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International audience; The environmental impacts of the two tartaric stabilisation methods used for wines, electrodialysis and cold treatment, were studied by determining water consumption (for the process and cleaning), waste produced (organic load and the composition of wastewater and residues) and energy consumption, at the pilot stage and in wineries. Thanks to an online treatment of electrodialysis brines by reverse osmosis (industrial facility that treats 30 hL wine/h), the recycling of permeates led to a 65% reduction in water consumption, the volume of which represented only 3.9% of the wine treated. When washing and cleaning water from the ED-RO system was taken into account, overall water consumption was 5.5 L/hL wine. The presence of ethanol, due to an osmotic phenomenon with no loss of wine volume, and tartaric acid in the brines contributes to the organic load of the brine, with a COD of close to 8.4 g O-2/L. Overall electrical energy consumption for stabilisation by electrodialysis (0.21 kWh/hL) turned out to be eight times lower than that of cold stabilisation. An evaluation of cold stabilisation effluents revealed that 66.6% of the COD discharged came from the diatomaceous earth (DE), 21.8% from the washing of the filter and 11.4% from the washing of the cold treatment tank. The production of used DE was 2.64 g (wet weight)/L of wine, and the ethanol present in the DE waste represented a loss in wine volume of 0.14 L/hL.

Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) systems have been criticized to provide little incentive for producers to eco-design. To this end, an incentive scheme, called eco-modulation, based on modulated product fees according to their level of eco-design has recently been introduced. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the introduction of this scheme as part of the collective EPR system in the WEEE sector in France and discusses the impacts of this policy instrument on product design (direct effects) and collective action and innovation (indirect effects). From a theoretical standpoint, we consider policy instruments in our research as part of complex policy mixes and within adaptive policy-making, i.e. on how these mixes evolve over time to adapt to complex and changing issues and collective dynamics. In this perspective, we stress that, while eco-modulation has shown little direct impact, important indirect effects can be identified. We argue that framework conditions, i.e. how the EPR system is organized and conducted in practice, explain better the occurrence of such indirect effects rather than the policy instrument in itself. In this perspective, the paper provides insights on the role of Producer Responsibility Organizations (PRO) in linking individual and collective producer responsibilities and organizing collective action. Moreover, it shows that implementing such a policy instrument requires intense dialog with stakeholders to advance its acceptability, a collective organization to organize its monitoring and deployment, and careful integration with other instruments within a coherent and adaptive policy.

Part 4: TRIZ Applications in Eco Design; International audience; Growing demands for cleaner production and higher eco-efficiency in process engineering require a comprehensive analysis of technical and environmental outcomes of customers and society. Moreover, unexpected additional technical or ecological drawbacks may appear as negative side effects of new environmentally friendly technologies. The paper conceptualizes a comprehensive approach for analysis and ranking of engineering and ecological requirements in process engineering in order to anticipate secondary problems in eco-design and to avoid compromising the environmental or technological goals. For this purpose, the paper presents a method based on integration of the Quality Function Deployment approach with the Importance-Satisfaction Analysis for the requirements ranking. The proposed method identifies and classifies comprehensively the potential engineering and eco-engineering contradictions through analysis of correlations within requirements groups such as stakeholder requirements (SRs) and technical requirements (TRs), and additionally through cross-relationship between SRs and TRs.

International audience; The development of the aeronautical industry has brought about certain demands like the reduction of fuel consumption and, consequently, the weight of used structures. Therefore, topology analysis of aircraft components has played an important role in meeting these demands. Another factor widely studied in this context is the type of materials used in the manufacture of such components, hence, by presenting lower densities, composites have gained ground in this industry sector.Besides, an increasingly sought-after characteristic is the sustainability associated with the entire life cycle of any system or part, from its design, through the production phase, to its end of life. The assessment of such sustainability is often carried out by analysing the life cycle’s CO2 footprint, which tends to decrease when the raw materials used are less processed. Materials of natural origin, also known as "bio-materials", have therefore been the target of study, being the basis of the concept of eco-design. The accelerated development of 3D printing technologies has allowed the evolution of structural design methods. Additive manufacturing emerged in the 1980s and has since been expanding in the aerospace field. One of its great advantages is that it can be combined with the use of bio-composites, such as flax or hemp.The topology optimisation of any given structure brings great benefits in terms of the mitigation of the CO2 impact of a given part, as it translates into a reduction of its mass and fuel consumption. However, the combination of this method with the optimisation of the fibre path, in the 3D printing process, and the CO2 footprint of the part’s life cycle simultaneously can bring even more evident benefits. In this paper modifications to existing methods are proposed. In MATLAB, strategies are developed to study the topology and fibre orientation of potentially 3D printed thin structures.

International audience; The use of composites in industry is ever increasing. However, end-of-life solutions for composites are still under development. In this paper, a solution linking design strategies with a recycling process for thermoset composite materials is proposed. The recovery solution for these materials is a supercritical water solvolysis process. The needs and multi-disciplinary skills required for taking recycling possibilities into account in the early stages of product design and the necessity to standardize product-recycling capabilities based on design requirements will be discussed. The paper highlights the need for designers to take a functional approach into consideration, including characterization of materials behavior, recycling process limits, constraints and opportunities. This paper will show the first lessons learned from experiments, using this technique.

International audience; In a very uncertain and competitive economy, companies have to cope with external constraints such as environmental and social issues, to gain competitive advantage. Over the last thirty years, numerous initiatives have appeared to deal with socio-environmental issues. However, contexts are complex and dynamics. Many authors therefore point out the need to establish a systemic perspective in order to improve the integration of sustainable issues into all company activities: from strategic decision-making to the end of the project. In addition, companies need to reinforce the relationship between general corporate development and eco-design activities. Based on literature review, this paper assumes that the integration of sustainability can be improved by developing a coherent and system approach between strategic, tactical and operational levels. The authors have chosen to demonstrate this assumption by targeting the environmental aspect of sustainability as a first step of their overall research. In this view, this paper proposes a navigation system composed of three modules: strategic, tactical and operational. This navigation system provides some pragmatic roadmaps for integrating environment into the company. Each module is linked to the others by the use of appropriate metrics. Bottom-up and top-down or middle-to-sides strategies are fully supported. To test this proposal, the navigation system is experimented retrospectively into an industrial process from the textile industry. The comparison between the initial situation and the experimental results allows authors to highlights potential environmental improvements. Some recommendations are made to challenges companies to use this navigation system, which argues in favor of environmental improvements.

International audience; In a very uncertain and competitive economy, companies have to cope with external constraints such as environmental and social issues, to gain competitive advantage. Over the last thirty years, numerous initiatives have appeared to deal with socio-environmental issues. However, contexts are complex and dynamics. Many authors therefore point out the need to establish a systemic perspective in order to improve the integration of sustainable issues into all company activities: from strategic decision-making to the end of the project. In addition, companies need to reinforce the relationship between general corporate development and eco-design activities. Based on literature review, this paper assumes that the integration of sustainability can be improved by developing a coherent and system approach between strategic, tactical and operational levels. The authors have chosen to demonstrate this assumption by targeting the environmental aspect of sustainability as a first step of their overall research.In this view, this paper proposes a navigation system composed of three modules: strategic, tactical and operational. This navigation system provides some pragmatic roadmaps for integrating environment into the company. Each module is linked to the others by the use of appropriate metrics. Bottom-up and top-down or middle-to-sides strategies are fully supported.To test this proposal, the navigation system is experimented retrospectively into an industrial process from the textile industry. The comparison between the initial situation and the experimental results allows authors to highlights potential environmental improvements. Some recommendations are made to challenges companies to use this navigation system, which argues in favor of environmental improvements.

International audience; For a growing number of firms, it is important that life-cycle assessments (LCAs) as well as the interpretation of the results obtained be carried out directly by the design teams. Unfortunately, the complexity of these two elements hinders the development of really eco-designed products. In this paper, we propose a generic approach allowing a company to develop a specific environmental assessment tool which enables designers to carry out simplified environmental assessments during the design process. To be more precise, the generic approach is based on the creation of two main features: impact functions to simplify the inherent complexity of LCAs and an environmental categorisation per product range to facilitate the use of environmental assessment results by the design team. This paper presents the development of such tool (named EcoT) in the context of automotive part suppliers and demonstrates its technical robustness on two case studies (dashboards and door panels). At the end of the paper, we discuss the usability and appropriability of the EcoT tool based on handling tests carried out by the company design team.

Lien vers la version éditeur: http://www.designsociety.org/publication/30585/toward_proactive_eco-design_based_on_engineer_and_eco-designers_software_interface_modeling; International audience; Integrating environmental concerns as well as other constrains (cost, quality, etc.) in the design process, requires to organize the process as a system. Specific software for each design expertise are created to embrace new demands and are supporting the design activity in such complexity that the interoperability between software is crucial. The approach presented in this paper proposes a specific organization of the design process composed of local and global activities. The article focuses on the importance of modeling the data input and output exchanged between activities. It points out the necessity to define rules of transformation that are needed to link models together. The system modeled allows an infinite number of interactions and notably the integration of environmental concerns. This paper illustrates the method by studying a part of the design process of a simple product in a DTE approach. This case study involves software of material choice, CAD, LCA and focuses on transformation rules needed to give interoperable models. The results of the case study finally bring designers to adopt a new design of the product, which reduces initial environmental impacts.

International audience; The composite use in industry increases. Despite, composite end of life solutions are still under development. We proposed to address a combined definition of both composite design and composite recycling process. This paper will discuss the needs of multi-disciplinary skills in order to take into account recycling possibilities in the design, and to asset recycling product capabilities by the design requirements. This paper highlights the relation between functional approach by designer, characterization for material and mechanics behavior and recycling process limits, constrains and opportunities.

Lien vers la version éditeur: http://annals.fih.upt.ro/pdf-full/2011/ANNALS-2011-1-17.pdf; International audience; Integrating environmental aspects in the design process is getting more and more covered by the actual scientific research. Based on various fields such as "eco-design", "Design for sustainability", "eco-innovation", several specific software and methods have been developed to tackle this issue. Our work focuses on product designer software and eco-designer software that already exist. This research analyses product design and eco-design--considering their respective complexity--in order to determine the main difficulties to systematically integrate environmental aspects in the design process. Our observations have led us to work on three elements: information, software, and collaboration between designers and LCA expert. The principal objective is to facilitate the interface between product design and eco-design by linking the requirements and performances of both domains. It seems therefore necessary to help the collaboration between various experts and thus to develop a digital interface enabling designers to exchange data and to use their appropriate related software. The aim of this paper is to argue the need of a digital tool interfacing the actual tools of the design process and of eco-design (among the related software such as CAD, CAx, PLM, and LCA). This "digital interface" is presented at the end of the paper and will be created next year.

International audience; Integrating environmental aspects in the design process is getting more and more covered by the actual scientific research. Based on various fields such as "eco-design", "Design for sustainability", "eco- innovation", several specific software and methods have been developed to tackle this issue. Our work focuses on product designer software and eco-designer software that already exist. This research analyses product design and eco-design--considering their respective complexity--in order to determine the main difficulties to systematically integrate environmental aspects in the design process. Our observations have led us to work on three elements: information, software, and collaboration between designers and LCA expert. The principal objective is to facilitate the interface between product design and eco-design by linking the requirements and performances of both domains. It seems therefore necessary to help the collaboration between various experts and thus to develop a digital interface enabling designers to exchange data and to use their appropriate related software. The aim of this paper is to argue the need of a digital tool interfacing the actual tools of the design process and of eco-design (among the related software such as CAD, CAx, PLM, and LCA). This "digital interface" is presented at the end of the paper and will be created next year.

International audience; In the literature there are many propositions of eco-design tools on the one hand and creativity tools on the other hand to support the early creative design phases of products and services development. In this field, one of the challenges of the eco-innovation approach consists in hybridizing these two domains to promote the generation of creative concepts in a more sustainable perspective. Consequently, eco-innovation implies to develop new support methods and tools that meet specific requirements to encourage the generation process of sustainable ideas. In this paper we propose first an identification of these requirements to develop efficient eco-innovation tools with a special focus on the idea generation phase. Then we present one experimental test that was done to compare different eco-design and creativity tools: ASIT, eco compass, LiDS Wheel and ecoASIT. The ecoASIT tool is the result of our adaptation of the ASIT creative method to stimulate ideas in the field of the sustainable development. To conclude, the paper describes the different perspectives for the exploitation of the test.

International audience; The products are strongly related to environment sustainability during their life cycle. It is well known that largely of the environmental damages from product life cycle are determined in the earlier design process. Hence the product design has crucial role for product sustainability. An effective improvement of product sustainability during the design phase should be achieved if the designers have appropriate methods (and tools) for assessment of product sustainability. In the paper the eco-efficiency concept is applied in product design phase. The main challenge in product eco-efficiency assessment is environmental damage, caused from product during its life cycle. In the paper, integrating of two approaches for this purpose are proposed: quantification of damages by using external costs and approaches for obtaining score (or %) assessment of product sustainability elements. This integration enables to assess the environmental damages of more sustainability elements for more reliable assessment of eco-efficiency and hence for more sustainable product design.

International audience; Taking into consideration all the life cycle of a product is now an important step in the design of a product or a technology. Despite the improvement in refrigerant regulation, the environmental impacts of refrigeration systems remain important and need to be improved. In this paper, the environmental impacts of refrigeration systems in a typical hypermarket are compared using the LCA methodology under different conditions. The system is used to provide cold at two levels of temperature: medium and low temperature during a life period of 15 years. The most commonly used architectures of hypermarket cold production systems are investigated: centralized direct expansion systems and indirect systems using a secondary loop to transport the cold. The variation of power needed during seasonal changes and during the daily opening/closure periods of the hypermarket are considered. R134a as the primary refrigerant fluid and two types of secondary fluids are considered (liquid CO2 and ammonia). The composition of each system and the leakage rate of the refrigerant through its life cycle are taken from the literature and industrial data. Twelve scenarios are examined. They are based on the variation of three parameters, 1. location: France (Paris), Spain (Toledo) and Sweden (Stockholm), 2. different sources of electric consumption: photovoltaic panels and low voltage electric network and 3. architecture: direct and indirect refrigeration systems. SimaPro software was used to assess the environmental performances and different impact assessment methods were used; CML method is used to evaluate the midpoint environmental indicators and IMPACT 2002+ to assess endpoint indicators. This study highlights the most environmentally damaging parameter to be electric consumption compared to the impacts of refrigerant leakage supporting the conclusions of previous studies. The use of a secondary loop lowers the refrigerant amount in the primary loop and thus the climate change indicator is reduced. The cost estimation of CAPEX and OPEX shows that depending on the location the use of photovoltaic panels can be more expensive and does not bring any improvement in environmental impacts.

International audience; The Fab Lab network is newly engaged in several projects that involve the idea of rethinking sustainability, re-localizing manufacturing and promoting a collaborative learning culture. Fab Labs, as makespaces, are now perceived as key spaces for actively developing practical knowledge and create interactions with local stakeholders toward a more sustainable and redistributed manufacturing. In this respect, makespaces are encouraged to redefine its relationship with the local ecosystem by exploring questions such as: What are the effective interactions with local communities? How to build local interventions for enabling more emerging futures? The paper aims at exploring what could be the role of co-creation in local context actions and what could be the community services developed in collaboration with makespaces for supporting the transition towards more circular cities. The results are based on an ongoing action-research at Fab Lab Barcelona called "El Barri Circular", which is designed in the frame of the EU-SISCODE project 1 as a 18 th month co-creation process about circular practices in the neighbourhood of Poblenou. This pilot has been engaging local stakeholders to create synergies in the specific context of food. The pilot used a set of design and co-creation methodologies to support a transition towards re-valuing surplus food and bio-waste at the neighbourhood scale. Over the project, El Barri Circular has collaborated with local km0 restaurants, cooperatives, local associations, urban gardens, and makers' community and engaged more specifically with three circular community projects connected to the food value chain: food waste redistribution, bio-waste-based material development and collective composting. Four interdependent types of community services for circular systems were imagined, and will now be co-produced and tested at the neighbourhood level: a set of learning and co-designed activities to support the local design and production of dedicated tools, a logistical service for food waste collection-processing and community engagement and an environmental monitoring system that measures the flow of materials, energy and resources in the local food system. The project outputs will be discussed within broader networks and feed a collective handbook that will contribute to envision the design of new circular practices in makespaces and thus, shape new forms of learning in local areas.

This report provides additional material to the authors' publication "Research perspectives in eco-design" (submitted to Design Science, April 2019). It gives a detailed description of the ten case studies used in the paper to support the authors' analysis and recommendations.

A wide range of product lifecycle management (PLM) maturity models are proposed to assess the relative position of companies on their road to complete PLM implementation. However, it is a tough job for the company to dynamically evaluate the gradual process of PLM maturity by using existing values and accurately make decisions of improving PLM maturity by selecting the optimum alternative. A fuzzy PLM components maturity model (PCMA) is presented to build the internal logical relationship between maturity levels and existing values that can automatically predict the unknown PLM maturity levels. A fuzzy AHP-VIKOR methodology is used to make a decision among option PLM strategies. The weights of the criteria are determined by fuzzy pairwise comparison matrices (PCM). The weights of alternatives with respect to criteria are calculated by fuzzy VIKOR. The fuzzy AHP-VIKOR is a compromise solution and has the ability of transfer subjective and implicit linguistics into objective and transparent data. A numerical example illustrates and clarifies the running steps of the proposed methodology. 2018 World Scientific Publishing Company. Research reported in this paper was supported by the open funding of Key Laboratory of Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Information Processing, Institutions of Higher Education of Sichuan Province (Grant No. MSSB-2016-02), Technology research and application for Service-Oriented meteorological data visualization engine (No. GYHY201306044), Education Department Funds of Sichuan Province (Grant No. 17ZA0085 and Project CDJGB2017020 supported by CDU), National Natural Science Funds of China (Grant Nos. 61502059 and 61602064) and the Project KYTZ201615 supported by the Scienti�c Research Foundation of CUIT. Scopus

Part 8: Modular Design and Products; International audience; The aim of this paper is to propose a new model for the selection of sustainable design options. This model is based on the environmental, the economic, and the social life cycle assessments. It deals with the uncertainties and the imprecisions due to the technological choices and their potential impacts since early design phase of the product. The proposed model is based on four principles, namely: Early integration, life cycle thinking, functionality thinking, and the multi-criteria concept. A case study is presented to validate the applicability of the proposed model on the design of batteries.

International audience; Additive manufacturing is an innovative manufacturing process that enables rapid manufacturing of functional products and parts. On the other side, considering environmental aspects in design is beneficial as it leads to lower costs, improved product quality, new business opportunities. Thus, in order to foster the potential of AM in product innovation and product manufacturing in the light of environmental concerns, a new design method is necessary. This paper proposes a method in the context of Design with Additive Manufacturing, to take into account the specificities of this manufacturing process in a Design to Environment approach. The method is focused on the Early Design Stages (EDS) of the product development process, which are crucial not only for choices regarding the product characteristics but also for the environmental parameters that need to be taken into consideration. The implementation of the proposed method in creativity session of the EDS underlined the need for dedicated supports in terms of environmental decisions. More and specifically the need for providing tools to capitalize the decisions made focusing on each Life Cycle Stage of the product was identified as a requirement for this support.

International audience; A large part of impacts that will be generated by a system / product during its life cycle are allocated during the earliest stages of the design process. In this paper we propose to trace the evolution of environmental impacts throughout a complex system design process through an industrial case. We follow the stages of a boat design process for maintenance of offshore wind farms. The different architectures sketched throughout the design process are evaluated in order to measure the impact of design decisions on the environmental performance of the system. The problematic of taking into account environmental constraints upstream of the design process abound methods but they often prove inadequate for complex systems whose subsystems interact in complex ways leading to conflicts in the decision of the right parameters. To meet the stakeholders’ needs, that appear (during the design project) in the iterative design process, the initial design is modified to fit the specifications. This iterative path between designers and users leads to uncertainties over the environmental impact of the system. It is then necessary to use smart design support tools allowing a negotiation in definition phase of system specifications. Thus the preliminary design is modified to incorporate changes and contributions occurred during the negotiation phase functional.

International audience; Nowadays, eco-designing products is increasingly practiced. The next challenge for sustain- ability is to optimize production processes. Biorefi neries are particularly concerned with this improve- ment, because they use renewable resources. To identify the contribution of transformation processes to the overall environmental impacts, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) appears as the adequate method. A literature review highlights that LCA is mainly performed on biorefi neries to compare biomass feed- stocks between them and to a fossil reference. Another part of environmental LCA compares the impacts of different processing routes. Nevertheless, these evaluations concern already designed pro- cesses. Generally, processes are considered as a unique operation in assessments. However, some criteria like operating can notably modify environmental burdens. The eco-design of biorefi nery pro- cesses can be guided by coupling process simulation to LCA. This method has been emerging in the chemical sector in recent years. Consequently, this paper proposes a new methodological approach to assessing the complete sustainability of biorefi nery processes, since its fi rst design stages. In addi- tion to coupling process simulation and environmental LCA, the other pillars of sustainability will be assessed. Indeed, Life Cycle Costing and Social Life Cycle Assessment can be performed to obtain an integrated methodological framework. The simultaneous optimization of the environmental, economic, and social performances of the process can lead to antagonist ways of improving. Consequently, compromises should be realized. Thereby, the multi-objective optimization can be accomplished by a metaheuristic method supported by a decision-making tool. Finally, the main limits of this method and some perspectives and ways for improving are discussed.

International audience; In this paper, we propose a Knowledge to use experience feedback techniques in order to keep track of eco-design decisions. The integration of eco-design in industries is becoming more and more considered as a necessary condition of Sustainable development. Even sustainable rules become to be defined as norms, but the application of these rules in design still difficult. Firstly, eco-design criteria are extracted from documents in order to help the definition of experience feedback sheets main points. CommonKADS generic models are also used in order to define adequate sheets to reasoning and task types linked to eco-design phases.

Black liquor is a by-product of paper pulp production and is daily produced in large quantities. Non-competitive to the food industry, this wood-based by-product is an important source of biopolymers. Black-liquor based concentrated and stable emulsions were obtained by dispersing an organic phase into black liquor. Among the considered dispersed phases, castor oil and ethylene dichloride were the most suited. Similar materials were prepared by polymerising the concentrated emulsions containing those dispersed phases. The obtained porous monoliths, called polyECs, were compared by life cycle assessment. The results showed that using ethylene dichloride as the dispersed phase was more beneficial for the environment than using castor oil. Through pyrolysis, the polymeric matrix of the polyECs was processed into carbon to produce carboECs. The bio-based porous carbons presented a microporous and a mesoporous structure that is of interest for energy storage, in particularly supercapacitors. The exploratory tests showed that the carboECs efficiency as supercapacitors were similar to what found in literature. The choice of black liquor as the main raw material was made through an eco-design approach. To comfort that approach, the black-liquor-based carboECs were compared to a poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-based carboECs using life cycle assessment. This study showed that using black liquor instead of styrene/divinylbenzene is beneficial.; La liqueur noire est produite en grande quantité dans les papeteries, en co-produit de la pâte à papier. Issue de la transformation du bois, elle représente une source importante de biopolymères non concurrentielle à l’industrie alimentaire. Par dispersion d’une phase organique dans la liqueur noire, des émulsions concentrées et stables ont été obtenues. Parmi les phases dispersées envisagées, l’huile de ricin et le 1,2-dichloroéthane ont été les plus adaptées. Par polymérisation de ces émulsions concentrées, la liqueur noire a permis d’obtenir des matériaux poreux appelés polyECs. L’analyse du cycle de vie a été appliquée tout au long de la préparation des polyECs et a montré que l’utilisation du 1,2-dichloroéthane, en tant que phase dispersée, serait moins néfaste pour l’environnement que l’utilisation de l’huile de ricin. Après pyrolyse, la matrice polymère des polyECs est devenue carbonée pour donner des carbones poreux, les carboECs. Grâce à leur structure microporeuse et mésoporeuse, ces carboECs biosourcés présentent un intérêt pour le stockage d’énergie, notamment les supercondensateurs. Des essais préliminaires ont montré que les performances électrochimiques des carboECs étaient comparables à la littérature. De par le choix d’un co-produit issu de la biomasse comme matière première, l’élaboration des carboECs de liqueur noire s’inscrit dans une démarche d’éco-conception. Afin de vérifier cette démarche, les carboECs issus de liqueur noire ont été comparés à des carboECs issus de poly(styrène-co-divinylbenzène), par l’analyse du cycle de vie. Cette étude comparative a montré que le procédé basé sur la liqueur noire aurait un profil écologique plus avantageux que le procédé dit pétrochimique.

Black liquor is a by-product of paper pulp production and is daily produced in large quantities. Non-competitive to the food industry, this wood-based by-product is an important source of biopolymers. Black-liquor based concentrated and stable emulsions were obtained by dispersing an organic phase into black liquor. Among the considered dispersed phases, castor oil and ethylene dichloride were the most suited. Similar materials were prepared by polymerising the concentrated emulsions containing those dispersed phases. The obtained porous monoliths, called polyECs, were compared by life cycle assessment. The results showed that using ethylene dichloride as the dispersed phase was more beneficial for the environment than using castor oil. Through pyrolysis, the polymeric matrix of the polyECs was processed into carbon to produce carboECs. The bio-based porous carbons presented a microporous and a mesoporous structure that is of interest for energy storage, in particularly supercapacitors. The exploratory tests showed that the carboECs efficiency as supercapacitors were similar to what found in literature. The choice of black liquor as the main raw material was made through an eco-design approach. To comfort that approach, the black-liquor-based carboECs were compared to a poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene)-based carboECs using life cycle assessment. This study showed that using black liquor instead of styrene/divinylbenzene is beneficial.; La liqueur noire est produite en grande quantité dans les papeteries, en co-produit de la pâte à papier. Issue de la transformation du bois, elle représente une source importante de biopolymères non concurrentielle à l’industrie alimentaire. Par dispersion d’une phase organique dans la liqueur noire, des émulsions concentrées et stables ont été obtenues. Parmi les phases dispersées envisagées, l’huile de ricin et le 1,2-dichloroéthane ont été les plus adaptées. Par polymérisation de ces émulsions concentrées, la liqueur noire a permis d’obtenir des matériaux poreux appelés polyECs. L’analyse du cycle de vie a été appliquée tout au long de la préparation des polyECs et a montré que l’utilisation du 1,2-dichloroéthane, en tant que phase dispersée, serait moins néfaste pour l’environnement que l’utilisation de l’huile de ricin. Après pyrolyse, la matrice polymère des polyECs est devenue carbonée pour donner des carbones poreux, les carboECs. Grâce à leur structure microporeuse et mésoporeuse, ces carboECs biosourcés présentent un intérêt pour le stockage d’énergie, notamment les supercondensateurs. Des essais préliminaires ont montré que les performances électrochimiques des carboECs étaient comparables à la littérature. De par le choix d’un co-produit issu de la biomasse comme matière première, l’élaboration des carboECs de liqueur noire s’inscrit dans une démarche d’éco-conception. Afin de vérifier cette démarche, les carboECs issus de liqueur noire ont été comparés à des carboECs issus de poly(styrène-co-divinylbenzène), par l’analyse du cycle de vie. Cette étude comparative a montré que le procédé basé sur la liqueur noire aurait un profil écologique plus avantageux que le procédé dit pétrochimique.

International audience; Design has a great role to play in sustainability. Interesting progresses has been performed within the last decades. Nevertheless, some issues of sustainability, and their impact on design, remains poorly studied. Specifically, when it comes to the field of local value creation, the literature in design is still limited. However, the Local Value Creation (LVC) thinking can be a great insight for designers to develop more ecoinnovative concepts, through new product design, new services and new business models. In order to go towards this direction, it is necessary to include new variables that are rarely considered in design processes such as the local workforce, sustainable local resources or the customization of the new product or service for local customers.This paper proposes a better understanding of the relation between eco-design approaches and LVC, and more precisely how current eco-design approaches consider this issue. To do so, a first part introduces the Local Value Creation concept and its challenges for sustainability. Then, a second part focuses on a literature review to understand how the LVC dimension is studied in the eco-design process. This will lead in a third section to concretely characterize how eco-design approaches and tools consider LCV issue. A last section proposes to identify potential contradiction between the LVC and the eco-design concept, in order to draw first outlines of a new eco-design paradigm with a Local Value Creation dimension.

International audience; Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the influence of eco-designed packaging on consumers’ responses. It defines the concept of eco-designed packaging, and proposes a consumer-led taxonomy of its cues. Attitudinal and behavioral, positive and negative responses triggered by the perception of these signals are analyzed. Design/methodology/approach – Results were reached through qualitative methods. A phenomenological approach consisting of eight in-depth interviews has been followed by a series of ten Zaltman Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) interviews. The synergy of these two methods is underlined. Findings – The complexity of packaging ecological cues perception is outlined by expressing the differences in the nature of these cues. A taxonomy is then presented; ecological cues fall into three categories: structural cues, graphical/iconic cues and informational cues. Finally, consumers’ responses to the perception of eco-designed packaging are presented and perceived benefits and perceived sacrifices are revealed. Practical implications – Packaging is of great importance in consumers’ purchase decision process, especially in situations of temporal pressure and hyperchoice environments. Since consumers take more and more into account the ethicality of the brand in their consumption, the understanding of their attitudes and behaviors toward eco-designed packaging may enable brands to build a competitive advantage. Originality/value – The literature review reveals that there is no similar research available. The use of two qualitative methods enables to understand consumers’ deep-seated motivations, attitudes and behaviors toward eco-designed packaging. The results of this study can also be used by advertisers, for social marketing campaigns, to encourage consumers to reduce the global ecological footprint of packaging.

Part 5: Aeronautical and Automotive Engineering; International audience; Aviation represents 12% of the CO2 emissions from all transport sources in the world. These pollutants are even stronger in their impact because they are released at high altitudes. Therefore, aeronautical companies have adopted the eco-design and PLM perspective to integrate the environmental concerns into the development of their products. PLM permits to include the environmental matters into every phase of the development process, not forgetting traditional arguments such as function, costs, production and aesthetics. Research regarding ecologically concerned textiles in aviation completion industry is not available in literature, especially those regarding its whole lifecycle and supply chain. Therefore, this paper aims to analyse this unexplored concern by assessing the integration of eco-design and PLM perspective for the use of textile materials in this industry sector. Through a case study, the research team explored the completion function of a north-American company in general and, specifically, the use of textile materials for internal completion of the aircraft. Even though representing 1% of the total weight of the aircraft, textiles represent an important factor in the composition of an airplane and the fact that it is being thought off as another recyclable and not disposable part of it should mean a shift in the perception of its growing importance in the development of the plane as a whole.

International audience; This paper presents a procedure that can be used to determine what kind of design intervention strategies can be implemented by designers for the improvement of the global environmental performance during the use phase of a product, regarding consumers' behaviors. Four design intervention strategies have to be tested on espresso coffee machine: written information, eco-feedback, objective to reach and persuasive technology. Energy and water consumption during use phase of 36 regular espresso coffee machine users will be measured during the experimentation. At this stage, a first design strategy has been tested and environmental benefits have been highlighted thanks to LCA analyzes. Users' variables such as environmental knowledge, attitude, habits, are also measured and a statistical analysis will be conducted for the validation of the model of relationship proposed.

International audience; This paper aimed at defining the features and goals of eco-innovation compared to eco-design in industry. Both academic and normative approaches have difficulties establishing sharp boundaries, as shown by a survey conducted with 12 French industrial organizations. As an emerging topic, eco-innovation is not supported by any structured process. Eco-innovative products are sometimes created but they mainly result from economic and environmental constraints. A crucial question is thus the transfer of academic methods and tools towards industry.

International audience; The recent trends of innovation, social innovation and environmental concern as well as the current economic context require a different management. The transition is not trivial as it involves another way of thinking and acting. Co mpanies pushed by new ISO norms and Corporate Social Responsibility movement focus on sustainability but forget often the economic aspects, the vital comp onent of firms ecosystems. This paper describes a way of innovating in management via strategic knowledge management related to eco-design process. This applied research project connects several areas, such as eco-design, sustainability and information system. The principal objective is to elaborate a smart toolbox to assist all management levels in integrating the environmental aspects into their design process and other relative activities, including real time innovation. The applied method is that of holistic and system knowledge management. Experise mentations are made with an international company and results will be tested in other companies, mainly SME. This article briefly mentions all system components of a design process and points out main difficulties. Then we discuss principal results and give some perspectives for the future.

International audience; Eco-design represents an environment-based methodology used in the products design to minimize their environmental footprint by simultaneously preserving the same performance level and functionalities. The recent and future industrial evolutions (evolutions from the technical, economical and lawful points of view) as well as the normalisation of the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) methodology are factors contributing to the development of eco-design abilities for students integrating the technical sector in the Bachelor's and Master's degrees. Then, the question of an evolution of the pedagogical content of these degrees is asked. These evolutions aim to propose good quality case studies or courses for the concerned students. In the present paper, several aspects related to this new pedagogical approach are presented. Four pedagogical experiments are presented and discussed after an application in the French high school of engineering ENSIAME (Valenciennes University, France), and in the "eco-design innovative products" vocational licence, Lille 1 University, France. A virtual course (Introduction to the Life Cycle Assessment - ACVBAT) has been recently developed for the Numerical University of the Environment and Sustainability (UVED) of the French Ministry of Education. This resource constitutes the common basis on which the previously cited universities worked together; its use made it possible for students to acquire abilities in eco-design or LCA methodology application using a Problem-Based Learning (PBL) approach.

International audience; Eco-efficiency in Product-Service Systems (PSS) is one of today's challenges for achieving sustainability and reducing the environmental burden of our production and consumption patterns. However, there are few eco-design methods and tools for the development of eco-efficient PSS and some issues are still not solved for systematic design of environmentally friendly PSS. This paper aims to show that the 'design buckle' object - previously developed in the PSS literature - is a concept which can support the system design by enabling the generation and comparison of alternative solutions. An environmental assessment can be performed on the buckles and facilitate the design process for providing eco-efficient PSS.

Cet article présente les premiers résultats d’une recherche empirique sur l’émergence des pratiques de l’éco-conception dans le secteur des technologies de l’information et de la communication en Chine. Il montre que la structuration du champ organisationnel de l’éco-conception est sous la contrainte d’effets territoriaux extérieurs, principalement les contraintes réglementaires européennes. Le gouvernement central avec le relais des grandes entreprises exportatrices du secteur est conduit à construire un écosystème de l’éco-conception combinant efficacité économique et réglementations incitatrices pour servir à la fois des visées stratégico-utilisatrices et répondre à la demande globale environnementaliste., This paper presents the first results of an empirical research on the emerging practices of eco-design in the field of information technology and communication (ICT) in China. It shows that the structuring of the organizational field of eco-design was commissioned by external actors-networks, mainly the European regulatory constraints. The central government, with the relay of the major exporting companies in the sector, was taken to build an eco-system of eco-design combining economic efficiency and incentive regulation to serve both strategic-utilisation set and meet global demand environmentalist.

International audience; The objective of this report is to supply a state of the art of remanufacturing in eco-design methods reverse supply chain management. These states of the art show that available methods of eco-design fail to take sufficient account of the remanufacturing potentialities because of the difficulty to consider products with multiple life cycles. They also show that RSC management and eco-design methods are rarely considered simultaneously. A case study on an espresso machine is conducted highlighting various dimensions of the remanufacturing problem. This paper points out the necessity for designers to have method to develop new concept of remanufacturable systems.

8; International audience; This paper presents an eco-design tool, dedicated to designers of packages for microelectronic components. The tool aims to increase designers' environmental consciousness and to drive them to explore innovative opportunities. It has been developed in close collaboration with a design team so as to help designers in developing and integrating their own eco-design approach. The environmental evaluation is based on life cycle assessment (LCA) and parametric models are integrated to assess "Quick-LCA" and so predict the future environmental impact of new packages.

International audience; The eco-design of complex industrial systems becomes a major issue for the concerned companies. Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in particular is more adapted to "classical" products such as consumer goods. Performing LCA of such systems requires some thoughts to ensure significant results, for example concerning data granularity and quality. This article proposes a Life Cycle Assessment of an Alstom Grid AC/DC conversion substation for the aluminium industry. This LCA integrates first answers to the previous limitations. Very interesting results permit to orient the eco-design strategy of the company. Moreover they lead to imagine original ways to configure the system. Thus a first and simple parametric LCA model is proposed: four different electrical sources are used to analyze the sensitivity of the design factors to the environmental impacts of the substation. Based on design of experiments, a more advanced model of such a tool would permit to identify the best configuration in terms of environmental performance, costs and reliability.

Car design is increasingly constrained by environmental and economic issues and regulation. For manufacturers, the 2000/53/CE and 2005/64/CE European directives impose vehicle effective recovery, as well as recoverability rates for new cars, and proof that recovery is performed with reliable technologies. Moreover, motor vehicles are effectively treated more than 13 years after a potential eco-design decision. Existing and prospective path knowledge is then obviously very important to make the right design choices. This paper proposes a new modelling method based on paths technical and economic reliability, treatment cost and final products value conservation assessment, capable of providing designers with eco-design generic advices, and integrated recoverability assessment tool, without recovery expert knowledge. The basic modelling object is the 'Flow', assessed according to technical and economic parameters. The proposed method enables flow linking through paths and trees, and makes it possible to produce eco-design specifications. Case studies are performed on automotive parts, and four possible eco-design approaches are studied. The proposed method could also be applied outside of the automotive world.; La conception des véhicules automobiles est soumise à des contraintes fortes, liées à la gestion de la fin de vie des produits (réglementations, responsabilités sur l'augmentation des déchets, conséquences économiques de la raréfaction des ressources, image). Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à déterminer quel système de mesure de la valorisabilité et du changement de valeur en fin de vie peut permettre une éco-conception efficace et une réduction des risques réglementaires. Un modèle est proposé, basé sur les trois objets fondamentaux 'Flux', 'Filière' et 'Arborescence'. Le Flux, brique élémentaire, décrit les performances et limites techniques (faisabilité, gisements disponibles, débouchés potentiels, stabilité, stade de développement, etc.) et économiques (valeur du produit d'entrée, coût de traitement, valeur du produit de sortie) des procédés de traitement d'un produit en fin de vie. L'agencement des Flux permet de construire des Filières, puis des Arborescences, représentatives de l'ensemble des possibilités de valorisation pour une pièce. Le modèle permet d'obtenir des "Règles génériques d'éco-conception" (applicables avant le début de la conception) et un "Outil d'évaluation de la valorisabilité" (utilisable en cours de conception), et s'appuie sur la mesure de la valorisabilité massique et de la rentabilité potentielle de valorisation. Plusieurs études de cas sont réalisées, sur des pièces automobiles en cours de conception : Pare-choc, Garniture de jupe, Panneau de porte, Pare-soleil. Nous proposons des pistes d'amélioration pour chacune des pièces étudiées, et dégageons des approches possibles de l'éco-conception. Ces approches permettent de positionner et d'améliorer la "performance éco-conception" d'une pièce. La méthode proposée peut être utilisée en dehors du secteur automobile.

Car design is increasingly constrained by environmental and economic issues and regulation. For manufacturers, the 2000/53/CE and 2005/64/CE European directives impose vehicle effective recovery, as well as recoverability rates for new cars, and proof that recovery is performed with reliable technologies. Moreover, motor vehicles are effectively treated more than 13 years after a potential eco-design decision. Existing and prospective path knowledge is then obviously very important to make the right design choices. This paper proposes a new modelling method based on paths technical and economic reliability, treatment cost and final products value conservation assessment, capable of providing designers with eco-design generic advices, and integrated recoverability assessment tool, without recovery expert knowledge. The basic modelling object is the 'Flow', assessed according to technical and economic parameters. The proposed method enables flow linking through paths and trees, and makes it possible to produce eco-design specifications. Case studies are performed on automotive parts, and four possible eco-design approaches are studied. The proposed method could also be applied outside of the automotive world.; La conception des véhicules automobiles est soumise à des contraintes fortes, liées à la gestion de la fin de vie des produits (réglementations, responsabilités sur l'augmentation des déchets, conséquences économiques de la raréfaction des ressources, image). Dans ce contexte, nous cherchons à déterminer quel système de mesure de la valorisabilité et du changement de valeur en fin de vie peut permettre une éco-conception efficace et une réduction des risques réglementaires. Un modèle est proposé, basé sur les trois objets fondamentaux 'Flux', 'Filière' et 'Arborescence'. Le Flux, brique élémentaire, décrit les performances et limites techniques (faisabilité, gisements disponibles, débouchés potentiels, stabilité, stade de développement, etc.) et économiques (valeur du produit d'entrée, coût de traitement, valeur du produit de sortie) des procédés de traitement d'un produit en fin de vie. L'agencement des Flux permet de construire des Filières, puis des Arborescences, représentatives de l'ensemble des possibilités de valorisation pour une pièce. Le modèle permet d'obtenir des "Règles génériques d'éco-conception" (applicables avant le début de la conception) et un "Outil d'évaluation de la valorisabilité" (utilisable en cours de conception), et s'appuie sur la mesure de la valorisabilité massique et de la rentabilité potentielle de valorisation. Plusieurs études de cas sont réalisées, sur des pièces automobiles en cours de conception : Pare-choc, Garniture de jupe, Panneau de porte, Pare-soleil. Nous proposons des pistes d'amélioration pour chacune des pièces étudiées, et dégageons des approches possibles de l'éco-conception. Ces approches permettent de positionner et d'améliorer la "performance éco-conception" d'une pièce. La méthode proposée peut être utilisée en dehors du secteur automobile.

Eco-design is an approach that is increasingly used in the industrial world today. It is one of the best ways to take into account the environmental impacts of a product on the environment, i.e. to assess and improve them. Yet integrating eco-design into the design process as early as the preliminary design stage is extremely difficult when products are very complex, since they are subjected to numerous constraints (regulatory, technical, technological...). The designers at the shipbuilding company DCNS were confronted with this problem, and we have tried to help them answer it in this paper. When environmental aspects are integrated further upstream in the design process, through the creation of data bricks based on the technological brick model (a concept frequently used in most companies), it is easier to deploy an eco-design approach based on appropriate, effective and efficient tools. The methodology proposed here makes it possible to avoid the usual drawbacks of environmental assessment (access to data bases) and environmental improvement (the lack of specific professional knowledge specific to the products). Based on this principle, we developed a "complete" eco-design tool called OCEAN, designed for shipbuilding and based on lifecycle analysis (LCA).; L'éco-conception est aujourd'hui une démarche qui interpelle de plus en plus le monde industriel. C'est l'un des meilleurs moyens pour prendre en compte les impacts d'un produit sur l'environnement, i.e. les évaluer et les améliorer. Or intégrer l'éco-conception dans un processus de conception et pouvoir en faire dès l'avant-projet, s'avère extrêmement difficile lorsque les produits sont très complexes car soumis à de nombreuses contraintes (réglementaires, techniques, technologiques,...). C'est à cette problématique qu'ont été confrontés les concepteurs de DCNS, constructeur naval, et à laquelle, par le biais de cette thèse, nous avons essayé de répondre. En créant des briques de données, basées sur le modèle de briques technologiques auxquelles sont ajoutées les informations nécessaires à une évaluation environnementale, il devient possible d'intégrer le paramètre environnemental dans le processus de conception, en tant qu'outil d'aide à la décision. La méthodologie proposée permet alors s'affranchir des habituels points faibles d'une démarche d'évaluation environnementale (l'accès aux bases de données) et d'amélioration environnementale (le manque de connaissances métiers spécifiques aux produits). Ainsi, un outil d'éco-conception " complet ", l'OCEAN, basé sur l'ACV et dédié aux navires a été développé sur ce principe.

International audience; The demand to preserve the environment and form a sustainable development is greatly increasing in the recent decades all over the world, and this environmental concern is also merged in electrical power industry, resulting in many eco-design approaches in T&D industries. As a method of eco-design, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is a systematic tool that enables the assessment of the environmental impacts of a product or service throughout its entire life cycle, i.e. raw material production, manufacture, distribution, use and disposal including all intervening transportation steps necessary or caused by the product's existence. In T&D industries, LCA has been done for a lot of products individually, in order to see one product's environmental impacts and to seek for ways of improving its environmental performance. This eco-design for product approach is a rather well-developed trend, however, as only a single electrical product cannot provide the electrical power to users, electrical system consists of a huge number of components, in order to investigate system's environmental profile, the entire environmental profiles of different composing products has to be integrated systematically, that is to say, a system approach is needed. Under this philosophy, in this paper, an LCA using SimaPro (one kind of LCA software) is conducted on a whole Venezuelan 765 kV AC transmission system, which transmits 8000 MW hydro-electrical power through 760 km to this country's load centers, with total 7 substations, i.e. one sending end, 2 intermediate substations and 4 receiving ends. This LCA includes both transmission lines and substations, and then the environmental impacts of the whole transmission system are investigated.

Sustainable development forces companies towards eco-design. It often appears to be a constraint which does not encourage a calling into question of the product or service. It is also necessary to surpass this procedure by integrating the notion of creativity while keeping the coherence of the social and environmental aspects through an eco-innovation initiative. This chapter first presents the “eco-innovation” concept and a review of some eco-innovation tools, in order to identify their characteristics, and then, the paper describes a newly developed tool, “ecoASIT”, which is an eco-innovation tool based on a “closed world” notion and which implies that responsible innovation does not have to introduce new elements in the world of the problem.

National audience; This paper relies on the work realised within the framework of 2 ANR projects, the first one concerning the development of eco-design tools, and the second treating a potential application to the design of sound insulating materials for building applications. The approach is based on the utilisation of agro resources having the character of being abundant, renewable, and non concurrent with food uses, on one hand, and the optimisation of performances by design principles, on the other hand (homogeneous or layered systems, introduction of heterogeneities). The expected performances are those of NRA 2010, with the most usual commercialised products as reference materials. After a detailed presentation of the available knowledge (and the corresponding gaps), some elements of choice are presented.; Cet article s’appuie sur les travaux réalisés dans le cadre de deux programmes soutenus par l’ANR, l’un concerne le développement de méthodes d’éco-conception, le second porte sur la conception de matériaux thermo-acoustiques pour le bâtiment. La démarche est basée sur l’utilisation de ressources d’origine agricole à caractère abondant, renouvelable et non concurrentiel d’utilisations alimentaires, d’une part, et l’optimisation des performances par les principes de conception (multimatériaux retenus, mode d’assemblage, introduction d’hétérogénéités maîtrisées), d’autre part. Les performances attendues se basent sur les NRT et NRA 2010, avec comme référence les produits commercialisés les plus courants. Après une présentation détaillée des données du problème de conception – connaissances disponibles – quelques éléments de choix sont proposés. L’aspect procédé est brièvement abordé en fin d’article.

International audience; The use of day-to-day life artifacts is a key phase in the lifecycle of products. Indeed it has a great impact on our environment. User centered methods are not yet taken into account in eco-design approaches. These methods are being developed in two ways, by building new user models encompassing complex dimensions such as Kansei and experience, including values and moods, and by integrating the user himself in the design process. This paper deals with setting-up a new theoretical framework associating user-centered design advanced approaches such as experience design, Kansei studies, or participative design and eco-design methods. The final goal is to support product design by providing some guidelines according to environmental issues linked to the users and their abilities.

International audience; To boost agrotechnologies towards ecotechnologies ("environmental technologies" according to ETAP programme of EU, or "more ecologically productive technologies" in the context of agriculture), we need to strengthen a "triple bottom" system: -To take into account, in "Life Cycle Analysis" methodologies, the natural variability in time and space of these applications in land use. - To develop an overall approach for realistic machinery qualification, in order to feed the environmental burdens accurately through relevant data bases collected on agrotechnologies in real action. - To work on Eco-innovation processes, by deepening specific innovation tools and methods, for implementation of innovative solutions chosen according to LCA results. This paper presents the concept, develops the methods and illustrates them by examples of results on organic spreading technologies.

International audience; This paper presents the first results of the ecodesign problematic in case of one of the simplest electromagnetic energy converter: the single-phase electric transformer connected to a constant frequency and voltage power supply. The optimization of its sizes is led with the following objectives: the active mass and the global life cycle energy cost. We first compare optimization's results to those with "classic" mass versus power losses (copper and iron losses) optimization for several times of use ratio. This leads to recognition of the significant impact of the life cycle energy on the arrangement of the optimal Pareto fronts, explained by conflicting energy contribution in the life cycle global energy cost objective. Then we logically observe that the life cycle assessment impact is more significant when the real use duration is smaller than the lifetime. After that, the sensitivity of the optimization's results to the elementary raw materials energy costs is considered with the same times of use ratio. At last, some optimizations are run with a different raw material: aluminium instead of copper for the windings.