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Emergency nurses are pivotal in disaster preparedness and first aid response, being the first healthcare providers on the scene during emergencies. Their ability to assess situations swiftly, triage patients effectively, and collaborate with other professionals ensures timely and efficient care. They also contribute significantly to disaster preparedness by participating in drills and training, and by assisting in developing and implementing emergency response plans. Natural catastrophes harmed about 2 billion people worldwide between 2008 and 2018. According to the World Health Organization, countries and governments must always have catastrophe preparations and emergency health experts on hand. This review article aimed to examine the current level of disaster preparedness among nurses, to analyze some of the factors influencing nurses’ emergency preparedness and to define the roles of emergency nurses in both rapid first aid deployment and long-term disaster impact reduction. The data for this review paper are from published studies. Electronic databases of MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: disaster preparedness, first aid response, emergency nurses, roles of nurses, and disaster response, and literature were retrieved and screened for eligibility. The date limit considered in the literature search was from 2018 to 2024 to capture only the variables identified in the study. The review revealed four issues which are (1) the Haddon Matrix Model, (2) current level of disaster preparedness among nurses, (3) roles of emergency nurses in disaster management, and (4) analyzing emergency preparedness and first aid impact of nurses in disasters. In conclusion, addressing these issues through targeted training, resource allocation, and policy implementation can enhance the overall preparedness of nurses in responding to disasters and improving outcomes for those affected. Ensuring that nurses are well-prepared, adequately trained, and equipped with the necessary resources, healthcare systems can better mitigate the impact of disasters and provide timely and effective care to those in need. This not only benefits the individuals directly affected by disasters but also strengthens the resilience of communities and healthcare systems as a whole.

Abstract Introduction Hospitals as the main providers of healthcare services play an essential role in the management of disasters and emergencies. Nurses are one of the important and influential elements in increasing the surge capacity of hospitals. Accordingly, the present study aimed to assess the effect of surge capacity enhancement training for nursing managers on hospital disaster preparedness and response. Methods All nursing managers employed at Motahari Hospital in Tehran took part in this interventional pre- and post-test action research study. Ultimately, a total of 20 nursing managers were chosen through a census method and underwent training in hospital capacity fluctuations. The Iranian version of the “Hospital Emergency Response Checklist” was used to measure hospital disaster preparedness and response before and after the intervention. Results The overall hospital disaster preparedness and response score was 184 (medium level) before the intervention and 216 (high level) after the intervention. The intervention was effective in improving the dimensions of hospital disaster preparedness, including “command and control”, “triage”, “human resources”, “communication”, “surge capacity”, “logistics and supply”, “safety and security”, and “recovery”, but had not much impact on the “continuity of essential services” component. Conclusion The research demonstrated that enhancing the disaster preparedness of hospitals can be achieved by training nursing managers using an action research approach. Encouraging their active participation in identifying deficiencies, problems, and weaknesses related to surge capacity, and promoting the adoption and implementation of suitable strategies, can enhance overall hospital disaster preparedness.

Abstract Background Disaster preparedness is one of the critical strategies for effectively managing disasters and has been an area of high focus in the healthcare sector over the past few decades. The current Indian medical undergraduate curriculum does not describe any novel methods for disaster preparedness training. There is a need for a better understanding of novel teaching-learning methods and modes for administering disaster preparedness training among Indian medical students. Objectives Describe the undergraduate medical students’ baseline knowledge and confidence level of disaster preparedness. Compare undergraduate medical students’ knowledge scores and confidence levels on disaster preparedness after online and onsite delivery of the disaster preparedness module. Methods In this educational interventional study, 103 medical students were divided into two groups and subjected to an online or onsite session of the validated disaster preparedness module (based on the COVID-19 pandemic), encompassing a simulation-based tabletop exercise. Baseline testing was done for 52 participants in the online group and 51 in the onsite group of the study. Post-intervention, they were assessed with single-response type MCQs for knowledge and Likert scale-based questions for confidence scores. The pretest and posttest scores were collected, and the data were analysed using two-tailed t-tests for paired analysis of within-group (online group or onsite group) and heteroscedastic analysis of between-group datasets. Results One hundred and three participants completed the exercise—52 participants were from the online group, and 51 were from the onsite group. After the intervention, there was a statistically significant increase in knowledge and confidence in both online and onsite groups. There is, however, no significant difference in the ‘percentage change’ in ‘knowledge’ or ‘confidence’ between the groups. Conclusions Our study indicates that the disaster preparedness module, delivered online and onsite, improves knowledge and confidence among undergraduate medical students. However, there is no superiority between one mode of delivery and the other. We conclude that online training can facilitate disaster preparedness training as a corollary to the prescribed traditional training methods for undergraduate medical students in India.

This study is dedicated to identifying and understanding regional vulnerabilities within countries, focusing particularly on those susceptible to frequent and devastating disasters, such as Japan. The primary objective of this research is to delve into the dynamics of disaster preparedness, aiming to propose a robust framework that local governments can collaboratively establish with their citizens, demonstrating active leadership throughout the process. The central focus of this research is Mihama Town in Fukui Prefecture. This locale was chosen to evaluate the awareness levels of disaster preparedness among its residents, providing a microcosmic view of broader regional challenges. Simultaneously, the study seeks to scrutinize the leadership components integral to formulating public-sector disaster response policies. The research analyzed survey responses from 333 participants to distill crucial requirements for ensuring the safety and security of the town’s population. Utilizing structural equation modeling, the results of this study underscore the nuanced nature of building trust in municipal disaster preparedness. The research advocates a dual-pronged strategy. First, it emphasizes enhancing citizen services as a tangible manifestation of consistent government support for day-to-day community activities. Second, it highlights the necessity of maintaining clear and decisive leadership to ensure the sustained long-term viability of the community. The study stresses that alongside continually improving citizen services, an unwavering commitment to the local government’s message of “sustainable city development” is pivotal. The study’s proposed framework serves as a guide for local governments to not only prepare for but also effectively respond to disasters. It outlines the importance of a cohesive strategy that incorporates citizen engagement, robust leadership, and consistent service enhancement as pillars of disaster preparedness.

Background: Primary care providers are well placed to improve disaster preparedness in communities. Their close position to their clients and understanding of theirhealth needs can be utilized to increase disaster preparedeness for vulnerable populations. However, there is still a lack of clarity about their roles and services in this area. The aim of this review was to explore the services provided by primary care providers in the context of disaster preparedness activities for vulnerable populations. Methods: Scoping review was performed with PubMed, Scopus and MEDLINE databases. Results: A total of 2193 articles were identified from the database screening and 22 full-text articles yielded for the final analysis. After thematic analysis was conducted, six themes were emerged. Conclusion: To utilise and maximise theprofessional roles of primary care providers effectively, there is a need to strengthen the expertise and involvement of providers in disaster risk management mechanisms and planning. In addition, there is a need for scientific research to explore the existing capabilities of primary care providers and to facilitate their existing ability to coordinate with disaster management agencies.

Abstract Aim This study aimed to investigate personal preparedness among patients on haemodialysis (HD) and to examine the relationship among sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours during natural disaster incidents. Design A cross‐sectional survey was conducted. Methods A convenience sampling method was used. A total of 446 participants from six areas of Sichuan province completed the online questionnaire study from February 27 to March 13, 2022. Sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours were measured. Descriptive statistics were used to analyse sociodemographic characteristics and attitudes toward disaster preparedness. The relationship among sociodemographic characteristics, attitudes toward disaster preparedness and personal preparedness behaviours were assessed using ordinal regression. Statistical significance was defined as p

Abstract Due to a lack of resources, rural communities often face challenges when planning catastrophic events. This project involved applying systems thinking and model-based systems engineering to develop a proof-of-concept, multi-method computer simulation and then determining whether the simulation could be used to assess the efficacy of disaster planning approaches on health outcomes in rural communities, as a function of primary healthcare. The project focus was a rural or non-urban healthcare system experiencing a natural hazard. Both system dynamics and discrete event models were incorporated to represent subsystem operations, crucial disaster responses, as well as three key response systems: public health, emergency management, and healthcare. The subsystem models included several components: policies/procedures, communications, resources, exercises/drills/training, healthcare space and staff, and the flow of affected people into and through the system. The combined simulation can serve as a first step to a more comprehensive approach to helping rural communities achieve more efficient and effective healthcare planning for disaster responses.

Considering recent earthquakes and the COVID-19 pandemic, disaster preparedness has come to the forefront of the public health agenda in Nepal. To strengthen the developing health system, many initiatives are being implemented at different levels of society to build resiliency, one of which is through training and education. The first International Conference on Disaster Preparedness and Management convened in Dhulikhel, Nepal on December 1–3, 2023. It brought together international teaching faculty to help deliver didactic and simulation-based sessions on various topics pertaining to disaster preparedness and management for over 140 Nepali healthcare professionals. This paper focuses on the tabletop exercise-based longitudinal workshop portion of the conference on disaster leadership and communication, delivered by United States-based faculty. It delves into the educational program and curriculum, delivery method, Nepali organizer and US facilitator reflections, and provides recommendations for such future conferences, and adaptation to other settings.

This research explores the implementation of Disaster Preparedness Areas in Indonesia, with a focus on formulating the role of critical communication elements in strengthening disaster response. The Disaster Preparedness Area involves community participation in disaster management efforts, and this research identified twelve critical communication elements. The qualitative approach was expressed with qualitative software by describing secondary data located in the Pangandaran Regency. This study bridged data limitations, important analyses, and the context of regional differences in Indonesia. The results emphasize the need for development, implementation, and education in a comprehensive communication strategy and active participation of the community. The findings are presented in the form of a radar curve with critical communication element scores on five scales. Some limitations emerged in this study, but it was able to provide valuable insights into the implementation of Disaster Preparedness Areas by prioritizing the importance of critical communication in disaster management. Recommendations can help stakeholders develop more effective communication strategies in dealing with disasters in Indonesia.This research investigates the implementation of Disaster Preparedness Areas in Indonesia, focusing on the role of critical communication elements in enhancing disaster response. Community participation is integral to the Disaster Preparedness Area, and this study identifies twelve crucial communication elements. Employing a qualitative approach, qualitative software is utilized to analyze secondary data from Pangandaran Regency, addressing data limitations and considering regional differences in Indonesia. The results underscore the necessity for the development, implementation, and education of a comprehensive communication strategy, along with the active involvement of the community. Findings are visually represented through a radar curve, presenting scores for critical communication elements across five scales. While certain limitations are acknowledged, the study provides valuable insights into Disaster Preparedness Area implementation, emphasizing the significance of critical communication in effective disaster management. Recommendations are outlined to assist stakeholders in devising more impactful communication strategies for disaster management in Indonesia.

Objective: This study examined the extent of disaster preparedness in Australian hospitals, seeking to identify opportunities for improvement. Insufficient preparation can lead to mortality/morbidity in post-disaster scenarios. Early identification of resolvable shortcomings in preparing for events is an important goal. Materials and methods: A purpose-designed anonymous survey was distributed to all Local-Hospital-Networks, organizations responsible for managing public hospitals and their disaster preparedness, across Australia's six states and two territories. Participant recruitment targeted disaster-managers, emergency-preparedness-managers, and business-continuity-managers. Results: Survey responses were received from 53/130 (40.8 %) of Australia's Local-Hospital-Networks with representation from six states and one territory. Most risk reduction measures were widely adopted. However, for 17/39 (43.6 %) measures, one-fifth of the respondents had either never heard of the measure or were not implementing it. Underutilized measures related to post-disaster-triage, emergency-evacuation, water-backup, secondary-electricity-feed, point-of-care-testing, alternative-decontamination-sites, and waste-management-systems. Local-Hospital-Networks' region-type, catchment-population and number-of-healthcare-facilities were associated with adoption of underutilized measures. Conclusion: Although 22/39 (56.4 %) of carefully chosen measures were widely implemented, the state of Australia's disaster preparedness is variable. There remains room for improvement, particularly against an “all-hazards” standard. Limited implementation of disaster-triage, evacuation-measures, and procedural issues, suggests that Australian Local-Hospital-Networks, particularly those managing fewer facilities are not sufficiently prepared for catastrophes.

Introduction: A full-scale simulation exercise is a comprehensive drill designed to replicate a real-world emergency scenario, thereby identifying the strengths and weaknesses in current practices. The overarching goal is to enhance healthcare system resilience through improved protocols, as highlighted in this systematic review tailored for researchers. The study aims specifically to assess the impact of full-scale simulations on enhancing hospital disaster plans. Methodology: Following PRISMA guidelines, this systematic review investigates the impact of full-scale simulation exercises on hospital disaster preparedness. The focus was on hospital staff involved in disaster and emergency preparedness training. The primary intervention was the execution of full-scale simulation exercises, and our research included various study designs, including randomised controlled trials and observational study designs. A comprehensive electronic database search was conducted, spanning PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from inception until October 9, 2023. The risk of bias was assessed using NIH tools. Results: The literature search yielded 2398 results, with 28 publications finally included in the systematic review. Summarising a broad range of disaster preparedness simulation exercises with a specific focus on full-scale simulation (FSS), the studies consistently demonstrated a positive impact on participants' skills, as well as identifying safety issues in hospital settings. Moreover, they revealed that simulations effectively addressed crucial areas for improvement in disaster response, including communication breakdowns, equipment deficiencies, and flaws in emergency plans. The studies utilised a multidimensional approach to evaluation metrics, encompassing non-technical skills, communication, teamwork, decision-making, and operational readiness. The exercises varied in duration from 30 minutes to multi-day simulations, covering a diverse range of disaster scenarios, such as mass casualties, viral epidemics, large aviation accidents, and terrorist attacks. Conclusion: Full-scale simulation exercises are a preparatory learning tool to test facility and staff readiness for complex emergencies. This systematic review focused on the different exercise scenarios used to address critical aspects of disaster response such as communication breakdowns, equipment deficiencies, and flaws in emergency plans. The scenarios and their duration were varied, and involved a multidimensional approach to evaluation. Such exercises enhance critical thinking and problem-solving skills, increase familiarity with potential emergencies, and build confidence in making judgments in real-world situations. In our opinion, there is a need for further programs that align simulation exercises with community resources for better preparedness in the face of public health disasters.

Increased hazards threatening the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)-designated sites and endangering cultural heritage and community well-being require attention and action. Considering the pivotal role of UNESCO sites in conservation and development, this study assessed their levels of disaster preparedness. The absence of studies assessing disaster awareness, risk perception, and preparedness among UNESCO site actors, as well as the pivotal place of preparedness within the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) cycle justifies this research. Applying the tenets of the Person-Relative-to-Event framework, we hypothesized that a strong positive correlation exists between perceived risks, resources, and disaster preparedness. To collect pertinent data, we employed an embedded mixed-method design and conducted an online questionnaire survey yielding 141 responses from 59 countries. From the results of relevant analyses, wildfires, floods, and droughts are top hazards occurring frequently in UNESCO sites, with significant concerns about pollution and habitat loss during future events. Smartphones emerged as the most available crucial DRM resource, with higher availability of DRM resources correlating positively and significantly with sites’ preparedness. Our findings contribute valuable insights to address missing links for disaster-ready and resilient UNESCO sites, promoting their preservation for future generations.

The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) unanimously agreed upon the successful implementation of SDG 14, which aims to preserve and sustainably utilize oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development. This necessitates collaborative efforts on a global scale to protect, conserve, restore, and sustainably manage coastal ecosystems. In order to successfully implement this SDG, communities in coastal countries need to sustainably foster their response capacities and preparedness in the face of coastal multi-hazards. This can be achieved by establishing guidelines to mitigate, prepare for, and respond to tsunamis as well as by working with those communities to help them meet these guidelines and ultimately become ʻTsunami Readyʼ. This can be realized by raising awareness and increasing resilience amongst those communities and by devising preparedness strategies as required by Ocean Decade Challenge 6. This study investigates tsunami resilience and evacuation strategies along Alexandria's coastlines. It specifically focuses on the Bibliotheca Alexandrina's area, which is a site of immense historical, educational and residential significance. In this study, we leverage the results of tsunami modeling, coupled with advanced remote sensing and GIS techniques to identify risk zones, and design evacuation plans highlighting critical areas that require immediate attention during disaster preparedness. The study also underscores the importance of integrating scientific methods into urban planning to safeguard lives, heritage and vital infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

E-module was used as a guide to activities in the blended learning process. The purpose of this study was (1) to find out the implementation of learning using e-modules with blended learning, (2) to determine the effect of using e-module with blended learning on student disaster preparedness, (3) to determine the effect of using e-module with blended learning on student innovation in designing learning media. The research method was quasi-experiment using pretest-posttest with nonequivalent control group design and independent sample t-test as data analysis. The research subject was the third-year students from geography department of 2017. The measurement of disaster preparedness and innovation in designing learning media used essay and assessment rubric. The results showed that there was an influence and compatibility of e-modules with blended learning on student disaster preparedness as well as in designing learning media and students were most interested in floods, earthquakes, and COVID-19.

Background: The threat of a disaster or potential for a disaster is something that may be experienced by individuals globally. Schools are places of daily mass gatherings which make them an ideal target for mass casualty, natural disasters, and biological incidents. Methods: An integrative review using Whittemore and Knafl's model was conducted to explore peer-reviewed publications about K-12 schools and natural disasters and pandemic preparedness and planning. Results: Themes identified from the systematic review of 12 articles reflected determinants and level of school preparedness, disaster plan components, compliance with government requirements, emergency equipment, supplies, drills, and training, collaboration with outside agencies, and perceptions of school preparedness. Preparedness for disasters and biological events among schools varies and multiple factors contribute to the level of preparedness. Perceptions of school preparedness differ among school community members. Schools perceive more preparedness for disasters than their actual level. Conclusions: Our nation's schools are not adequately prepared for disasters. There is a need for further research in schools to identify and understand preparedness for disasters.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the general disaster preparedness of nurses and to determine the factors affecting the effects. Methods: The descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted between May and December 2022. It was conducted in a training and research hospital in İzmir province. The study was conducted with 211 nurses working in all units of the hospital. 'Nurse Introduction Form' and 'General Disaster Preparedness Scale' was used. In the analysis of the data, descriptive statistics, groups one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U and t-test in independent groups were used. Results: The mean age of the nurses who participated in the study was 36.26+-8.52 years and 93.4% were female. 46.4% of the nurses reported that they knew the hospital disaster plan but had not read it, and 87.2% reported that they had no role in the hospital disaster plan. 43.1% of the nurses reported that they received hospital disaster plan training. 29.9% of the nurses stated that they had ever been involved in disasters and/or extraordinary situations in their professional life. The mean total score of the nurses on the general disaster preparedness scale was 90.63+-7.23. Nurses' general disaster preparedness and marital status (t=-1.919; p

Abstract Background In recent years, Iran has encountered a growing frequency of earthquake disasters. Given that nurses constitute the largest group of healthcare providers, it is imperative that they possess adequate disaster preparedness skills, irrespective of the location or time. Despite the operating room nurses’ roles in disasters, their experiences and challenges in disaster preparedness have been overlooked. Consequently, this study aimed to investigate the experiences, challenges, perspectives, and factors influencing the disaster preparedness of operating room nurses during the 2017 earthquake in Kermanshah, Iran. Methods The present qualitative research was carried out in Iran In 2022 utilizing conventional content analysis. The study involved conducting semi-structured interviews with 16 operating room nurses who had participated in disaster preparedness during the Kermanshah earthquake. The participants were selected using a purposive sampling approach that aimed to achieve maximum diversity. The interviews were continued until the point of data saturation was reached, and the verbatim transcripts were analyzed using conventional content analysis in MAXQDA software. To ensure the rigor of the research, Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were employed. Results The study conducted data analysis to identify the main theme as “insufficient disaster preparedness due to a faded preparedness”, along with six major categories and eighteen subcategories related to earthquake disaster preparedness. The major categories included: knowledge and perception of preparedness for disasters; educational and training programs for disaster preparedness; equipment preparedness for disasters; managerial-organizational preparedness for disasters; clinical skills for responding to disasters; and resilient ability in disaster response situations. Conclusion The findings of the study provide valuable insights into the dimensions of disaster preparedness in earthquake disasters among operating room nurses. Nursing managers can utilize these findings to develop effective strategies and provide support in areas such as improving knowledge and educational level, equipment preparedness, strengthening plans and managerial structures, enhancing skills, and explaining resilience strategies to improve the disaster preparedness of operating room nurses and medical organizations’ disaster response teams.

Nermen Abdelftah Mohamed,1,2 Hassanat Ramadan Abdel-Aziz,1,3 Mohamed Gamal Elsehrawy1,4 1Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia; 2Medical Surgical Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt; 3Gerontological Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt; 4Nursing Administration Department, Faculty of Nursing, Port Said University, Port Said, EgyptCorrespondence: Hassanat Ramadan Abdel-Aziz, Department of Nursing, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966568786010, Email hrrahman85@yahoo.comBackground: Nations are considered to be within at hazard of crises, which create greater challenges for healthcare systems and healthcare workers. Nursing staff and student nurse play a critical role in responding to disasters, and having knowledge and a skill on disasters preparedness is crucial. The aim of the current study was to investigate the nursing students’ knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding disaster preparedness.Methods: A cross-sectional study included a sample of 206 nursing students at College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia. Undergraduate students from all years were asked to complete an online questionnaire on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding disaster preparedness.Results: The results/findings showed that more than two thirds of the participants had adequate knowledge (69%) and positive attitude (72%) regarding disaster preparedness; however, most of them had inadequate practice (84%). There were statistically significant relations between nursing students’ knowledge and their GPA (p = 0.003), students’ attitude and their gender (p = 0.014), and students’ practice and their age (p = 0.008). Moreover, nursing students’ knowledge was positively correlated with their attitude (r = 0.194).Conclusion and Recommendations: Most of participated students had adequate knowledge and a positive attitude toward disaster preparedness; most of them had inadequate practice. Continuing education and training of student nurse on disaster preparedness is critical to enhance their knowledge and practices; and to be proficient in preparation for and management of any potential disasters or risks. The findings of the current study offer data that would help in the creation of educational policies for student nurse about disaster preparedness.Keywords: students nurse, knowledge, attitude, practices, disaster preparedness

The Psychosocial Training was held in July 2021 and involved 17 Guidance and Counseling Teachers from 12 Muhammadiyah Junior High Schools in Yogyakarta City. The aims of this research are (1) to know the implementation of Psychosocial Support Services training, (2) Obstacles in the implementation of Psychosocial Support Services training, and (3) Knowing the benefits of Psychosocial Support Services training. This study is a piece of qualitative research, which aims to describe and analyses the social phenomenon of psychosocial training for guidance and counseling teacher in Junior High School in Yogyakarta City. Primary subjects in this study were 20 participants of psychosocial training and facilitator of training. Data collection was done by in-depth interview, observation, and documentation. The data analysis procedure in this research is (1) data reduction, (2) data presentation, and (3) conclusion. Data validity is done by triangulation of source and method triangulation. The training is carried out in three stages: pre-training stage is conducting a preliminary survey to see conditions in the field and planning activities to be carried out, training stage is the implementation of Psychosocial training, and evaluation stage of the results that have been achieved by the training participants are carried out. Obstacles in implementing psychosocial training include: training cannot be carried out optimally because the training is carried out online, limited time for training, some teachers are not active in psychosocial training because the media at zoom meetings is very limited. The facilitator maximizes training with WhatsApp Groups and the google document application on assignment. increasing the knowledge of participants after attending the training by increasing the post-test scores. Cooperation of various parties with school residents is needed so that psychosocial preparedness can be applied to pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster.

Abstract Disaster nursing plays a vital role in addressing the health needs of vulnerable populations affected by large scale emergencies. However, disaster nursing faces numerous challenges, including preparedness, logistics, education, ethics, recovery and legalities. To enhance healthcare system effectiveness during crises, it is essential to overcome these issues. This umbrella review, conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology, synthesizes data from 24 studies to identify key strategies for improving disaster nursing. The review highlights nine key themes: Education and Training, Research and Development, Policy and Organizational Support, Technological Advancements, Psychological Preparedness and Support, Assessment and Evaluation, Role-Specific Preparedness, Interprofessional Collaboration and Cultural Competence, and Ethics and Decision-Making. The review emphasizes the importance of education, technological advancements, psychological support, and interprofessional collaboration in bolstering disaster nursing preparedness and response efforts. These elements are crucial for enhancing patient outcomes during emergencies and contributing to a more resilient healthcare system. This comprehensive analysis provides valuable insights into the various aspects essential for enhancing disaster nursing. By implementing evidence-based strategies within these nine themes, the nursing profession can enhance its capacity to effectively manage and respond to the complex needs of disaster-affected populations, ultimately improving patient care and outcomes during emergencies.

The Comprehensive School Safety Framework (CSSF) is a complete strategy for creating safe learning environments for administrators, teachers, students, and school staff. The CSS framework has three pillars: safe learning facilities, school disaster management, and risk reduction and resilience education. This study was conducted to develop a research tool to assess disaster preparedness among school teachers using the Comprehensive School Safety Framework (CSSF). A questionnaire was developed by the researcher, which had 27 items. There were 320 school teachers selected from 64 schools. On the basis of factor analysis, there were seven factors found for the disaster preparedness of school teachers: online learning and emergency preparedness, local risk awareness, physical safety and infrastructure, organization disaster management, online teaching readiness, active learning and disaster training, general awareness, and immediate response. The tool developed by the research was named disaster preparedness and risk reduction (DPRR). This tool is validated and reliable on the basis of factor analysis for the assessment of disaster preparedness amongst school teachers.

Environmental disaster was important issue to be solved. Current situation disasters such as flood, earthquake, tsunami, volcanoes and others could be happened. This study aimed to obtain information about the relationship between knowledge of disaster and preparedness behaviors and disaster preparedness behaviors. This research was a Sequential Explanatory combination research consisting of 2 variables, namely knowledge about disaster mitigation as an independent variable (X) and disaster preparedness behaviors as a dependent variable (Y). This research was conducted in January-June 2019. The population in this study was all students of Grade XI MIPA in MAN in Bogor City in the academic year 2018/2019 with a total sample of 207 respondents. Research data were obtained using multiple choice test and observation sheet. Quantitative data analysis with descriptive statistical calculations, prerequisite tests using the Liliefors test and the Bartlett test. The data hypotheses testing used the Pearson Product Moment formula. Analysis of qualitative data carried out by reducing data, presenting data, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that there was a positive relationship between knowledge of disaster mitigation and disaster preparedness behaviors (t-value 3.56 > t-statistic 0.05, r=0.234 & r2=5.51%) with a low interpretation value. The conclusion of this research there were low relationship between knowledge of disaster and preparedness behaviors