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All new developments in biology deal with the issue of the complexity of organisms, often pointing out the necessity to update our current understanding. However, it is impossible to think about a change of paradigm in biology without introducing new explanatory mechanisms. I shall introduce the mechanisms of teleonomy and teleology as viable explanatory tools. Teleonomy is the ability of organisms to build themselves through internal forces and processes (in the expression of the genetic program) and not external ones, implying a freedom relative to the exterior; however, the organism is able to integrate internal and external constraints in a process of co-adaptation. Teleology is that mechanism through which an organism exercises an informational control on another system in order to establish an equivalence class and select some specific information for its metabolic needs. Finally, I shall examine some interesting processes in phylogeny, ontogeny, and epigeny in which these two mechanisms are involved.

We study the category Morph(Mod-R) whose objects are all morphisms between two right R-modules. The behavior of the objects of Mod-R whose endomorphism ring in Morph(Mod-R) is semilocal is very similar to the behavior of modules with a semilocal endomorphism ring. For instance, direct-sum decompositions of a direct sum ⊕ i = 1 n M i , that is, block-diagonal decompositions, where each object Mi of Morph(Mod-R) denotes a morphism μ M i : M 0 , i → M 1 , i and where all the modules Mj,i have a local endomorphism ring End(Mj,i), depend on two invariants. This behavior is very similar to that of direct-sum decompositions of serial modules of finite Goldie dimension, which also depend on two invariants (monogeny class and epigeny class). When all the modules Mj,i are uniserial modules, the direct-sum decompositions (block-diagonal decompositions) of a direct-sum ⊕ i = 1 n M i depend on four invariants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Outcrops of detrital sediments dating from the Moghrebian are found in the coastal basin of Tarfaya in southwestern Morocco. These sediments are still little studied and spectacularly extended and surmounted by a hard crust. Our study will focus on three objectives (1) to characterize the microfacies of Moghrebian sediments and to identify their diagenetic evolution, (2) to reconstruct the modalities of development of superficial crusts, and (3) to elucidate the origin of calcium carbonate in these sediments. The results show that the Moghrebian strata have alternating conglomerate beds, lumachel, sandstone, calcarenite, and a welldeveloped calcareous crust on the surface. The diagenetic evolution of these facies is very early and is characterized by corrosion and isovolumetric epigenesis of quartz by calcite, particularly in the superficial crust. Clay minerals of detrital origin characterize the fine fraction of these sediments. The oversaturation of the environment with calcium carbonate prompted the development of a crust where fibrous clays are newly formed, which reflects the development of climatic conditions with alternating dry and wet seasons in the basin during the postMoghrebian period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diversity of structures and tectonic regimes in the Borborema Province caused the various morphostructural compartments to follow different evolutionary pathways throughout and after the fragmentation of Gondwana. In the northern Borborema Highlands, post-rift evolution occurred in a differentiated way, and the present study aims to understand how this occurred. For this, a set of morphological (geomorphological mapping, mapping of drainage anomalies, and extraction of relief lineaments) and morphometrics indexes (hypsometric curves, Basin Asymmetry Factor, Hack Index, Concavity Index, and χ Index) have been applied to drainage watersheds and low-order channels. The results obtained allowed us to propose a post-rift evolutionary model. To the north, the Highlands presents a recent divide resulting from a series of Cenozoic tectonomagmatic reactivations that promoted river rearrangement processes, such as drainage direction reversal and relief inversion—the current conditions of semiaridity and the absence of epigeny cause this drainage divide to remain stationary. The results diverge from the idea that only high relief margins were subject to greater tectonic control. Despite its modest altitudes, the transforming equatorial margin of Northeastern Brazil exhibits a significant recurrence of morphotectonic reactivation events, operating at different space-time scales. The area is also one of the sectors of the Brazilian passive margin with the highest record of modern seismicity. • The location of volcanic evidence and the current patterns of fluvial dissection are controlled by Proterozoic shear zones. • Cenozoic magmatic events promoted drainage rearrangement processes in the Borborema Highlands' northeastern sector. • The absence of epigeny along the drainage divides testifies to the recent timing of the changes in the fluvial systems. • Pleistocene fluvial deposits capping the top of drainage divides attest to the occurrence of relief inversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Monogeny classes and epigeny classes have proved to be useful in the study of direct sums of uniserial modules and other classes of modules. In this paper, we show that they also turn out to be useful in the study of direct products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show that the endomorphism rings of kernels ker φ of non-injective morphisms φ between indecomposable injective modules are either local or have two maximal ideals, the module ker φ is determined up to isomorphism by two invariants called monogeny class and upper part, and a weak form of the Krull-Schmidt theorem holds for direct sums of these kernels. We prove with an example that our pathological decompositions actually take place. We show that a direct sum of n kernels of morphisms between injective indecomposable modules can have exactly n! pairwise non-isomorphic direct-sum decompositions into kernels of morphisms of the same type. If ER is an injective indecomposable module and S is its endomorphism ring, the duality Hom(-,ER) transforms kernels of morphisms ER → ER into cyclically presented left modules over the local ring S, sending the monogeny class into the epigeny class and the upper part into the lower part. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe the endomorphism rings in an additive category whose objects are right R-modules M with a fixed chain of submodules and the behavior of these objects as far as their direct sums are concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: It is proved that two diagonal matrices and over a local ring R are equivalent if and only if there are two permutations of such that and for every . Here denotes the epigeny class of , and denotes the lower part of . In some particular cases, like for instance in the case of R local commutative, is equivalent to if and only if there is a permutation σ of with for every . These results are obtained studying the direct-sum decompositions of finite direct sums of cyclically presented modules over local rings. The theory of these decompositions turns out to be incredibly similar to the theory of direct-sum decompositions of finite direct sums of uniserial modules over arbitrary rings. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, we show that modules with semilocal endomorphism rings appear in abundance in applications, that their direct-sum decompositions are described by the so-called Krull monoids, and that this implies a geometric regularity of the direct-sum decompositions of these modules. Their direct-sum decompositions into indecomposables are not necessarily unique in the sense of the Krull-Schmidt theorem. The application of the theory of Krull monoids to the study of direct-sum decompositions of modules has been developed during the last five years. After a quick survey of the results obtained in this direction, we concentrate in particular on the abundance of examples. At present, these examples are scattered in the literature, and we try to collect them in a systematic way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Most companion cats are raised under human supervision and kept strictly indoors. • Maternal support and experience with real prey could affect hunting skills in cats. • The influence of raising and keeping conditions was tested on cats' play behaviour. • Companion cats were presented with artificial stimuli that resembles prey. • Indoor only cats showed more intense reaction than indoor-outdoor cats. Many companion cats (Felis catus) in industrialised countries are raised under human supervision and often kept completely indoors. Even if we assume that cats were not selected intentionally against hunting behaviour, we can still hypothesize that because of the differences in their epigeny and prey-related experiences, adult cats would show different willingness to engage in hunting-type behaviours. Play is considered as a useful proxy for testing predatory behaviour in cats under non-invasive conditions. We investigated the influence of raising and keeping conditions on predatory play behaviour in companion cats. We recorded the subjects' (N = 31) reactions to artificial prey-like stimuli such as balls of different sizes (latency of approach and latency of contact), catching wand (frequency of failed attempts of catching, duration of holding) and playback sound of birds, paper crumpling, plastic bags, and mice (latency and duration of search for sound source). Indoor-only cats approached, touched or played with balls sooner than indoor-outdoor cats. Indoor-only cats started searching sooner than indoor-outdoor cats for the playback sounds. Cats raised with their mother for a longer duration, had less failed attempts in catching the chaser, than subjects that were raised with their mother for a shorter duration, irrespective of the keeping condition. Indoor-only cats were more interested in the artificial stimuli that show more or less resemblance with the prey, even though these cats have been completely deprived of experience with live prey. There are various theories that can explain these findings, including higher play drive because of the lack of stimulation; less refined prey recognition; or reduced fear due to lack of experience in the indoor-only cats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Combined analysis of multiple, large datasets is a common objective in the health- and biosciences. Existing methods tend to require researchers to physically bring data together in one place or follow an analysis plan and share results. Developed over the last 10 years, the DataSHIELD platform is a collection of R packages that reduce the challenges of these methods. These include ethico-legal constraints which limit researchers' ability to physically bring data together and the analytical inflexibility associated with conventional approaches to sharing results. The key feature of DataSHIELD is that data from research studies stay on a server at each of the institutions that are responsible for the data. Each institution has control over who can access their data. The platform allows an analyst to pass commands to each server and the analyst receives results that do not disclose the individual-level data of any study participants. DataSHIELD uses Opal which is a data integration system used by epidemiological studies and developed by the OBiBa open source project in the domain of bioinformatics. However, until now the analysis of big data with DataSHIELD has been limited by the storage formats available in Opal and the analysis capabilities available in the DataSHIELD R packages. We present a new architecture ("resources") for DataSHIELD and Opal to allow large, complex datasets to be used at their original location, in their original format and with external computing facilities. We provide some real big data analysis examples in genomics and geospatial projects. For genomic data analyses, we also illustrate how to extend the resources concept to address specific big data infrastructures such as GA4GH or EGA, and make use of shell commands. Our new infrastructure will help researchers to perform data analyses in a privacy-protected way from existing data sharing initiatives or projects. To help researchers use this framework, we describe selected packages and present an online book (https://isglobal-brge.github.io/resource_bookdown). Author summary: Data sharing enhances understanding of research results beyond what is possible from any single study. Data pooling across multiple studies increases statistical power and allows exploration of between-study heterogeneity. But, considerations related to ethico-legal and intellectual/commercial value regularly prevent or impede physical data sharing. DataSHIELD is designed to circumvent this problem. However, despite the growing confidence users have been placing in DataSHIELD to perform privacy-protected analyses of data in cohort consortia, there are real challenges to federated analytics. They include considering the wide range of data formats, and big data sources used, for example, in 'omics-based research. This article describes the development and implementation of the new "resources" architecture in DataSHIELD that overcomes this limitation. We illustrate its value with real world examples related to genomics and geographical data. We also demonstrate how genomic data sharing initiatives such as GA4GH and EGA can benefit directly from our development. Our new infrastructure will help researchers to perform data analyses in a privacy-protected way from existing data sharing initiatives or projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Factorizations of ring elements are described by finite chains of principal ideals. We use the description of cyclically presented modules over local rings to study factorization of elements in local rings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a construction of indecomposable direct summands of serial modules which are not uniserial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we present the classical Krull-Schmidt Theorem for groups, its statement for modules due to Azumaya, and much more modern variations on the theme, like the so-called weak Krull-Schmidt Theorem, which holds for some particular classes of modules. Also, direct product of modules is considered. We present some properties of the category of G-groups, a category in which Remak's results about the Krull-Schmidt Theorem for groups can be better understood. In the last section, direct-sum decompositions and factorisations in other algebraic structures are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We prove that the Krull-Schmidt Theorem holds for finite direct products of biuniform groups, that is, groups G whose lattice of normal subgroups 퓝(G) has Goldie dimension and dual Goldie dimension 1. More generally, it holds for the class of completely indecomposable groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivation: Improving the dissemination of information on existing epidemiological studies and facilitating the interoperability of study databases are essential to maximizing the use of resources and accelerating improvements in health. To address this, Maelstrom Research proposes Opal and Mica, two inter-operable open-source software packages providing out-of-the-box solutions for epidemiological data management, harmonization and dissemination.Implementation: Opal and Mica are two standalone but inter-operable web applications written in Java, JavaScript and PHP. They provide web services and modern user interfaces to access them.General features: Opal allows users to import, manage, annotate and harmonize study data. Mica is used to build searchable web portals disseminating study and variable metadata. When used conjointly, Mica users can securely query and retrieve summary statistics on geographically dispersed Opal servers in real-time. Integration with the DataSHIELD approach allows conducting more complex federated analyses involving statistical models.Availability: Opal and Mica are open-source and freely available at [www.obiba.org] under a General Public License (GPL) version 3, and the metadata models and taxonomies that accompany them are available under a Creative Commons licence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We treat emergence via reference to four ideas: (1) the different levels of emergence are characterised by distinct conservation laws, (2) the emergence process starts from some instability, (3) the driving force of emergence is given by selection processes allowing canalisation of specific (emerging) paths, and (4) new forms of stability are determined by new kinds of operations. At a quantum-mechanical level entropy is conserved in an isolated system or at global level and the only allowed operations are local shifts in order and disorder – that implies weakening and strengthening correlations. The stable state is here represented by a highly symmetric state. Emergence of the classical physical world arises when energy is conserved and allowable operations include building and breaking of physical-chemical connections. The stable state is here the energy minimum. Emergence of the biotic world implies that the conserved quantity is energy efficiency. Energy is no longer locally conserved. The allowed operations are those that are consistent with the survival (persistence) of the organism. The emergence of the mind is grounded in selecting those operations that are rational (in the sense of maintaining biological self-organisation). Here, the rational value of behaviour is the quantity of interest. Mounting the ladder of (both cosmic and biological) evolution means to have more and more selection of the possible outcomes (and therefore of the relative operations) but in a growing space of possibilities: if selection would reduce more and more the space of possibilities, the final result would be a rigid order; at the other extreme, if we had only expansion of the possibilities without selection, the final result would be disorder. So growing complexity can be understood as a path in the evolutionary landscape of the systems in which a balance of order and disorder is maintained although each level emerges as a result of the selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An additive functor $F \colon {\mathcal A}\to{\mathcal B}$ between preadditive categories $\mathcal A$ and $\mathcal B$ is said to be a local functor if, for every morphism $f\colon A\to A'$ in $\mathcal A$, F( f) isomorphism in $\mathcal B$ implies f isomorphism in $\mathcal A$. We show that there exist several pairs $(\mathcal I_1,\mathcal I_2)$ of ideals of $\mathcal A$ for which the canonical functor $\mathcal A\to\mathcal A/\mathcal I_1\times \mathcal A/\mathcal I_2$ is a local functor. In most of our examples, the category $\mathcal A$ is a full subcategory of the category Mod - R of all right modules over a ring R. These pairs of ideals arise in a surprisingly natural way and enjoy several properties. Ideals are kernels of functors, and most of our examples of ideals are kernels of important and well studied functors. E.g., (1) the kernel Δ of the canonical functor P of Mod - R into its spectral category Spec(Mod - R), so that Δ is the ideal of all morphisms with an essential kernel; (2) the kernel Σ of the dual functor F of P, so that Σ is the ideal of all morphisms with a superfluous image; (3) the kernels Δ and Σ of the first derived functors P and F of P and F, respectively; (4) the kernels of suitable functors Hom and ⊗ and their first derived functors ${\rm Ext}^1_R$ and ${\rm Tor}^R_1$. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study regularity in the infinite direct sum decomposition in cocomplete categories. In particular we investigate and characterize a weak form of the Krull–Schmidt–Azumaya Theorem,in which the uniqueness of the direct sum decomposition is granted up to not one but two bijections,providing an abstract setting for a behaviour observed in the category of serial modules and other categories. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Classically, the Auslander–Bridger transpose finds its best applications in the well-known setting of finitely presented modules over a semiperfect ring. We introduce a class of modules over an arbitrary ring R, which we call Auslander–Bridger modules, with the property that the Auslander–Bridger transpose induces a well-behaved bijection between isomorphism classes of Auslander–Bridger right R-modules and isomorphism classes of Auslander–Bridger left R-modules. Thus we generalize what happens for finitely presented modules over a semiperfect ring. Auslander–Bridger modules are characterized by two invariants (epi-isomorphism class and lower-isomorphism class), which are interchanged by the transpose. Via a suitable duality, we find that kernels of morphisms between injective modules of finite Goldie dimension are also characterized by two invariants (mono-isomorphism class and upper-isomorphism class). [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Let R be a ring and Q be a finite quiver, and let be the number of vertices of Q. Let be the class of representations of Q by right R-modules with local endomorphism ring and R-module homomorphisms. The endomorphism ring of a representation has at most n maximal right ideals, all of which are also left ideals, and the isomorphism class of M is determined by n invariants. The main theorem of this paper states that a finite direct sum of representations in is unique up to npermutations of m elements. Let . A non-directed graph associated to M is introduced and is shown to determine the unique decomposition of Minto indecomposable representations. This class of representations is shown to generalize the known classes of modules for which a theorem analogous to the case of our main theorem holds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The table of contents for the July 2010 issue of the "Glasgow Mathematical Journal" is presented.

Let 풦 be the class of all right R-modules that are kernels of nonzero homomorphisms φ:E1→E2 for some pair of indecomposable injective right R-modules E1,E2. In a previous paper, we completely characterized when two direct sums A1⊕⋯⊕An and B1⊕⋯⊕Bm of finitely many modules Ai and Bj in 풦 are isomorphic. Here we consider the case in which there are arbitrarily, possibly infinitely, many Ai and Bj in 풦. In both the finite and the infinite case, the behaviour is very similar to that which occurs if we substitute the class 풦 with the class 풰 of all uniserial right R-modules (a module is uniserial when its lattice of submodules is linearly ordered). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examines the relations between factorization domain, Krull-Schmidt Theorem and Jordan-Hölder theorem in communitative monoids. Examples of Jordan-Hölder type theorems; Rationalization of the Jordan-Hölder theory.