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Alpsko smučanje je priljubljen zimski šport, ki ima dolgo zgodovino. Vsebuje veliko vrst in stopenj, od igric na snegu, do rekreativnega in vrhunskega smučanja. Najvišjo stopnjo predstavljajo tekme za svetovni pokal, ki potekajo že pol stoletja. Kot vsak šport, tudi alpsko smučanje ni imuno na poškodbe. Vzrokov za poškodbe je več in v diplomskem delu jih skušamo zajeti in analizirati ter najti rešitve, kako bolje ukrepati in se izogniti nekaterim nesrečam in poškodbam. Ker gre v celoti za šport na prostem, je določen del poškodb, tako rekreativnih kot tekmovalnih smučarjev, posledica slabih, neugodnih in nevarnih vremenskih pogojev. Rekreativni smučar si ob slabih pogojih lahko premisli in ostane doma, medtem, ko pri tekmovalcih v svetovnem pokalu v ozadju igra veliko vlogo tudi denar. Visoki stroški organizacij tekem, denarni skladi in želja gledalcev, da ne glede na vse ujamejo predvsem tiste najbolj spektakularne tekme. Prav slednje vodi na nevarnost in neke vrsto gladiatorstvo, kjer smučarji praktično nimajo veliko besede pri teh odločitvah. V diplomskem delu obravnavamo tudi smučarsko opremo, predvsem smuči, vezi in podložne plošče, ki so lahko vzrok poškodb. Izmed teh smo izpostavili najpogostejše poškodbe križnih vezi, meniskusa in hrbtenice. Pomemben del naloge zajema kondicijska in psihološka priprava tekmovalcev. Tu je zagotovo še veliko prostora za napredek, gradnjo samega sebe in samozaupanja, katera omogočata večjo samozavest na tekmah in treningih. Alpine skiing is a popular winter sport with a long history. It contains many types and levels, from games on the snow to recreational and professional skiing. The highest level are World Cup races, that have been taking place for over half of the century. Like in any other sport, injuries are also part of the alpine skiing. In this bachelor thesis I will try to capture and analyse causes for injuries in order to take better actions and avoid those injuries and accidents in the future. Since alpine skiing is an outdoor sport, some of the injuries of both, recreational and professional skiers, are the result of bad, unpleasant and dangerous weather conditions. While recreational skiers are able to influence their decision on whether to go skiing or not based on the weather, professional skiers do not have that possibility, especially because money involved plays a big role. Huge organizational expenses, award funds and also hunger of the fans to see the most intriguing races lead to danger and racers becoming sort of gladiators, who do not have big influence on important decisions. Bachelor thesis will furthermore include research of the ski equipment: skis, ski bindings and pads, because those elements are mainly the reason for injuries. Especially the injuries of the anterior cruciate ligament, meniscus and spine were pointed out. Important aspects are also fitness and psychological preparation of the contestants. Those areas offer plenty of room for progress, mainly in self-build and self-confidence, which allow for greater confidence on training ground and in competitions.

Svetovni pokal je dogodek, ki se ga načrtuje dalj časa in zahteva veliko priprav ter usposobljenega osebja pri sami organizaciji in izpeljavi. Lahko ga razumemo kot projekt, saj je časovno omejen, ima določene finančne omejitve, zahteva določeno število in kvalifikacijo kadrov pri izvedbi ter ga sestavljajo posamezni podcilji, ki so si različni, a jih moramo povezati v celoto, da dosežemo končni cilj. Svetovni pokal je tekmovanje, na katerega pridejo najboljši tekmovalci z vsega sveta, kar ima pri uspešni in učinkoviti organizaciji poleg finančnih koristi še številne druge prednosti za širše okolje. Poleg promocije kraja in okolice se vlaga tudi v infrastrukturo in posredno vpliva na športno aktivnost družbe od mlajše do starejše populacije. V nalogi smo analizirali prednosti in slabosti organizacije tekmovanja v Planici. Planico smo vključili, ker je tam nastal sodoben Nordijski center Planica, prav tako pa SZS kandidira za pridobitev organizacije svetovnega prvenstva v nordijskih disciplinah leta 2021. Obravnavali smo 3 različna obdobja prireditve. Sprva smo analizirali, ali imamo zagotovljene pogoje za izvedbo in kako lobirati za pridobitev tekmovanja. Ko smo pridobili organizacijo tekmovanja, smo postavili celotni organizacijski komite. Sestavili smo terminski in finančni plan tekmovanja. In ko je prireditev za širšo javnost končana, sledi še analiza rezultatov in ocena uspešnosti in učinkovitosti izvedbe. Ob predpostavki, da je tekmovanje potekalo brez večjih zapletov, smo naredili končno analizo. Sama analiza nam pove, ali je v prihodnje še smiselno kandidirati in organizirati takšno tekmovanje. Ker so pri nalogi sodelovale osebe, ki imajo izkušnje s podobnimi projekti in imajo praktična znanja, ter osebe z bogatim znanjem iz teorije, nam je uspelo sestaviti dobro organizacijsko strukturo odborov in potrebno količino finančnih ter fizičnih sredstev za dobro izvedbo. Naloga je lahko v pomoč organizatorjem tekaškim tekmovanjam v prihodnje. World Cup is an event, which requires long-term planning, a lot of preparation and qualified personnel at organization itself and its implementation. It can be understood as a project, since it is time limited, has specific financial constraints, requires a certain number and with specific qualification skilled stuff at implementing. It also consists different individual sub-goals, which should be connect to whole in order to achieve ultimate goal. World Cup is a competition where the best athletes from all over the world participate. Successful and efficient organization of the event brings financial benefits for organizer and as well several other benefits to the wider environment. Beside promotion of the town and its suburban area, there are investments in traffic and has an impact on sport activity of the society of all generations. In this paper, we focused on all advantages and disadvantages of the competition in Planica. Planica was included in analysis because of recently built modern Nordic centre. Furthermore, Slovenia Ski Association is candidate to organize FIS Nordic World Ski Championships, held in 2021. We considered three different phases of the event. First, we analyse whether required conditions for organization are been ensured, and how to lobby to win the competition bidding. Once the organization of the competition assigned is, the entire Organizing Committee needed to be set. Besides, the time and financial plan of the competition had to be set. When the event for wider public is closed, we have to analyse results and evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of its realisation. Assuming that the competitions conducted without any major complications, we can make final analysis. The results of the analysis tell us if it is reasonable to organize such competition again in the future. With this paper, we have managed to set a good organizational structure of committees, and with cooperation of people with experiences from similar projects and with practical knowledge from the area, we gained required amount of financial and physical resources for proper implementation. We can consider this paper as a good model and help for organizers of further similar cross-country skiing competitions planned in future.

Tekmovalno alpsko smučanje ima zelo pestro zgodovino. Če pogledamo v preteklost, nikakor ne smemo mimo določenih imen (Ingemar Stenmark, Alberto Tomba, Bojan Križaj, Michael von Grüningen …), ki so nedvomno pustila velik pečat v alpskem smučanju. Tekmovalci današnjega časa: Bode Miller, Ted Ligety, Marcel Hircher, Felix Neureuter in Alexis Pinturault pa so predstavniki veleslalomske tehnike, ki so jo zaznamovali tako ali drugače. V magistrskem delu smo obravnavali tehniko smučanja zgoraj omenjenih alpskih smučarjev svetovnega kova in prišli do ugotovive, da vsi stojijo na paralelno postavljenih smučeh v širini bokov ali v širini ramen. Vsi smučarji so uravnoteženi, čeprav imajo boke pomaknjene nekoliko nazaj. Pri večini lahko opazimo, da je aktivnejše zunanje koleno, veliko se jih pri ekstremnih nagibih poslužuje tretje oporne točke (roka ali celo komolec). Med smučanjem v nizki preži skušajo ohranjati čim več hitrosti oziroma jo celo povečevati. Vidna je močna opora robnika smuči, pri čemer skušajo smuči voditi brez oddrsavanja. Pri tehniki smučanja smo našli veliko skupnih značilnosti, vendar ima še vedno vsak tekmovalec določeno lastnost oziroma značilnost, ki njegovi tehniki daje edinstvenost. Pregledali smo tudi zgodovino smučarke tehnike in opreme, ki nam je dala še boljši vpogled v razumevanje tehnike alpskega smučanja. Competitive alpine skiing has a very varied history. Looking back, we can not pass the name of great skiers (Ingemar Stenmark, Alberto Tomba, Bojan Križaj, Michael von Grüningen…) which undoubtedly left a big mark in alpine skiing. Today's competitors: Bode Miller, Ted Ligety, Marcel Hircher, Felix Neureuter and Alexis Pinturault are representatives of the giant slalom technique, which marked it in some or other way. In the master's thesis we discussed the technique of skiing of the before mentioned alpine skiers and came to the conclusion that they all standing on parallel skies in the width of the hips or in the width of the shoulders. All skiers are balanced, although their hips have been slightly backwords. For most of the skiers, we can notice that there is a more active outside knee, most of them are using third balance point (arm or even elbow) in the extreme situations. They are skiing in low position and trying to ski as fast as possible, or even increase speed throught turns. We can see a powerful stance on the edge of the skis and leading skies without scattering. In the technique of skiing competitors, we have found many common characteristic, but still every competitor has a certain characteristic that gives his ski tecnique an uniqueness. We also made an overview of the history of the ski technique and ski equipment, which gave us a better insight into the understanding of the technique of alpine skiing

V diplomski nalogi smo analizirali slovensko tekmovalno alpsko smučanje med letoma 1974 in 2017. Na podlagi analize rezultatov iz tekem svetovnega pokala smo definirali obdobja tekmovalnih uspehov, tako v moškem kot v ženskem alpskem smučanju. V obdobju preteklih štirih desetletij je slovensko smučanje bilo deležno mnogih uspehov, pa tudi obdobij kriz in s tem slabših rezultatov. Na osnovi doseženih rezultatov bomo tako za moško kot tudi žensko alpsko smučanje definirali najpomembnejša obdobja, na osnovi dejavnikov uspešnosti v športu pa smo po obdobjih izpostavili tiste sklope dejavnikov uspešnosti, ki so bili za določeno obdobje najbolj tipični oz. v ospredju. Največji uspehi v slovenskem tekmovalnem alpskem smučanju se začnejo z Bojanom Križajem, ki kot sedemnajst-letnik opozori nase na članskem svetovnem prvenstvu v St. Moritzu leta 1974. Prelomna pa je bila predvsem sezona 1974/75, ko je Križaj v Mayerhofnu (AUT) postal mladinski evropski prvak v slalomu. Kasneje so poleg Križaja za mnoge uspehe zaslužni tudi številni drugi slovenski smučarji. Ti so v različnih obdobjih pripomogli k naši prepoznavnosti in so predvsem v času Jugoslavije predstavljali pomemben simbol narodne identifikacije. In this thesis, we analyzed results in the Slovenian alpine skiing between years 1974 and 2017. Based on the analysis of the results, from World Cup races, we defined periods of succes in both men's and women's alpine skiing. Over the past four decades, Slovenian skiing has received many successes, as well as periods of crises and poorer results. On the basis of the results achieved, the most important periods were defined, for both men and women alpine skiing. On the basis of factors of success in sport, we then highlighted those sets of performance factors that were the most typical for a certain period of time. The biggest successes in the Slovenian alpine skiing starts with Bojan Križaj. He, first warns of himself at the 1974 World Cup in St. Moritz, at the age of 17. A year later, in season 1974/75, Križaj became the young European slalom champion in Mayerhofen (AUT). Later, in addition to Križaj, many other skiers were also responsible for many successes. Those skiers were then responsible for our recognition and were, especially during Yugoslavia, an important symbol of national identification.

Slovenci se označujemo kot smučarski narod in smo bili eni prvih v tem delu Evrope, ki so uporabljali smuči. Naša zgodovina smučanja je bogata, Maribor pa je zaradi bližine Pohorja s smučanjem že od nekdaj tesno povezan. Tekmovanje za Zlato lisico je poleg pokala Vitranc in smučarskih skokov v Planici največje smučarsko tekmovanje v Sloveniji. Pridobitev tekmovanja za Zlato lisico je mestu prinesla razvoj, ne samo v največje slovensko smučišče, temveč tudi v sodobno evropsko mesto. Tekmovanje za svetovni pokal za ženske, tekmovanje za Zlato lisico je edinstveno tudi v svetovnem merilu, saj gre za najnižji cilj v svetovnem pokalu, tekma pa se pravzaprav odvija v samem mestu, in to jo zagotovo dela edinstveno. Tekmovalke, ki so v 46 letih tekmovanja gostovale v Mariboru, so si mesto zapomnile po prijaznih ljudeh in posebnostih, kot je vinska klet in bogat spremljevalni program tekmovanja. Žal je ena izmed značilnosti tekmovanja za Zlato lisico tudi nenehen boj z vremenom in snegom, kar je zagotovo davek najnižje ležečega cilja. S priljubljenostjo prireditve je rasla tudi priljubljenost smučanja, a vendar v prvih letih ni bilo pravih rezultatov domačih smučark. Skoraj vse do leta 1988, ko je Mateja Svet postala Zlata lisica, nimamo tekmovalk med prvo deseterico. Danes gledalci na Zlati lisici navijajo za našo najboljšo smučarko vseh časov – Tino Maze. The Slovenians often refer themselves as ski nation and were one of the first in this part of Europe who were using skis. Our history of skiing is reach, and Maribor is closely connected with skiing just because its closeness to Pohorje. Golden Fox Competition is beside Vitranc trophy and Planica ski jumps the biggest ski competition in Slovenia. The gain of this event brought development to the town, not only as the biggest Slovenian ski slope but also as modern European town. Women World Cup Golden Fox Competition is unique it has the lowest competition finish in the world, and it actually takes place in the town. The competitors, who have visited Maribor in 46 years of hosting this event, have remembered the town by its friendly people, special features like wine cellar and rich additional programme of the competition. Unfortunately, one of Golden Fox characteristics is also a constant struggle with the weather and snow which is definitely the result of low sea level ski finish. With the popularity of the event the popularity of skiing grew, but in early days the local skiers had no real results. We didn’t have any competitor among top ten until 1988 when Mateja Svet became Golden Fox (Zlata lisica). Today the spectators at the event support the best Slovenian skier ever – Tina Maze.

V diplomski nalogi smo preučevali spreminjanje tekmovalnih rezultatov slovenskih telovadk na največjih mednarodnih tekmovanjih med leti 2012 in 2016. Naš cilj je bil ugotoviti ali ocene telovadk skozi leta naraščajo ali nazadujejo. Rezultate svetovnih pokalov, evropskih in svetovnih prvenstev, ter olimpijskih iger smo pridobili s spletnih strani, jih razvrstili v kronološko smiselno zaporedje, ter jih grafično prikazali ločeno za kvalifikacijske in finalne nastope. Pri posameznih nastopih smo ocene razdelili na tri dele. Na oceno za težavnost (D), oceno za izvedbo (E) ter končno oceno (R). Izdelali smo tudi tabele, ki podrobneje prikazujejo v katerih letih je telovadka nastopila na posameznih orodjih. Izpostaviti velja, da so nekatere tekmovalke v izbranem olimpijskem obdobju prenehale s svojo športno kariero med tem, ko so v tem času druge šele vstopile v člansko vrsto. Analizirali smo tudi tekmovalne rezultate – ocene dobitnic olimpijskih kolajn na posameznih orodjih v Riu 2016. Ugotovili smo, da sta največkrat tekmovali slovenski telovadki Teja Belak in Tjaša Kysselef, ki veljata za trenutno najuspešnejši telovadki in imata tudi največ finalnih nastopov. S parnim t-testom smo ugotovili da je bil napredek v težavnosti in končni oceni pomemben, medtem ko izvedba ni bila pomembno izboljšana. Tuje tekmovalke ne presežejo enajstih zbranih tekem. Največ jih ima Simone Biles, pri kater velja omeniti, da gre pri večini nastopov, z izjemo treh svetovnih in enega olimpijskega, za tekmovanja »ameriškega pokala«. Tekmovanj za svetovni pokal se je največkrat udeležila Sanne Wevers. Izračunane vrednosti povprečnih ocen za težavnost, izvedbo in končnih ocen tako slovenskih kot tujih telovadk, smo ugotovili, da kljub vidnemu napredku znotraj slovenskih vrst, te še vedno ne dohajajo tujih. This research was conducted to study the changes in result of Slovene women’s artistic gymnasts at major international competitions between 2012 and 2016. The aim of the study was to find whether the gymnasts’ scores are increasing or decreasing throughout this period. Results of the World Cup competitions, European and World Championships and Olympic Games were acquired online, sorted chronologically and presented graphically according to two criteria - results from qualifications and finals. Individual results were separated into three parts difficulty score (D), execution score (E) and final score (R). What is more, tables presenting the years during which the gymnast was competing on individual apparatus were made as well. It should be pointed out that during the 2012-2016 period, some gymnasts have retired from their competitive careers, whereas some have only began to compete at the senior level. Analysed were also competition results – scores of the medal winners at the Rio Olympic Games on individual apparatuses. The research shows that Teja Belak and Tjaša Kysselef competed the most times. At present, the two gymnasts are the most successful gymnasts and have made the most finals at competitions. T-test was used to determine that the progress in terms of difficulty and final score was significant, whereas execution score was not improved significantly. Foreign gymnasts do not exceed eleven competitions. Simone Biles competed at the most of them. It should be pointed out that Simone competed at the Olympic Games, three World Championships and the rest are the “American Cup” competitions. Sanne Wevers was the one with the most World Cup competitions. Calculated average means of difficulty, execution and final scores of Slovene and foreign gymnasts indicated that despite the visible progress of Slovene gymnasts they still fall behind the foreign gymnasts.

Diplomsko delo predstavlja nove načine, ki se jih poslužujejo mesta, regije in države za lastno promocijo. Zaradi velike konkurence na turističnem trgu je skorajda nujno, da si destinacije omislijo podobo, ki jih jasno loči od konkurentov. Tako je uveljavitev mest, regij in držav kot vrsta blagovne znamke postala v večini primerov že skorajda nujna praksa. Vsekakor pa vedno bolj raste tudi priljubljenost promocije krajev z organizacijo športnih dogodkov. V diplomskem delu so predstavljene možnosti, ki jih športni dogodki predstavljajo za promocijo mesta in na kakšen način se le te lahko izkoristijo. V praktičnem delu diplomskega dela sta podrobneje predstavljena dva mednarodno poznana dogodka v alpskem smučanju: Svetovni pokal v alpskem smučanju - Zlata lisica, ki se tradicionalno vsako leto odvija v mestu Maribor v Sloveniji ter Svetovno prvenstvo v alpskem smučanju 2013, ki je bilo organizirano v Schladmingu v Avstriji. V obeh primerih gre za po obsegu dokaj velika dogodka, organizirana v relativno majhnih mestih. Zanima nas torej, kakšne priložnosti prinašata ta dogodka mestu in na kakšen način jih organizatorji izkoristijo. This diploma seminar presents new ways for self-promotion of cities, regions and countries. Considering tough competition on tourism market, it is almost necessary for certain places to come up with an image that clearly distinguish them from their competitors. Therefore, city and country branding have become almost a necessary tool for promotion. Furthermore, there has also been an increase in popularity of sports events as an instrument for promoting cities and regions. This diploma seminar presents different possibilities and opportunities sports events present for city promotion and in which ways cities can take advantage of those opportunities. The practical part of diploma seminar consists of presentation of two internationally known events in alpine skiing- Golden Fox, that traditionally takes place every year in Maribor and the world championship in alpine skiing 2013, that took place in Schladming, Austria. In both cases we deal with big events organized in rather small cities. What we are interested in, is which opportunities these two events bring to the city and how the cities take advantage of them.

POVZETEK V diplomski nalogi z naslovom Moška športna gimnastika sem nalogo razdelil na več sklopov, ki zajemajo kratek zgodovinski pregled, organizacijo v mednarodnem in domačem prostoru, značilnosti moške športne gimnastike, pravila za ocenjevanje in kriterij za uvrstitev na olimpijske igre ter tekmovalne uspehe slovenskih telovadcev. Gimnastiko so poznala že ljudstva starih civilizacij in šele na prehodu iz 18. v 19. stoletje je pričela dobivati podobo moderne športne gimnastike. Najbolj zaslužen za to je nemški pedagog Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778-1852), ki velja za očeta sodobne športne gimnastike. Večina telovadnega orodja je narejena po njegovih zamislih. Na Slovenskem se je športna gimnastika pričela organizirano razvijati proti koncu 19. stoletja, predvsem po zaslugi Viktorja Murnika. V mednarodnem prostoru je za športno gimnastiko zadolžena mednarodna gimnastična zveza (FIG-a), ki skrbi za izvedbo največjih gimnastičnih tekmovanj (udeležba na olimpijskih igrah, svetovna prvenstva, finale svetovnega pokala) in pomaga pri organizaciji ostalih mednarodnih tekmovanj. Za delovanje in razvoj športne gimnastike v Sloveniji je zadolžena Gimnastična zveza Slovenije, ki je tudi članica FIG-e. V moški športni gimnastiki se tekmuje na šestih orodjih (parter, konj z ročaji, krogi, preskok, bradlja in drog) ekipno, v mnogoboju in po posameznih orodjih. Uspešnost vsakega posameznega tekmovalca se določi z ocenjevanjem, ki mora biti v skladu s Pravilnikom za ocenjevanje mednarodne gimnastične zveze (FIG). Posebna pravila veljajo za uvrstitev na olimpijske igre. Slovenski telovadci veljajo za najuspešnejše športnike v Sloveniji, kar dokazuje število osvojenih zlatih, srebrnih in bronastih odličij z največjih tekmovanj (olimpijskih iger, svetovnih prvenstev, evropskih prvenstev in tekem za svetovni pokal). My diploma paper deals with Men's artistic gymnastics. The diploma is divided in more chapters, which deal with historical review, organization on international and national range, characteristics of Men's Artistic gymnastics and the rules for judging and the criteria for placing on the Olympic Games. The last chapter is focused on the Slovene gymnasts' achievements. The nations of old civilizations knew gymnastics, but only in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) created exercises for men on apparatus that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. In particular, Jahn crafted early models of the men’s apparatus. At the end of the nineteenth century started to develop modern gymnastics in Slovenia, especially because of Viktor Murnik. The International Federation of Gymnastics (FIG) is the governing body of competitive gymnastics. It takes care for participation on Olympic Games, World Gymnastics Championships and Gymnastic World Cup. FIG also helps to organize other international competitions. For operation and development of Artistic Gymnastics in Slovenia is responsible Slovene Gymnastics Federation, which is also a member of FIG. Men compete on six different apparatus –events (Floor Exercise, Pommel Horse, Still Rings, Vaults, Parallel Bars and High Bar). They can compete on individual apparatus or on all six apparatus. The FIG draws up the rules, known as the Code of Points, which regulate how gymnast's performance is evaluated. There are special rules for participation on the Olympic Games. Slovene gymnasts are considered to be the best sportsmen in Slovenia. The proof of this are many gold, silver and bronze medals from the greatest competitions, like Olympic Games, World and Europe Gymnastics Championship and World Cup.