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The effective electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline aqueous is critical point to reduce energy losses for water electrolysis. Here, a highly active and stable electrochemical catalyst of platinum (Pt) nanoparticles loaded on three-dimensional Ti3C2Tx-reduced graphite oxide (rGO) hybrid support (Pt/Ti3C2Tx-rGO3D) has been developed for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The large surface of 3 D support provides an adequate site for deposition of Pt nanoparticles, leading to superior HER activity with low overpotential about 41 mV and better stability than Pt/C. This study offers a hybrid support for the development of highly active electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The metal–support interaction offers electronic, compositional, and geometric effects that can enhance the catalytic activity and stability. Herein, a performance‐enhanced electrocatalyst of Pd nanoparticles loaded on a hybrid catalytic support comprised of MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and carbon nanotube (CNT) is demonstrated. Such a hybrid catalyst enhances durability and improves both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activities compared with the Pd/C catalysts. The mass specific activity and specific activity of the Pd/Ti3C2Tx–CNT catalyst are 4.4 and 3.3 times that of Pd/C for ORR, respectively. The peak power density of a alkaline anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AAEMFC) based on the Pd/Ti3C2Tx–CNT (1:2) cathode achieves 48 mW cm−2 at 60 °C. Furthermore, Pd/Ti3C2Tx–CNT also exhibits rapid HER kinetics with a low overpotential of 158 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a Tafel slope of 50 mV dec−1. Pd/Ti3C2Tx–CNT also provides good stability after 1000 cycles. These remarkable catalytic performances are attributed to the role of Ti3C2Tx and CNT by enhancing the catalytic activity surface area and rapid mass/charge transfer due to the synergistic effect between Pd and Ti3C2Tx–CNT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examined treatment pathways (the ordered sequence of medications that a patient is prescribed) for three chronic diseases (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and depression), compared the pathways with recommendations from guidelines, discussed differences and standardization of medications in different medical institutions, explored population diversification and changes of clinical treatment, and provided clinical big data analysis-based data support for the development and study of drugs in China. In order to run the "Treatment Pathways in Chronic Disease" protocol in Chinese data sources,we have built a large data research and analysis platform for Chinese clinical medical data. Data sourced from the Clinical Data Repository (CDR) of the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University was extracted, transformed, and loaded into an observational medical outcomes partnership common data model (OMOP CDM) Ver. 5.0. Diagnosis and medication information for patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and depression from 2005 to 2015 were extracted for observational research to obtain treatment pathways for the three diseases. The most common medications used to treat diabetes and hypertension were metformin and acarbose, respectively, at 28.5 and 20.9% as first-line medication. New drugs were emerging for depression; therefore, the favorite medication changed accordingly. Most patients with these three diseases had different treatment pathways from other patients with the same diseases. The proportions of monotherapy increased for the three diseases, especially in recent years. The recommendations presented in guidelines show some predominance. High-quality, effective guidelines incorporating domestic facts should be established to further guide medication and improve therapy at local hospitals. Medical institutions at all levels could improve the quality of medical services, and further standardize medications in the future. This research is the first application of the CDM model and OHDSI software in China, which were used to study, treatment pathways for three chronic diseases (hypertension, type 2 diabetes and depression), compare the pathways with recommendations from guidelines, discuss differences and standardization of medications in different medical institutions, demonstrate the urgent need for quality national guidelines, explores population diversification and changes of clinical treatment, and provide clinical big data analysis-based data support for the development and study of drugs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]