healthy development of children, training programs can be planned and implemented to inform families about the disease and bereavement process in order to be able to support the healthy development of children. [This article was presented as an oral presentation at the International Cappadocia Scientific Research Congress held in Nevsehir on December 15-17, 2021.]

This study aimed to determine the learning patterns and experiences of incarcerated adults within correctional settings and how their prison learning transforms their lives after they are released. In this qualitative research, semi-structured interviews were conducted to obtain the opinions of eight formerly incarcerated people who experienced educational practices during their serving time in prison. The snowball sampling technique was used to reach the target group of the study. Thematic analysis method was used during the data analysis process. The results of the paper, which are limited to the opinions of the participants in the study, showed that the change in the educational level of the prison population had led to a transformation in group dynamics among inmates in Turkey. Although former inmates experienced a permanent transformation in their lives after attending literacy courses, they could not carry on their religious practices after being released due to the struggle to make a living. Inmates who were not interested in educational programmes within prison managed their own learning processes as self-directed learners. Moreover, although inmates are certified through vocational training programmes, they have challenges in finding jobs when they re-enter society. Educational disruptions due to COVID-19 demonstrate that it is urgent to transform the prison education system into a technologically enriched learning environment in Turkey.

This paper investigates the phenomenon of technostress in medical students and its predictors during pandemic-prompted distance education. From a sample of 259 students in a school of medicine at a public university in Turkey, the data were collected using convenience sampling through an online questionnaire based on person-environment misfit theory and were analyzed by means of descriptive and inferential statistics. Descriptively, the participant students reported experiencing relatively mild level of technostress. As a result of the multiple regression analysis, regular attendance and participation, adequate learning environment, perceived negativity of distance education, perceived need for psychological support, and year at medical school were all found to be significant predictors of technostress in medical students. This is the first study evaluating technostress on medical students. Students who do not attend classes regularly, do not have an adequate learning environment, have higher degree of perceived negativity of distance education, have need for psychological support and are at higher grade levels experience more technostress. Finally, according to the person-environment misfit theory the major component of technostress in medical students originated from the tool-related component. Although the level of technostress was relatively low, technological tools generate pressure even on the digital native generation.

An education crisis has emerged during the pandemic, and the purpose and existence of schooling has begun being questioned again. For this reason, this paper discusses school principals' opinions regarding the changes in schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research uses the phenomenological design, and the participants of the research consist of school principals. The data were collected using the semi-structured interview technique, with content analysis being used to analyze the data. According to the study's findings, school principals were determined to have difficulties in the fields of strategic leadership, instructional leadership, and social leadership during the pandemic. Regarding school-related difficulties during the pandemic, important benefits were emphasized for school processes under the themes of achievements focused on capacity building, socially oriented achievements, and goal-oriented achievements. The themes of administrative priorities, social priorities, and developmental priorities emerged regarding how to reduce adjustment problems to schooling during and after the pandemic.

With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly all theoretical and practical classes and methods of assessment had to be delivered on digital platforms. This paper reports the use of task-based assessment of the communicative competence of first-year pre-service English language teachers. The aim was to explore the role of the platform where the tasks were held on the students' self-assessment of their spoken performances. The participants (n=50) evaluated their linguistic, discourse, strategic and sociolinguistics competence on two public speaking tasks. The face-to-face speaking task required elaborating on two famous quotes, whereas the online speaking task had to do with the semiotic analysis of a TV commercial which was decided upon by the teacher candidate. Student evaluations of their communicative competence ranged on a scale from one to five, where one meant very poor and five meant very good. The results indicated that the only component of communicative competence that was viewed to be good was discourse competence in the face-to-face task; however, all the elements of communicative competence were considered to be good except for the sociolinguistic competence in the face-to-screen task. The main findings were (i) that the students had a more positive evaluation of their communicative competence when making online presentations and (ii) that they mostly attributed the differences in their self-evaluations either to the platform or to a combination of the platform and the nature of the task. Yet, face-to-face interaction seems to act as a requirement to improve the sociolinguistic competence of foreign language teacher candidates.

The teaching model in which students and teachers come together in a physically surrounded school environment face to face was the only teaching model until the 1990s. Technological developments first showed their effects in higher education in the 1990s and online teaching method started to become widespread. Today, it is not possible to ignore the benefits of face-to-face education in schools, but almost all educational institutions, from primary schools to universities, have switched to online distance education very quickly with the COVID-19 epidemic. Hybrid teaching is a teaching model that combines face-to-face and online teaching into a single whole. About half of the classroom sessions are held in classrooms at school, while the other half has students working online. While this sounds good, hybrid teaching requires a lot of planning to work properly. In this paper, the problems and opportunities of hybrid education for school management are studied under the light of literature. Although hybrid education has many benefit on the part of students and teachers as well as administrators, It also brings some problems that administrators have to tackle with. The literature about hybrid education forces education administrators to plan about technical needs, human sources, students and parents.

With Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), a major change to the remote education arrangements has arisen. As it is clear, the pandemic has got side effects, especially in the scope of education and English as foreign language (EFL) teaching. Students at all levels were encouraged to continue learning despite the difficulties they had throughout the crisis. This study aims to investigate the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on the field of EFL, particularly by revealing the viewpoints of secondary school students on pandemic remote education and its impact on their English language learning process. Thus, it was designed as qualitative research; interviews were held to probe in-depth into their perceptions on EFL teaching throughout pandemic remote education. Interviews were conducted with thirty secondary school students chosen voluntarily. The participants were chosen from different schools. The data obtained from the interviews were analysed through qualitative content analysis by NVivo 8 software program. The results revealed that participants declared that most of the teachers used course books and gave pencil-paper assignments. It was also highlighted that teachers emphasised reading and listening skills in their lessons rather than writing and speaking. Another significant finding of the study is that the participants preferred face-to-face foreign language teaching to remote teaching. Nevertheless, they admitted that online language teaching has several advantages comparing to traditional face-to-face education besides its challenges such as technical, economic, contextual, and individual problems. Lastly, several noteworthy suggestions were made regarding teachers, policymakers, families, and students themselves.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on education. The closure of schools and the cessation of face-to-face classrooms have affected schools and students worldwide. The current need is to transform the traditional classroom to adapt to the new social and educational background. The flipped classroom is usually defined as a strategy to subvert the conventional academic environment; that is, the information transmission part of the traditional face-to-face lecture is removed from the classroom time for online self-learning. The flipped classroom is a highly flexible classroom mode, which has brought significant changes to education. Therefore, this study aims to examine the studies' research trends, advantages, and challenges concerning the flipped classroom for EFL courses during the COVID-19 epidemic. For this purpose, databases including the web of Science (WOS) and Scopus were reviewed, and 15 articles were analyzed. A systematic review was used as the research methodology. The study's findings revealed the effectiveness of flipped classrooms for EFL courses during the pandemic. Based on the review, this paper puts forward suggestions for future research and points out the future development direction.

Background: In Turkey, nurses are responsible for the treatment and care of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and for tracing their contacts. Healthcare professionals exposed to COVID-19 face high levels of stress., Purpose: This study was designed to determine the influence of psychological resilience and several sociodemographic and professional characteristics on stress perception in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic., Methods: A cross-sectional design was used in this study, which was conducted between June 16 and 29, 2020. Two hundred one nurses living in Turkey were enrolled as participants. Data were collected using an information form, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Brief Psychological Strength Scale. This study aligns with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology Checklist., Results: According to the results of the multivariate linear regression analysis, the psychological resilience score of the participants accounted for 25.2% of the variance related to stress perception (p < .05). However, several of the demographic and professional characteristics considered in this study were not found to statistically significantly influence stress perception (p > .05)., Conclusions/implications for Practice: The findings support that psychological resilience is significant in explaining perception of stress in nurses in Turkey. Interventions targeting psychological resilience are needed to reduce nurses' stress perceptions., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)

During the COVID-19 pandemic, it was crucial for the healthcare sector to detect and classify the virus using X-ray and CT scans. This has underlined the need for advanced Deep Learning and Machine Learning approaches to effectively spot and manage the virus's spread. Indeed, researchers worldwide have dynamically participated in the field by publishing an important number of papers across various databases. In this context, we present a bibliometric analysis focused on the detection and classification of COVID-19 using Deep Learning and Machine Learning techniques, based on X-Ray and CT images. We analyzed published documents of the six prominent databases (IEEE Xplore, ACM, MDPI, PubMed, Springer, and ScienceDirect) during the period between 2019 and November 2023. Our results showed that rising forces in economy and technology, especially India, China, Turkey, and Pakistan, began to compete with the great powers in the field of scientific research, which could be seen from their number of publications. Moreover, researchers contributed to Deep Learning techniques more than the use of Machine Learning techniques or the use of both together and preferred to submit their works to Springer Database. An important result was that more than 57% documents were published as Journal Articles, which was an important portion compared to other publication types (conference papers and book chapters). Moreover, the PubMed journal Multimedia Tools and Applications' tops the list of journals with a total of 29 published articles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic brought life to an unexpected halt, and all levels of education including higher education had abrupt changes from face-to-face teaching to emergency remote teaching to sustain the continuity of education. English preparatory schools that provide newly-enrolled university students with one-year intensive English language program are no exception with regard to emergency remote teaching. Metaphor elicitation can be one of the ways to reveal university language instructors' subtle thoughts about emergency remote teaching. In line with this idea, this paper investigates the use of metaphors elicited from 60 university instructors from different universities in Turkey in relation to emergency remote teaching. After the analysis, 58 valid metaphors were recompiled and classified under six categories. It was identified that instructors found emergency remote teaching quite challenging and dynamic in nature while only a small number of instructors considered it a positive experience. It was also evident in the instructors' metaphors that they felt inadequate and untrained when they had this abrupt change at first and perceived emergency remote teaching as an unreal experience. Given the fact that there can be emergency situations in the future, we should move on after taking the necessary lessons from this challenging period.

Transformative human rights education (HRE) implies a pedagogic intention to generate human rights cultures, protecting against and preventing human rights violations. This article draws on Freirean critical pedagogy to define transformative HRE as requiring four pedagogical principles: an explicit pedagogic intention; critical engagement on purposes of education; a critical holistic approach; and cosmopolitan perspectives. A thematic analysis of ten upper secondary school teachers' narratives on working with human rights in Iceland reveals reliance on tacit rather than explicit pedagogical intentions, a lack of critical engagement on purposes of education, and limited opportunities to develop human rights and HRE knowledge, inhibiting a critical holistic approach and cosmopolitan perspectives. However, the narratives offer content and contexts that provide possibilities to develop the four pedagogical principles required for transformative HRE through processes of critical relational dialogue. This paper raises questions of significance for teacher education in Iceland and internationally.

Background: In December of 2019, a new disease which is caused by SARS-CoV-2, as an epidemic disease out of Wuhan, China, began to circulate. On March 11, 2020, the Republic of Turkey Ministry of Health had announced the first case from Turkey. The aim of this study is to analyze the scientific publications in the field of COVID-19 included in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) from Turkey and to establish a theoretical background for future studies in the health literature with obtained valuable information about the publications. We searched all papers published in the field of COVID-19 by using the terms of "COVID-19," "2019-n-CoV," "SARS-CoV-2," "Coronavirus disease 19," and "2019 novel coronavirus" as scientific nomenclatures of COVID-19 in the topic search section of the software. Results: Overall, 47,368 papers, indexed by SCI-E, were found related to COVID-19 between January 1, 2020, and December 13, 2020. Of these, 931 were from Turkey. In terms of specialities, the most contribution was from the Medicine General Internal followed by Dermatology. Most of the publications were article. English was the most preferred language in papers. Dermatological Theraphy published the most paper. Conclusions: Applying this kind of analysis on an intermittent basis gives a general perspective for contribution of a countries to scientific publications and useful for the further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic negatively affected many sectors including aviation and travel. Travel bans and forced lockdowns prevented transportation activity, especially air travel. Accordingly, huge amounts of emission reductions occurred. On the other hand, travel restrictions are not the only cause of emissions reductions. Changing travel intention in the era of Covid-19 is another important factor that affects aviation emissions. This paper aims to investigate the Landing/Take-Off (LTO) emission changes at Turkish airports. An emission inventory has been implemented for the years 2019 and 2020 to reveal the impacts of Covid-19 on aviation emissions. Domestic, international, and cargo flights have been included in the inventory. According to the results, total emissions of SO2, CO2, CO, NOx, NMVOC, CH4, N2O, and PM2.5 have decreased in 2020 compared to 2019 by 49.8%, 49.7%, 41.0%, 52.6%, 40.0%, 33.8%, 49.8%, and 50.3%, respectively. Total CO2 reductions in the Q2, Q3, and Q4 periods of 2020 compared to that of 2019 are 87%, 50% and 43%, respectively. Another aim of this paper is to find the underlying reasons for emission reductions. For Turkish airports, emission reductions have resulted from travel bans in Q2. After the relaxation of restrictions with the declaration of the "New Normal" in Turkey, flight traffic rebounded to a certain level but was lower than 2019 levels. Therefore, changing travel intention is the main cause of emission reductions in Q3 and Q4 of 2020. The results of this study contribute to both the areas of air pollution and tourism management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses de-legitimisation and Eurosceptic attitudes in Turkey as reflected in newspapers during the COVID-19 pandemic between 15 March 2020 and 30 May 2021. Easton's (1975) specific support about concrete policy outcomes and Scharpf 's (1998) output-oriented legitimisation theories are utilised in testing the hypothesis on de-legitimisation of EU-rope in both pro and against government media in relation to EU-rope's policies towards the "fight" against COVID-19 since Euroscepticism influences the political discourse in general regardless of political or ideological position. In the paper, EU-rope is used, instead of European Union (EU) and Europe as two different terminologies, since the analysed newspapers utilise EU and Europe interchangeably. Five newspapers are included in the analysis for this study: Hürriyet, Sabah, Karar, Gazete Pencere and BirGün based on their political and ideological stances. In the research, online archives of the newspapers are utilised, and in each newspaper the op-eds are excluded from the analysis. The main focus is given to the news - headlines on Europe and the EU. Keywords that are looked for in newspapers are EU, Europe, vaccine, BioNTech, Sinovac, Coronavirus, COVID-19, and the pandemic. It has been observed that, regardless of political ideologies and the position of newspaper at the left-right political spectrum, Euroscepticism became a common attitude. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of Covid-19 pandemic crisis on rates of return is analyzed in this paper in the light of possible data manipulation related to reporting systems provided by the administration in the USA, Turkey and Poland. The study used various methods of analyzing the relationship of a discrete, non-discrete and dichotomous data nature between the studied variables. As a result, the strongest reaction of the market was observed in Turkey followed by the USA and Poland. It can be concluded that the reaction of the surveyed markets was influenced by the data manipulations. The added value of the article is related to the use of various methods to study phenomena and detect the impact of data manipulation on the markets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Human communities suffered a vast socioeconomic burden in dealing with the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) globally. Real-word data about these burdens can inform governments about evidence-based resource allocation and prioritization. The aim of this scoping review was to map the cost-of-illness (CoI) studies associated with COVID-19. Methods: This scoping review was conducted from January 2019 to December 2021. We searched cost-of-illness papers published in English within Web of Sciences, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, Science Direct and ProQuest. For each eligible study, extracted data included country, publication year, study period, study design, epidemiological approach, costing method, cost type, cost identification, sensitivity analysis, estimated unit cost and national burden. All of the analyses were applied in Excel software. Results: 2352 records were found after the search strategy application, finally 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Most of the studies were done in the United States, Turkey, and China. The prevalence-based approach was the most common in the studies, and most of studies also used Hospital Information System data (HIS). There were noticeable differences in the costing methods and the cost identification. The average cost of hospitalization per patient per day ranged from 101$ in Turkey to 2,364$ in the United States. Among the studies, 82.1% estimated particularly direct medical costs, 3.6% only indirect costs, and 14.3% both direct and indirect costs. Conclusion: The economic burden of COVID-19 varies from country to country. The majority of CoI studies estimated direct medical costs associated with COVID-19 and there is a paucity of evidence for direct non-medical, indirect, and intangible costs, which we recommend for future studies. To create homogeneity in CoI studies, we suggest researchers follow a conceptual framework and critical appraisal checklist of cost-of-illness (CoI) studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the development and implementation of a smoking cessation training program for diabetes nurse educators. People with diabetes who smoke have a significantly higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Smoking greatly increases diabetes complications. Surveys were conducted to ascertain how frequently nurses counseled patients to quit and their interest in cessation training. Observations of nursepatient interactions and interviews with diabetes nurses facilitated the development of a culturally sensitive cessation training program. Survey results revealed that diabetes nurse educators recognized the need for training in smoking cessation, as many patients with diabetes do not consider smoking to be harmful for their health. A two-day workshop was developed for nurses on the specific harms of smoking for diabetes patients, including hands-on training in cessation counseling and motivational interviewing. Two months after training, nurses reported that the skills they acquired gave them confidence to counsel patients but identified four challenges to conducting cessation in their clinical settings. Diabetes nurse educators can play a pivotal role in delivering cessation. Training and overcoming challenges to implementation are urgently needed in the time of coronavirus disease 2019 given the dual risks of diabetes and smoking for severe complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Health records changed over time in the countries, and also Türkiye passed from paper versions to personal health records (PHR) and put patients at the center of the system by allowing them to become the master of their health data., Aims: Presenting the current state of the e-Nabız application nationwide in Turkey, and to evaluate the benefits of patients’ online access to electronic health records and the system’s interoperability., Study Design: A descriptive observational study., Methods: In the Turkish PHR system (e-Nabız), services to patients to manage their health are categorized and analyzed within the scope of national digital health services. In addition, the data validation in the e-Nabız within itself has been systematically expressed., Results: The Turkish PHR system allows users to use 30 different services for treatment, prevention, health promotion, and health-related and interrelated areas. Moreover, some statistics regarding the categories specified in the e-Nabız system are included. Today, data is flowing from 28,608 system-integrated health facilities and 39 e-Nabız integrated public institutions. In addition, 4.5 billion transactions are done by people by 2023 and 220 million users are queried by physicians to reach patients’ labs and results. Plus, the e-Nabız is adopted by 82% of the Türkiye population., Conclusion: There is no universal model for the content of the PHR. Given its importance to the patient, the content evolved and will continue to grow over the years. With the advent of coronavirus disease 2019, the system is equipped with three new services. The importance of these services over time and in the future has been demonstrated with increasing momentum.

In this paper, the unknown parameters of a SEIRS mathematical model for the dynamics of COVID-19 are estimated by the least squares approach using data of Trkiye. In the considered model, the infective group is divided into two classes consisting of diagnosed and undiagnosed individuals. Since the data for undiagnosed infective individuals in the community is unknown, three different scenarios are proposed. The numerical solutions of the model using the estimated parameter values and the actual data are demonstrated with graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The retail sector in a lot of countries consists of many small and medium sized specialty retailers who face a high degree of dynamics and competition. Consequently, these companies also have to constantly evolve and develop resilient strategies that promise their future success. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to analyse the resource and capability bundle for operating as and transforming to a small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) omni-channel specialty retailer. Therefore, the authors followed the notions of the Resource-Based-View (RBV) and of the Dynamic-Capabilities-View (DCV). Design/methodology/approach: To answer the authors' formulated research questions, they applied an exploratory research method by conducting 12 semi-structured and guideline-based expert interviews from two countries. Findings: The findings reveal a specific bundle of transformation resources and capabilities and important drivers for the implementation of an omni-channel strategy. Thereby, the human resources factor and the market as well as customer understanding play a decisive role. In addition, the authors have identified country-specific differences in the technological, logistical, product-specific and financial areas. Practical implications: The results reflect the importance of qualified and well-trained staff for SME retailers to implement omni-channel strategies in alignment with a high level of service quality. Especially in the Covid 19 era, flexible structures and quick adaptability are essential to remain competitive. Nevertheless, everything should always be in line with the company's own philosophy. Originality/value: The paper provides new insights into important resources and capabilities retailers need to focus on when implementing an omni-channel strategy. The paper concentrates in particular on the groups of SMEs and niche markets as well as examines country-specific differences in a developed and a developing country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of emergency departments (EDs) has increased during the COVID-19 outbreak, thereby evidencing the key role of these units in the overall response of healthcare systems to the current pandemic scenario. Nevertheless, several disruptions have emerged in the practical scenario including low throughput, overcrowding, and extended waiting times. Therefore, there is a need to develop strategies for upgrading the response of these units against the current pandemic. Given the above, this paper presents a hybrid fuzzy multicriteria decision-making model (MCDM) to evaluate the performance of EDs and create focused improvement interventions. First, the intuitionistic fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (IF-AHP) technique is used to estimate the relative priorities of criteria and sub-criteria considering uncertainty. Then, the intuitionistic fuzzy decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (IF-DEMATEL) is employed to calculate the interdependence and feedback between criteria and sub-criteria under uncertainty, Finally, the combined compromise solution (CoCoSo) is implemented to rank the EDs and detect their weaknesses to device suitable improvement plans. The aforementioned methodology was validated in three emergency centers in Turkey. The results revealed that the most important criterion in ED performance was ER facilities (14.4%), while Procedures and protocols evidenced the highest positive D + R value (18.239) among the dispatchers and is therefore deemed as the main generator within the performance network.

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This paper examines the impact of COVID-19 cases and deaths on selected financial indicators in Turkey between March 2020 and July 2020. This study analyzes the causal relationship between COVID-19 and liquidity and risk perception in Turkey. To measure the impact of COVID-19 on liquidity and risk perception in Turkey, financial indicators, such as the BIST100, credit default swap, 2-year Turkish bond yields, and 10-year Turkish bond yields were examined. The stationarity of variables was tested usingunit root tests. Since all variables were stationary at the first difference, the Toda Yamamoto causality test was chosen to examine the causality relationship between variables. According to the Johansen co-integration test, there was a co-integration relationship between variables. The empirical results of the Toda Yamamoto causality test show that there was a unidirectional Granger causality from the number of COVID-19 deaths to credit default swap. Moreover, there was a unidirectional Granger causality from the Turkish bond yields (2-10 years) to BIST 100. However, between March 2020 andJuly 2020, there is no Granger relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and the selected financial variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to identify the causal impact of educational human capital on social distancing behavior at workplace in Turkey using district-level data for the period of April 2020 - February 2021. We adopt a unified causal framework, predicated on domain knowledge, theory-justified constraints anda data-driven causal structure discovery using causal graphs. We answer our causal query by employing machine learning prediction algorithms; instrumental variables in the presence of latent confounding and Heckman's model in the presence of selection bias. Results show that educated regions are able to distance-work and educational human capital is a key factor in reducing workplace mobility, possibly through its impact on employment. This pattern leads to higher workplace mobility for less educated regions and translates into higher Covid-19 infection rates. The future of the pandemic lies in less educated segments of developing countries and calls for public health action to decrease its unequal and pervasive impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in over 340 million infection cases (as of 21 January 2022) and more than 5.57 million deaths globally. In reaction, science, technology and innovation communities across the globe have organised themselves to contribute to national responses to COVID-19 disease. A significant contribution has been from the establishment of wastewater-based epidemiological (WBE) surveillance interventions and programmes for monitoring the spread of COVID-19 in at least 55 countries. Here, we examine and share experiences and lessons learnt in establishing such surveillance programmes. We use case studies to highlight testing methods and logistics considerations associated in scaling the implementing of such programmes in South Africa, the Netherlands, Turkey and England. The four countries were selected to represent different regions of the world and the perspective based on the considerable progress made in establishing and implementing their national WBE programmes. The selected countries also represent different climatic zones, economies, and development stages, which influence the implementation of national programmes of this nature and magnitude. In addition, the four countries' programmes offer good experiences and lessons learnt since they are systematic, and cover extensive areas, disseminate knowledge locally and internationally and partnered with authorities (government). The programmes also strengthened working relations and partnerships between and among local and global organisations. This paper shares these experiences and lessons to encourage others in the water and public health sectors on the benefits and value of WBE in tackling SARS-CoV-2 and related future circumstances.

INTRODUCTION The study aims to understand the facilitators and barriers associated with enforcing and complying with Türkiye's smoke-free policy from the perspective of hospitality venue owners and employees. METHODS A qualitative open-ended survey was conducted in Istanbul and Ankara in 2021 with 58 respondents from 3 different districts in each city from four types of venues: restaurants, traditional coffee and waterpipe houses, and European-style cafés. The open-ended survey included questions to understand the knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes of respondents about Türkiye's smoke-free policy and their perceptions of the facilitators and/or barriers to smoke-free policy implementation and changes after COVID-19. The data were analyzed using an inductive approach to identify patterns and categorize the data into themes. RESULTS The respondents expressed that the smoke-free policy aimed to protect employees and customers from secondhand smoke (SHS), respect human health, and improve air quality. Findings suggest that the positive attitude of venue owners and staff toward the smoke-free policy serves as a facilitator. However, fear of financial impact, customers' negative attitudes, difficulties in meeting physical requirements, and insufficient enforcement were found to be barriers to implementing the smoke-free policy. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic were reported as an initial increase in compliance and awareness among customers and staff, but some respondents noted negative changes due to the emotional and financial effects of prolonged restrictions. These challenges have led to decreased attention on the smoke-free policy among venue owners, staff and customers. Respondents' suggested improvements were related to building infrastructure, such as the ventilation systems and educating the public on the harmful health effects of smoking. CONCLUSIONS Despite the general understanding of the dangers of secondhand smoke and the smoke-free policy, this study highlights the challenges in implementing smoke-free policy measures and the continued need to raise awareness about the importance of a 100% smoke-free venue. A comprehensive approach to addressing the tobacco epidemic as a multifaceted public health issue is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper was the first study comparing levels of anxiety and depression and assessing the affecting factors among the general population, frontline healthcare workers, and COVID-19 inpatients in Turkey during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. We collected data from the general population (n = 162), frontline healthcare workers (n = 131), and COVID-19 inpatients (n = 86) using Individual Characteristics Form, Generalised Anxiety Disorder Scale, and Beck Depression Inventory in this cross-sectional study. Results: An increased prevalence of depression and anxiety were found predominantly in frontline healthcare workers (p < 0.001). COVID-19 inpatients and frontline healthcare workers were more likely to demonstrate anxiety (p < 0.001) than the general population. In the regression analysis, while fear of infecting relatives was a significant predictor of anxiety and depression in the general population, gender and experiencing important life events were associated with anxiety. Fear of infecting relatives and lack of personal protective equipment while providing care were predictors of anxiety and depression in healthcare workers (p < 0.001). Furthermore, the fear of being re-hospitalised due to re-infection was a predictor of depression and anxiety levels of the COVID-19 inpatients. Conclusion: Policymakers and mental health providers are advised to continuously monitor psychological outcomes and provide necessary health support during this pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: To the Editor, Serology may offer valuable information during COVID-19 pandemic; however, published papers mainly reported the results of symptomatic patients having positive RT-PCR on upper respiratory tract specimens [1]. More studies are needed to address whether asymptomatic patients, or patients with chest imaging compatible with COVID-19 but negative RT-PCR, have different antibody response that could influence assays performances. We wanted to share our data from Turkey where 4,323,596 COVID-19 cases were detected out of 44,087,628 PCR tests by April 20, 2021 but there are only a couple of published studies about serodiagnosis of the infection., Discussion: The authors have no funding source for the study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.